Biology 12
Cell Structure and Function - Chapter 4
Name _________________
How and why does our body develop the way it does? DNA expert J. Craig Venter says, "It's just
like solving a jigsaw puzzle, only the jigsaw puzzle in our case has 27 million pieces [and] it came
in a very big box and there was no picture on the cover."
Vocabulary:
cell membrane, cell wall, cellular
respiration, chloroplast, chromatin,
chromosome, cristae, cytoplasm,
cytoskeleton, Golgi bodies, lysosome,
matrix, mitochondria, nuclear
envelope, nuclear pore, nucleolus,
nucleus, organelle, polysome,
ribosome, rough endoplasmic
reticulum, smooth endoplasmic
reticulum, vacuole, vesicle
B1
Analyse the functional inter-relationships of cell structures
B1.1
describe the following cell structures and their functions:
– cell membrane
– cell wall
– chloroplast
– cytoskeleton
– cytoplasm
– Golgi bodies
– lysosomes
– mitochondria – including cristae and matrix
– nucleus – including nuclear pore, nucleolus, chromatin, nuclear envelope, and
chromosomes
– ribosomes (polysomes)
– smooth and rough endoplasmic reticulum
– vacuoles
– vesicles
B1.2 state the balanced chemical equation for cellular respiration
B1.3 describe how the following organelles function to compartmentalize the cell and move
materials through it:
– rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum
– vesicles
– Golgi bodies
– cell membrane
B1.4 identify cell structures depicted in diagrams and electron micrographs
Note: helpful website:
http://www.phschool.com/science/biology_place/biocoach/index.html
Biology 12: Cell structure and function
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In this unit, we learn how the chemicals that you studied in biochemistry work together within the cell
– the smallest unit of life.
Biology 12: Cell structure and function
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Every living thing is made of cells. View the following Discovery video:
http://media.pearsoncmg.com/bc/bc_campbell_essentials_3/discvids/_html/index.htm?info_text=cc6_c
ells
1. When you look at cells under the light microscope, what can you see? Sketch a moss cell or
onion (plant) and a human cheek cell (animal) as seen under high power and label the visible
structures. You can see some great plant cells on page 51 of your text. You can also see some
cool light microscope pictures of animal cells at the following websites:
http://www.microscopyu.com/moviegallery/livecellimaging/3t3/index.html
http://www.microscopyu.com/moviegallery/livecellimaging/cv1/index.html
We’ll do this together in class…
Methylene blue stain works well for animals and plant cells do not requires a stain.
Animal Cell
_____________________________________________________________________
Plant cell
1.
Biology 12: Cell structure and function
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2.
Use of the electron microscope allows us to see much greater detail in cell structure.
Examine at the various electron micrographs provided.
http://www.bu.edu/histology/m/t_electr.htm Use this website to draw and label any three
cellular structures that you find interesting. Your diagrams must be different to your table
partner.
Biology 12: Cell structure and function
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By studying many electron micrographs, we are able to see that a typical animal cell contains many
small structures that are collectively called ___________________________________. Many of these
organelles are bounded by ____________________, which separate the contents of the organelles
from other parts of the cell.
3.
Use your text to label the following diagram of a typical animal cell, and underline all
organelles that are bounded by membranes. View the BioFlix on Animal Cells:
Biology 12: Cell structure and function
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4.
Use your text to label the following diagram of a typical plant cell, underlining all organelles
that are bounded by a membrane. View the BioFlix on Plant Cells:
5.
List structures found in plant cells that are not found in animal cells:
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
Biology 12: Cell structure and function
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6.
The entire region between the nucleus and the plasma membrane is called the
________________________________________________.
The Nucleus (see Sec 4.6 p 58)
7.
What are the main functions of the nucleus?
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
8.
What is the function of the nucleolus?
____________________________________________________________________________
9.
Be able to identify each of the following components of the nucleus: chromatin, nuclear
envelope, nuclear pores, nucleolus
Biology 12: Cell structure and function
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10.
What is the difference between chromatin and chromosomes? Use this website visual t o
differentiate between chromatin and chromosomes:
http://www.microscopy-uk.org.uk/mag/indexmag.html?http://www.microscopyuk.org.uk/mag/artaug99/mitosis.html
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
11.
