CULTURE AND ORGANIZATIONS
26: 620: 677: 01 - Spring, 2011
Dr. Nancy DiTomaso, Chair
908-578-3627 voice
Department of Management and Global Business
908-889-2291 fax
(In Newark)
ditomaso@business.rutgers.edu
1 Washington Park, Room 1099
Office Hours: By Appointment,
Rutgers University
Monday or Wednesday
Newark, NJ 07102
INTRODUCTION
The purpose of this course is to learn to formulate and develop informed answers to
questions such as:
* Can't we all just get along?
* What does it mean to be human? Are there "basic human rights" to which we are all
entitled? If so, what are they?
* Are people the same everywhere or are we all different?
* Why do we readily recognize racial categories when biologists tell us that races have
no biological meaning?
* Why is culture so seemingly entrenched, and why is learning new cultures so painful
and fraught with emotion?
* What is the relationship between individuals and collectivities?
* Is it possible to celebrate cultural differences without ranking them as better and
worse, and ultimately, without exclusion, hostility, and even violence?
* Do women and/or racial minorities in the U.S. have cultures that are different from
that of majority men? If so, what do we mean by culture? What do we mean by
different?
* Why do upper middle class white boys dress in the hiphop style associated with
blacks living in ghettos?
* Why are "weak ties" so powerful?
* Why aren't there more white women and minorities in top level corporate positions?
* How do we decide who is the "best person for the job"?
* Why is it so hard to change large organizations?
In order to answer questions like these, we need to develop understanding of
categorization, boundaries, distinctions, and relational inequality with regard to race,
ethnicity, gender, class, and citizenship. To do this requires that we understand the
structures and processes by which inequality is generated and reproduced, and this
requires that we understand economic, social, and cultural capital and the inherent link
between culture and morality. To do so we must address literature from anthropology,
sociology, political science, economics, history, and philosophy, because these issues are
of necessity multi-disciplinary and multi-leveled.
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In other words, in order to understand culture and organizations, we must understand
culture and the individual, culture and community, culture and institutions, and culture
and society, and we must consider whether the proper link should be "and," "of," "or," or
some other connecting word. If we are able to make progress in this regard, we will have
come a long way toward understanding culture and organizations, as well as inequality,
diversity, and social justice.
OBJECTIVES
* To understand the distinction between a relational versus an individualist framework
in the study of inequality and difference.
* To understand how people, groups, organizations, and societies become infused with
culture
* To understand the influence of culture on behavior
* To understand the difference between cultural and moral relativism
* To learn to recognize, measure, and study culture at different levels of analysis
* To understand the appropriate uses of qualitative and quantitative methodologies in
the study of culture
COURSE REQUIREMENTS
1. Students are expected to complete assigned readings prior to class and to participate
actively and constructively in discussions. (10 percent of the grade)
2. Each week students will prepare a short integrative summary of the assigned
readings and will prepare at least three questions for discussion. The summaries
should be one page, single-spaced, typed. Copies of the summaries should be made
for everyone in the class. These will be evaluated on the basis of the insight of the
summaries and the perceptiveness of the questions. (20 percent of the grade)
3. Each student will lead or co-lead the discussion on one week and will prepare a
more in-depth summary of the reading (perhaps 5 pages) which includes: a succinct
statement of the main ideas in the reading; three questions which are specific to the
substance of the reading; and three questions which address how the reading fits into
the overall content of the course material. (20 percent of the grade)
4. Each student will write a research paper on a topic approved by the instructor which
addresses material covered in the course. The paper is due on the day designated for
the final exam. (50 percent of the grade--there is no exam planned for this course)
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REQUIRED READING
Books (Ordered through Rutgers Book Store)
Ely, Robin J., Erica Gabrielle Foldy, Maureen A. Scully and The Center for Gender and
Organizations Simmons School. 2003. Reader in Gender, Work, and Organization.
Malden, MA: Blackwell.
Harris, Marvin. 1974. Cows, pigs, wars, and witches: The riddles of culture. NY: Vintage
Books.
