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INTERNET OF THINGS:
A REVIEW OF APPLICATIONS and TECHNOLOGIES
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Suwimon Vongsingthong and Sucha Smanchat
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King Mongkut’s University of Technology North Bangkok, 1518 Pracharat 1
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Road,Wongsawang, Bangsue, Bangkok 10800, Thailand. Tel 0-2555-2000
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Email : suwimonv@yahoo.com, {sucha.smanchat@acm.org,
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suchas@kmutnb.ac.th}
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Abstract
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This paper presents the state-of-art of Internet of Things (IoT), an enabler of
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new forms of communication between people and things, and between things.
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The main strength of IoT concept is the high influence it has to everyday life
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by creating new dimension to the world, resembling to what the Internet once
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did.
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enabling technologies. The content includes strengths and limitations of
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applications based IoT in logistics, transportation, healthcare, and
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environment and disaster. Finally, the open challenges of IoT are debated to
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encourage more investigations into the domains.
This paper describes the definitions of IoT, summarizes its main
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Keywords : Internet of Things, IoT, limitations, strengths
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Introduction
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The term “Internet of Things (IoT)” (Huang and Li, 2010; Uckelmann, Harrison,
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and Michahelles, 2011) has been around since the past few years and gaining
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recognition with the breakthrough of advanced wireless technology. Even though
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there are heterogeneous definitions on the interpretation of “Internet of Things”
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but it has a corresponding boundary related to the integration of the physical
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world with the virtual world of the Internet. IoT can broadly be defined as a global
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network infrastructure, linking uniquely identified physical and virtual objects,
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things and devices through the intelligent objects, communication and actuation
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capabilities. In other words, the paradigm of IoT is described as “any-time, any-
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place and any-one connected” (Ryu, Kim, Lee, and Song, 2012). Its implication is
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based on the technology that makes things and people getting closer than the old
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days.
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In the perspective of “things”, numerous devices and objects will be
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connected to the Internet. Each individually provides data, information or even
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services. The devices providing things can be personal objects we carry around
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such as smart phones, tablets and digital cameras. Our daily environments, home,
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vehicle or office connected through a gateway device can also provide “things”
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(Coetzee and Eksteen, 2011). Although Radio-Frequency IDentification (RFID) is
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precisely the first idea popped up, but indeed many more technologies such as
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sensor technologies, smart things and actuators are also counted whereas the
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Machine-to-Machine
Communication
(M2M)
and
Vehicular-to-Vehicular
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communication (V2V) are the real applications in the markets trying to gain most
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benefits of IoT (Atzori, Iera, and Morabito, 2010; Uckelmann et al., 2011).
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The aim of this paper is to explore the development and the deployment of IoT in
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significant application domains. The organization of paper is as follows, Section 2
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describes the structure of IoT. Section 3 presents a review of the existing
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application of IoT categorized into the areas of logistics, transportation,
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healthcare, and environment and disaster. Section 4 is the discussion of IoT
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applications based on its benefits and limitations. Section 5 is the challenge of
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IoT in those application domains.
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The Structure of Internet of Things
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The Internet of Things can be viewed as a gigantic network consisting of
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networks of devices and computers connected through a series of intermediate
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technologies where numerous technologies such as RFID, barcodes, wired and
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wireless connections may act as enablers of this connectivity. According to
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International Telecommunications Union (ITU), the perception of IoT (Atzori et
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al., 2010; Coetzee and Eksteen, 2011) can be depicted as the four dimensions
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components in Figure 1.
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Tagging Things :
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Real-time item traceability and addressability of RFID is what make it
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stands at the forefront in terms of the IoT vision. RFID is gaining strong support
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from the business community due to its maturity, low cost, and low power. It acts
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as an electronic barcode to help in the automatic identification of anything
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attached. RFID tags are available in 2 types: active and passive. The active tags
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embedded with battery on-board, are widely used in retail, healthcare, and
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facilities management. The passive tags, containing no batteries, are powered by
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the reader and are more likely to be used in bank cards and road toll tags
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(Aggarwal, 2012).
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Feeling Things :
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Sensors act as primary devices to collect data from the environment.
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Necessary data are provided via communications established between the physical
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and the information worlds (Vermesan and Friess, 2013). Recent advances in
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technologies make them consume less power with low cost and high efficiency.
