1
Supporting Information
2
3
Appendix S1. Diet data, parameters, and data inputs used in the bass bioenergetic model.
4
5
We used bioenergetic parameters sets from Shuter & Post (1990) for bass whose starting
6
weight was <50 g (i.e., age 0-2 year olds) and Whitledge et al. (2003) for age 3-4 bass, as
7
recommended by Whitledge et al. (2003) .
8
Solving the bioenergetic equation to determine seasonal consumption requires data on (1)
9
bass growth (i.e., bass weight at the beginning and end of the growing season), (2) bass energy
10
density, (3) bass diet, (4) the energy density of bass prey, (5) for reproductive bass (i.e., age 3
11
and older in the NFJDR), the loss of energy associated with spawning, and (6) the thermal
12
experience of the bass over the growth season. The derivation of these inputs is described below.
13
Growth for age 0-4 bass was determined from adult bass pectoral scales collected by
14
hook and line sampling primarily at the calibration site in years subsequent to the bass nest
15
survey in 2009 (n = 51 fish). For each bass we measured length-at-age from scale annuli and age
16
was back-calculated using the Fraser-Lee method (Devries & Frie 1996) . Bass length-at-age
17
was converted to weight-at-age (as required for bioenergetic modeling) using the length-weight
18
equation W= 0.0000116*TL3.02 (R2=0.99; n= 109; p<0.00001, min TL =22, max TL =298). We
19
assumed all annual growth occurred over our modeling window (fry = time from emergence to
20
October 31; adult = May 1 to October 31; see main paper for rationale).
21
We also determined spawning losses and age-at-spawning from the bass that were
22
collected for growth estimation. Spawning losses and age-at-spawning were assessed by
23
weighing bass gonadal tissue relative to whole body weight, and the age of sexually mature bass
24
was determined from scales. For age 2-4 bass, diets were determined by a combination of gastric
25
lavage in the field, or by freezing bass and dissecting their stomach contents in the lab. Prey
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items in bass stomachs were identified to the lowest possible taxonomic unit, wet weighed, and
27
then grouped into 8 overall prey categories, based on similarity of prey energy density in each
28
group. This allowed us to calculate the percent of wet weight that each group contributed to the
29
overall bass diets. Diets were collected seasonally and represent May 1- July 1 (n=20 diets), July
30
1- August 1 (n=13), and August 1-October 31 (n=15). Diet results and energy densities are
31
shown in electronic supplementary material (table S1). Bass aged 0-1 were assumed to eat
32
primarily immature aquatic invertebrates (Jager et al. 1993, Dauwalter and Fisher 2008). Other
33
required bioenergetic inputs (i.e., YOY and adult bass energy density, prey energy density) were
34
derived from published estimates. All inputs and their sources are detailed in table S2.
35
The water temperatures experienced by bass over the 2009 growing season were derived
36
from data loggers deployed in the study streams. Data collection details are described in the
37
primary paper.
38
Table S1. Seasonal diets determined from bass 168-300 mm TL (avg = 242 mm; age 2-4). Bass were collected from the NFJDR/MFJDR confluence (RKM 0) to NFJDR RKM 25.
Prey groups
Prey
Average wet weight contribution to diet per season
5/1-7/1 (n=20) 7/1-8/1 (n=13) 8/1-10/31 (n=15)
Energy density
(Joules/g)
Source
Aquatic invertebrate larvae, rigid body Coleoptera, Trichoptera
2.2%
1.1%
0.1%
4272
McCarthy et al. (2009)
Aquatic invertebrate larvae, soft body
Diptera
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
2746
McCarthy et al. (2009)
Aquatic nymph
Diptera, Ephemeroptera, Insecta,
28.8%
14.2%
36.9%
3076
McCarthy et al. (2009)
21.4%
9.9%
7.9%
2789
McCarthy et al. (2009)
Odonata, Plecoptera
Aquatic other
Annelida, Arthropoda, Gastropoda, Insecta,
Nematoda
Crayfish
Pacifastacus leniusculus
0.0%
2.5%
11.3%
3318
McIntyre (2004)
Fish
Possible species indicted below1
46.3%
40.2%
26.7%
4696
Parrish et al. (2006)
Terrestrial invertebrate adults
Coleoptera, Collembola, Hemiptera,
0.0%
6.8%
11.2%
5250
McCarthy et al. (2009)
1.2%
25.3%
5.8%
4225
McCarthy et al. (2009)
Hymenoptera, Orthoptera, Thysanoptera
Winged insect
Diptera, Ephemeroptera, Lepidoptera,
Odonata, Plecoptera, Trichoptera
1
Juveniles of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss ), Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha ), northern pikeminnow (Ptychocheilus oregonensis ), largescale sucker (Catostomus macrocheilus),
bridgelip sucker (Catostomus columbianus ). Juvenile and adult forms of longnose dace (Rhinichthys cataractae ), speckled dace (Rhinichthys osculus ), redside shiner (Richardsonius balteatus ),
multiple species of sculpin (Cottus spp).