Hofstede, G. 1997. Culture and organizations: Software of the mind: Intercultural
cooperation and its importance for survival. NY: McGraw-Hill.
Massey, Douglas S. 2007. Categorically Unequal: The American Stratification System.
New York: Russell Sage Foundation.
Mills, C.W. 1997. The racial contract. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.
Nisbett, Richard E. 2003. The Geography of Thought: How Asians and Westerners Think
Differently . . . and Why. New York: The Free Press.
Tilly, C. 1998. Durable inequality. Berkeley: University of California Press.
REQUIRED READING
Articles, Chapters, and Web Information (Posted on Blackboard)
Bobo, Lawrence and Vincent L. Hutchings. 1996. Perceptions of racial group
competition: Extending Blumer’s theory of group position to a multiracial social context.
American Sociological Review, 61(December): 951-72.
Bond, Michael Harris and Peter B. Smith. 1996. Cross-cultural social and organizational
psychology. Annual Review of Psychology, 47: 205-35.
Bourdieu, Pierre. 1986. The forms of capital. Pp. 241-58 in J. Richardson (Ed.).
Handbook of Theory and Research for the Sociology of Education. NY: Greenwood.
Brewer, M.B., & Chen, Y. 2007. Where (who) are collectives in collectivism? Toward
conceptual clarification of individualism and collectivism. Psychological Review, 114,
133-151.
Castilla, Emilio J. 2008. Gender, race, and meritocracy in organizational careers.
American Journal of Sociology, 113(6): 1479-1526.
Cuddy, Amy J. C., Susan T. Fiske, and Peter Glick. 2008. Warmth and competence as
universal dimensions of social perception: The stereotype content model and the bias
map. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 40: 61-137.
Cuddy, Amy J. C., Susan T. Fiske, et al. 2009. Stereotype content model across cultures:
Towards universal similarities and some differences. British Journal of Social
Psychology, 48: 1-33.
Devos, Thierry and Mahzarin R. Banaji. 2005. American = White? Journal of Personality
and Social Psychology, 88(3): 447-466.
DiMaggio, Paul. 1997. Culture and cognition. Annual Review of Sociology, 23: 263-87.
DiTomaso, Nancy, Corinne Post, and Rochelle Parks-Yancy. 2007. Workforce diversity
and inequality: Power, status, and numbers. Annual Review of Sociology, 33: 473-501.
DiTomaso, Nancy, Corinne Post, D. Randall Smith, George F. Farris, and Rene Cordero.
2007. Effects of structural position on allocation and evaluation decisions for scientists
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and engineers in industrial R&D. Administrative Science Quarterly, 52: 175-207.
Eagly, Alice H., Mary C. Johannesen-Schmidt, and Marloes L. van Engen. 2003.
Transformation, transactions, and laissez-faire leadership styles: A meta-analysis
comparing women and men. Psychological Bulletin, 129(4) 569-91.
Einstein, Albert, 1931. Why War? Letter to Sigmund Freud and response Freud,
Sigmund, 1932. Why War? Letter to Albert Einstein.
Ely, Robin and Irene Padavic. 2007. A Feminist Analysis of Organizational Research on
Sex Differences. Academy of Management Review, 32(4): 1121-43.
Fershtman, Chaim and Uri Gneezy, 2001. Discrimination in a segmented society: An
experimental approach. Quarterly Journal of Economics, February: 351-77.
Fiske, Susan T. 2002. What we know now about bias and intergroup conflict: The
problem of the century. Current Directions in Psychological Science. 11(4): 123-128.
Fiske, Susan T., Amy J. Cuddy, and Peter Glick. 2002. A model of (often mixed)
stereotype content: Competence and warmth respectively follow from perceived status
and competition. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 82(6) 878-902.
Gelfand, M. J., Erez, M., & Aycan, Z, (forthcoming). Cross-cultural organizational
behavior, Annual Review of Psychology. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
Haidt, Jonathan. 2007. The new synthesis in moral psychology. Science. 316: 998-1002.
Haidt, Jonathan, Silvia Helena Koller, and Maria G. Dias. 1993. Affect, culture, and
morality, or is it wrong to eat your dog? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology.
