1. A, E. et al. The ecology and prevalence of arboviruses on the

advertisement
1.
A, E. et al. The ecology and prevalence of arboviruses on the territory of the Saratov
region. Zh. Mikrobiol. 5, 27–30 (2005).
2.
Ã, S. M., Saijo, M. & Kurane, I. Recent progress in molecular biology of Crimean –
Congo hemorrhagic fever. Comp. Immun. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 30, 375–389 (2007).
3.
Abadoglu, O. & Engin, A. The frequency of self-reported allergic diseases in patients
with crimean- congo haemorrhagic fever . Allergol. Immunopathol. 5, 234–238 (2009).
4.
Abbott, F. J. B. P. A. L. J. C. & Swaxepoel, R. Serodiagnosis of Crimean-Congo
haemorrhagic fever. Epidemiol. Infect. 551–562 (1994).
5.
Agriculture, M. Crimean-Congo Saudi Arabia haemorrhagic fever virus infection in
the Western Province of. Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg. 275–278 (1997).
6.
Ahmed, A. A. et al. Presence of broadly reactive and group-specific neutralizing
epitopes on newly described isolates of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus. J.
Gen. Virol. 86, 3327–3336 (2005).
7.
Ahmeti, S. & Raka, L. Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever in Kosova : a fatal case
report. Virology journal 3, 85 (2006).
8.
Aitichou, M., Saleh, S. S., McElroy, A. K., Schmaljohn, C. & Ibrahim, M. S.
Identification of Dobrava, Hantaan, Seoul, and Puumala viruses by one-step real-time
RT-PCR. J. Virol. Methods 124, 21–26 (2005).
9.
Akhtar, J. Crimean-congo haemorrhagic fever: An alert for health care workers.
Journal of the College of Physicians and Surgeons Pakistan 15, 751–752 (2005).
10.
Akinci, E. et al. Analysis of lymphocyte subgroups in Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic
fever. Int. J. Infect. Dis. 13, 560–563 (2009).
11.
Aksoy, H. Z., Yilmaz, G., Aksoy, F. & Koksal, I. Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever
presenting as epididymo-orchitis. J. Clin. Virol. 48, 282–284 (2010).
12.
Alavi-Naini, R. et al. Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever in Southeast of Iran. J. Infect.
52, 378–382 (2006).
13.
Albayrak, H., Ozan, E. & Kurt, M. Albayrak H, Ozan E, Kurt M, Molecular Detection
of Crimean-Congo Haemorrhagic Fever Virus (CCHFV) but not West Nile Virus
(WNV) in Hard Ticks from Provinces in Northern Turkey,.pdf. Zoonoses Public
Health 57, 156–160 (2010).
14.
Albayrak, H., Ozan, E. & Kurt, M. An antigenic investigation of Crimean-Congo
hemorrhagic fever virus (CCHFV) in hard ticks from provinces in northern Turkey.
Trop. Anim. Health Prod. 42, 1323–1325 (2010).
15.
Albayrak, H., Ozan, E. & Kurt, M. Serosurvey and molecular detection of CrimeanCongo hemorrhagic fever virus (CCHFV) in northern Turkey. Trop. Anim. Health
Prod. 44, 1667–1671 (2012).
16.
Ali, F., Saleem, T., Khalid, U., Mehmood, S. F. & Jamil, B. Crimean-Congo
hemorrhagic fever in a dengue-endemic region: lessons for the future. J. Infect. Dev.
Ctries. 4, 459–463 (2010).
17.
Ali, N. et al. A Crimean - Congo haemorrhagic fever outbreak in Northern
Balochistan. J. Coll. Physicians Surg. Pakistan 17, 477–481 (2007).
18.
Al-Nakib, W. et al. Preliminary report on arbovirus-antibody prevalence among
patients in Kuwait: evidence of Congo/Crimean virus infection. Trans. R. Soc. Trop.
Med. Hyg. 78, 474–476 (1984).
19.
Altaf, A. et al. Outbreak of Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever in Quetta, Pakistan:
Contact tracing and risk assessment. Trop. Med. Int. Heal. 3, 878–882 (1998).
20.
Altamura, L. A. et al. Identification of a novel C-terminal cleavage of Crimean-Congo
hemorrhagic fever virus PreGN that leads to generation of an NSM protein. J. Virol.
81, 6632–6642 (2007).
21.
Al-Tikriti, S. K. et al. Congo/Crimean haemorrhagic fever in Iraq. Bull. World Health
Organ. 59, 85–90 (1981).
22.
Anagnostou, V. & Papa, A. Evolution of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus.
Infect. , Genet. Evol. 9, 948–954 (2009).
23.
Andersson, C., Henriksson, S., Magnusson, K. E., Nilsson, M. & Mirazimi, A. In situ
rolling circle amplification detection of Crimean Congo hemorrhagic fever virus
(CCHFV) complementary and viral RNA. Virology 426, 87–92 (2012).
24.
Andersson, I. et al. Human MxA protein inhibits the replication of Crimean-Congo
hemorrhagic fever virus. J. Virol. 78, 4323–4329 (2004).
25.
Andersson, I. et al. Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever Virus Delays Activation of the
Innate Immune Response. J. Med. Virol. 1404, 1397–1404 (2008).
26.
Andriamandimby, S. F. et al. Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever serosurvey in at-risk
professionals, Madagascar, 2008 and 2009. J. Clin. Virol. 52, 370–372 (2011).
27.
Antoniadis, A. & Casals, J. Serological evidence of human infection with CongoCrimean hemorrhagic fever virus in Greece. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 31, 1066–1067
(1982).
28.
Appannanavar, S. B. & Mishra, B. An update on crimean congo hemorrhagic Fever. J.
Glob. Infect. Dis. 3, 285–292 (2011).
29.
Aradaib, I. E. et al. Multiple Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus strains are
associated with disease outbreaks in Sudan, 2008-2009. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis. 5,
2008–2009 (2011).
30.
Aradaib, I. E. et al. Nosocomial outbreak of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever,
Sudan. Emerging Infectious Diseases 16, 837–839 (2010).
31.
Arda, B., Aciduman, A. & Johnston, J. C. A randomised controlled trial of ribavirin in
Crimean Congo haemorrhagic fever: ethical considerations. Journal of Medical Ethics
38, 117–120 (2012).
32.
Ardalan, M. R., Tubbs, R. S., Chinikar, S. & Shoja, M. M. Crimean-Congo
haemorrhagic fever presenting as thrombotic microangiopathy and acute renal failure.
Nephrology, dialysis, transplantation : official publication of the European Dialysis
and Transplant Association - European Renal Association 21, 2304–2307 (2006).
33.
Armignacco, O. et al. The model of response to viral haemorrhagic fevers of the
National Institute for Infectious Diseases ‘Lazzaro Spallanzani’. J. Biol. Regul.
Homeost. Agents 15, 314–321 (2001).
34.
Arslan, S. & Engin, A. Relationship between NF-κB1 and NF-κBIA genetic
polymorphisms and Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever. Scandinavian Journal of
Infectious Diseases 44, 138–143 (2012).
35.
Asadi Gharabaghi, M. et al. Severe Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever presented
with massive retroperitoneal haemorrhage that recovered without antiviral treatment.
Case Reports 2011, bcr1020103408–bcr1020103408 (2011).
36.
Ascioglu, S., Leblebicioglu, H., Vahaboglu, H. & Chan, K. A. Ribavirin for patients
with Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever: A systematic review and meta-analysis.
Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 66, 1215–1222 (2011).
37.
Asvarov, B. M., Khasaev, S. M., Batsina, T. F., Mustapaev, A. M. & Klimova, L. I.
Population density and area-specific distribution of the imago form of Hyalomma
marginatum ticks, the vector of Crimean haemorrhagic fever, in Dagestan. Zh.
Mikrobiol. Epidemiol. Immunobiol. 100–102 (2000).
38.
Athar, M. N. et al. Short report: Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever outbreak. Am. J.
Trop. Med. Hyg. 69, 284–287 (2003).
39.
Athar, M. N. et al. Short report: Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever outbreak in
Rawalpindi, Pakistan, February 2002. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 69, 284–7 (2003).
40.
Athar, M. N. et al. Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever outbreak in Rawalpindi,
Pakistan, February 2002: contact tracing and risk assessment. The American journal
of tropical medicine and hygiene 72, 471–473 (2005).
41.
Atkinson, B. et al. Sequencing and phylogenetic characterisation of a fatal Crimean Congo haemorrhagic fever case imported into the United Kingdom, October 2012.
Eurosurveillance 17, 5–8 (2012).
42.
Atkinson, B. et al. Development of a Real-Time RT-PCR assay for the detection of
Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus. Vector-Borne Zoonotic Dis. 12, 786–793
(2012).
43.
Ayaslioglu, E. Ribavirin treatment for Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever. Jpn. J.
Infect. Dis. 62, 3–4 (2009).
44.
Aydemir, O., Erdeve, O., Oguz, S. S. & Dilmen, U. A healthy newborn born to a
mother with Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever: Is there protection from
transplacental transmission? Int. J. Infect. Dis. 14, 9712 (2010).
45.
Azeem, S., Aqleem, A. & Sheikhc, N. S. Bi-annual surge of Crimean-Congo
haemorrhagic fever (CCHF): a five-year experience. Int. J. Infect. Dis. 9, 37–42
(2004).
46.
Bajpai, S. & Nadkar, M. Y. Crimean congo hemorrhagic fever: requires vigilance and
not panic. J. Assoc. Physicians India 59, 164–167 (2011).
47.
Bakir, M. Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever outbreak in Middle Anatolia: a
multicentre study of clinical features and outcome measures. J. Med. Microbiol. 54,
385–389 (2005).
48.
Bakir, M., Engin, A., Gozel, M. G., Elaldi, N. & Kilickap, S. A new perspective to
determine the severity of cases with Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever. J. Vector
Borne Dis. 49, 105–110 (2012).
49.
Barut, S. et al. Increased serum ferritin levels in patients with Crimean-Congo
hemorrhagic fever: can it be a new severity criterion? Int. J. Infect. Dis. 14, 50–54
(2010).
50.
Baskerville, A., Satti, A., Murphy, F. A. & Simpson, D. I. Congo-Crimean
haemorrhagic fever in Dubai: histopathological studies. J. Clin. Pathol. 34, 871–874
(1981).
51.
Begum, F., Wisseman, C. L. & Traub, R. Tick-borne viruses of West Pakistan. Am. J.
Epidemiol. 92, 180–191 (1970).
52.
Bell-Sakyi, L., Kohl, A., Bente, D. A. & Fazakerley, J. K. Tick cell lines for study of
Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus and other arboviruses. Vector-Borne Zoonotic
Dis. 12, (2012).
53.
Bente, D. A. et al. Pathogenesis and immune response of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic
fever virus in a STAT-1 knockout mouse model. J. Virol. 84, 11089–11100 (2010).
54.
Berber, E. et al. Application of the pseudo-plaque assay for detection and titration of
Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus. J. Virol. Methods 187, 26–31 (2013).
55.
Bereczky, S. et al. Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus infection is lethal for adult
type I interferon receptor-knockout mice. J. Gen. Virol. 91, 1473–1477 (2010).
56.
Bergeron, E., Albariño, C. G., Khristova, M. L. & Nichol, S. T. Crimean-Congo
hemorrhagic fever virus-encoded ovarian tumor protease activity is dispensable for
virus RNA polymerase function. J. Virol. 84, 216–226 (2010).
57.
Bergeron, E., Vincent, M. J. & Nichol, S. T. Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus
glycoprotein processing by the endoprotease SKI-1/S1P is critical for virus infectivity.
J. Virol. 81, 13271–13276 (2007).
58.
Bertolotti-ciarlet, A. et al. Cellular localization and antigenic characterization of
Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus glycoproteins. Society 79, 6152–6161 (2005).
59.
Bethel, J. W. & Waterman, S. H. Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever in man, Republic
of Georgia, 2009. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 16, 1324–1326 (2010).
60.
Bijani, B., Mardani, M. & Toosi, P. Erythema nodosum in the course of CrimeanCongo haemorrhagic fever. Tropical doctor 40, 123–124 (2010).
61.
Blackburn, N. K., Besselaar, T. G., Shepherd, A. J. & Swanepoel, R. Preparation and
use of monoclonal antibodies for identifying Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus.
Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 37, 392–397 (1987).
62.
Bobek, V. et al. A clinically relevant, syngeneic model of spontaneous, highly
metastatic B16 mouse melanoma. Anticancer Res. 30, 4799–4804 (2010).