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Shrinking Things :
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Miniaturization and nanotechnology has provoked the ability of smaller
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things to interact and connect within the “things” or “smart devices”. A clear
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advantage is the improvement in quality of life. For example the application of
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nano-sensors in monitoring water quality at reduced cost, nano-membranes
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assisting in the treatment of waste water (Vermesan and Friess, 2013). In
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healthcare, its application can be seen in the diagnosis and treatment of disease,
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including the diagnosis of HIV and AIDS and nano-drugs for other diseases
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(Gubbia, Buyyab, Marusic, and Palaniswami, 2013).
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Thinking Things :
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Embedded intelligence in devices through sensors has formed the network
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connection to the Internet. It can make the domestic electric appliances realizing
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the intelligent control, for example refrigerators that can detect the quantities of
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various items and the freshness of perishable items. Embedded smart sensors may
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provide the means to communicate with users by sending alert via the Internet
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connectivity. The connection can primarily be wireless or other available
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communications such as DSL, GPRS, WiFi, LAN and 3G (Uckelmann et al.,
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2011). Not only to communicate, smart things must also be able to “…process
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information,
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decisions, or even play an active role in their own disposal…” (Vermesan and
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Friess, 2013) which will change the way information communicate from human-
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human to human-thing and to thing-thing.
self-configure,
self-maintain,
self-repair,
make
independent
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Applications Based IoT
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One of the most important engines of the innovation and development of IoT is its
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applications, otherwise public acceptance of IoT will never happen (Coetzee and
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Eksteen, 2011). Based on the concept of IoT, information generated from daily
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enabling objects in our environment can possibly communicate with each other.
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This information can drive many applications possible. Applications directly
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applicable or closer to our current living habitudes, can possibly be categorized
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into four following domains (Q. Yang, Wang, and Yue, 2012).
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Logistics and Supply Chain Management
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Traditionally, most of the logistics enterprises require manifold reports
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tracking along with specific time and location to control the movement of goods.
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However, in the IoT society, the commodity logistics has tremendously changed
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to an autonomous society by variety of applications available to support the needs.
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The systems in (Li and Luo, 2010), (Wei, 2011), and (El-Baz, Bourgeois, Saadi,
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and Bassi, 2013) are logistic applications implemented to track the movement of
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goods in real-time. The information scanned from tags of barcode or RFID is
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transmitted to the logistic center or RFID receivers. Data are then transmitted
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through Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) (Li and Luo, 2010), GSM network
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(Wei, 2011), 3G network or a new High Performance Computing (HPC)
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infrastructure through broker (El-Baz et al., 2013) to process at the data center.
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The solutions in this domain are very promising since they have adopted
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comprehensive and diversified transmission protocols. Several devices such as
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RFID, Near Field Communication (NFC), and mobile phone can also act as data
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collectors. But they do have substantial limitations.
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For example, the supermarket chain management (Li and Luo, 2010) was
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developed based on standard relational database, which can lead to worrisome
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situation when dealing with large volume of “thing”. Also the occurrence of
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incomplete
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communication distance of the mobile logistic information reader (Wei, 2011) as
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well as the data collision during transmission may jeopardize the results.
information
or
missing
information
procreated
from
the
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Not only the applications to support the front and back operation are
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essential, the abilities to control and identify the next destination of goods/raw
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material are also indispensable. The real time tracking of logistics entities using
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the combination capabilities of RFID, mobile devices and the integrated browser
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interface was conducted (Lin, 2011). The position of objects is derived from GPS,
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WIFI, GSM, and GPRS. Even overall detection accuracy of geographical location
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is over 97% for moving entities and roughly 100% for the action-less entities, its
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remain drawbacks are 1) the detection of geographical position function needed to
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support variety of browsers since difference logistics users may use different
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mobile devices and 2) the browsers themselves should have the ability to
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automatically detect and confirm on what positioning devices to be launched.
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To increase the accuracy of the logistic process, not only the ability to
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detect location of goods is desired, the reliability of RFIDs signals is also
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essential. Particularly in the environment where there is limited accessibility to the
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IoT infrastructure. A launch of AspireRFID (Soldatos et al., 2010) , a RFID
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middleware with a range of tools to facilitate RFID deployment ("RFID Journal,"
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2009) was a breakthrough. The integration of the EPCglobal based RFID
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architecture with “Session Initiation Protocol (SIP)” (Anggorojati, Mahalle,
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Prasad, and Prasad, 2013) to simultaneously detect locations and mobility
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management of RFID tags has revealed outstanding performance in cost
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consumption of tags registration and tracking.
