TRADE UNIONS AND THE SADC GENDER PROTOCOL
PRESENTED BY SATUCC
ON BEHALF OF THE ANSA (REGIONAL) WOMEN EMPOWERMENT GROUP
September, 2010
This paper provides a critical analysis of the SADC Protocol on Gender and Development; its context
strengths and gaps. It ends by making a few proposals on the role of non-state actors. Its focus is a
presentation on the progress of the protocol and the proposed actions for non-state actors to effectively
contribute to promoting gender and development at both the national and the regional level:
BACKGROUND
While the 15 Southern African Development Community (SADC) countries have made great strides in
signing global and regional declarations and instruments, and, in developing national policies to
advance gender equality and women’s human rights, progress towards achieving gender equality for
women who comprise more than 50% of the region’s citizens still remains mixed.
The protocol serves to “provide for the empowerment of women, to eliminate discrimination and to
achieve gender equality and equity through the development and implementation of gender responsive
legislation policies, programmes and projects”. The protocol outlines 25 articles setting goals ranging
from equal access to justice and education to constitutional protections for women’s rights. It will go a
long way towards the protection of women in the region, who like many others around the continent
bear the brunt of social injustice like the lack of access to clean water, poor healthcare, and access to
economic opportunities or adequate protection before the law.
The Protocol is also an effort to harmonize the various instruments to which SADC Member States
have subscribed at the regional, continental and international levels on gender equity and equality.
Below is a selection of the primary conventions addressed within the Protocol:





The convention on the rights of the child (1989);
The Beijing Declaration and its Platform for Action (1995);
The Millennium Development Goal (2000);
The UN Security Council Resolution (1325) on Women, Peace and Security (2001), and;
The UN Convention on the Rights of People with Disabilities (2008).
PROGRESS IN THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE SADC PROTOCOL ON GENDER AND
DEVELOPMENT
It’s imperative to mention that by the end of July 2010, only two countries (Namibia, Zimbabwe) had
ratified the protocol and Botswana and Mauritius were still to sign.
Except for gains in education, health and economic decision-making, there has been limited progress
for women since the adoption of the SADC Protocol on Gender and Development in 2008. The gender
Alliance drafted a barometer for measuring the progress for the implementation of the protocol and See
table 1 below presents a summary of the progress made and lack of for 2010:
1
TABLE 1: KEY INDICATORS OF THE STATUS OF WOMEN IN SADC COUNTRIES
Zimbabwe
Zambia
Tanzania
Swaziland
South Africa
Seychelles
Namibia
Mozambique
Mauritius
Malawi
Madagascar
Lesotho
DRC
GOVERNANCE
Parliament
Local government
Cabinet
EDUCATION
Primary school
Secondary school
Tertiary level
ECONOMY
Economic decision-making
Income
SEXUAL AND REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH
Using contraception
Births attended by skilled personnel
HIV and AIDS
Comprehensive knowledge on HIV and AIDS
Living with HIV as proportion of total
HIV positive pregnant women receiving PMTCT
MEDIA
Overall
Board of Directors
Senior Management
Top Management
Female staff in institutions of higher learning
Proportion of students in institutions of higher
learning
News sources
Botswana
Angola
% of Women
38.6
na
25.7
7.9
19.3
21.1
7.7
na
14.3
22.9
58
31.6
10.3
6
15.4
21.2
n/a
22.7
18.8
6.4
12
39.2
35.6
32.1
26.9
41.8
18.2
23.5
n/a
16.7
42.7
39.7
41.2
21.9
17.9
23.5
30.7
34.2
20
15.2
6.6
13
17.9
18.5
17.1
46
44
40
49
52
53
45
36
26
51
56
44
49
48
49
50
44
39
49
52
54
47
44
38
51
54
56
51
51
57
49
52
53
48
50
50
50
44
32
49
45
53
49
48
n/a
24
na
44
38
14
na
21
28
16
na
18
41
0
27
25
41
25
28
31
na
23
31
40
28
21
na
23
34
23
37
6
46
44
99
31
61
37
55
15
51
42
54
76
100
17
48
55
81
41
100
65
92
43
74
41
46
30
47
60
69
7
61
14
40
58
95
15
58
4
26
58
71
19
58
1.8
42
58
14
68
19
68.3
43
60
28
65
50
58
67
42
99
27
59
83
52
57
69
45
55
68
34
57
60.9
44
60
42.6
na
na
na
na
na
na
46
24
39
30
37
54
73
47
50
56
18
77
22
18
8
18
67
73
33
10
20
13
44
71
23
27
26
19
29
50
33
36
22
25
79
82
27
25
35
17
28
26
40
39
35
42
47
60
na
na
na
na
na
na
50
38
35
25
50
64
40
30
29
33
33
37
36
22
30
21
28
60
33
27
33
11
29
61
13
38
10
13
25
57
na
20
19
32
23
20
19
14
20
31
20
19
21
14
16
Source: Gender Barometer 2010:
I.