63.
Bodur, H., Akinci, E., Ascioglu, S., Öngürü, P. & Uyar, Y. Subclinical infections with
Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus, Turkey. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 18, 640–642
(2012).
64.
Bodur, H. et al. Detection of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus genome in
saliva and urine. Int. J. Infect. Dis. 14, e247–e249 (2010).
65.
Bodur, H. et al. Evidence of vascular endothelial damage in Crimean-Congo
hemorrhagic fever. Int. J. Infect. Dis. 14, e704–e707 (2010).
66.
Bodur, H. et al. Effect of oral ribavirin treatment on the viral load and disease
progression in Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever. Int. J. Infect. Dis. 15, e44–e47
(2011).
67.
Bowick, G. C., Airo, A. M. & Bente, D. A. Expression of interferon-induced antiviral
genes is delayed in a STAT1 knockout mouse model of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic
fever. Virology Journal 9, 122 (2012).
68.
Brenda, R., Plaisner, V. & Hronovksy, V. Experiences with the adaptation of Crimean
hemorrhagic fever virus to the CV-1 monkey cell line. Acta Virol. 19, 340–348 (1975).
69.
Bryan, J. P. et al. Prevalence of sand fly fever, West Nile, Crimean-Congo
hemorrhagic fever, and leptospirosis antibodies in Pakistani military personnel. Mil.
Med. 161, 149–153 (1996).
70.
Burney, M. I., Ghafoor, A., Saleen, M., Webb, P. A. & Casals, J. Nosocomial outbreak
of viral hemorrhagic fever caused by Crimean hemorrhagic fever-Congo virus in
Pakistan, January 1976. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 29, 281–284 (1980).
71.
Bursali, A., Tekin, S., Keskin, A., Ekici, M. & Dundar, E. Species diversity of ixodid
ticks feeding on humans in Amasya, Turkey: seasonal abundance and presence of
Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus. J. Med. Entomol. 48, 85–93 (2011).
72.
Bursali, A., Keskin, A. & Tekin, S. Ticks (Acari: Ixodida) infesting humans in the
provinces of Kelkit Valley, a Crimean-congo hemorrhagic fever endemic region in
Turkey. Exp. Appl. Acarol. 59, 507–515 (2013).
73.
Burt, F. J., Paweska, J. T., Ashkettle, B. & Swanepoel, R. Genetic relationship in
southern African Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever virus isolates: evidence for
occurrence of reassortment. Epidemiol. Infect. 137, 1302–1308 (2009).
74.
Burt, F. J., Spencer, D. C., Leman, P. a, Patterson, B. & Swanepoel, R. Investigation of
tick-borne viruses as pathogens of humans in South Africa and evidence of Dugbe
virus infection in a patient with prolonged thrombocytopenia. Epidemiol. Infect. 116,
353–361 (1996).
75.
Burt, F. J. & Swanepoel, R. Molecular epidemiology of African and Asian CrimeanCongo haemorrhagic fever isolates. Epidemiol. Infect. 133, 659–666 (2005).
76.
Burt, F. J., Swanepoel, R. & Braack, L. E. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays for
the detection of antibody to Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever virus in the sera of
livestock and wild vertebrates. Epidemiol. Infect. 111, 547–557 (1993).
77.
Burt, F. ., Leman, P. ., Smith, J. . & Swanepoel, R. The use of a reverse transcription–
polymerase chain reaction for the detection of viral nucleic acid in the diagnosis of
Crimean–Congo haemorrhagic fever. Journal of Virological Methods 70, 129–137
(1998).
78.
Butt, J. et al. Immunohistochemical and in situ localization of Crimean-Congo
hemorrhagic fever (CCHF) virus in human tissues and implications for CCHF
pathogenesis. Arch. Pathol. Lab. Med. 121, 839–846 (1997).
79.
Cagatay, A. et al. Haemophagocytosis in a patient with Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic
fever. Journal of medical microbiology 56, 1126–1128 (2007).
80.
Camicas, J. L. et al. La fievre hemorragique de Crimee-Congo au Senegal: dernieres
donnees sur l’ecologie du virus CCHF. Bull. la Soc. Pathol. Exot. 87, 11–16 (1994).
81.
Camicas, J., Saluzzo, J. F., Chartier, C., Martinez, D. & Digoutte, J. P. Le virus de la
fibre hemorragique de Crimee-Congo (CCHF) en Mauritanie. Ent. med. Parasitol. 24,
129–137 (1986).
82.
Camigas, J. et al. Etude écologique et nosologique des arbovirus transmis par les
tiques au Sénégal. Entomol. medicale Parasitol. 24, 255–264 (1986).
83.
Canakoglu, N. et al. Pseudo-plaque reduction neutralization test (PPRNT) for the
measurement of neutralizing antibodies to Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus.
Virol. J. 10, 6 (2013).
84.
Capodagli, G. C. et al. Structural analysis of a viral ovarian tumor domain protease
from the Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus in complex with covalently bonded
ubiquitin. J. Virol. 85, 3621–3630 (2011).
85.
Carroll, S. A., Bird, B. H., Rollin, P. E. & Nichol, S. T. Ancient common ancestry of
Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus. Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 55, 1103–1110
(2010).
86.
Carter, S. D., Barr, J. N. & Edwards, T. a. Expression, purification and crystallization
of the Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever virus nucleocapsid protein. Acta
Crystallogr. Sect. F Struct. Biol. Cryst. Commun. 68, 569–573 (2012).
87.
Carter, S. D. et al. Structure, function, and evolution of the Crimean-Congo
hemorrhagic fever virus nucleocapsid protein. J. Virol. 86, 10914–10923 (2012).
88.
Casals, J. Antigenic similarity between the virus causing Crimean hemorrhagic fever
and Congo virus. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 131, 233–236 (1969).
89.
Casals, J. & Tignor, G. H. Neutralization and hemagglutination-inhibition tests with
Crimean hemorrhagic fever-Congo virus. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 145, 960–966
(1974).
90.
Casals, J. Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever. in Proceedings of an international
colloquium on Ebola virus infection and other haemorrhagic fevers held in Antwerp,
Belgium, 6-8 December, 1977 201–210 (1978).
91.
Causey, O. R., Kemp, G. E., Madbouly, M. H. & David-West, T. S. Congo virus from
domestic livestock, African hedgehog, and arthropods in Nigeria. Am. J. Trop. Med.
Hyg. 19, 846–850 (1970).
92.
Ceianu, C. S., Panculescu-Gatej, R. I., Coudrier, D. & Bouloy, M. First serologic
evidence for the circulation of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus in Romania.
Vector-Borne Zoonotic Dis. 12, 718–721 (2012).
93.
Celik, V. K. et al. Determination of serum adenosine deaminase and xanthine oxidase
levels in patients with Crimean–Congo hemorrhagic fever. 65, 697–702 (2010).
94.
Çelikbaş, A. et al. Crimean Congo hemorrhagic fever infection simulating acute
appendicitis. J. Infect. 50, 363–365 (2005).
95.
Çevik, M. a. et al. Clinical and laboratory features of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic
fever: predictors of fatality. Int. J. Infect. Dis. 12, 374–379 (2008).
96.
Cevik, M. A. et al. A preliminary study to evaluate the effect of intravenous ribavirin
treatment on survival rates in Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever. J. Infect. 57, 350–
351 (2008).
97.
Cevik, M. A. et al. Viral load as a predictor of outcome in Crimean-Congo
hemorrhagic fever. Clin. Infect. Dis. 45, e96–e100 (2007).
98.
Chamberlain, J. et al. Co-evolutionary patterns of variation in small and large RNA
segments of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus. J. Gen. Virol. 86, 3337–3341
(2005).
99.
Chapman, L. E. et al. Risk factors for Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever in rural
northern Senegal. J. Infect. Dis. 164, 686–692 (1991).
100. Chastel, C. et al. Arbovirus transmis par des tiques au Maghreb. Bull. Soc. Pathol.
Exot. 88, 81–85 (1995).
101. Chen, S. Molecular evolution of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus based on
complete genomes. J. Gen. Virol. 94, 843–850 (2013).
102. Chevalier, V., de la Rocque, S., Baldet, T., Vial, L. & Roger, F. Epidemiological
processes involved in the emergence of vector-borne diseases: West Nile fever, Rift
Valley fever, Japanese encephalitis and Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever. Rev. Sci.
Tech. 23, 535–555 (2004).
103. Chinikar, S., Ghiasi, S. M., Hewson, R., Moradi, M. & Haeri, a. Crimean-Congo
hemorrhagic fever in Iran and neighboring countries. J. Clin. Virol. 47, 110–114
(2010).
104. Chinikar, S. et al. Phylogenetic analysis in a recent controlled outbreak of CrimeanCongo haemorrhagic fever in the south of Iran, December 2008. Eurosurveillance 15,
1–4 (2010).
105. Chinikar, S. et al. Surveillance and laboratory detection system of Crimean-Congo
haemorrhagic fever in Iran. Transbound. Emerg. Dis. 55, 200–204 (2008).
106. Chinikar, S. et al. Seroepidemiology of Crimean Congo Hemorrhagic fever in
slaughterhouse workers in North Eastern Iran. Iran. J. Public Health 41, 72–79 (2012).
107. Chinikar, S. et al. A serological survey in suspected human patients of Crimean-Congo
hemorrhagic fever in Iran by determination of IgM-specific ELISA method during
2000-2004. Archives 8, 52 – 55 (2005).
108. Chinikar, S. et al. Serological evaluation of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever in
humans with high-risk professions living in enzootic regions of Isfahan Province of
Iran and genetic analysis of circulating strains. Vector-Borne Zoonotic Dis. 12, 733–
738 (2012).
109. Chinikar, S. et al. Geographical distribution and surveillance of Crimean-Congo
hemorrhagic fever in Iran. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis. 10, 705–708 (2010).
110. Chinikar, S. et al. Genetic analysis of Crimean-congo hemorrhagic fever virus in Iran.
J. Med. Virol. 73, 404–411 (2004).
111. Chinikar, S. et al. New circulating genomic variant of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic
fever virus in Iran. Arch. Virol. 158, 1085–1088 (2012).
112. Chinikar, S. et al. Nosocomial infection of Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever in
eastern Iran: case report. Travel Med. Infect. Dis. 11, 252–255 (2013).
113. Christova, I. et al. Seroprevalence of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus,
Bulgaria. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 19, 177–179 (2013).
114. Christova, I. et al. Hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome and Crimean-Congo
hemorrhagic fever as causes of acute undifferentiated febrile illness in Bulgaria. Vector
Borne Zoonotic Dis. 13, 188–192 (2013).
115. Chumakov, M. P., Smirnova, S. E. & Tkachenko, E. A. Relationship between strains
of Crimean haemorrhagic fever and Congo viruses. Acta Virol. 14, 82–85 (1970).
116. Colebunders, R., Van Esbroeck, M., Moreau, M. & Borchert, M. Imported viral
haemorrhagic fever with a potential for person-to-person transmission: review and
recommendations for initial management of a suspected case in Belgium. Acta Clin.
Belg. 57, 233–240 (2002).
117. Connolly-Andersen, A.-M., Douagi, I., Kraus, A. a & Mirazimi, A. Crimean Congo
hemorrhagic fever virus infects human monocyte-derived dendritic cells. Virology 390,
157–162 (2009).
118. Connolly-Andersen, A.-M., Magnusson, K.-E. & Mirazimi, A. Basolateral entry and
release of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus in polarized MDCK-1 cells. J.
Virol. 81, 2158–2164 (2007).
119. Connolly-Andersen, A.-M. et al. Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus activates
endothelial cells. J. Virol. 85, 7766–7774 (2011).
120. Dai, X. et al. Geography and host distribution of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever in
the Tarim Basin. Zhonghua Liu Xing Bing Xue Za Zhi 27, 1048–1052 (2006).
121. Darwish, M. a, Hoogstraal, H., Roberts, T. J., Ghazi, R. & Amer, T. A seroepidemiological survey for Bunyaviridae and certain other arboviruses in Pakistan.
Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg. 77, 446–450 (1983).
122. David West, T. S., Cooke, a. R. & David West, a. S. Seroepidemiology of Congo virus
(related to the virus of Crimean haemorrhagic fever) in Nigeria. Bull. World Health
Organ. 51, 543–546 (1974).