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In large logistic enterprises, the capability to automatically locate and
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move assembly parts has incurred the adoption of robots. Basically, the infrared
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motion capture system or computer vision system with complex machine learning
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algorithms is used control the navigation and object manipulation of robots.
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However, the proposed robot, that feature is handled by RF-Compass and RFID
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(Wang, Adib, Knepper, Katabi, and Rus, 2013). Both the robots and the objects
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the robot will work on are embedded with an ultra low-power RF-compass and a
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low cost RFIDs in replacement of WiFi-nodes. When robots grasp objects, the
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RF-Compass can pinpoint the center position and the orientation of objects with
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the accuracy of 80-90%. Even though this study demonstrates low computation
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time when compared with machine-learning architecture. It has a limited line-of-
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sight detection and no proven evidence on handling small objects.
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Transportation
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The development in transportation is presumed to be one of the factors to
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indicate the well-being of the country. That is why transportation problems are
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very challenging in the field of IoT. A proposal on a road condition monitoring
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and alert application was initiated (Ghose et al., 2012). The main idea is to apply
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the principles of crowd sourcing and participatory sensing. User identifies the
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route he wishes and marks some points as pothole in the smart phone's
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application. When the vehicle runs over the defined route, accelerometer which
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continuously captures data will send raw data via mobile network. Related
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features are then extracted to generate a confidence score to indicate the
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abnormalities of the routes by showing the plot of pothole information. The
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adoption of user’s smart phone as a connector device has expressed distinct
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advantage since there is no additional cost applying on the hardware. Nevertheless
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some remaining issues are the upload and download process of route-map which
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involved considerable network traffic may induce vulnerability to the system. In
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addition, the road condition classification performed at the phone itself is very
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time-consuming and may drain out the battery of the mobile phone.
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For large cities, problems such as finding parking spaces, waiting in line
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for toll-way payment can be cumbersome which has urged the idea of applying
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the license plate as a unique identity of driver (Ren, Jiang, Wu, Yang, and Liu,
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2012). The license plate is captured by the recognition equipment whereas sensors
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embedded in license plate will collect the information of road surface. The data is
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then forwarded for the process of calculating the optimal path and guiding passage
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of vehicles. The system not only can invoke the traffic scheduling, vehicle
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positioning and vehicle query for passenger, it also can locate the parking spaces
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in nearby location. This design provides variety of benefits to driver in terms of
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managing highway automatic toll collection, avoiding busy traffic induction,
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locating parking space and adding more security to the vehicle. A clear drawback
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however is this design is trying to support too many functions which invokes high
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cost and difficulties for implementation.
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Electric vehicles, an important means to reduce both the fuel cost and the
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impact of global warming have also gained considerable attention from drivers.
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However the underlying issue is the battery life. Therefore government in many
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countries has supported researches on systems to monitor performance of
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Lithium-ion (Li-on) battery for electric vehicle as explored in (Haiying et al.,
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2012) . The system is designed to detect the functions of Li-on power battery by
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deriving the driving situation from the realistic working conditions for driver so
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that the driver can get the idea of the route status. This solution is embedded with
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many essential functions such as dynamic performance test of the Li-on battery,
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remote monitoring with on-line debugging and error correction that can
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significantly reduce the maintenance cost. It can be more valuable if the function
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of age-tracking and end-of-life predictions of battery is included so that the fading
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battery can be tracked to assure of the readiness, reliability, and security of the
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electric buses.
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The safety supervision in the distribution of hazardous or valuable goods
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is imperative for shipping companies as well. A study to master the operation of
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the entire fleet from the command center in real time was conducted
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(Shengguang, Lin, Yuanshuo, and Rucai). Each vehicle is embedded with GPS to
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form a multi-hop network for the command center to share the perception of
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drivers. A combination of RFID reader and 3G video surveillance is used to
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monitor status of goods whereas temperature and humidity sensors in the vehicle
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are used to detect a quality of transport goods. If indicators exceed the limit, the
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alarm will be raised. Other unpredicted events such as driver fatigue or
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unauthorized access are also detected and forwarded to command center. This
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design has achieved the effectiveness in road traffic safety and travel reliability.
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The limitations disengaged are the adoption of several technologies in this design
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will raise the cost of deployment as well as the requirement to support massive
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data. Moreover the location of vehicles can be inaccurate when vehicles are
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moving in high speed or approaching blind spots for GPS.
