1
Supplementary data for
2
Human health risk assessment of soil dioxin/furans contamination and dioxin-like
3
activity determined by ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase bioassay
4
5
Yu Bon Man a, Ka Lai Chow b, Hong Sheng Wang c, Xiao Lin Sun d, Sheng Chun Wu e,
6
Zong Wei Cai f, Yuan Kang g, Hui Li h, Jin Shu Zheng f, John P. Giesy i, Ming Hung
7
Wong a,e,h *
8
9
a
Consortium on Health, Environment, Education and Research (CHEER), and
10
Department of Science and Environmental Studies, Hong Kong Institute of Education,
11
Tai Po, Hong Kong, China
12
b
13
Kong, China
14
c
15
Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
16
d
17
Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
18
e
19
University, Lin’an, Zhejiang 311300, China
20
f
21
University, Hong Kong, China
22
g
23
Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, Ministry of Education, Higher
24
Education Mega Center, Guangzhou 510006, China
Department of Geography, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong
Department of Microbial and Biochemical Pharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical
Land Resources and Environment, School of Geography Science and Planning, Sun
School of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang Agriculture and Forestry
Dioxin Analysis Laboratory, and Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist
School of Chemistry & Environment, South China Normal University; Key
1
25
h
26
Guangdong, China
27
i
28
Hong Kong, China
Department of Environmental Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510630,
Department of Biology and Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon,
29
30
*Corresponding author: Ming Hung Wong - postal address: Consortium on Health,
31
Environment, Education and Research (CHEER) and Department of Science and
32
Environmental Studies , The Hong Kong Institute of Education, Tai Po, Hong Kong,
33
China; e-mail: minghwong@ied.edu.hk; tel.: (+852) 2948 8706
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
2
CsoilIngREF ED
 CF ) / RfD
BW  AT
CsoilIngREF ED
risk ingest 
 CF  SFO
BW  AT
Non - cancer risk ingest  (
49
Cancer
50
Equation (A1) (US EPA, 1989)
51
Where
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
Non-cancer riskingest
Cancer riskingest
Csoil
IngR
EF
ED
BW
AT
CF
RfD
SFO
Non- Cancer risk via ingestion of soil particles
Cancer risk via ingestion of soil particles
Concentration of the pollutant in soil (mg/kg)
Ingestion rate of soil (mg/day)
Exposure frequency (days/yr)
Exposure duration (years)
Average body weight (kg)
Averaging time (days)
Conversion factor (1x10-6 kg/mg)
Reference dose (mg/kg/day)
Oral slope factor (mg/kg/day)-1
3
Non - cancer risk dermal  (
86
Cancer risk dermal 
BW  AT
Equation (A2) (US EPA, 1989)
88
Where
Non-cancer riskdermal
Cancer riskdermal
SA
AFsoil
ABS
GIABS
BW  AT
Csoil  SA  AFsoil  ABS  EF  ED
87
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
Csoil  SA  AFsoil  ABS  EF  ED
 CF  GIABS ) / Rfd
 CF  SFO  GIABS
Non-Cancer risk via dermal contact of soil particles
Cancer risk via dermal contact of soil particles
Surface area of the skin that contacts soil (cm2/day)
Skin adherence factor for soil (mg/cm2)
Dermal absorption factor (chemical specific)
Gastrointestinal absorption factor
4
Non - cancer risk inhale 
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
Cancer risk inhale 
Csoil  EF  ET  ED
PET  AT *
Csoil  EF  ET  ED
PET  AT *
Equation (A3) (US EPA, 2009)
 RfC
 IUR
Where
Non-cancer riskinhale
Cancer riskinhale
ET
IUR
AT*
RfC
PEF
Non-cancer risk via inhalation of soil particles
Cancer risk via inhalation of soil particles
Exposure time (hours/day)
Inhalation unit risk (mg/m3)-1
Averaging time (hours)
RfC (mg/m3)
Particle emission factor = 1.36 x 109 m3/kg
PEF is the inhalation of pollutants that are adsorbed to respirable particles (PM10) and
relates the concentration of a pollutant in soil with the concentration of respirable
particles in the air, due to fugitive dust emissions from contaminated soils (US EPA,
2001).