123. Deyde, V. M., Khristova, M. L., Rollin, P. E., Ksiazek, T. G. & Nichol, S. T. CrimeanCongo hemorrhagic fever virus genomics and global diversity. J. Virol. 80, 8834–8842
(2006).
124. Digoutte, J. P., Saluzzo, J. F. & Adam, F. Données récentes sur les fièvres
hémorragiques en Afrique de l’Ouest. Bull. Soc. Pathol. Exot. 78, 874–878 (1985).
125. Dilber, E. et al. Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever among children in north-eastern
Turkey. Ann. Trop. Paediatr. 29, 23–28 (2009).
126. Dilber, E. et al. High-dose methylprednisolone in children with Crimean-Congo
haemorrhagic fever. Trop. Doct. 40, 27–30 (2010).
127. Dilcher, M. et al. Genetic characterization of Erve virus, a European Nairovirus
distantly related to Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus. Virus Genes 45, 426–432
(2012).
128. Dizbay, M., Aktas, F., Gaygisiz, U., Ozger, H. S. & Ozdemir, K. Crimean-Congo
hemorrhagic fever treated with ribavirin in a pregnant woman. J. Infect. 59, 281–283
(2009).
129. Dogan, O. T. et al. Evaluation of respiratory findings in Crmean-Congo hemorrhagic
fever. Southeast Asian J. Trop. Med. Public Health 42, 1100–1105 (2011).
130. Doganci, L., Ceyhan, M., Tasdeler, N. F., Sarikayalar, H. & Tulek, N. Crimean Congo
hemorrhagic fever and diffuse alveolar haemorrhage. Trop. Doct. 38, 252–254 (2008).
131. Dokic, M. et al. Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever. Vojn. Pregl 57, 467–471 (2000).
132. Donets, M. a, Chumakov, M. P., Korolev, M. B. & Rubin, S. G. Physicochemical
characteristics, morphology and morphogenesis of virions of the causative agent of
Crimean hemorrhagic fever. Intervirology 8, 294–308 (1977).
133. Dowall, S. D., Richards, K. S., Graham, V. a., Chamberlain, J. & Hewson, R.
Development of an indirect ELISA method for the parallel measurement of IgG and
IgM antibodies against Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever (CCHF) virus using
recombinant nucleoprotein as antigen. J. Virol. Methods 179, 335–341 (2012).
134. Dowall, S. D. et al. Hazara virus infection is lethal for adult type I interferon receptorknockout mice and may act as a surrogate for infection with the human-pathogenic
Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus. J. Gen. Virol. 93, 560–564 (2012).
135. Drosten, C. et al. Rapid detection and quantification of RNA of Ebola and Marburg
viruses, Lassa virus, Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus, Rift Valley fever virus,
dengue virus, and yellow fever virus by real-time reverse transcription-PCR. J. Clin.
Microbiol. 40, 2323–2330 (2002).
136. Drosten, C., Herbert, D., Emmerich, P. & Schmitz, H. Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic
fever in Kosovo. J. Clin. Microbiol. 40, 1122–1123 (2002).
137. Duh, D. et al. The complete genome sequence of a Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever
virus isolated from an endemic region in Kosovo. Virol. J. 5, 7 (2008).
138. Duh, D. et al. Viral load as predictor of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever outcome.
Emerg. Infect. Dis. 13, 1769–1772 (2007).
139. Duh, D., Saksida, A., Petrovec, M., Dedushaj, I. & Avšič-ŽUpanc, T. Novel one-step
real-time RT-PCR assay for rapid and specific diagnosis of Crimean-Congo
hemorrhagic fever encountered in the Balkans. J. Virol. Methods 133, 175–179 (2006).
140. Duygu, F., Kaya, T. & Baysan, P. Re-evaluation of 400 Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic
fever cases in an endemic area: is ribavirin treatment suitable? Vector-Borne Zoonotic
Dis. 12, 812–816 (2012).
141. Ekiz, F. et al. Mean platelet volume in the diagnosis and prognosis of Crimean-Congo
hemorrhagic fever. Clin. Appl. Thromb. (2012). doi:10.1177/1076029612440035
142. Elaldi, N. et al. Efficacy of oral ribavirin treatment in Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic
fever: a quasi-experimental study from Turkey. J. Infect. 58, 238–244 (2009).
143. Elata, A. T. et al. A nosocomial transmission of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever to
an attending physician in North Kordufan, Sudan. Virol. J. 8, 303 (2011).
144. Elevli, M. et al. A newly identified Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus strain in
Turkey. Int. J. Infect. Dis. 14, e213–e216 (2010).
145. Ellis, D. S. et al. Congo/Crimean Haemorrhagic fever virus from Iraq 1979: I.
Morphology in BHK21 cells. Arch. Virol. 70, 189–198 (1981).
146. Emmerich, P. et al. Early serodiagnosis of acute human Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic
fever virus infections by novel capture assays. J. Clin. Virol. 48, 294–295 (2010).
147. Engin, A. et al. Toll-like receptor 8 and 9 polymorphisms in Crimean-Congo
hemorrhagic fever. Microbes Infect. 12, 1071–1078 (2010).
148. Engin, A. et al. Ocular Findings in Patients with Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever.
Am. J. Ophthalmol. 147, 634–638.e1 (2009).
149. Engin, A. et al. Serum levels of Mannan-binding lectin in patients with CrimeanCongo hemorrhagic fever. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis. 10, 1037–1041 (2010).
150. Engin, A. et al. Clinical investigation of the transient evoked otoacoustic emission test
in Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever. Int. J. Infect. Dis. 12, 162–165 (2008).
151. Engin, A. et al. Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever: does it involve the heart? Int. J.
Infect. Dis. 13, 369–373 (2009).
152. Erbay, A. et al. Breastfeeding in Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever. Scand. J. Infect.
Dis. 40, 186–188 (2008).
153. Erduran, E., Bahadir, A., Palanci, N. & Gedik, Y. The treatment of Crimean-Congo
hemorrhagic fever with high-dose methylprednisolone, intravenous immunoglobulin,
and fresh frozen plasma. J Pediatr Hematol Oncol 35, 19–24 (2013).
154. Erduran, E. & Cakir, M. Reactive hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis and CrimeanCongo hemorrhagic fever. Int. J. Infect. Dis. 14, 9712 (2010).
155. Ergonul, O. O., Celikbas, A., Baykam, N., Eren, S. & Dokuzoguz, B. Analysis of riskfactors among patients with Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever virus infection:
severity criteria revisited. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. 12, 551–554 (2006).
156. Ergonul, O. et al. Pregnancy and Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever. Clin. Microbiol.
Infect. 16, 647–650 (2010).
157. Ergonul, O. Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus: new outbreaks, new discoveries.
Curr. Opin. Virol. 2, 215–220 (2012).
158. Ergonul, O. Treatment of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever. Antiviral Res. 78, 125–
131 (2008).
159. Ergonul, O. Biases and misinterpretation in the assessment of the efficacy of oral
ribavirin in the treatment of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever. J. Infect. 59, 284–301
(2009).
160. Ergönül, Ö. Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever. Lancet Infect. Dis. 6, 203–214
(2006).
161. Ergönül, O. et al. Characteristics of patients with Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever in
a recent outbreak in Turkey and impact of oral ribavirin therapy. Clin. Infect. Dis. 39,
284–287 (2004).
162. Ergonul, O., Tuncbilek, S., Baykam, N., Celikbas, A. & Dokuzoguz, B. Evaluation of
serum levels of interleukin (IL)-6, IL-10, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha in patients
with Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever. J. Infect. Dis. 193, 941–944 (2006).
163. Ergonul, O., Zeller, H., Celikbas, A. & Dokuzoguz, B. The lack of Crimean-Congo
hemorrhagic fever virus antibodies in healthcare workers in an endemic region. Int. J.
Infect. Dis. 11, 48–51 (2007).
164. Ergönül, Ö. et al. Zoonotic infections among veterinarians in Turkey: Crimean-Congo
hemorrhagic fever and beyond. Int. J. Infect. Dis. 10, 465–469 (2006).
165. Erickson, B. R., Deyde, V., Sanchez, A. J., Vincent, M. J. & Nichol, S. T. N-linked
glycosylation of Gn (but not Gc) is important for Crimean Congo hemorrhagic fever
virus glycoprotein localization and transport. Virology 361, 348–355 (2007).
166. Ertugrul, B. et al. The seroprevalence of Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever among
inhabitants living in the endemic regions of Western Anatolia. Scand. J. Infect. Dis.
44, 276–281 (2012).
167. Ertugrul, B. et al. An outbreak of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever in western
Anatolia, Turkey. Int. J. Infect. Dis. 13, e431–e436 (2009).
168. Escadafal, C. et al. First international external quality assessment of molecular
detection of crimean-congo hemorrhagic fever virus. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis. 6, e1706
(2012).
169. Estrada, D. F. & De Guzman, R. N. Structural characterization of the Crimean-Congo
hemorrhagic fever virus Gn tail provides insight into virus assembly. J. Biol. Chem.
286, 21678–21686 (2011).
170. Estrada-Peña, A., Ruiz-Fons, F., Acevedo, P., Gortazar, C. & De la Fuente, J. Factors
driving the circulation and possible expansion of Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever
virus in the western Palearctic. J. Appl. Microbiol. 114, 278–286 (2013).
171. Estrada-Peña, A., Vatansever, Z., Gargili, A. & Ergönul, O. The trend towards habitat
fragmentation is the key factor driving the spread of Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic
fever. Epidemiol. Infect. 138, 1194–1203 (2010).
172. Estrada-Peña, A., Jameson, L., Medlock, J., Vatansever, Z. & Tishkova, F. Unraveling
the ecological complexities of tick-associated Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus
transmission: a gap analysis for the western Palearctic. Vector-Borne Zoonotic Dis. 12,
743–752 (2012).
173. Estrada-Peña, A., Vatansever, Z., Gargili, A. & Buzgan, T. An early warning system
for Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever seasonality in Turkey based on remote sensing
technology. Geospat. Health 2, 127–135 (2007).
174. Estrada-Peña, A. et al. Modeling the spatial distribution of crimean-congo
hemorrhagic fever outbreaks in Turkey. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis. 7, 667–678
(2007).
175. Fakoorziba, M. R. et al. Reverse transcription PCR-based detection of Crimean-Congo
hemorrhagic fever virus isolated from ticks of domestic ruminants in Kurdistan
Province of Iran. Vector-Borne Zoonotic Dis. 12, 794–799 (2012).
176. Faye, O. et al. Transmission experimentale du virus de la fievre hemorragique de
Crimee-Congo par la tique Rhipicephalus evertsi evertsi (Acarina: Ixodidae). Virologie
17, 143–147 (2013).
177. Filipe, a. R., Calisher, C. H. & Lazuick, J. Antibodies to Congo-Crimean haemorrhagic
fever, Dhori, Thogoto and Bhanja viruses in southern Portugal. Acta Virol. 29, 324–
328 (1985).
178. Filippone, C. et al. Molecular diagnostic and genetic characterization of highly
pathogenic viruses: application during Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever virus
outbreaks in Eastern Europe and the Middle East. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. 19, E118–28
(2013).
179. Fisher-Hoch, S. P. et al. Crimean Congo-haemorrhagic fever treated with oral
ribavirin. Lancet 346, 472–475 (1995).
180. Fisher-Hoch, S. P. et al. Risk of human infections with Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic
fever virus in a South African rural community. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 47, 337–345
(1992).
181. Flick, R., Flick, K., Feldmann, H. & Elgh, F. Reverse genetics for Crimean-Congo
hemorrhagic fever virus. J. Virol. 77, 5997–6006 (2003).
182. Fontenille, D. Arbovirus transmission cycles in Madagascar. Arch. Inst. Pasteur
Madagascar 55, 1–317 (1989).
183. Fontenille, D., Mathiot, C. & Coulanges, P. Les virus des fièvres hémorragiques à
Madagascar. Arch. Inst. Pasteur Madagascar 54, 117–124 (1988).
184. Foulke, R. S., Rosato, R. R. & French, G. R. Structural polypeptides of Hazara virus.
J. Gen. Virol. 53, 169–172 (1981).
185. Frangoulidis, D. & Meyer, H. Measures undertaken in the German armed forces field
hospital deployed in Kosovo to contain a potential outbreak of Crimean-Congo
hemorrhagic fever. Mil. Med. 170, 366–369 (2005).
