Biology Final Semester 1 1516 Review
Characteristics of Life:
 Cellular Organization
 Uses Energy
 Metabolism
o Nutrition
o Transport
o Respiration
o Excretion
o Synthesis
o Regulation
 Homeostasis
 Reproduction
 System of Related Parts
 Respond to Their Environment
 DNA as genetic material
 Development
 Evolve
Biology-definition
Scientific Process:
Investigative Question
Hypothesis
Variables
Manipulated/Independent
Responding/Dependent
Controlled (Constant)
Experimentation
Groups
Experimental vs Control
Reliability Measures
Validity Measures
Data Collection
Analysis
Graphing Expectations
Conclusion
Theory
Biodiversity
Definition
Species
Genetic
Ecosystem
Ecosystem Health
Benefits to Humans
Systems:
 Definition/Examples
 Boundaries
 Inputs and Outputs
 Feedback Loops
 Positive
 Negative
 Levels of Organization

Ecology:
Ecology – definition
Biotic and abiotic factors-definitions + examples
Levels of organization in ecology-definitions and where it is
Biosphere
Biomes
Ecosystem
Habitat
Community
Population
Community Interactions-definitions and symbols (+/-/0)
 Parasitism
 Commensalism
 Mutualism
 Predation
Sun
Food web
Food chain
Biology Final Semester 1 1516 Review
Biomes and Biodiversity
Definition
What determines Biomes?
Climate
 Temperature
 Precipitation
Plant life
 Deciduous
 Coniferous
Hot Spot
6 major types of biomes
 Rainforest
 Grassland
 Desert
 Temperate Forest
 Taiga
 Tundra
Aquatic Ecosystems
 Ocean (Intertidal, Coral Reefs, Bathyal Zone, Abyssal Zone)
 Estuaries
 Freshwater (Wetlands, Ponds and Lakes)
Pyramids-How to identify each type?
Trophic levels-definitions and examples
Energy transferFlow
Source of Energy
Photosynthesis-Sun
Chemosynthesis-Chemicals
Trophic Levels
Autotrophs
Heterotroph
Saprotroph
How much energy is lost as you move up each trophic level? As what?
What is energy primarily lost as at each trophic level?
Benefits of eating lower on the pyramid?
 Biomass
Carnivores
Omnivores
Herbivores,
Detritivores
Producers
Consumers
Primary consumers
Secondary consumers
Tertiary consumers
Quaternary consumers
Decomposer
Scavenger
Populations
Definition
 Population size
 Population density
 Dispersion patterns
 Growth rate
 Birth, death,
 Immigration, emigration,
 Exponential growth (shape?)
 Logistic growth (shape?)
 Carrying capacity
 Population Size Regulation (Limiting Factors)
 Density independent limits
 Density dependent limits
Biology Final Semester 1 1516 Review


 Definition
Energy
Number
Nitrogen Cycle
 % Composition in Atmosphere
 How do organisms get nitrogen
 Why is the Nitrogen cycle useful
Nitrates, nitrogen fixation, denitrification
Carbon Cycle
 What cycles and what flows through
 % Composition in Atmosphere
 Identify the link between atmosphere and terrestrial environment.
 Which organisms add carbon to the atmosphere and which take it away
 Relationship between Photosynthesis and Respiration
 Decomposition
 Sources and Sinks of Carbon
 Combustion—fossil fuels
Biochemistry:
Organic vs. Inorganic
Main Branches of Organic Chemistry (Macromolecules)
 Lipids
 Carbohydrates
 Proteins
 Nucleic Acids (DNA)
Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen and Bonding
Dehydration Synthesis/Condensation
Hydrolysis
Human Impact on Biodiversity
 Habitat Loss
 Introduced Species
 Invasive Species
 Conservation
o Sustainable Development
 Definition

Human Population Growth
 What kind of growth is this currently? Cause for Growth?
 Why haven’t we reached the Earth’s carrying capacity yet?
Carbohydrates
Carbohydrates
C, H, O
Similar words:
Sugar/Food/Fuel
Starch
Saccharide
Monosaccharide
Example: glucose (chemical formula and structure)
Example: fructose (chemical formula)
Example: galactose
Disaccharide (Chemical Formula)
 Example: Maltose, sucrose (table sugar), lactose (milk sugar)
Polysaccharide
Example: amylose (chemical formula)
 How di and polysaccharides are formed and broken apart
and why this is important in cycles
 Dehydration synthesis & Hydrolysis
Structural (Cellulose, chitin) and storage (starch, glycogen)
carbohydrates
Microscope:
Structure and Function
Eyepiece
Revolving Nose Piece
Objective Lenses (low-4X, medium-10X, high power-40X)
Base
Stage
Diaphragm
Biology Final Semester 1 1516 Review
 Examples
o Resources CA9, CA10
 Non-Renewable
 Renewable
Light Source/Brightness
Course Focus Adjustment
Fine Focus Adjustment
Arm
Stage Clips
Magnification/Total
Steps for setting up and using
Making Wet-Mounts
Size of Field of View
Cells:
Cell membrane and transport:
History
Structure
Jansen
Hooke
VanLeewenhoek
Schleiden
Schwann
Virchow
Cell Theory
Light vs. Electron Microscope
Structure and Functions of the following:
Eukaryote vs. Prokaryote
Protist
Unicellular vs. Multicellular
Cell Organelles:
1. Cell/Plasma Membrane
2. Nucleus
Nucleolus
Nuclear Envelope
Chromosome (Chromatin)
Nuclear Pores
3. Cytoplasm (Cell Soup)
Cytosol
Cytoskeleton
Mitochondria
Golgi Apparatus
Endoplasmic Reticulum
(smooth, rough)
Ribosomes
Passive transport
Fluid Mosaic Model
Selectively (Semi-) Permeable
Phospholipid bilayer
 See lipid structure in Biochemistry Section
Proteins
Marker, channel, receptor
Diffusion
Equilibrium
Concentration gradient
Osmosis
Hypertonic, hypotonic, isotonic CA14
Solution, solvent, solute
Plasmolysis
Cytolysis
Crenation
Turgor Pressure
Facilitative diffusion
Active transport
Requires energy
Pumps
Pinocytosis vs. phagocytosis
Exocytosis vs. endocytosis
Biology Final Semester 1 1516 Review
Vacuoles
Lysosomes
Plant vs. Animal Cell
Cell Wall (plant)
Chloroplast (plant)
Large Water Vacuole (plant)
Centrioles (animal)
Photosynthesis
 Goal
 Balanced Equataion: Products and reactants
 Where it takes place
o Chloroplast
 Thylakoid
 Chlorophyll—captures sunlight
 Wavelengths of Light used
o Where ATP is made
o O2 given off
 Stroma
o Uses ATP to construct glucose from CO2 and H2O.
 Stomata
Respiration
 Goal
 Balanced Equation: Products and reactants
 Who does it and where it takes place
o Mitochondria
 ATP
Steps
 Glycolysis products
 Citric Acid Cycle (Krebs cycle)  products
 Electron Transport Chain products
Anaerobic vs. aerobic