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Healthcare
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Improvement in human health and well-being is the ultimate goal of any
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economic, technological and social development. The rapid rising and aging of
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population is one of the macro powers causing great pressure to healthcare
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systems. A solution to solve the difficulties in accessing to healthcare of people in
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rural area of developing countries (Rohokale, Prasad, and Prasad, 2011) was
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implemented. In an environment without the Internet, the mobile network facility
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can be utilized to convey the information. A person registered with the rural
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healthcare center (RHC) is requested to wear an active RFID sensor to detect any
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change on the normal parameters. If those parameters exceed certain values,
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information will be cooperatively routed to the RHC doctor. This approach has
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proven to be a reliable critical healthcare application that continuously monitors
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and controls health parameters of human.
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The other approach is the integration of clinical devices in the patient’s
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environment (Jara, Zamora, and Skarmeta, 2012) which allows user to use a
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mobile phone to transmit health data to medical centers. A home gateway is
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located at the patient’s house to connect to the Internet while the mobile personal
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health device acts as an integration of medical devices from different vendors.
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The system continuously analyses the vital signs from the patient to detect
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anomalies. The noticeable flaw of the system is the security threats and attacks in
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the mobile network, although GSM has adopted an encryption as protection
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mechanism but as it is wide-spread in nature, interception of information
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transmitted is possible.
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A “non-contact health monitoring system (NCHMS)” (N. Yang, Zhao, and
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Zhang, 2012) is another choice of IoT healthcare service which is more
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convenient to users. The system monitors the user’s facial expressions, postures,
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and sounds. The monitoring system collected users’ data through digital cameras,
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microphones, and other equipment .The feature extraction, expression recognition,
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and classification are performed at the server. The variations in user’s facial
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expressions, postures, and sounds are used as identifications to classify if users are
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in danger or having diseases. If any of these parameters changes, the system
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determines the necessary treatment, reminds the user and notifies the hospital and
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related persons. The system has demonstrated promising strength in term of ease-
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of-use. But the adoption of camera as collector device can cause difficulties in
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actively synthesizing images for transmission as well as the angle of images
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captured. As for microphone, the recognition of voice could also be suffered from
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the clamor in the environment. Another serious drawback is the machine learning
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technique, normally involved with time-complexity in the analysis of the large
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volume of learning data set.
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Environment and Disaster
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At the present time, natural and accidental disasters are taking place more
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frequent. To lessen the effects of natural disasters, technologies in IoT could play
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a crucial role in alerting before disasters happen, and in disaster recovery after
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they end.
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A heritage site monitoring system, namely “Health Monitoring and Risk
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Evaluation of Earthen Sites (HMRE2S)” model (Xiao et al., 2013) was conducted
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to monitor the environmental information of cultural sites. The environment
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information such as temperature, humidity, and light are collected via intelligent
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monitoring system. This experiment was claimed to provide accurate results but
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generalization for other sites may not be applicable since it was explored on a
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small heritage land. Thus for larger cultural sites, the accuracy remains
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questionable.
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Another contribution to global warming is the smart environment which
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increasingly attracted interest from the society. A smart heat and electricity
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management system (Kyriazis, Varvarigou, Rossi, White, and Cooper, 2013) was
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presented to monitor real-time electricity usage of the buildings and individual
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appliances where smart meters are used as data recorders. If the power
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consumption of those objects is above the limit, users will be promptly informed.
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Considering disaster, a waste from oil depot can cause terrible disaster to the
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environment because it is easy to get ablaze and burst. A surveillance system for
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safety management of oil depot was introduced in China (Du, Mao, and Lu, 2012
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). The sensing layer of the system consists of RFID tags and non-explosive PDAs
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to identify and interact with the key facilities in the oil depot. 3G is used as the
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communication layer to forward the data from the worksite to the Internet, where
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users can access the safety management information via enterprise intranet. This
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IoT based safety management information system is proven to be stable since it
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was actually deployed in 2 oil depots with 24 PDAs and 100 RFID tags.
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Discussion on IoT in Applications
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Under the vision of IoT, applications can be fully automated by configuring
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themselves when exposed to a new environment. The intelligence behavior driven
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by the system can autonomously be triggered to seamlessly cope with unforeseen
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situations. However the applications in the above domains can deliver more
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analytical results if the following hindrances are properly taken care of.
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Apparently, the major players of collector in the above application
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domains are RFIDs and GPS. RFID is one of the most convenient devices to
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transmit and receive data via radio frequency without wires at the lowest cost.