na=not available: n/a= not applicable;
II.
The % of women’s income is arrived at by adding male and female income for each country as determined by the ILO and then expressing female income as a % of the
total.
III.
Figures in red, are those in which women constitute 50% or more of a particular indicator
IV.
2
MAIN PROVISIONS
TABLE 2: SADC GENDER PROTOCOL 2010 BAROMETER CITIZEN SCORE CARD
SPECIFIC TARGETS TO
PROGRESS DATA 2010
INDICATORS GOING FORWARD
BE ACHIEVED BY 2015
ARTICLES 4-11: CONSTITUTIONAL AND LEGAL RIGHTS
Provides for all Constitutions in the region to
1. Endeavour to enshrine gender
enshrine gender equality and to give such
equality and equity in their
provisions primacy over customary law. All laws
constitutions and ensure that
that are discriminatory to women are to be
these are not compromised by
repealed. It also provides for equality in
any provisions, laws or
accessing justice, marriage and family rights of
practices
widows, elderly women, the girl, women with
2. Review, amended and or repeal
disabilities and other socially exclude groups.
all discriminatory laws.
3. Abolish the minority status of
women
SCORE OUT
OF TEN
2009
2010
 Most SADC Constitutions have non-discrimination clauses and 12 provide for nondiscrimination based on sex. 9 provide for gender equality.
 6 Constitutions have claw back clauses
only two Constitutions address contradictions between customary and customary
practices that undermine women’s rights
 increase in the number of countries that include sex as a
grounds for discrimination
 increase the number of countries that include gender equality
in the Constitutions
 number of counties that ensure that Constitutional provisions
are not undermined by any other law or practice
6
0
 in each country there is discriminatory legislation to review
 Number of countries that review and eliminate all
discriminatory practices.
 Number of countries that specifically abolish the minority
status of women, and ensure that this is not undermined by
customary law.
6
6
6
6
 Very few countries have specific legislation to do so (e.g. Zimbabwe (legal age of
Majority Act 1982) and Namibia (Married person Act). These laws are in any case
undermined by customary law.
ARTICLES 12-13: GOVERNANCE (REPRESENTATION AND PARTICIPATION)
Provides for all equal representation of women in all
areas of decision making, both public and private and
suggests that this target be achieved through
constitutional ad other legislative provisions, including
affirmative action. It further stipulates that Member
States should adopt specific legislative measures and
other strategies, policies and programmes to ensure
that women participate effectively n electoral
processes and decision-making by, amongst others,
building capacity, providing support and establishing
and strengthening structures to enhance gender
mainstreaming.
4. Endeavour to ensure that 50% of
decision making positions in all
public and private sectors are held
by women including through the
use of affirmative action measures.
Parliament: The average representation of women in both houses across the region  Number of countries that make a concerted effort and
is 24%. This ranges from 7% in Botswana and 44% in South Africa.
achieved gender parity in parliament.
Local Government: The average representation of women at the local levels 29.7%.
This ranges from 1.2% in Angola to 58% in Lesotho.
Cabinet: The average representation of women in cabinet is up to 22% from 21.4% in
2009. It ranges from 41% in South Africa to 12% in Mauritius.
President/ Prime Minister: There are no women Heads of States. Malawi and
Zimbabwe have Deputy Presidents and Mozambique and Zimbabwe have a Woman
Prime Minister and deputy Prime Minister respectively).
Public Service: Comprehensive data is not available. For 8 countries for which data
was available, this ranged from close to parity in Botswana to less than one –fifth in
Malawi.
Private sector & other areas of decision making: Comprehensive data not
available. Affirmative action has been applied in many of the Members States (e.g.
South Africa (Voluntary party quota; Employment Equity Act); Namibia (legislated and
voluntary at local level), Mozambique and Angola (Voluntary party quota), Lesotho
(local government electoral law).