186. Gaidamovich, S., Klisenko, G., Shanoyan, N., Obukhova, V. & Melnikova, E. Indirect
hemagglutination for diagnosis of Crimean hemorrhagic fever. Intervirology 2, 181–
185 (1973).
187. Gale, P. et al. The feasibility of developing a risk assessment for the impact of climate
change on the emergence of Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever in livestock in
Europe: a review. J. Appl. Microbiol. 108, 1859–1870 (2010).
188. Gale, P. et al. Impact of climate change on risk of incursion of Crimean-Congo
haemorrhagic fever virus in livestock in Europe through migratory birds. J. Appl.
Microbiol. 112, 246–257 (2012).
189. Garcia, S. et al. Evaluation of a Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus recombinant
antigen expressed by Semliki Forest suicide virus for IgM and IgG antibody detection
in human and animal sera collected in Iran. J. Clin. Virol. 35, 154–159 (2006).
190. Gargili, A. et al. Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever in European part of Turkey:
genetic analysis of the virus strains from ticks and a seroepidemiological study in
humans. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis. 11, 747–752 (2011).
191. Garrison, A. R. et al. Development of a TaqMan minor groove binding protein assay
for the detection and quantification of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus. Am. J.
Trop. Med. Hyg. 77, 514–520 (2007).
192. Gear, J. H. Clinical aspects of African viral hemorrhagic fevers. Rev. Infect. Dis. 11
Suppl 4, S777–S782 (1989).
193. Gear, J. H. et al. Congo-Crimean haemorrhagic fever in South Africa: report of a fatal
case in the Transvaal. South African medical journal = Suid-Afrikaanse tydskrif vir
geneeskunde 62, 576–580 (1982).
194. Ghiasi, S. M., Salmanian, a. H., Chinikar, S. & Zakeri, S. Mice orally immunized with
a transgenic plant expressing the glycoprotein of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever
virus. Clin. Vaccine Immunol. 18, 2031–2037 (2011).
195. Gmyl, L. V., Karganova, G. G., Smirnova, S. E. & Lashkevich, V. A. Virus-specific
proteins of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever. Vopr Virusol. 46, 16–21 (2001).
196. Goldfarb, L. G., Chumakov, M. P. & Myskin, a. a. An epidiomological model of
Crimean hemorrhagic fever. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 29, 260–264 (1980).
197. Gonzalez, J. P., Camicas, J. L., Cornet, J. P., Faye, O. & Wilson, M. L. Sexual and
transovarian transmission of Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever virus in Hyalomma
truncatum ticks. Res. Virol. 143, 23–28 (1992).
198. Gonzalez, J. P. et al. Antibody prevalence against haemorrhagic fever viruses in
randomized representative Central African populations. Res. Virol. 140, 319–331
(1989).
199. Gonzalez, J. P., Wilson, M. L., Cornet, J. R. & Camicas, J. L. Host-passage-induced
phenotypic changes in Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever virus. Res. Virol. 146, 131–
140 (1995).
200. Gordon, S. W., Linthicum, K. J. & Moulton, J. R. Transmission of Crimean-Congo
hemorrhagic fever virus in two species of Hyalomma ticks from infected adults to
cofeeding immature forms. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 48, 576–580 (1993).
201. Gozalan, A. et al. Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever cases in Turkey. Scand. J.
Infect. Dis. 39, 332–336 (2007).
202. Grard, G. et al. Re-emergence of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus in Central
Africa. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis. 5, e1350 (2011).
203. Guilherme, J. M., Gonella-Legall, C., Legall, F., Nakoume, E. & Vincent, J.
Seroprevalence of five arboviruses in Zebu cattle in the Central African Republic.
Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg. 90, 31–33 (1996).
204. Gul, I. et al. Cardiac findings in children with Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever. Med
Sci Monit 17, 457–460 (2011).
205. Gul, S. et al. Health-related quality of life and the prevalence of post-traumatic stress
disorder among Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever survivors. Jpn. J. Infect. Dis. 1–4
(2012). at <papers2://publication/uuid/6C4162C3-4B2B-4377-B4E8-597A538D784F>
206. Guner, R., Hasanoglu, I., Yapar, D. & Tasyaran, M. a. A case of Crimean Congo
hemorrhagic fever complicated with acalculous cholecystitis and intraabdominal
abscess. J. Clin. Virol. 50, 162–163 (2011).
207. Guner, R., Tasyaran, M., Keske, S., Hasanoglu, I. & Kalem, A. Relationship between
total thiol status and thrombocytopenia in patients with Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic
fever. Southeast Asian J. Trop. Med. Public Health 1411–1418 (2012).
208. Gunes, T. et al. Crimean-congo hemorrhagic fever virus in high-risk population,
Turkey. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 15, 461–464 (2009).
209. Gunes, T., Poyraz, O. & Vatansever, Z. Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus in
ticks collected from humans, livestock, and picnic sites in the hyperendemic region of
Turkey. Vector-Borne Zoonotic Dis. 11, 1411–1416 (2011).
210. Gungormus, Z. & Kiyak, E. Evaluation of knowledge about protection against
Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever. Southeast Asian J. Trop. Med. Public Health 42,
737–743 (2011).
211. Gürbüz, Y., Sencan, I., Öztürk, B. & Tütüncü, E. A case of nosocomial transmission of
Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever from patient to patient. Int. J. Infect. Dis. 13, 105–
107 (2009).
212. Guven, F. M. K. et al. The importance of myeloperoxidase enzyme activity in the
pathogenesis of Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever. J. Med. Microbiol. 62, 441–445
(2013).
213. Haferkamp, S., Fernando, L., Schwarz, T. F., Feldmann, H. & Flick, R. Intracellular
localization of Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever (CCHF) virus glycoproteins. Virol.
J. 2, 42 (2005).
214. Han, N. & Rayner, S. Epidemiology and mutational analysis of global strains of
crimean-congo haemorrhagic fever virus. Virol. Sin. 26, 229–244 (2011).
215. Hatipoglu, C. A. et al. Evaluation of clinical and laboratory predictors of fatality in
patients with Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever in a tertiary care hospital in Turkey.
Scand. J. Infect. Dis. 42, 516–521 (2010).
216. Hayran, M. & Aşçioğlu, S. Why we need statistical inference. Clin. Infect. Dis. 49,
1620–1621 (2009).
217. Hekimoglu, O., Ozer, N., Ergunay, K. & Ozkul, A. Species distribution and detection
of Crimean Congo Hemorrhagic Fever Virus (CCHFV) in field-collected ticks in
Ankara Province, Central Anatolia, Turkey. Exp. Appl. Acarol. 56, 75–84 (2012).
218. Hewson, R. et al. Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever virus: Sequence analysis of the
small RNA segments from a collection of viruses world wide. Virus Res. 102, 185–189
(2004).
219. Hewson, R. et al. Evidence of segment reassortment in Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic
fever virus. J. Gen. Virol. 85, 3059–3070 (2004).
220. Honig, J. E., Osborne, J. C. & Nichol, S. T. Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus
genome L RNA segment and encoded protein. Virology 321, 29–35 (2004).
221. Honig, J. E., Osborne, J. C. & Nichol, S. T. The high genetic variation of viruses of the
genus Nairovirus reflects the diversity of their predominant tick hosts. Virology 318,
10–16 (2004).
222. Hornok, S. & Horváth, G. First report of adult Hyalomma marginatum rufipes (vector
of Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever virus) on cattle under a continental climate in
Hungary. Parasit. Vectors 5, 170 (2012).
223. Horváth, L. B. Precipitating antibodies to Crimean haemorrhagic fever virus in human
sera collected in Hungary. Acta Microbiol. Acad. Sci. Hung. 23, 331–335 (1976).
224. Humolli, I., Dedushaj, I., Zupanac, T. A. & Muçaj, S. Epidemiological, serological and
herd immunity of Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever in Kosovo. Med. Arh. 64, 91–93
(2010).
225. Iashina, L. N. et al. Genetic identification of the Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever
virus during epidemic outbreak in Kazakhstan in 2000. Mol. Gen. Mikrobiol. Virusol.
31–35 (2002).
226. Iashina, L. N. et al. Characteristics of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus
circulating in Russia and Central Asia. Vopr. Virusol. 47, 11–15 (2002).
227. Ibrahim, S. M. et al. Detection of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever, Hanta, and
sandfly fever viruses by real-time RT-PCR. Methods Mol. Biol. 665, 357–368 (2011).
228. Izadi, S., Naieni, K. H., Madjdzadeh, S. R. & Nadim, A. Crimean-Congo
haemorrhagic fever in Sistan and Baluchestan province of Iran, a case-control study on
epidemiological characteristics. Int. J. Infect. Dis. 8, 299–306 (2004).
229. Izadi, S. et al. Seroprevalence of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever in Sistan-vaBaluchestan Province of Iran. Jpn. J. Infect. Dis. 59, 326–328 (2006).
230. Izadi, S. & Salehi, M. Evaluation of the efficacy of ribavirin therapy on survival of
Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever patients: a case-control study. Jpn. J. Infect. Dis.
62, 11–15 (2009).
231. Izadi, S., Salehi, M., Holakouie-Naieni, K. & Chinikar, S. The risk of transmission of
Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus from human cases to first-degree relatives.
Jpn. J. Infect. Dis. 61, 494–496 (2008).
232. Jabbari, A., Besharat, S., Abbasi, A., Moradi, A. & Kalavi, K. Crimean-Congo
hemorrhagic fever: case series from a medical center in Golestan province, northeast
of Iran (2004). Indian journal of medical sciences 60, 327–329 (2006).
233. Jameson, L. J., Morgan, P. J., Medlock, J. M., Watola, G. & Vaux, A. G. C.
Importation of Hyalomma marginatum, vector of Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever
virus, into the United Kingdom by migratory birds. Ticks Tick. Borne. Dis. 3, 95–99
(2012).
234. Jameson, L. J., Ramadani, N. & Medlock, J. M. Possible drivers of Crimean-Congo
hemorrhagic fever virus transmission in Kosova. Vector-Borne Zoonotic Dis. 12, 753–
757 (2012).
235. Jamil, B. et al. Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever: Experience at a tertiary care
hospital in Karachi, Pakistan. Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg. 99, 577–584 (2005).
236. Jelínková, A., Benda, R. & Novák, M. Electron microscopic demonstration of Crimean
hemorrhagic fever virus in CV-1 cells. Acta Virol. 19, 369–373 (1975).
237. Johnson, B. K. et al. Antibodies against haemorrhagic fever viruses in Kenya
populations. Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg. 77, 731–733 (1983).
238. K. M. Hassanein, 0. M. E. El-Azazy, H. M. Y. Detection imported of Crimean-Congo
haemorrhagic livestock in Saudi Arabia fever virus antibodies in humans and imported
livestock in Saudi Arabia. Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg. 91, 536–537 (1997).
239. Karlberg, H., Lindegren, G. & Mirazimi, A. Comparison of antiviral activity of
recombinant and natural interferons against Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus.
Open Virol. J. 4, 38–41 (2010).
240. Karlberg, H., Tan, Y.-J. & Mirazimi, A. Induction of caspase activation and cleavage
of the viral nucleocapsid protein in different cell types during Crimean-Congo
hemorrhagic fever virus infection. J. Biol. Chem. 286, 3227–3234 (2011).
241. Karti, S. S. et al. Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever in Turkey. Emerg Infect Dis 10,
1379–1384 (2004).
242. Kaya Kiliç, E. et al. Two Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever cases without history of
tick contact from Ankara region. Mikrobiyol. Bul. 43, 677–681 (2009).
243. Kaya, A. et al. Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever disease due to tick bite with very
long incubation periods. Int. J. Infect. Dis. 15, 10–13 (2011).
244. Kaya, S., Yilmaz, G., Ertunç, B. & Koksal, I. Parotitis associated with Crimean Congo
hemorrhagic fever virus. J. Clin. Virol. 53, 159–161 (2012).
245. Kazantseva, V. A. & Drozdov, S. G. On the significance of the results of virological
examinations of sewage: quantitative evaluation of enterovirus findings in sewage.
Vopr Virusol. 5, 602–606 (1977).
246. Keshtkar-Jahromi, M. et al. Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever: Current and future
prospects of vaccines and therapies. Antiviral Res. 90, 85–92 (2011).
247. Khan, a S. et al. An outbreak of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever in the United Arab
Emirates, 1994-1995. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 57, 519–525 (1997).
248. Kilicli, F., Dokmetas, H. S. & Dokmetas, Ä. Acute evaluation of pituitary function in
patients with Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever. Clin. Endocrinol. (Oxf). 76, 241–
245 (2012).