Table S2. Bioenegetic model parameter set and model inputs for Age 0-4 bass.
Bioenergetic model
1
1
Start
weight
(g)
End
weight
(g)
Predator
energy
Start total End total
Total consumption
Calibration at calibration site
density
length
length
2
(mm)
(mm) site p-value
(g)
(Joules/g)3
Prey energy density (Joules/g)
Scale
Spawning sample
per season4
5/1-7/1
7/1-8/1 8/1-10/31 losses5
size6
Age
parameters
0
Shuter & Post 1990
0.01
3.62
10
67
0.907
11.70
4186
3509
3509
3509
na
51
1
Shuter & Post 1990
3.62
18.50
67
116
0.874
61.50
4186
3509
3509
3509
na
46
2
Shuter & Post 1990
18.50
57.86
116
171
0.860
149.77
4186
3804
4173
3853
na
31
3
Whitledge et al. 2003
57.86
152.71
171
227
0.696
593.91
5175
3804
4173
3853
6%
21
4
Whitledge et al. 2003
152.71
221.06
227
257
0.453
632.46
5175
3804
4173
3853
6%
4
Per Whitledge et al. (2003) suggestion, we used the Shuter & Post (1990) smallmouth bass parameter set for bass < 50 g. When bass start weight exceeded 50 g we used the
Whitlege et al. (2007) model.
2
The p-value was determined by running the bioenergetics model with known growth at the NFJDR RKM 0.2 calibration site and solving the mass-balance equation to
3
Hanson et al. (1997) predator energy density was used for Age 0-2 bass. Gravel et al. (2010) adult bass energy density was used for Age 3-4.
determine bass consumption required to achieve the observed growth
4
Bass aged 0-1 were assumed to eat primarily immature aquatic invertebrates (Jager et al. 1993, Dauwalter and Fisher 2008). We used McCarthy et al. (2009) to estimate their energy density.
Age 2-4 bass diets were seaonally determined from fish collected in the NFJDR (n=48). The prey energy density was determined by averaging the energy density of their prey,
given their % wet weight contribution to the total diet. The details of these diets can be found in table S1.
5
Spawning losses for Age 3 and 4 fish were determined from fish collected in the NFJDR by weighing gonal mass relative to total body mass (n=18).
6
Scales were collected from adult bass and used to back-calculate length-at-age for Age 0-4 bass
Supporting Information References
Dauwalter, D.C. & Fisher, W.L. (2008) Ontogenetic and seasonal diet shifts of smallmouth bass
in an Ozark stream. Journal of Freshwater Ecology, 23, 113-121.
Devries, D.R. & Frie, R.V. (1996) Chapter 16: Determination of age and growth. Fisheries
Techniques, Second Edition (eds B.R. Murphy & D.W. Willis), pp. 483-512. American
Fisheries Society, Bethesda, Maryland.
Gravel, M.A., Couture, P. & Cooke, S.J. (2010) Comparative energetics and physiology of
parental care in smallmouth bass Micropterus dolomieu across a latitudinal gradient.
Journal of Fish Biology, 76, 280-300.
Hanson, P.C., Johnson, T.B., Schindler, D.E. & Kitchell, J.F. (1997) Fish bioenergetics 3.0 for
Windows. Center for Limnology, University of Wisconsin-Madison and the University
of Wisconsin Sea Grant Institute.
McCarthy, S.G., Duda, J.J., Emlen, J.M., Hodgson, G.R. & Beauchamp, D.A. (2009) Linking
habitat quality with trophic performance of steelhead along forest gradients in the South
Fork Trinity River watershed, California. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society,
138, 506-521.
McIntyre, J.K. (2004) Bioaccumulation of mercury and organochlorines in the food web of Lake
Washington. Master of Science thesis. University of Washington, Seattle, Washington,
USA.
Parrish, J.K., Haapa-aho, K., Walker, W., Stratton, M., Walsh, J. & Ziel, H. (2006) Small-bodied
and juvenile fishes of the mid-Columbia region including keys to diagnostic otoliths and
cranial bones. Draft Version, March 2006. University of Washington, Seattle, WA.
137p.
Shuter, B.J. & Post, J.R. (1990) Climate, population viability, and the zoogeography of
temperate fishes. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society, 119, 314-336.
Whitledge, G.W., Hayward, R.S. & Zweifel, R.D. (2003) Development and laboratory
evaluation of a bioenergetics model for subadult and adult smallmouth bass. Transactions
of the American Fisheries Society, 132, 316-325.
Fig. S1. The total energy consumed and energy lost (summed over all days of the model) for age
1 bass (a), age 2 (b), and age 4 bass (c) across RKM in the NFJDR. If energy consumed exceeds
energy losses this indicates scope for bass growth.