What enters the nucleus through the nuclear pores? ___protein and nucleotides___
What exits the nucleus through the nuclear pores? ___messenger RNA___
12.
How many membranes make up the nuclear envelope? Two = double membrane
At some points, it can be seen that the nuclear envelope is joined to the
__endoplasmic reticulum _.
13.
What is the role of ribosomes in the cell?
__to receive the message from mRNA to synthesise a specific protein. __
How do attached ribosomes differ from free ribosomes?
Attached ribosomes are attached to the membrane of the rough E R. Free ribosomes are
unattached and free in the cytoplasm. _
Why are some ribosomes attached and some ribosomes free?
Attached ribosomes produce proteins to be packaged into transport vesicles. Free ribosomes
produce proteins to be used in the cell cytoplasm.
What are polysomes (polyribosome)? (maybe check internet?)
Polysomes are made of many ribosomes reading the same mRNA molecule at the same time
and producing many of the same polypeptide as a result.
Label this diagram
of a polysome:
Biology 12: Cell structure and function
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The Endomembrane System
14.
What is the endomembrane system and what are its main components? (Sec 4.8 p 59)
The entire interconnected membrane system of the cell. It includes cell
membrane, endoplasmic reticulum, nuclear membrane, membranes around
organelles such as Golgi apparatus.
Describe three main functions of the
smooth endoplasmic reticulum:
(Sec 4.9 p 60)
1. Synthesis of phospholipids for
cell membrane use.
2. Synthesis of steroids such as
testosterone in the testes and
estrogen in the ovaries. These
organs are rich in S.E.R.
3. It detoxifies the blood in the
liver by processing drugs and other harmful chemicals. As cells are exposed to
drugs and alcohol the amount of S.E.R. and detoxifying enzymes increases.
4. Storage of Calcium ions. These are necessary for muscle contraction and neural
transmission.
Biology 12: Cell structure and function
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15. What are two main functions of the rough endoplasmic reticulum? (Sec 4.9 p 60)
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
Describe the steps shown in the following diagram of the synthesis of a secretory protein:
Do activity 4.13
________________________
________________________
________________________
________________________
________________________
________________________
________________________
________________________
________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
What is the role of the transport vesicle in this process? _______________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
Name two different secretory proteins that would be manufactured in this manner:
Collagen, insulin and other protein hormones, digestive enzymes, like lactase, structural
proteins such as keratin. _____________________________________________
Biology 12: Cell structure and function
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16.
What are some functions of the Golgi apparatus. (Sec 4.10 p 61)
http://www.johnkyrk.com/golgiAlone.html
G
o
l
g
i
r
e
Receives and modifies molecules manufactured in the ER. These may arrive in the form of
protein or lipid filled vesicles. These molecules move through the Golgi from the inner to the
outer face of the apparatus.
Glycoproteins may be repackaged and sent to the cell membrane for incorporation and
phosphates may be added to molecules in the Golgi.
How does the Golgi apparatus work with the endoplasmic reticulum?
It receives vesicles of molecules from the ER and refines them.
What is the role of the transport vesicle? _To transport molecules to different parts of the cell
or to the plasma membrane for export or to take phospholipids to the cell membrane for
incorporation.
Biology 12: Cell structure and function
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17.
What is a lysosome ? (Sec 4.11 p 62)
_a small membrane bound organelle produced in
the Golgi apparatus. Contains lysozymes (enzymes
which destroy old organelles or cells). ______
List some functions of the lysosome:
1. Destroy old cells or organelles (recycling), viruses and bacteria
2. Digest food particles by fusing with food vacuoles.
Label this diagram
illustrating the formation
of a food vacuole and the
digestion of its contents by
a lysosome:
page 62
Name one type of cell in your body that would contain lots of lysosomes. Explain.
Muscle cells where glycogen needs to be broken down into glucose. Also liver cells ,
white blood cells and kidney cells.
Label this diagram
illustrating the use of
lysosomes to digest
damaged organelles:
Biology 12: Cell structure and function
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What is a vacuole? (Sec 4.13 p 62) ___ Membrane bound large storage vesicle
___________________________________________________________________________
What is the function of the central vacuole of a plant cell? Stores water and provides support for the
cell.