249. Kinsella, E. et al. Sequence determination of the Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever
virus L segment. Virology 321, 23–28 (2004).
250. Kirillov, V. B., Kirillova, S. L., Lukin, E. P., Markov, V. I. & Bolovin, D. V.
Evaluation of the probability of the infection of medical personnel with CrimeanCongo hemorrhagic fever virus in cases of introduction of the infective agent to a nonendemic territory of Russia. Zh. Mikrobiol. Epidemiol. Immunobiol. 21–25 (2006).
251. Klisenko, G. A., Gaidamovich, S. Y., Zarubinsky, V. Y., Lapina, T. F. & Meliev, A.
M. Express diagnostics of Crimean hemorrhagic fever by indirect hemagglutination
test. (1983).
252. Knust, B. et al. Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever, Kazakhstan, 2009-2010. Emerg.
Infect. Dis. 18, 643–645 (2012).
253. Koksal, I. et al. The efficacy of ribavirin in the treatment of Crimean-Congo
hemorrhagic fever in Eastern Black Sea region in Turkey. J. Clin. Virol. 47, 65–68
(2010).
254. Köksal, I. et al. The first Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever case in the winter season
from Turkey. Intervirology 54, 144–145 (2011).
255. Kondiah, K., Swanepoel, R., Paweska, J. T. & Burt, F. J. A Simple-Probe real-time
PCR assay for genotyping reassorted and non-reassorted isolates of Crimean-Congo
hemorrhagic fever virus in southern Africa. J. Virol. Methods 169, 34–38 (2010).
256. Kortekaas, J., Ergönül, O. & Moormann, R. J. M. Interventions against West Nile
virus, Rift Valley fever virus, and Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus: where are
we? Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis. 10, 709–718 (2010).
257. Kovalenko, I. S., Khaĭtovich, a B. & Kir’iakova, L. S. Characterization of the natural
foci of Congo-Crimean hemorrhagic fever on the territory of Ukraine. Zh. Mikrobiol.
Epidemiol. Immunobiol. 54–56 (2006).
258. Kubar, A. et al. Prompt administration of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF)
virus hyperimmunoglobulin in patients diagnosed with CCHF and viral load
monitorization by reverse transcriptase-PCR. Jpn. J. Infect. Dis. 64, 439–443 (2011).
259. Kuhn, J. H. et al. Genetic analysis of the M RNA segment of Crimean-Congo
hemorrhagic fever virus strains involved in the recent outbreaks in Russia. Arch. Virol.
149, 2199–2213 (2004).
260. Kunchev, A. & Kojouharova, M. Probable cases of Crimean-Congo-haemorrhagic
fever in Bulgaria: a preliminary report. Euro Surveill. Bull. Eur. sur les Mal. Transm.
= Eur. Commun. Dis. Bull. 13, 1–2 (2008).
261. Kurnaz, F. et al. A case of Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever successfully treated
with therapeutic plasma exchange and ribavirin. Trop. Doct. 41, 181–182 (2011).
262. Kurt, Y. G. et al. Serum chitotriosidase enzyme activity in patients with CrimeanCongo hemorrhagic fever. Clin. Chem. Lab. Med. 47, 1543–1547 (2009).
263. Lahariya, C., Kumar, A., Sodhi, A., Goel, M. & Puri, M. Emergence of viral
hemorrhagic fevers: is recent outbreak of Crimean Congo hemorrhagic fever in India
an indication? J. Postgrad. Med. 58, 39 (2012).
264. Larichev, V. F. et al. A case of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever in the Anapa
district, Krasnodar territory. Vopr. Virusol. 55, 39–40 (2013).
265. Leblebicioglu, H. Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever in Eurasia. Int. J. Antimicrob.
Agents 36, 43–46 (2010).
266. Leblebicioglu, H. et al. Case management and supportive treatment for patients with
Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever. Vector-Borne Zoonotic Dis. 12, 805–811 (2012).
267. Lindeborg, M. et al. Migratory birds, ticks, and Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever
virus. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 18, 2095–2097 (2012).
268. Logan, T. M. et al. Replication of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus in four
species of ixodid ticks (Acari) infected experimentally. J. Med. Entomol. 27, 537–542
(1990).
269. Logan, T. M., Linthicum, K. J., Moulton, J. R. & Ksiazek, T. G. Antigen-capture
enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detection and quantification of CrimeanCongo hemorrhagic fever virus in the tick, Hyalomma truncatum. J. Virol. Methods
42, 33–44 (1993).
270. Logan, T., Linthicum, K., Bailey, C. P., Watts, D. & Moulton, J. Experimental
transmission of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus by Hyalomma truncatum
Koch. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 40, 207–212 (1989).
271. Lotfollahzadeh, S., Nikbakht Boroujeni, G. R., Mokhber Dezfouli, M. R. & Bokaei, S.
A serosurvey of Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever virus in dairy cattle in Iran.
Zoonoses Public Health 58, 54–59 (2011).
272. Lukashev, A. N. Evidence for recombination in Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever
virus. J. Gen. Virol. 86, 2333–2338 (2005).
273. Lwande, O. W. et al. Seroprevalence of Crimean Congo hemorrhagic fever virus in
Ijara district, Kenya. Vector-Borne Zoonotic Dis. 12, 727–732 (2012).
274. Madani, T. a. Alkhumra virus infection, a new viral hemorrhagic fever in Saudi
Arabia. J. Infect. 51, 91–97 (2005).
275. Mahzounieh, M. et al. Relationship between Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus
strains circulating in Iran and Turkey: possibilities for transborder transmission.
Vector-Borne Zoonotic Dis. 12, 782–785 (2012).
276. Majeed, B. et al. Morbidity and mortality of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever in
Iraq: cases reported to the national surveillance system, 1990-2010. Trans. R. Soc.
Trop. Med. Hyg. 106, 480–483 (2012).
277. Maltezou, H. C. et al. Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever in Europe: current situation
calls for preparedness. Euro Surveill. 15, 19504 (2010).
278. Maltezou, H. C. et al. Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever in Greece: a public health
perspective. Int. J. Infect. Dis. 13, 713–716 (2009).
279. Maltezou, H. C., Maltezos, E. & Papa, A. Contact tracing and serosurvey among
healthcare workers exposed to Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever in Greece. Scand.
J. Infect. Dis. 41, 877–880 (2009).
280. Maltezou, H. C. & Papa, A. CrimeaneCongo hemorrhagic fever: risk for emergence of
new endemic foci in Europe? Travel Med. Infect. Dis. 8, 139–143 (2010).
281. Maltezou, H. C. & Papa, A. Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever: epidemiological
trends and controversies in treatment. BMC Med. 9, 131 (2011).
282. Mardani, M., Jahromi, M. K., Naieni, K. H. & Zeinali, M. The efficacy of oral
ribavirin in the treatment of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever in Iran. Clin. Infect.
Dis. 36, 1613–1618 (2003).
283. Mardani, M., Keshtkar-Jahromi, M., Ataie, B. & Adibi, P. Crimean-Congo
hemorrhagic fever virus as a nosocomial pathogen in Iran. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 81,
675–678 (2009).
284. Mardani, M. et al. Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever among health care workers in
Iran: a seroprevalence study in two endemic regions. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 76, 443–
445 (2007).
285. Mariner, J. C., Morrill, J. & Ksiazek, T. G. Antibodies to hemorrhagic-fever viruses in
domestic livestock in Niger - Rift Valley fever and Crimean-Congo hemorrhagicfever. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 53, 217–221 (1995).
286. Marriott, a C., Polyzoni, T., Antoniadis, a & Nuttall, P. a. Detection of human
antibodies to Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever virus using expressed viral
nucleocapsid protein. J. Gen. Virol. 75 ( Pt 9), 2157–2161 (1994).
287. Marriott, A. C., Ward, V. K., Higgs, S. & Nuttall, P. A. RNA probes detect nucleotide
sequence homology between members of two different nairovirus serogroups. Virus
Res. 16, 77–81 (1990).
288. Mehravaran, A. et al. Molecular detection of Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever
(CCHF) virus in ticks from southeastern Iran. Ticks Tick. Borne. Dis. 4, 35–38 (2013).
289. Meissner, J. D. et al. Complete L segment coding-region sequences of Crimean Congo
hemorrhagic fever virus strains from the Russian Federation and Tajikistan. Arch.
Virol. 151, 465–475 (2006).
290. Meric Koc, M. & Willke, A. A case of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever with long
incubation period in Kocaeli , Turkey. Mikrobiyol. Bul. 46, 129–133 (2012).
291. Mertens, M., Schmidt, K., Ozkul, A. & Groschup, M. H. The impact of CrimeanCongo hemorrhagic fever virus on public health. Antiviral Res. 98, 248–260 (2013).
292. Midilli, K. et al. The first clinical case due to AP92 like strain of Crimean-Congo
hemorrhagic fever virus and a field survey. BMC Infect. Dis. 9, 90 (2009).
293. Midilli, K. et al. Imported Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever cases in Istanbul. BMC
Infect. Dis. 7, 54 (2007).
294. Mild, M., Simon, M., Albert, J. & Mirazimi, A. Towards an understanding of the
migration of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus. J. Gen. Virol. 91, 199–207
(2010).
295. Mishra, A. C., Mehta, M., Mourya, D. T. & Gandhi, S. Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic
fever in India. Lancet 378, 372 (2011).
296. Mofleh, J. & Ahmad, Z. Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever outbreak investigation in
the western region of Afghanistan in 2008. Mediterr. Heal. J. 18, 522–526 (2012).
297. Moghtaderi, A., Alavi-Naini, R. & Azimi, H. Compartment syndrome: an unusual
course for a rare disease. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 73, 450–452 (2005).
298. Mohamed, M., Said, A.-R., Murad, A. & Graham, R. A serological survey of CrimeanCongo haemorrhagic fever in animals in the Sharkia governorate of Egypt. Vet. Ital.
44, 513–517 (2008).
299. Morikawa, S., Qing, T., Xinqin, Z., Saijo, M. & Kurane, I. Genetic diversity of the M
RNA segment among Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus isolates in China.
Virology 296, 159–164 (2002).
300. Morrill, J. C. et al. Serological evidence of arboviral infections among humans of
coastal Kenya. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 94, 166–168 (1991).
301. Morrill, J. C. et al. Serological evidence of Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever viral
infection among camels imported into Egypt. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 93, 201–204 (1990).
302. Mostafavi, E., Chinikar, S., Bokaei, S. & Haghdoost, A. International Journal of
Infectious Diseases Temporal modeling of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever in
eastern Iran. Int. J. Infect. Dis. (2013). doi:10.1016/j.ijid.2013.01.010
303. Mostafavi, E. et al. Seroepidemiological survey of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever
among sheep in Mazandaran province, northern Iran. Vector-Borne Zoonotic Dis. 12,
739–742 (2012).
304. Mourya, D. T. et al. Detection, isolation and confirmation of Crimean-Congo
hemorrhagic fever virus in human, ticks and animals in Ahmadabad, India, 2010-2011.
PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis. 6, 2010–2011 (2012).
305. Mousavi-Jazi, M., Karlberg, H., Papa, A., Christova, I. & Mirazimi, A. Healthy
individuals’ immune response to the Bulgarian Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever
virus vaccine. Vaccine 30, 6225–6229 (2012).
306. Msimang, V., Weyer, J., Leman, P., Kemp, A. & Paweska, J. T. Update: CrimeanCongo haemorrhagic fever in South Africa. Euro Surveill. Bull. Eur. sur les Mal.
Transm. = Eur. Commun. Dis. Bull. 11, 62–65 (2013).
307. Nabeth, P. et al. Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever, Mauritania. Emerg. Infect. Dis.
10, 2143–2149 (2004).
308. Naderi, H. R. et al. Nosocomial outbreak of Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever.
Epidemiol. Infect. 139, 862–866 (2011).
309. Naderi, H., Sheybani, F., Bojdi, A., Khosravi, N. & Mostafavi, I. Fatal nosocomial
spread of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever with very short incubation period. Am. J.
Trop. Med. Hyg. 88, 469–471 (2012).
310. Németh, V. et al. Serologic evidence of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus
infection in Hungary. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis. 13, 270–2 (2013).
311. Okorie, T. G. Comparative studies on the vector capacity of the different stages of
Amblyomma variegatum Fabricius and Hyalomma rufipes Koch for Congo virus, after
intracoelomic inoculation. Vet. Ital. 38, 215–223 (1991).