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
149
150
151
152
153
5
154
Details and parameters used in the health risk assessment
155
Seventeen 2,3,7,8-substituted PCDD and PCDF congeners with their respective
2,3,7,8 –
156
TEFs were used to conduct non-cancer and cancer risks assessment using
157
TeCDD toxicity equivalence (Van den Berg, 2006) (Table S2) (supplementary data).
158
The parameters, reference doses and slope factors for estimating human non-cancer
159
and cancer risks are listed in Table S3 (supplementary data). The equations for
160
estimating the potential non-cancer risks of concerned pollutants via the exposure of
161
PCDD/Fs contaminated soils can be obtained from the ratio of estimated average daily
162
dose (ADD) (mg/kg/day) to a reference dose (RfD) = Hazard Quotient (HQ) (Equations
163
(A1) (A2) and (A3) (supplementary data). The reference dose (mg/kg/day) is an
164
estimation of maximum permissible risk on human populations through daily exposure
165
taking the vulnerable group (of children), during a lifetime into consideration. The HQ
166
≤ 1 indicates no adverse health effects, whereas HQ > 1 indicates likely adverse health
167
effects (US EPA, 1989). The procedure for conducting a cancer risk assessment on
168
humans is similar to a non-cancer risk assessment. Instead of dividing the ADD by the
169
reference dose (RfD), the ADD (µg/kg/day) is multiplied by an slope factor (SF)
170
(mg/kg-day)-1 (US EPA, 1989) (Equations (A1) (A2) and (A3). Qualitative
171
descriptions of non-cancer and cancer risks are shown in Table S4 (supplementary
172
data).
173
In this study, the body weight (BD) of 60 kg for adults and 15 kg for children has
174
been chosen to reflect the current local situation (Lee et al., 1994). Ingestion rate (IngR)
175
of 100 and 200 mg/day were chosen for adults and children (Calabrese et al., 1987). In
176
addition, exposure duration (ED) of 25 years and 6 years for the adults and children
177
were also chosen (US EPA, 1991, 1989), with exposure frequency (EF) assumed to be
6
178
313 days/year, whereby workers are working all year round except for 1 day of holiday
179
per week and children are playing outdoors in the rural areas. Furthermore, exposure
180
time (ET) of 8 hours/day for continuous chronic exposure via the inhalation pathway
181
(US EPA, 2009) was chosen for adult workers and ET (3 hours/ day) was also assumed
182
for children to play outdoors in the rural areas. Surface area of skin that contacts the soil
183
(SA) was assumed to be 3300 and 2800 cm2/day for adult worker and children,
184
respectively (US EPA, 2013a). A life time (70 years) was chosen to calculate the
185
average time (AT) exposure for carcinogenic chemical exposure (US EPA, 1989).
186
187
188
189
190
191
192
193
194
195
196
197
198
199
200
201
7
202
203
A-D
Y=
+D
B
204
205
1 + (X/C)
Equation B (Luo et al., 2009; Qiao et al., 2006).
206
207
208
where Y is the EROD response, X is the inducer dose, A is the maximum EROD
209
response, B is the slope coefficient, C is the EC50, and D is the minimum EROD
210
response. EC50 is the concentration of TCDD eliciting 50% of the maximal inducible
211
EROD activity.
212
213
214
215
216
217
218
219
220
221
222
223
224
8
4
Log10 TEQbio (pg/g)
3
3
R² = 0.5908
2
2
1
0
1
2
3
4
5
Log10 TEQcal (pg/g)
225
226
Figure S1 Correlation of EROD assay or biologically derived TeCDD concentrations
227
(pg/g) (TEQbio) and chemically derived toxic equivalent concentrations (pg/g) of
228
dioxin-like chemicals (TEQcal (sum of 2,3,7,8-TeCDD toxic equivalent concentrations
229
(TEQPCDD/F) and dioxin-like PAHs toxic equivalent concentrations (TEQPAH)) in the
230
soil samples of 12 different types of land use.