5
5
5. Enact laws that promote equal
aces to and retention in primary,
secondary, tertiary, vocational and
non-formal education in
accordance e with the Protocol on
Education & Training and the
MDGs.
Primary: Equal enrolment of girls and boys in all countries except Angola and DRC
where girl constitute 46% of total enrolment.
Secondary: Gender gaps are narrowing in all countries, more girls than boys in
Lesotho, but girls only 36% in the DRC and 44% in Tanzania, Mozambique, Malawi
and Angola.
Tertiary: equal proportions of women in Swaziland, In Seychelles (58%) Namibia,
Mauritius, South Africa, Botswana and Zambia there are more women than men. In
Madagascar, Lesotho, Angola, Malawi, Mozambique, Tanzania and DRC, women are
less than men (26% in the DRC is the lowest).
The proportion of women in the teaching service ranges from 70% in Lesotho to 20%
in the DRC; men pre-dominate as principal, women pre-dominate in the Arts and men
in the Sciences and technical subjects; while there have been some reviews of
curriculum gender stereotypes abound. GBV in schools is high
 Number of countries that attain gender parity at all levels of
education.
7
7
 Progress towards achieving gender parity in school
administrations.
 Progress towards achieving gender parity in subjects.
 Changes to school curriculum.
6
6
ARTICLE 14: EDUCATION AND TRAINING
It provides for equal access to quality education &
training for women and men as well their retention at
all levels of education. It further provides for
challenging stereotypes in education and eradicating
gender based violence in educational institutions.
6. Adopt and implement gender
sensitive educational policies and
programmes addressing gender
stereotypes in education and
gender based violence.
3
MAIN PROVISIONS
SPECIFIC TARGETS TO BE ACHIEVED
BY 2015
SCORE OUT
OF TEN
2009
2010
PROGRESS DATA 2010
INDICATORS GOING FORWARD
Women comprise 25% of decision makers designated as: Minister/ deputy
Minister/ permanent Secretary of finance economic permanent sectary/ DG;
governor, and deputy governor of the reserve bank. This ranges from Swaziland
(40%) to Mauritius (none).
Only South Africa, Malawi and Madagascar have conducted such studies; little
evidence of policy measures flowing from these.
Ad hoc initiatives mostly focus on micro-finance, e.g. in Mauritius the National
women Entrepreneurship Council; Tanzania the National Micro-finance policy
gives guidelines on achieving gender equality; SA provides various funds for
micro-finance. Zimbabwe through the DPM’s office recently developed a national
strategic plan for women empowerment.
Most policies ate gender blind with very few exceptions e.g. Zambia Trade and
Industrial policy recognises that women remain marginalised in the professional
work place and private enterprise; proposes steps for addressing this.
Only Southern Africa had a Preferential Public Procurement Act that provides for
redressing historical imbalances including gender. The Mauritius Public
procurement Act refers to “community and end user participation: without
specifically referring to women.
Comprehensive information is difficult to access; data obtained shows a range
from 11% land ownership in Seychelles to 25% in DRC and Tanzania. In
Botswana women are 46% in Landowners but holdings are smaller. IN Tanzania,
women are about a third the size of those of men.
Women earn on average 50% of men’s earnings in the SADC region.
 Number of counties that achieved gender parity in economic
decision making.
4
4
 Number of countries that have done time use studies.
5
4
 Number of countries that have policies and laws to promote
women’s participation in economic decision making.
5
5
 Number of countries that view trade and entrepreneurship
policies from a gender perspective.
4
4
 Number of public procurement acts and procedures that
socially mention gender equality.
5
5
 Number of countries that review laws and extent to which
these promote parity in ownership.
5
5
 Number of countries that have ratified that ILO conventions
and conventions 100 and 101.
 Completed audit of current labour legislation.
6
6
9 SADC countries have legislation on domestic violence; only 7 have specific
legislation that relates to sexual offences. 3 countries have no specific legislationAngola, Madagascar and Zambia.
Only SA has included the provision of comprehensive treatment and care,
including PEP to survivors and sexual assault. In Botswana, Mauritius, Namibia,
Zambia this is included in policies but not law this less enforceable. Seychelles
provides for health workers only. PEP in most countries is not well accessed.