312. Okorie, T. G. & Fabiyi, A. The replication of congo virus in Hyalomma rufipes koch
following intracoelomic inoculation. Vet. Parasitol. 7, 369–374 (1980).
313. Ölschläger, S. et al. Complete sequence and phylogenetic characterisation of CrimeanCongo hemorrhagic fever virus from Afghanistan. J. Clin. Virol. 50, 90–92 (2011).
314. Onguru, P. et al. High serum levels of neopterin in patients with Crimean-Congo
hemorrhagic fever and its relation with mortality. J. Infect. 56, 366–370 (2008).
315. Onguru, P. et al. Coagulopathy parameters in patients with Crimean-Congo
hemorrhagic fever and its relation with mortality. J. Clin. Lab. Anal. 24, 163–166
(2010).
316. Onischchenko, G. G. et al. Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever in the Rostov region:
specific epidemiological features of the outbreak. Zh. Mikrobiol. 2, 36–41 (2000).
317. Onishchenko, G. G. et al. Study of virus contamination of Ixodes ticks in the foci of
Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever in Kazakhstan and Tajikistan. Zh. Mikrobiol.
Epidemiol. Immunobiol. 27–31 (2003).
318. Organization, W. H. Weekly epidemiological record. 437–444 (2010).
319. Organization, W. H. Weekly epidemiological record. 317–324 (2001).
320. Organization, W. H. Weekly epidemiological record. 157–164 (1999).
321. Organization, W. H. Health action in Kosovo: newsletter on emergency preparedness
and response. 1–7 (2002).
322. Ozdarendeli, a. et al. Genetic analysis of the M RNA segment of Crimean-Congo
hemorrhagic fever virus strains in Turkey. Arch. Virol. 153, 37–44 (2008).
323. Ozdarendeli, A. et al. The complete genome analysis of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic
fever virus isolated in Turkey. Virus Res. 147, 288–293 (2010).
324. Ozer, A., Miraloglu, M., Ekerbicer, H. C., Cevik, F. & Aloglu, N. Knowledge levels
about Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever among midwifery and nursing students in
Kahramanmaras, Turkey. Southeast Asian J. Trop. Med. Public Health 41, 77–84
(2010).
325. Ozkaya, E. et al. Molecular epidemiology of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus
in Turkey: occurrence of local topotype. Virus Res. 149, 64–70 (2010).
326. Ozkurt, Z. et al. Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever in Eastern Turkey: clinical
features, risk factors and efficacy of ribavirin therapy. J. Infect. 52, 207–215 (2006).
327. Ozturk, B. et al. Evaluation of the association of serum levels of hyaluronic acid,
sICAM-1, sVCAM-1, and VEGF-A with mortality and prognosis in patients with
Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever. J. Clin. Virol. 47, 115–119 (2010).
328. Ozturk, B. et al. Evaluation of factors predictive of the prognosis in Crimean-Congo
hemorrhagic fever: new suggestions. Int. J. Infect. Dis. 16, e89–e93 (2012).
329. Pak, T. P., Zykov, M. F. & Mikaĭlova, L. I. Contact infections with Crimean
hemorrhagic fever in the Tadzhik SSR. Sov. Med. 153–154 (1975).
330. Palomar, A. M. et al. Crimean-congo hemorrhagic fever virus in ticks from migratory
birds, Morocco. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 19, 260–263 (2013).
331. Papa, A., Dalla, V., Papadimitriou, E., Kartalis, G. N. & Antoniadis, A. Emergence of
Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever in Greece. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. 16, 843–847
(2010).
332. Papa, A. et al. Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever in Albania, 2001. Eur. J. Clin.
Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 21, 603–606 (2002).
333. Papa, A., Christova, I., Papadimitriou, E. & Antoniadis, A. Crimean-Congo
hemorrhagic fever in Bulgaria. Emerg Infect Dis 10, 1465–1467 (2004).
334. Papa, A. et al. A case of Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever in Greece, June 2008.
Euro Surveill. 13, 13–14 (2008).
335. Papa, A. et al. Cytokine levels in Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever. J. Clin. Virol.
36, 272–276 (2006).
336. Papa, A. et al. Suspected Crimean Congo haemorrhagic fever cases in Albania. Scand.
J. Infect. Dis. 40, 978–980 (2008).
337. Papa, A., Bozovi, B. & Pavlidou, V. Genetic detection and isolation of CrimeanCongo hemorrhagic fever virus, Kosovo, Yugoslavia. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 8, 852–854
(2002).
338. Papa, A. et al. Viral load and Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever. Emerg. Infect. Dis.
13, 805–806 (2007).
339. Papa, A., Papadimitriou, E., Boźović, B. & Antoniadis, A. Genetic characterization of
the M RNA segment of a Balkan Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus strain. J.
Med. Virol. 75, 466–469 (2005).
340. Papa, A., Papadimitriou, E. & Christova, I. The Bulgarian vaccine Crimean-Congo
haemorrhagic fever virus strain. Scand. J. Infect. Dis. 43, 225–229 (2011).
341. Papa, A. et al. Ecology of the Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever endemic area in
Albania. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis. 9, 713–716 (2009).
342. Paragas, J., Whitehouse, C. a., Endy, T. P. & Bray, M. A simple assay for determining
antiviral activity against Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus. Antiviral Res. 62,
21–25 (2004).
343. Parody, R. et al. Upper and lower respiratory tract infections by human enterovirus and
rhinovirus in adult patients with hematological malignancies. Am. J. Hematol. 82, 807–
811 (2007).
344. Patel, a K. et al. First Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever outbreak in India. J. Assoc.
Physicians India 59, 585–589 (2011).
345. Peters, C. J. & Zaki, S. R. Role of the endothelium in viral hemorrhagic fevers. Crit.
Care Med. 30, S268–S273 (2002).
346. Peyrefitte, C. N. et al. Differential activation profiles of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic
fever virus- and Dugbe virus-infected antigen-presenting cells. J. Gen. Virol. 91, 189–
198 (2010).
347. Pfeffer, M. Eurosurveillance, 16 March Articles. 11, (2006).
348. Pirkani, G. S. Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever (CCHF) in Balochistan. Prof. Med.
Journal2 (2006).
349. Pittalis, S., Meschi, S., Castilletti, M. C., Di Caro, A. & Puro, V. Crimean-Congo
haemorrhagic fever: an enemy at the gates. Infez. Med. 17, 133–140 (2009).
350. Prakash, A. & Singh, N. P. Crimean Congo haemorrhagic fever: an overview. Indian J.
Med. Spec. 2, 589–591 (2011).
351. Purnak, A., Selvi, N. A. & Altundag, K. Global warming may increase the incidence
and geographic range of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever. Med. Hypotheses 68,
924–925 (2007).
352. Qing, T. et al. Detection of immunoglobulin G to Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever
virus in sheep sera by recombinant nucleoprotein-based enzyme-linked
immunosorbent and immunofluorescence assays. J. Virol. Methods 108, 111–116
(2003).
353. Rahnavardi, M. et al. Knowledge and attitude toward Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic
fever in occupationally at-risk Iranian healthcare workers. J. Hosp. Infect. 69, 77–85
(2008).
354. Rechav, Y. Seasonal activity and hosts of the vectors of Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic
fever in South Africa. S. Afr. Med. J. 69, 364–368 (1986).
355. Rello, J. et al. Intensive care adult patients with severe respiratory failure caused by
Influenza A (H1N1)v in Spain. Crit. Care 13, R148 (2009).
356. Rodhain, F. et al. Arbovirus infections and viral haemorrhagic fevers in Uganda: A
serological survey in Karamoja district, 1984. Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg. 83, 851–
854 (1989).
357. Rodrigues, F. M. et al. Prevalence of Crimean haemorrhagic fever--Congo virus in
Jammu & Kashmir state. Indian J. Med. Res. 84, 134–138 (1986).
358. Rodrigues, R., Paranhos-Baccalà, G., Vernet, G. & Peyrefitte, C. N. Crimean-Congo
hemorrhagic fever virus-infected hepatocytes induce ER-stress and apoptosis crosstalk.
PLoS One 7, (2012).
359. Rodriguez, L. L. et al. Molecular investigation of a multisource outbreak of CrimeanCongo hemorrhagic fever in the United Arab Emirates. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 57,
(1997).
360. Saijo, M. et al. Possible horizontal transmission of crimean-congo hemorrhagic Fever
virus from a mother to her child. Jpn J Infect Dis 57, 55–57 (2004).
361. Saijo, M. et al. Recombinant nucleoprotein-based enzyme-linked immunosorbent
assay for detection of immunoglobulin G antibodies to Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic
fever virus. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 40, 1587–1591 (2002).
362. Saijo, M. et al. Immunofluorescence technique using HeLa cells expressing
recombinant nucleoprotein for detection of immunoglobulin G antibodies to CrimeanCongo hemorrhagic fever virus. J. Clin. Microbiol. 40, 372–375 (2002).
363. Saijo, M. et al. Recombinant nucleoprotein-based serological diagnosis of CrimeanCongo hemorrhagic fever virus infections. J. Med. Virol. 75, 295–299 (2005).
364. Saijo, M. et al. Antigen-capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for the diagnosis
of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever using a novel monoclonal antibody. J. Med.
Virol. 77, 83–88 (2005).
365. Saksida, A. et al. Interacting roles of immune mechanisms and viral load in the
pathogenesis of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever. Clin. Vaccine Immunol. 17, 1086–
1093 (2010).
366. Saleem, J., Usman, M., Nadeem, A., Sethi, S. A. & Salman, M. Crimean-Congo
hemorrhagic fever: a first case from Abbottabad, Pakistan. Int. J. Infect. Dis. 13, 121–
123 (2009).
367. Saluzzo, J. F., Aubry, P., McCormick, J. & Digoutte, J. P. Haemorrhagic fever caused
by Crimean Congo haemorrhagic fever virus in Mauritania. Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med.
Hyg. 79, 268 (1985).
368. Saluzzo, J. F., Aubry, P., Aubert, H. & Digoutte, J. P. La maladie a virus CHF-Congo
en Afrique: a propos d’un cas a manifestations hemorragiques en Mauritanie. Bull.
Soc. Path. Ex. 78, 164–169 (1985).
369. Saluzzo, J. & le Guenno, B. Rapid diagnosis of human Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic
fever and detection of the virus in naturally infected ticks. J. Clin. Microbiol. 25, 922–
924 (1987).
370. Samudzi, R. R., Leman, P. a., Paweska, J. T., Swanepoel, R. & Burt, F. J. Bacterial
expression of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus nucleoprotein and its
evaluation as a diagnostic reagent in an indirect ELISA. J. Virol. Methods 179, 70–76
(2012).
371. Sanchez, A. J., Vincent, M. J., Erickson, B. R. & Nichol, S. T. Crimean-congo
hemorrhagic fever virus glycoprotein precursor is cleaved by Furin-like and SKI-1
proteases to generate a novel 38-kilodalton glycoprotein. J. Virol. 80, 514–525 (2006).
372. Sanchez, A. J., Vincent, M. J. & Nichol, S. T. Characterization of the glycoproteins of
Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus. J. Virol. 76, 7263–7275 (2002).
373. Sang, R. C. & Dunster, L. M. The growing threat of arbovirus transmission and
outbreaks in Kenya: a review. East Afr. Med. J. 78, 655–661 (2001).
374. Sang, R. et al. Crimean-congo hemorrhagic fever virus in hyalommid ticks,
northeastern Kenya. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 17, 1502–1505 (2011).
375. Sannikova, I. V, Pacechnikov, V. D. & Maleev, V. V. Respiratory lesions in CongoCrimean hemorrhagic fever. Ter. Arkh. 79, 20–23 (2007).
376. Sannikova, I. V. et al. Clinico-epidemiological characterization of Crimean
haemorrhagic fever in the Stavropol Territory. Zh. Mikrobiol. 6, 89–92 (2001).
377. Sari, I., Bakir, S., Engin, A., Aydin, H. & Poyraz, Ö. Some acute phase reactants and
cholesterol levels in serum of patient with Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever. Bosn.
J. Basic Med. Sci. 13, 21–26 (2013).
378. Schepis, C. et al. An unusual presentation of Becker Nevus. Eur. J. Dermatology 20,
522–523 (2010).
379. Schwarz, T. F. et al. Travel-related vector-borne virus infections in Germany. Arch.
Virol. 11, 57–65 (1996).