65(4): 613-28.
Hewstone, Miles. 2003. Intergroup contact: Panacea for prejudice? The Psychologist,
July: 352Hofstede, G., Neuijen, B., Ohayv, D. D., & Sanders, G. 1990. Measuring organizational
cultures: A qualitative/quantitative study across twenty cases. Administrative Science
Quarterly, 35: 286-316.
Hong, Y., Morris, M. W., Chiu, C., & Benet-Martinez, V. 2000. Multi-cultural minds: A
constructivist approach to culture and cognition. American Psychologist, 55, 709-720.
Islam, Mir Rabiul and Miles Hewstone, 1993. Intergroup attributions and affective
consequences in majority and minority groups. Journal of Personality and Social
Psychology, 64(6) 936-50.
Jost, John T., Mahzarin R. Banaji, and Brian A. Nosek. 2004. A decade of system
justification theory: Accumulated evidence of conscious and unconscious bolstering of
the status quo. Political Psychology, 25(6): 881-919.
Jost, John T., Laurie A. Rudman, Irene V. Blair, Dana R. Carney, Nilanjana Dasgupta,
Jack Glaser, and Curtis D. Hardin. 2009. The existence of implicit bias is beyond
reasonable doubt: A refutation of ideological and methodological objections and
executive summary of en studies that no manager should ignore. Research in
Organizational Behavior. 29: 39-69.
Katznelson, Ira. 2006. When is affirmative action fair? On grievous harms and public
remedies. Social Research, 73(2): 541-68.
Kirkman, Bradley L., Kevin B. Lowe, and Cristina B. Gibson. 2006. A quarter century of
Culture’s Consequences: A review of empirical research incorporating Hofstede’s
cultural values framework. Journal of International Business Studies, 37: 285-320.
Kitayama, S. 2002. Culture and basic psychological processes: Toward a system view of
culture. Psychological Bulletin, 128: 189-196.
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Lareau, Annette. 2002. Invisible inequality: Social class and childrearing in black
families and white families. American Sociological Review, 67(October): 747-76.
Lareau, Annette and Elliot B. Weininger. 2003. Cultural capital in educational research:
A critical assessment. Theory and Society, 32: 567-606.
Lee, Woojin and John E. Roemer. 2005. Racism and redistribution in the United States:
A solution to the problem of American exceptionalism. Journal of Public Economics,
8:329-40.
Malinowski, Bronislaw. 1941. An anthropological analysis of war. American Journal of
Sociology 46: 521-550.
Markus, H., & Kitayama, S. 1991. Culture and self: Implications for cognition, emotion,
& motivation. Psychological Review, 98(2): 224-253.
Nisbett, R., Peng, K., Choi, I., & Norenzayan, A 2001. Culture and systems of thought:
Holistic versus analytic cognition. Psychological Review, 108, 291-211.
O’Reilly, Charles, Jennifer Chatman, and David Caldwell. 1991. People and
organizational culture Academy of Management Journal. 34(3): 487-516
Pratto, Felicia, Jim Sidanius, and Shana Levin. 2006. Social dominance theory and the
dynamics of intergroup relations. European Review of Social Psychology, 17: 271-320.
Reskin, Barbara F. 1988. Bringing the men back in: Sex differentiation and the
devaluation of women’s work. Gender & Society. 2(1): 58-81.
Ridgeway, Cecilia, Elizabeth Heger Boyle, Kathy J. Kuipers, and Dawn T. Robinsion.
1998. How do status beliefs develop? The role of resources and interactional experience.
American Sociological Review, 63(June): 331-50.
Rudman, Laurie A. and Kimberly Fairchild. 2007. The F word: Is feminism incompatible
with beauty and romance? Psychology of Women Quarterly, 31: 125-36.
Sachdev, Itesh and Richard Y. Bourhis. 1991. Power and status differentials in minority
and majority group relations. European Journal of Social Psychology, 21: 1-24.
Shweder, Richard A. 1990. Ethical relativism: Is there a defensible version? Ethos, 18(2):
205-18.