Label the central vacuole on this diagram of a plant
cell:
You can see the contractile vacuole of a Paramecium at this website:
http://02b5260.netsolhost.com/Videos/transport/para_osmotic.wmv
How is the contractile vacuole of a Paramecium important to its survival?
__________________________________________________________________________________
Label the contractile vacuoles on this
diagram of a paramecium:
Biology 12: Cell structure and function
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Summary: The endomembrane system is an interconnected system of
membranes that works together in synthesis, transport, storage and secretion.
Cell organelles and their function 3d and animation http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LP7xAr2FDFU&feature=related
Label the following diagram to illustrate the various parts of the
endomembrane system:
View: The İnner Life Of The Cell Harvard University HQ You tube
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Energy Converting Organelles See Sec 4.14 p 63 and 4.15 p 64
See Activity: Build a Chloroplast and a Mitochondrion (4.13)
What are the names of the two organelles that are ‘energy transformers’?
__________________________________________________________________________________
Mitochondria are the site of the process called __ cellular respiration _.
nWrite a balanced equation for this process in words and in formulae:
__ Oxygen and glucose produce carbon dioxide and water and energy.
One glucose molecule will produce 38 ATPs.
Powering the Cell: Mitochondria http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RrS2uROUjK4&feature=related
Label the following diagram and electon micrograph of a mitochondrion:
During cellular respiration, mitochondria produce molecules of _______________, which are used in
the cell as an energy molecule for cell work.
Biology 12: Cell structure and function
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Chloroplasts are the site of the process called ________________________________. Write a
balanced equation for this process in words and in formulae:
v
__________________________________________________________________________________
Carbon dioxide and water to produce oxygen and glucose. Solar energy and chlorophyll must be
present.
Pictures of chloroplasts in Elodea and cytoplasmic streaming
http://www.microscopy-uk.org.uk/mag/indexmag.html?http://www.microscopyuk.org.uk/mag/artnov00/dwelodea.html
http://www.cells.de/cellseng/1medienarchiv/Zellstruktur/Plastiden/Chloroplasten/CP_in_Protoplasmas
troemung/Wasserpest/index.jsp
Label the following diagram and electron micrograph of a chloroplast:
Biology 12: Cell structure and function
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In living systems, matter moves in cycles, whereas energy flow is non-cyclic.
Label the following diagram to illustrate this concept, and to show the relationship between cellular
respiration and photosynthesis:
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The Cytoskeleton (Sec 4.17 p 65 – 66)
Provides structural support for the cell and involved in movement in the cell as well as
mechanically transmitting cell signals from the cell surface to the interior.
The cytoskeleton is made up of various types of long fibres within the cell, composed of
________protein _______ molecules. List the three types of cytoskeleton fibres:
Microfilaments, microtubules and intermediate filaments.
Here are some cool microtubule photos:http://www.microscopyu.com/moviegallery/sweptfield/folu-
egfp-eb3-sfc/
Which of the cytoskeleton fibres are the thinnest? __________________________________
thickest? ___________________________________
What are some of the functions of the cytoskeleton?
Microfilaments: are made of actin, a globular protein, and are involved in cell contraction in
muscle cells and in amoeboid movement of amoeba and white blood cells.
Intermediate filaments: made of fibrous proteins which anchor organelles and maintain cell shape.
Microtubules: Hollow tubes which provide rigidity and shape to cells
Biology 12: Cell structure and function
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Cilia and flagella (p 66a) are both cellular projections that
can move because they contain microtubules. Which
molecule provides the energy for the cilia and flagella to
move? ATP See Activity: Cilia and Flagella (4.18)
List some places in the human body where cilia are
found: ___fallopian tube in females and the trachea and
nasal passages.
What is the only cell in human body that has a flagellum?
Sperm cell _____
This diagram shows the common structure of both the cilium and the flagellum:
Biology 12: Cell structure and function
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Inner Life of the cell http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZRv_dmPKZgw
Here is a good review table of some of the various eukaryotic organelles and their main functions:
(see Sec 4.23 on p 69)
You can review plant and animal cells structure/function with the following web activities:
Activity: Review: Animal Cell Structure and Function (4.23)
Activity: Review: Plant Cell Structure and Function (4.23)
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