380. Schwarz, T. F. et al. Polymerase chain reaction for diagnosis and identification of
distinct variants of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus in the United Arab
Emirates. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 55, 190–196 (1996).
381. Schwarz, T. F. Imported vector- and rodent-borne virus infections - an introduction.
Arch. Virol. 11, 3–11 (1996).
382. Schwarz, T. F., Nsanze, H. & Ameen, A. M. Clinical features of Crimean-Congo
haemorrhagic fever in the United Arab Emirates. Infection 25, 790–795 (2003).
383. Scrimgeour, E. M. et al. Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever in Oman. Trans. R. Soc.
Trop. Med. Hyg. 90, 290–291 (1996).
384. Şekercioĝlu, Ç. H. Guineafowl, ticks and Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever in
Turkey: The perfect storm? Trends Parasitol. 29, 1–2 (2013).
385. Şensoy, G. et al. Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever: peritoneal and pleural effusion.
Annals of tropical paediatrics 31, 169–172 (2011).
386. Seregin, S. V et al. Genomic S segment of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus
circulating in Russia and Bulgaria. Vopr. Virusol. 51, 25–32 (2006).
387. Seregin, S. V. et al. Genetic characterization of the M RNA segment of CrimeanCongo hemorrhagic fever virus strains isolated in Russia and Tajikistan. Emerg. Infect.
Dis. 8, 187–193 (2002).
388. Seregin, S. V, Vyshemirskii, Æ. O. I., Yakimenko, N. V, Netesov, Æ. S. V & Petrov,
V. S. The complete genomic sequence of ROS / HUVLV-100 , a representative
Russian Crimean Congo hemorrhagic fever virus strain. (2006). doi:10.1007/s11262005-0041-9
389. Seroepidemiological, T. H. E. & Report, A. The seroepidemiological aspects. 5, 255–
258 (2002).
390. Shanmugaml, J., Smirnova, S. E. & C, M. P. Presence of antibody to arboviruses of the
Crimean Haemorrhagic Fever-Congo (CHF-Congo) group in human beings and
domestic animals in India. (1976).
391. Sharifi-Mood, B., Metanat, M., Rakhshani, F. & Shakeri, A. Co-infection of malaria
and Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever. Iran. J Parasitol 6, 113–115 (2011).
392. Sharifi-Mood, B., Metanat, M., Ghorbani-Vaghei, A., Fayyaz-Jahani, F. & Akrami, E.
The outcome of patients with Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever in Zahedan,
southeast of Iran: a comparative study. Arch. Iran. Med. 12, 151–153 (2009).
393. Shepherd, A. J., Swanepoel, R., Cornel, A. & Mathee, O. Experimental studies on the
replication and transmission of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus in some
African tick species. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 40, 326–331 (1989).
394. Shepherd, a J., Swanepoel, R. & Gill, D. E. Evaluation of enzyme-linked
immunosorbent assay and reversed passive hemagglutination for detection of CrimeanCongo hemorrhagic fever virus antigen. J. Clin. Microbiol. 26, 347–353 (1988).
395. Shepherd, a J., Swanepoel, R., Leman, P. a & Shepherd, S. P. Comparison of methods
for isolation and titration of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus. J Clin Microbiol
24, 654–656 (1986).
396. Shepherd, a J., Swanepoel, R., Leman, P. a & Shepherd, S. P. Field and laboratory
investigation of Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever virus (Nairovirus, family
Bunyaviridae) infection in birds. Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg. 81, 1004–1007
(1987).
397. Shepherd, A. J., Swanepoel, R., Shepherd, S. P., Leman, P. A. & Mathee, O. Viraemic
transmission of Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever virus to ticks. Epidemiol. Infect.
106, 373–382 (1991).
398. Shepherd, A. J., Swanepoel, R., Shepherd, S. P., McGillivray, G. M. & Searle, L. A.
Antibody to Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus in wild mammals from southern
Africa. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 36, 133–142 (1987).
399. Sidira, P., Maltezou, H. C., Haidich, a. B. & Papa, a. Seroepidemiological study of
Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever in Greece, 2009-2010. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. 18,
2009–2010 (2012).
400. Simon, M., Falk, K. I., Lundkvist, Å. & Mirazimi, a. Exogenous nitric oxide inhibits
Crimean Congo hemorrhagic fever virus. Virus Res. 120, 184–190 (2006).
401. Simon, M., Johansson, C., Lundkvist, Å. & Mirazimi, A. Microtubule-dependent and
microtubule-independent steps in Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus replication
cycle. Virology 385, 313–322 (2009).
402. Simon, M., Johansson, C. & Mirazimi, A. Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus
entry and replication is clathrin-, pH- and cholesterol-dependent. J. Gen. Virol. 90,
210–215 (2009).
403. Simpson, D. I. et al. Congo virus: a hitherto undescribed virus occurring in Africa.
East Afr. Med. J. 44, 86–92 (1967).
404. Sisman, A. Epidemiologic features and risk factors of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic
fever in Samsun province, Turkey. J. Epidemiol. 23, 95–102 (2013).
405. Smego, R. a, Sarwari, A. R. & Siddiqui, A. R. Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever:
prevention and control limitations in a resource-poor country. Clin. Infect. Dis. 38,
1731–1735 (2004).
406. Smirnova, S. E., Karavanov, A. S., Zimina, I. V & Sedova, A. G. The virus carriage of
ticks, vectors of the causative agent of Crimean hemorrhagic fever. Med. Parazitol.
(Mosk). 32–34
407. Smirnova, S. E. & Karavanov, A. S. Detection of Crimean haemorrhagic fever virus
antigen by solid phase enzyme immunosorbent assay. Acta Virol. 29, 87–90 (1985).
408. Smirnova, S. E., Zubri, G. L., Savinov, A. P. & Chumakov, M. P. Pathogenesis of
experimental Crimean hemorrhagic fever infection in newborn white mice. Acta Virol.
17, 409–415 (1973).
409. Soares-Weiser, K., Thomas, S., Thomson, G. & Garner, P. Ribavirin for CrimeanCongo hemorrhagic fever: systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Infect. Dis. 10,
207 (2010).
410. Sonmez, M. et al. Plasma activity of thrombin activatable fibrinolysis inhibitor in
Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever. J. Infect. 55, 184–187 (2007).
411. Spik, K. et al. Immunogenicity of combination DNA vaccines for Rift Valley fever
virus, tick-borne encephalitis virus, Hantaan virus, and Crimean Congo hemorrhagic
fever virus. Vaccine 24, 4657–4666 (2006).
412. Srinivasan, P. et al. Epitope-based immunoinformatics and molecular docking studies
of nucleocapsid protein and ovarian tumor domain of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic
fever virus. Front. Genet. 2, 1–9 (2011).
413. Stähelin-Massik, J., Zimmermann, H. & Gnehm, H. E. Tick-borne encephalitis in
Swiss children 2000-2004: five-year nationwide surveillance of epidemiologic
characteristics and clinical course. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J. 27, 555–557 (2008).
414. Suleiman, M. N. H., Muscat-Baron, J. M. & Harries, J. R. Congo/Crimean
hemorrhagic fever in Dubai: an outbreak at the Rashid Hospital. Lancet 2, 939–941
(1980).
415. Sun, S. et al. Epidemiology and phylogenetic analysis of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic
fever viruses in Xinjiang, China. J. Clin. Microbiol. 47, 2536–2543 (2009).
416. Sun, S. et al. Molecular analysis on the S gene of three Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic
fever virus strains in China. Zhonghua liu xing bing xue za zhi 27, 880–883 (2006).
417. Sureau, P. et al. Isolement des virus thogoto, wad medani, wanowrie et de la fièvre
hémorragique de crimée-congo en Iran à partir de tiques d’animaux domestiques. Ann.
l’Institut Pasteur / Virol. 131, 185–200 (1980).
418. Süss, J. & Schrader, C. Durch Zecken übertragene humanpathogene und bisher als
apathogen geltende mikroorganismen in Europa. Bundesgesundheitsblatt Gesundheitsforsch. - Gesundheitsschutz 47, 392–404 (2004).
419. Swanepoel, R. et al. The clinical pathology of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever. Rev.
Infect. Dis. 11 Suppl 4, S794–S800 (1989).
420. Swanepoel, R., Shepherd, a J., Leman, P. a & Shepherd, S. P. Investigations following
initial recognition of Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever in South Africa and the
diagnosis of 2 further cases. S. Afr. Med. J. 68, 638–641 (1985).
421. Swanepoel, R. et al. Epidemiologic and clinical features of Crimean-Congo
hemorrhagic fever in southern Africa. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 36, 120–132 (1987).
422. Swanepoel, R., Shepherd, A. J., Leman, P. A., Shepherd, S. P. & Miller, G. B. A
common-source outbreak of Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever on a dairy farm.
South African medical journal = Suid-Afrikaanse tydskrif vir geneeskunde 68, 635–
637 (1985).
423. Swanepoel, R. et al. Crimean-congo hemorrhagic fever in South Africa. Am. J. Trop.
Med. Hyg. 32, 1407–1415 (1983).
424. Tahmasebi, F. et al. Molecular epidemiology of Crimean- Congo hemorrhagic fever
virus genome isolated from ticks of Hamadan province of Iran. J. Vector Borne Dis.
47, 211–216 (2010).
425. Tall, a et al. Two cases of Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever (CCHF) in two tourists
in Senegal in 2004. Bull. Soc. Pathol. Exot. 102, 159–161 (2009).
426. Tang, Q. et al. A patient with Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever serologically
diagnosed by recombinant nucleoprotein-based antibody detection systems. Clin.
Diagn. Lab. Immunol. 10, 489–491 (2003).
427. Tanir, G., Tuygun, N., Balaban, I. & Doksöz, O. A case of Crimean-Congo
hemorrhagic fever with pleural effusion. Jpn. J. Infect. Dis. 62, 70–72 (2009).
428. Tantawi, H. H. & Shony, M. O. Laboratory characteristics of the ‘Yarmouk’ strain of
Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever virus. Int. J. Zoonoses 8, 121–126 (1981).
429. Tantawi, H. H., Shony, M. O. & Al-Tikriti, S. K. Antibodies to Crimean-Congo
haemorrhagic fever virus in domestic animals in Iraq: a seroepidemiological survey.
Int. J. Zoonoses 8, 115–120 (1981).
430. Tantawi, H. H. et al. Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever virus in Iraq: isolation,
identification and electron microscopy. Acta Virol. 24, 464–467 (1980).
431. Tarantola, A., Nabeth, P., Tattevin, P., Michelet, C. & Zeller, H. Lookback exercise
with imported Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever, Senegal and France. Emerg. Infect.
Dis. 12, 1424–1426 (2006).
432. Tasdelen Fisgin, N., Ergonul, O., Doganci, L. & Tulek, N. The role of ribavirin in the
therapy of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever: early use is promising. Eur. J. Clin.
Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 28, 929–933 (2009).
433. Tasdelen Fisgin, N., Doganci, L., Tanyel, E. & Tulek, N. Initial high rate of
misdiagnosis in Crimean Congo haemorrhagic fever patients in an endemic region of
Turkey. Epidemiol. Infect. 138, 139–144 (2010).
434. Tasdelen Fisgin, N., Tanyel, E., Doganci, L. & Tulek, N. Risk factors for fatality in
patients with Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever. Trop. Doct. 39, 158–160 (2009).
435. Tatar, A., Ozkurt, Z. & Kiki, I. Genotoxic effect of ribavirin in patients with CrimeanCongo hemorrhagic fever. Jpn. J. Infect. Dis. 58, 313–315 (2005).
436. Tattevin, P., Tarantola, A., Tall, A., Nabeth, P. & Michelet, C. Imported CrimeanCongo hemorrhagic fever. J. Clin. Microbiol. 43, 4905–4907 (2005).
437. Tekin, S., Bursali, A., Mutluay, N., Keskin, A. & Dundar, E. Crimean-Congo
hemorrhagic fever virus in various ixodid tick species from a highly endemic area. Vet.
Parasitol. 186, 546–552 (2012).
438. Telmadarraiy, Z. et al. A survey of Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever in livestock
and ticks in Ardabil Province, Iran during 2004-2005. Scand. J. Infect. Dis. 42, 137–
141 (2010).
439. Tezer, H. et al. Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever in children. J. Clin. Virol. 48, 184–
186 (2010).
440. Tezer, H. et al. Concurrent Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever and visceral
leishmaniasis in a Turkish girl. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis. 11, 743–745 (2011).