12 SADC countries have signed the UN protocol to prevent, suppress & punish
human trafficking, especially women and children (Palermo Protocol). 6 have
specific laws on human trafficking (Madagascar, Mauritius, Mozambique,
Swaziland, Tanzania and Zambia) - an increase from4 last year. In SA and
Zimbabwe trafficking is provided for in Sexual Offenses legislation. Malawi is
receiving support from IOM to develop legislation.
Only 5 countries (Lesotho, Namibia, SA, Tanzania, and Zimbabwe) have sexual
offences legislation.
 Number of specific GBV laws per country, measure changes
in laws periodically.
6
5
 Number of laws that have clauses that provide for
comprehensive testing, treatment and care.
6
6
 Number of countries with sexual offences acts.
6
6
 Number of countries with specific legislative provisions to
prevent human trafficking and provide politics services.
 Number of people reintegrated into society.
 Number of cases that have been prosecuted for those that
have laws)
 Number of new countries that adopt legislation or add human
trafficking provisions to their legislation
5
5
10 SADC countries have legislation for sexual harassment mostly in labour laws. e.g.
Botswana, Mozambique, Namibia, South Africa & Zimbabwe). In Tanzania it’s covered
in the Penal Code and Sexual Offences Act.
 Number of countries with sexual harassment legislation, polices
and strategies.
5
5
ARTICLES 15-19: PRODUCTIVE RESOURCES AND EMPLOYMENT, ECONOMIC EMPOWERMENT
This article provides for the equal
7.
participation of women in economic
policy formulation and
implementation. The article has
provisions and targets on
8.
entrepreneurship, access to credit
and public procurement contracts, as 9.
well as stipulations on trade policies,
equal access to property, resources
and employment.
Ensure equal participation by women and men in policy
formulation and implementation of economic policies.
Conduct time use studies and adopt policy measures to
erase the burden of the multiple roles played by women
Adopt policies and enact laws which ensure equal
access, benefits, and opportunities for women and men
in trade and entrepreneurship, taking into account the
contribution of women in the formal and informal
economy/ sectors.
10. Review national trade and entrepreneurship polices to
make them gender responsive.
11. With regard to the affirmative action provisions of Article
5, introduce measures to ensure that women benefit
equally from economic opportunities, including through
public procurement processes.
12. Review all policies and laws that determine access to
control of and benefit from, productive resources by
women.
13. Review, amend and enact laws and policies that ensure
women and men have equal access to wage
employment in all sectors of the economy.
ARTICLES 20-25: GENDER BASED VIOLENCE
It makes provision for all the
14. Enact and enforce legislation prohibiting all forms of
implementation of a variety of
GBV.
strategies, including enacting,
reviewing, reforming and enforcing
15. Ensure that laws on GBV provide for the comprehensive
laws, aimed at eliminating all forms of
testing, treatment and care for survivors of sexual
gender based violence and
assault.
trafficking. There are specific
stipulations for the provision of a
16. Review and reform their criminal laws and procedures
comprehensive package of treatment
applicable to cased of sexual offence and BGV.
and care services for survivors of
GBV, including the access to post
exposure prophylaxis and the
establishment of special courts to
address these cases. There are
17. Enact and adapt specific; legislative provisions to
specific provisions for human
prevent human trafficking amend provide holistic
trafficking. A section which provides
services to the victims, with the aim of re-integrating
for monitoring and evaluation set
them into society.
targets and indicators for reducing
GBV levels by half in 2015.
18. Enact legislative provisions and adopt and implement
policies, strategies and programmes which define and
prohibit sexual harassment in all spheres and provide
deterrent sanctions for perpetrators of sexual harassment.
4
19. Adopt integrated approaches, including institutional
cross sector structures, with the aim of reducing current
levels of GBV by half by 2015.
MAIN PROVISIONS
SPECIFIC TARGETS TO BE ACHIEVED
BY 2015
14 SADC countries have adopted and implementing national action plans/
strategies/ response to end GBV. Many are moving away from 16 to 365 day
action plans to end GBV. However, plans lack specific targets and indicators,
effective M&E. Data on GBV is sporadic and unreliable. Pilot to develop GBV
indicators in SA Mauritius & Botswana.
 All countries to develop country specific National Action
Plans
 Effectiveness of NAPS as measured as measured by
countries that have already adopted GBV NAPs
 Extent of GBV, and reduction each year as measured
through the GBV indicators study.