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Some RFID devices can only be used within the industry due to the range of
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electromagnetic spectrum (Coetzee and Eksteen, 2011). A clear disadvantage of
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its technology is the reader collision which may occur when the signals from two
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or more readers overlap or many tags are present in a small area. Although many
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systems use an anti-collision protocol to enable the tags to take turns in
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transmitting to a reader, this problem remains. An additional strong barricade is
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the global standards of RFIDs are not yet established (Haiying et al., 2012).
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As for GPS, it is recognized as an excellent tool for data collection in
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many environments where users can generally see the sky and are able to get close
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to the objects to be mapped. GPS requires a clear line-of-sight between the
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receiver’s antenna and several orbiting satellites. Anything hedging the antenna
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from a satellite can potentially weaken the signal to such a degree that it becomes
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too difficult to achieve reliable positioning. An obstruction like buildings, trees,
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crossways, and other obstructions that block sunlight can effectively block GPS
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signals where its potentiality could be seriously reduced (Guo, Poling, and Poppe;
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Vermesan and Friess, 2013).
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Since the communication infrastructure of IoT can be any network
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available within the range. Hence mobile ad-hoc network, which allows people
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and devices to seamlessly form network in areas without pre-existing
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communication infrastructure seems to be a better choice (Bakht). The more
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convenience, the more applications and the more network services it supports, the
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more opportunities for active attackers as well as malicious or misbehaving nodes
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to create hostile attacks. These types of attack can seriously damage basic
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functions of security, such as integrity, confidentiality and privacy of the node.
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Currently, the security goal in mobile ad-hoc networks can only be achieved
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through cryptographic mechanisms. These mechanisms are generally more fragile
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to physical security threats than fixed wired networks. Besides, standardized
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communication interfaces and distributed control intelligence within an industry
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network remains disorganized (Lo´pez, Ranasinghe, Harrison, and McFarlane,
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2012).
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As far as IoT dealing with more objects, the volume of the data generated
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and the processes involved in the handling of those data become critical. The
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ability to extract content from the data becomes even more crucial and complex,
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especially when dealing with big data. Variety of technologies and factors
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involved in the data management of IoT such as data collection and analysis, data
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migration and integrity, sensor networks, and complex event processing are not
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yet convinced (Vermesan and Friess, 2013).
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Forwarding IoT
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For the sake of IoT to achieve its vision, a number of challenges need to be
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overcome. These challenges range from standardization, communication, and
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security to data volume (Coetzee and Eksteen, 2011; Vermesan and Friess, 2013).
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1.
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solutions, using their own technologies and inaccessible services. Standards need
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to be defined to change this “Intranet of Things” (Vermesan and Friess, 2013) into
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the more complete “Internet of Things”.
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2.
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networks and facilitate peer-to-peer communication for specialized purposes.
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They can increase robustness of communications channels and networks by
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forming ad-hoc peer-to-peer networks in disaster situations to keep the flow of
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imperative information going in case of telecommunication infrastructure failures.
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Therefore, the integrity and stability of the infrastructure is crucial to provide
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reliable services.
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3.
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machine but also from machine to machine where the guarantee on the access
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control, authorization, privacy, and protection from malicious is a prime
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requirement for IoT acknowledgement.
Standardization: Currently, many manufacturers are creating vertical
Communication Infrastructure: Things generated by devices can join
Security: In IoT, the communication channel is not only from human to
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4.
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identification and tracking systems are very crucial for real time processing. There
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remain several complexities of process involving as well as doubts in standards
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and filtering techniques.
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5.
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connected to the Internet, each one providing data. Mechanisms to store and
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assure the validity through scalable applications remain a major technological
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challenge.
Data
collection
and
acquisition:
Data
collection
from
sensors,
Big data: One significant aspect in IoT is the large number of things being
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Although IoT has to overcome huge barriers in order to gain trust from the
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societies, it has illustrated the distinguished potential to add a new dimension to
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the application in logistics, transportation, healthcare, and environment and
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disaster by enabling communication between smart objects. Therefore IoT should
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be considered as a part of future internet that everything can connect in a network
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where objects can interact with each others. The development towards several
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issues will make IoT a complete solution. Hence more researches in the
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application IoT are essential. Once successfully implemented, the reduction of
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human efforts shall benefit the quality of life as well as business.
382
383
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• Item
identification
490
491
492
493
494
495
• Embedded
System
• Sensor
• Wireless
Sensor
Networks
tagging
things
feeling
things
thinking
Things
shrinking
Things
• NanoTechnology
Figure 1 Four dimensions for IoT (ITU)