441. Thomas, S. et al. Review of Crimean Congo Hemorrhagic Fever Infection in Kosova
in 2008 and 2009: Prolonged Viremias and Virus Detected in Urine by PCR. VectorBorne Zoonotic Dis. 12, 800–804 (2012).
442. Tignor, G. H., Smith, A. L., Casals, J., Ezeokoli, C. D. & Okoli, J. Close relationship
of Crimean hemorrhagic fever-Congo (CHF-C) virus strains by neutralizing antibody
assays. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 29, 676–685 (1980).
443. Tikriti, S. et al. Congo/Crimean haemorrhagic fever in Iraq: a seroepidemiological
survey. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 84, 117–120 (1981).
444. Tishkova, F. H. et al. Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever in Tajikistan. Vector-Borne
Zoonotic Dis. 12, 722–726 (2012).
445. Toldra, F. & Pierre, C. in Handbook of fermented meat and poultry (2008). doi:DOI:
10.1002/9780470376430.ch45
446. Tomassone, L., Camicas, J. L., De Meneghi, D., Di Giulio, A. & Uilenberg, G. A note
on Hyalomma nitidum, its distribution and its hosts. Exp. Appl. Acarol. 35, 341–355
(2005).
447. Tonbak, S. et al. Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus: genetic analysis and tick
survey in Turkey. J. Clin. Microbiol. 44, 4120–4124 (2006).
448. Tumanova, I. I. et al. Genetic monitoring of the Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever
virus in Kazakhstan and Tajikistan in 2001-2003. Mol. Gen. Mikrobiol. Virusol. 36–41
(2006).
449. Turkdogan, K. A. et al. C-type natriuretic peptide is associated with the severity of
Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever. Int. J. Infect. Dis. 16, e616–e620 (2012).
450. Tütüncü, E. E., Gurbuz, Y., Ozturk, B., Kuscu, F. & Sencan, I. Crimean Congo
haemorrhagic fever, precautions and ribavirin prophylaxis: a case report. Scand. J.
Infect. Dis. 41, 378–380 (2009).
451. Tütüncü, E. E., Gurbuz, Y., Ozturk, B., Kuscu, F. & Sencan, I. Serum nitric oxide
levels in patients with Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever. Scand. J. Infect. Dis. 42,
385–388 (2010).
452. Tuygun, N. et al. Pediatric cases of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever in Turkey.
Pediatr. Int. 54, 402–406 (2012).
453. Umoh, J. U., Ezeokoli, C. D. & Ogwu, D. Prevalence of antibodies to Crimeanhaemorrhagic fever-Congo virus in cattle in northern Nigeria. Int. J. Zoonoses 10,
151–154 (1983).
454. Uyar, Y., Carhan, A., Albayrak, N. & Altaş, A. B. Evaluation of PCR and ELISA-IgM
results in the laboratory diagnosis of Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever cases in
2008 in Turkey. Mikrobiyol. Bul. 44, 57–64 (2010).
455. Uysal, B. & Metan, G. Bradycardia in a patient with Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic
fever related to ribavirin treatment. J. Vector Borne Dis. 49, 193–194 (2012).
456. Uysal, I. Ö., Kaya, A., Güven, A. S., Altuntaş, E. E. & Müderris, S. Evaluation of
cochlear involvement by transient evoked otoacoustic emission test in children with
Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever. Int. J. Pediatr. Otorhinolaryngol. 75, 858–860
(2011).
457. van Eeden, P. J. et al. A nosocomial outbreak of Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever
at Tygerberg Hospital. S. Afr. Med. J. 68, 711–717 (1985).
458. Vançelik, S., Avşar, U. & Aktürk, Z. Knowledge, attitudes, and behavior of people
living in rural areas of Erzurum about Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever. Turkiye
Parazitol. Derg. 36, 156–9 (2012).
459. Vanhomwegen, J. et al. Diagnostic assays for Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever.
Emerg. Infect. Dis. 18, 1958–65 (2012).
460. Vasilenko, N. F. et al. Laboratory diagnostics of the outbreak of Crimean
haemorrhagic fever in southern Russia. Zh. Mikrobiol. Epidemiol. Immunobiol. 6, 95–
97 (2001).
461. Vassilenko, S. M., Vassilev, T. L., Bozadjiev, L. G., Bineva, I. L. & Kazarov, G. Z.
Specific intravenous immunoglobulin for Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever. Lancet
335, 791–792 (1990).
462. Vaziri, S. et al. Crimean congo hemorrhagic fever infection simulating thrombotic
thrombocytopenic purpura. Indian J. Hematol. Blood Transfus. 24, 35–38 (2008).
463. Verkina, L. M. et al. Novel diagnostic kit on the basis of stained polymeric carriers for
epidemiologic surveillance in natural foci of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever. Zh.
Mikrobiol. Epidemiol. Immunobiol. 70–74 (2009).
464. Vescio, F. M. et al. Environmental correlates of Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever
incidence in Bulgaria. BMC Public Health 12, 1116 (2012).
465. Vorou, R. M. Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever in southeastern Europe. Int. J. Infect.
Dis. 13, 659–662 (2009).
466. Vorou, R., Pierroutsakos, I. N. & Maltezou, H. C. Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever.
Curr. Opin. Infect. Dis. 20, 495–500 (2007).
467. Wang, Y. et al. Structure of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus nucleoprotein:
superhelical homo-oligomers and the role of caspase-3 cleavage. J. Virol. 86, 12294–
12303 (2012).
468. Watson, D. C., Sargianou, M. & Panos, G. Interleukin-12 (IL-12)/IL-10 ratio as a
marker of disease severity in Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever. Clin. Vaccine
Immunol. 19, 823–824 (2012).
469. Watts, D. M. et al. Arthropod-borne viral infections associated with a fever outbreak in
the northern province of Sudan. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 97, 228–230 (1994).
470. Watts, D. M., Ussery, M. a., Nash, D. & Peters, C. J. Inhibition of crimean-congo
hemorrhagic fever viral infectivity yields in vitro by ribavirin. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg.
41, 581–585 (1989).
471. Weber, D. J. & Rutala, W. a. Risks and prevention of nosocomial transmission of rare
zoonotic diseases. Clin. Infect. Dis. 32, 446–456 (2001).
472. Weber, F. & Mirazimi, A. Interferon and cytokine responses to Crimean Congo
hemorrhagic fever virus; an emerging and neglected viral zonoosis. Cytokine Growth
Factor Rev. 19, 395–404 (2008).
473. Whitehouse, C. A. Crimean–Congo hemorrhagic fever. Antiviral Res. 64, 145–160
(2004).
474. Williams, R. W., Causey, O. R. & Kemp, G. E. Ixodid ticks from domestic livestock in
Ibadan, Nigeria as carriers of viral agents. J. Med. Entomol. 9, 443–445 (1972).
475. Williams, R. J. et al. Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever: A seroepidemiological and
tick survey in the sultanate of Oman. Trop. Med. Int. Heal. 5, 99–106 (2000).
476. Wilson, M. L. et al. Distribution of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever viral antibody
in Senegal: environmental and vectorial correlates. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 43, 557–
566 (1990).
477. Wölfel, R. et al. Low-density macroarray for rapid detection and identification of
Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus. J. Clin. Microbiol. 47, 1025–1030 (2009).
478. Wölfel, R. et al. Virus detection and monitoring of viral load in Crimean-Congo
hemorrhagic fever virus patients. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 13, 1097–1100 (2007).
479. Woodruff, P. W., Morrill, J. C., Burans, J. P., Hyams, K. C. & Woody, J. N. A study
of viral and rickettsial exposure and causes of fever in Juba, southern Sudan. Trans. R.
Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg. 82, 761–766 (1988).
480. Wu, X.-B., Na, R.-H., Wei, S.-S., Zhu, J.-S. & Peng, H.-J. Distribution of tick-borne
diseases in China. Parasit. Vectors 6, 119 (2013).
481. Xia, H. et al. Epidemiological survey of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus in
Yunnan, China, 2008. Int. J. Infect. Dis. 15, e459–e463 (2011).
482. Xia, H. et al. Infection and propagation of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus in
embryonated chicken eggs. Virus Res. 173, 344–349 (2013).
483. Xiao, L. et al. Identification of the cryptosporidium pig genotype in a human patient. J.
Infect. Dis. 185, 1846–1848 (2002).
484. Xiao, X., Feng, Y., Zhu, Z. & Dimitrov, D. S. Identification of a putative CrimeanCongo hemorrhagic fever virus entry factor. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 411,
253–258 (2011).
485. Yadav, P. D. et al. Genetic characterization and molecular clock analyses of the
Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus from human and ticks in India, 2010-2011.
Infect. Genet. Evol. 14, 223–231 (2013).
486. Yapar, M. et al. Rapid and quantitative detection of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever
virus by one-step real-time reverse transcriptase-PCR. Jpn. J. Infect. Dis. 58, 358–362
(2005).
487. Yaser, S. A. et al. Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever: A molecular survey on hard
ticks (Ixodidae) in Yazd province, Iran. Asian Pac. J. Trop. Med. 4, 61–63 (2011).
488. Yashina, L. et al. Genetic variability of Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever virus in
Russia and central Asia. J. Gen. Virol. 2, 1199–1206 (2003).
489. Yashina, L. et al. Genetic analysis of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus in
Russia. J. Clin. Microbiol. 41, 860–862 (2003).
490. Yesilbag, K. et al. Tick survey and detection of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever
virus in tick species from a non-endemic area, South Marmara region, Turkey. Exp.
Appl. Acarol. 60, 253–261 (2013).
491. Yilmaz, G. R. et al. Preliminary report on Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever in
Turkey. Eur. J. Dermatology 13, 8–9 (2008).
492. Yilmaz, G. R. et al. The epidemiology of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever in
Turkey, 2002-2007. Int. J. Infect. Dis. 13, 380–386 (2009).
493. Yilmaz, G., Koksal, I., Topbas, M., Yilmaz, H. & Aksoy, F. The effectiveness of
routine laboratory findings in determining disease severity in patients with CrimeanCongo hemorrhagic fever: severity prediction criteria. J. Clin. Virol. 47, 361–365
(2010).
494. Yilmaz, G. et al. The diagnostic and prognostic significance of soluble urokinase
plasminogen activator receptor in Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever. J. Clin. Virol.
50, 209–211 (2011).
495. Yilmaz, M. B. et al. Does electrocardiography at admission predict outcome in
Crimean -Congo hemorrhagic fever? J. Vector Borne Dis. 48, 150–154 (2011).
496. Yilmaz, M. et al. Peripheral blood natural killer cells in Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic
fever. J. Clin. Virol. 42, 415–417 (2008).
497. Yilmaz, R., Kundak, A. A., Ozer, S. & Esmeray, H. Successful treatment of severe
Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever with supportive measures without ribavirin and
hypothermia. J. Clin. Virol. 44, 181–182 (2009).
498. Yilmaz, R., Ozcetin, M., Erkorkmaz, U., Ozer, S. & Ekici, F. Public knowledge and
attitude toward Crimean Congo hemorrhagic fever in Tokat Turkey. Iran. J.
Arthropod-Borne Dis. 3, 12–17 (2009).
499. Yu-Chen, Y., Ling-Xiong, K. & Ling, L. Characteristics of Crimean-Congo
hemorrhagic fever virus (Xinjiang strain) in China. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 34, 1179–
1182 (1985).
500. Zeller, H. G., Cornet, J. P. & Camicas, J. L. Experimental transmission of CrimeanCongo hemorrhagic fever virus by West African wild ground-feeding birds to
hyalomma marginatum rufipes ticks. Am. J. Ophthalmol. 50, 676–681 (1994).
501. Zeller, H. G., Cornet, J. P. & Camicas, J. L. Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever virus
infection in birds: field investigations in Senegal. Res. Virol. 145, 105–109 (1994).
502. Zeller, H. G., Cornet, J. P., Diop, A. & Camicas, J. L. Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic
fever in ticks (Acari: Ixodidae) and ruminants: field observations of an epizootic in
Bandia, Senegal (1989-1992). J. Med. Entomol. 34, 511–516 (1997).
503. Zivcec, M. et al. Lethal Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever Virus Infection in
Interferon α/β Receptor Knockout Mice Is Associated With High Viral Loads,
Proinflammatory Responses, and Coagulopathy. J. Infect. Dis. 207, 1909–21 (2013).
Download