Shweder, Richard A. 1991. The Astonishment of Anthropology. Ch. 1 of Thinking
Through Culture. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Shweder, Richard A. 2003. Anti-postculturalism (or, the view from manywheres). Ch. 1
of Why Do Men Barbecue? Recipes for Cultural Psychology. Cambridge, MA: Harvard
University Press.
Smeeding, Timothy. 2006. "Poor People in Rich Nations: The United States in
Comparative Perspective." Journal of Economic Perspectives, 20(1): 69–90.
Sorensen, Aage B. 2000. Toward a sounder basis for class analysis. American Journal of
Sociology 6(May): 1523-58.
Swidler, A. 1986 Culture in action: Symbols and strategies. American Sociological
Review, 51 (April): 273-286.
Tsui, Anne S., Sushil S. Nifadkar, and Amy Yi Ou, 2007. Cross-national, cross-cultural
organizational behavior research: Advances, gaps, and recommendations. Journal of
Management, 33(3): 426-78.
Wacquant, Loic. 2006. Pierre Bourdieu. In Rob Stones (Ed.), Key Contemporary
Thinkers. London and NY: Macmillan.
Weininger, Elliot B. and Annette Lareau. 2003. Translating Bourdieu into the American
context: the question of social class and family-school relations. Poetics, 31: 375-402.
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A WORD ABOUT PLAGIARISM
Unfortunately, I have found that many students do not understand the proper way to use
or cite the sources that they use, especially from the internet. It is important that when
you use material from a specific source that you reference it properly and that if you use
words that were written by someone else that you properly cite the source. This includes
material from the assigned reading. It is not acceptable to write a paper by taking
sentences (even slightly modified sentences) from the works of other authors without
referencing the source, including the page number. Further, it is considered plagiarism
to patch together a paper with slightly modified sentences without quotation marks,
even if the references are included.
All material should be in the bibliography of your paper and then you can use the format
of scientific referencing for most printed material (name of author, date of publication:
page number). The full reference that you cite should then be put in a bibliography at the
end of your paper. You should also cite the full and correct address and source of the web
pages that you use and any other materials that you may gain access to through a web
site. You need to give the specific web address; it is not sufficient to give just the home
page address. If you draw on specific information, you should provide the exact path that
will allow me to examine the same materials that you did.
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Date
M
1/24
Topic
Introduction: Categories, Boundaries, and Distinctions by Race, Ethnicity,
Gender, Class, and Citizenship
READING
Exchange in 1931-32 between Sigmund Freud and Albert Einstein on Why
War?
Malinowski, Bronislaw, 1941, An Anthropological Analysis of War, AJS
Sorensen, Aage, 2000, Toward a Sounder Basis for Class Analysis, AJS
1/31
The Racial Contract
READING
Wikipedia Entry on Social Contract
Mills, The Racial Contract (book)
(If you want) Rousseau, The Social Contract
2/7
Social Dominance Theory and System Justification Theory
READING
Pratto, et al. 2006, Social Dominance Theory and the Dynamics of Intergroup
Relations.
Jost, et al., 2004. A Decade of System Justification Theory
Devos and Banaji, 2005, American = White?
Ferschtman and Gneezy, 2001, Discrimination in a Segmented Society
Islam and Hewstone, 1993, Intergroup Attributions and Affective Consequences
in Majority and Minority Groups
Bobo, Lawrence and Vincent L. Hutchings. 1996. Perception of Racial Group
Competition. ASR
2/14
Durable Inequality: Opportunity Hoarding and Exploitation
READING
Tilly, 1998. Durable Inequality (book)
2/21
Culture and Institutions: The Meaning of Cultural Integration
READING
Harris, Cows, Pigs, Wars, and Witches (book, Chs. 1 and 2)
Swidler, 1986, Culture in Action, ASR
DiTomaso et al., 2007, Workforce Diversity and Inequality, ASQ
Sachdev and Bourhis, 1991. Power and Status Differentials in Minority and
Majority Group Relations, EJSP
Ridgeway, et al., 1998. How Do Status Beliefs Develop? ASR
7
2/28
Are People the Same Everywhere?