6
6
SCORE OUT
OF TEN
2009
2010
PROGRESS DATA 2010
INDICATORS GOING FORWARD
In 2001/2 on SA and Zimbabwe fulfilled year commitment to allocate 15% of get
expenditure to health. Lesotho, Mozambique & Swaziland achieved about half of
the 15% target. Botswana achieved 10.5%
Maternally mortality varies widely from 28 per 100,000 in Mauritius to 1140 per
100,000 in DRC.
Only 3 Southern Africa countries have contraceptive usage rate of over 60%; SA
is highest at 65% Zimbabwe was second, with 58%, Angola lowest at 5%.
 All SADC countries to have gender sensitive health policies
that address issues of access and quality.
6
6
 Number of countries especially those with high levels to
achieve a 7% reduction in maternal mortality.
 % of people accessing and using contraceptives
 Gender disaggregated data according to types of
contraceptives.
 Number of countries that achieve 100% sanitation coverage.
6
6
6
6
5
5
 % reduction of HIV and AIDS in each country and reducti9on
in the gender gap
 Increase in comprehensive knowledge on HIV and AIDS.
 Number of countries that achieves universal access for
women & men & gender aggregated data to track progress.
 Development of a model policy/ checklist on care work
 Number of countries that meet the standards of the model
policy
6
6
7
6
6
4
Extent to which gender parity consideration are taken into
account in Madagascar and in all peace processes.
4.5
4
number of media houses that achieve gender parity at all levels
Progress towards attaining gender parity in news sources.
4
4
ARTICLE 26: HEALTH
This article provides for the adoption
& implementation of polices&
programmes that addresses the
physical, mental, emotional and
social well-being of women with
specific targets for reducing maternal
mortality ratio and ensuring access to
quality sexual & reproductive health
services.
20. Adopt & implement legislative framework, policies,
programmes and services to enhance gender sensitive,
appropriate & affordable health care.
21. Reduce the maternal mortality ratio by 75%
22. Develop and implement policies and programmes to
address the mental, sexual and reproductive health
needs of women and men.
23. Ensure the provision of hygiene and sanitary and
nutritional needs of women, including women in prison.
Total coverage of sanitation facilities varies from 100% is Seychelles, Mauritius to
15% in Madagascar, urban coverage is generally better than rural coverage.
ARTICLES 27: HIV AND AIDS
This article covers prevention,
treatment, care and support relation
to HIV and AIDS.
24. Develop gender sensitive strategies to prevent new
infections.
4 of 15 countries have a prevalence of over 15%. With the exception of Mauritius
and Seychelles women in SADC have a higher prevalence rate.
25. Ensure universal access to HIV and AIDS treatment for
infected women, men boys and girls.
26. Develop and implemented policies & programme to
ensure the appropriate recognition of work carried out by
care-givers the majority of whom are women, the
allocation of resources and psychological support for
care-givers as well as promote the involvement of men
in the care and support of people living with AIDS.
Access to ARVs range from 3% in Madagascar to 95.2% in Seychelles. At least 9
countries score above 50% access. Poor disaggregated data by gender.
A GEMSA audit study based on remuneration, logistic and material support,
training and professional recognition, psychological support and gender
consideration rated the policy of 1 SADC country (Namibia) as excellent,
Botswana, Tanzania, Zimbabwe as good; Swaziland, South Africa as fair, Zambia
and Malawi as mediocre; Lesotho, Mozambique, Mauritius and DRC as poor.
ARTICLE 28: PEACE BUILDING AND CONFLICT RESOLUTION
This provides for the equal
representation of women in conflict
resolution & peace building
processes as well as the integration
of a gender perspective in the
resolution of conflict in the region.
27. Put in place measures to ensure that women have equal  There are no special measures to ensure women’s representation ad
representation and participation in key decision making
participation in the sector.
positions in conflict r5esoltuion and peace building  With 24% women in defence force and 21% in the police forces, SA leads the
processes, in accordance with UN Council resolution
way.
1325 on Women, Peace and Security.
ARTICLES 29-31: MEDIA, INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION
Provides for gender to be
28. Take measures to promote the equal representation of
mainstreamed in all information,
women in ownership of, and decision-making structures
communication & media policies &
of the media, in accordance with Article 12.1 that
laws. It calls for women’s equal
provides for equal representation of women in decisionrepresentation in areas of media
making positions by 2015.
work and for women and men to be
given equal voice through the media.
The protocol calls for increasing
programmes of, by and about women
and the challenging of gender
stereotypes in the media.
Media houses: The glass Ceiling in Southern African newsrooms study by GL
found that women constitute 41% of media employees, 32% if South Africa is
excluded. This ranges from 70% in Lesotho to 13% in Zimbabwe. Women
constitute less than 25% of those on the board of governors, as top and senior
managers in the media.
Sources: the Gender and Media progress Studies (GMPS) showed that the
proportion of women sources in the news had increased by a mere 2% to 19%
since the baseline study concluded in 2003.
2009 total: 154/280 X100 = 55%
OVERALL SCORE
5
2010 total: 152/280 X100 = 54.3%
THE ROLE OF CIVIL SOCIETY
This section of the paper only seeks to stimulate thoughts around possible actions that civil society
organisations can undertake/ consider for pushing for the implementation of the SADC Gender and
Development Protocol and on ensuring that our countries are creating a conducive socio-economic and
political environment that promotes gender equality and poverty reduction, (the last thing we want is to
ensure that men and women are equal in a poor and non-functioning economy!!):
Action 1: Civil societies with direct influence within the SADC Secretariat
Identification of civil society organisations that have been invited to input into the Heads of State
Summit is important for collaborative efforts. This will provide other civil society organisations to
organise and submit more comprehensive input representative of more civil society organisations/
institutions around gender and development issues, e.g. Gender Alliance, SADC-CNGO, SATUCC, and
the CSO newly formed Apex Body etc:
Action 2: Development of a regional civil society declaration on gender and developmentmaking the protocol a reality
Declaration(s) can be formulated and signed by willing civil society organisations and submitted to the
Senior Policy Officials assigned to work on Gender and Development portfolios within the SADC
Secretariat. The following could be considered in the development of regional/ national declarations:
 Identifying priority areas within these very broad thematic areas (e.g. select the articles within
the Gender and Development protocol which we think are more important in the short-term or
those that we feel we have the comparative advantage to make the most impact);
 Listing targets and goals which are to be met by 2015 (within the framework of the protocol);
 Development of benchmarks- to measure impact of CSOs influence within the SADC Gender
and Development protocol at both regional and national level around implementation.
Action 3: Organise a campaign around the protocol
There are many options that CSOs (or for us as FOS partners) can consider in beginning an active
campaign around the protocol- going beyond the sixteen days of activism for this year-planned to begin
on the 25th of November):
 Holding national and regional campaigns for civil society on: gender based violence (GBV),
gender and poverty reduction and other relevant thematic areas such as: Regional Integration,
Poverty reduction and Employment creation- around the 16 days of activism against. However,
the objectives and targets have to be clearly spelt out and an action plan developed on how
these campaigns will feedback into the SADC and national decision- making processes ;
 Holding other national campaign activities in the forms of meetings, workshops, mass
mobilization campaigns, open debate and discussion forums, develop active blog sites within
our websites around the relevant issues;
Action 4: Information publication and distribution
Targets can include: policy makers (both at the regional and national level), strategic partners (trade
unions, church institutions, NGOs, CSOs) who may not be currently actively involved in the process, the
general public at large. This can be done through the following mechanisms;
 Posting information on our websites;
 Developing and distributing brochures and papers on selected priority focus areas both at the
regional and national level;
 Send copies of these papers/ declaration to the relevant ministries at the national level;
 Publication of relevant articles in all formats of media.
6
Action 5: Long-term activities
Activities that can be considered for the long-term could include:
 Continued input and demand for effective participation in the SADC Secretariat decision
making/ policy formulation frameworks on gender and development and poverty related
thematic frameworks (e.g. the national and regional social observatories, national gender
budgeting processes etc)
 Informative research and information distribution: there is very poor regional research related
to:
o gender disaggregated statistics, the care economy and its economic value and or
contribution to growth and development, monitoring and evaluation of the
implementation of the protocol in all participating countries;
 Capacity building of CSOs, NGOs, Trade Unions, Church institutional frameworks to effectively
engage in the advocacy and engagement with policy makers on relevant issues related to
gender and development;
 Monitoring and evaluation of the implementation of the protocol at national level;
 Take advantage of constitutional processes taking place in countries like Zimbabwe and
advocate for the consitutionalisation to rectify the gaps in addressing gender issues.
7