READING
Shweder, Richard A. 1991. Thinking Through Culture, Ch 1: The Astonishment
of Anthropology.
Shweder, Richard A. 1990. Ethical Relativism: Is There a Defensible Version?
Shweder, Richard A. 2003. Why Do Men Barbecue, Ch. 1: Anti-postculturalism
(Or, the view from Manywheres)
DiMaggio, Paul. 1997. Culture and Cognition. ARS
Haidt, Jonathan. 2007. The New Synthesis in Moral Psychology. Science.
Haidt, Jonathan, et al. 1993. Affect, Culture, and Morality, or Is It Wrong to Eat
Your Dog?
3/7
Cultural Reproduction and Cultural Capital
READING
Bourdieu, Pierre. 1986. The Forms of Capital.
Wacquant, Loic. 2006. Pierre Bourdieu.
Weininger, Elliot B. and Annette Lareau. 2003. Translating Bourdieu into the
American Context. Poetics
Lareau, Annette and Elliot B. Weininger. 2003. Cultural Capital in Educational
Research. T&S
3/14
SPRING BREAK
3/21
Culture and Inequality: Stratification
PAPER PROPOSALS DUE
READING
Massey, Douglas S. 2007. Categorically Unequal (book)
DiTomaso, Nancy et al. 2007. Effects of Structural Position on Allocation and
Evaluation Decisions, ASQ
Castilla, Emilio J. 2008. Gender, Race, and Meritocracy in Organizational
Careers. AJS.
Katznelson, Ira. 2006. When is affirmative action fair?
Lee, Woojin and John E. Roemer. 2005. Racism and Redistribution in the
United States. JPE.
Smeeding, Timothy. 2006. Poor People in Rich Nations.
8
3/28
Culture and Gender Differences
READING
Ely, Robin J et al. 2003. Reader in Gender, Work, and Organization. (book) Pp.
1-98, 151-180, 204-210, 284-286, 401-407.
Reskin, Barbara F. 1988. Bringing the Men Back In, G&S
Fiske, Susan T. et al. 2002. A Model of (Often Mixed) Stereotype Content, JPSP
Eagly, Alice H. et al. 2003. Transformation, Transactional, and Laissez-Faire
Leadership Styles., PB
Ely, Robin and Irene Padavic. 2007. A Feminist Analysis of Organizational
Research on Sex Differences. AMR.
Rudman, Laurie A. and Kimberly Fairchild. 2007. The F Word, PWQ
4/4
The Social Psychology of Culture and Difference: Intergroup Relations
READING
Nisbett, Richard E. 2003. The Geography of Thought. (book)
Markus, Hazel and Shinobu Kitayama. 1991. Culture and the Self.
Bond, Michael Harris and Peter B. Smith, 1996, Cross-cultural Social and
Organizational Psychology. ARP
4/11
The Social Psychology of Culture and Difference: Intergroup Relations
READING
Fiske, Susan T. 2002. What We Know Now About Bias and Intergroup Conflict,
CDPS
Cuddy, Amy J. C. et al. 2008. Warmth and Competence as Universal
Dimensions of Social Perception. AESP.
Cuddy, Amy J. C., et al. 2009. Stereotype Content Model Across Cultures.,
BJSP.
Hewstone, Miles. 2003. Intergroup Contact, TP.
Jost, John T., et al. 2009. The Existence of Implicit Bias Is Beyond Reasonable
Doubt. ROB.
Brewer, Marilynn B. and Ya-Ru Chen. 2007. Where (Who) Are Collectives in
Collectivism? PR
4/18
Culture and Organizations
READING
Hofstede, G. 1997. Culture and organization. (Book)
Kirkman et al. 2006, A Quarter Century of Culture’s Consequences
Tsui, Anne S. et al. 2007. Cross-national, Cross-cultural Organizational
Behavior Research. JOM
4/25
Presentations
9
5/2
Presentations
5/9
Presentations
FINAL PAPER DUE
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