9
100
TEQPCDD/F
TEQPAH
99
98
97
96
W
)
BS
CD
)
(O
(D
W
EW
BS
O
EW
PS
CW
RW
M
CS
(S
)
Ab
EW
O
A
95
F
Percentage of TEQ PCDD/F and TEQPAH to theTEQcal
231
Different types of land use
232
233
Figure S2 Percentage of TEQPCDD/F and TEQPAH to the total TEQcal in different types
234
of land use
235
236
Note: OF = organic farm, A = agricultural, Ab = abandoned agricultural, EW (S) =
237
e-waste storage, CS = container storage, MRW = metal recycling workshop, CW =
238
constructions waste, PS = petrol station, OBS = open burning site, EW (DW) =
239
e-waste dismantling workshop, EW (OBS) = e-waste open burning site, CDW = car
240
dismantling workshop and TEQcal = sum of 2,3,7,8-TeCDD toxic equivalent
241
concentrations (TEQPCDD/F) and dioxin-like PAHs toxic equivalent concentrations
242
(TEQPAH))
10
243
Table S1 Maximum concentrations of 16 individuals and total PAHs (μg/kg) amongst each 12 different types of land use (Man et al., 2013a).
Sampling sites
OF
A
Ab
EW (S)
CS
MRW
CW
PS
EW (OBS)
OBS
EW (DW)
CDW
Nap
207
313
364
203
317
11.6
159
7.61
312
21210
65
72.2
Any
6.81
9.16
14.6
3.57
2.72
19.9
7.2
3.06
70.1
39
37.2
26.6
Ane
1.7
1.96
4.25
0.787
2.44
1.11
0.999
0.707
14.8
38
3.13
12.1
Fle
9.74
20.9
35.2
10.5
17.5
3.7
9.35
0.942
134
179
10.3
20.8
Phe
56.3
101
148
50.7
81.6
55.8
229
12.2
607
80.9
231
191
Ant
3.42
10.8
17.7
3.36
5.21
14.9
7.42
3.58
104
12.8
62
22.4
16 individuals PAHs
Fla
Pyr BaA Chr
40.3 36.6 6.18
8
73.9 43.8 13.4 24.8
64.4 42.2 11.6 19.1
35.3
21
5.29
9.4
52.9 26.3 9.26
12
121 55.4 61.7 75.9
395 151
15
20.6
29.7 17.1 19.6 24.1
163 7.56 3.64 3.19
25.9 42.7 6.24
30
571 948
521
532
116 2214 96.4 7095
BbkF
0.5
38.7
17.2
0.54
5.55
70.2
59.7
19
3.93
187
1581
3841
BaP
6.43
23.2
14.7
6.6
10.5
83.9
30.9
27.7
2.81
228
695
80546
IcdP
11.7
28.1
16.9
7.51
10.3
178
45.5
55.6
N.D.
N.D.
680
1696
DahA
1.68
5.2
3.75
0.713
2.8
52.2
9
15.1
N.D.
N.D.
149
819
BghiP
15.6
32.5
20.9
8.61
16.4
115
65.3
43.1
N.D.
N.D.
622
715
Total PAHs
412
741
794
366
572
919
1205
279
1426
22078
6708
97484
244
245
246
247
248
249
250
251
252
Note: OF = organic farm, A = agricultural, Ab = abandoned agricultural, EW (S) = e-waste storage, CS = container storage, MRW = metal
recycling workshop, CW = constructions waste, PS = petrol station, OBS = open burning site, EW (DW) = e-waste dismantling workshop, EW
(OBS) = e-waste open burning site, CDW = car dismantling workshop, Nap = naphthalene, Any = acenaphthylene, Ane = acenaphthene (Ane),
Fle = fluorene, Phe = phenanthrene, Ant = anthracene, Fla = fluoranthene, Pyr = pyrene, BaA = benz(a)anthracene, Chr = chrysene, BaP =
benzo(a)pyrene, BbF = benzo(b)fluoranthene, BkF = (BkF), IcdP = indeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene, DahA = dibenz(a,h)anthracene, BghiP =
benzo(g,h,i)perylene (BghiP) and N.D. = not detected
11
253
254
Table S2 Concentrations of chemically derived PCDD/Fs (pg/g and pgWHO-TEQ/g) in 12 different soils and soil quality guidelines of the
Netherlands, Canada and Japan
Congeners
WHO-TEF
OF
PCDD congeners
2,3,7,8-TeCDD
1
0.434
1,2,3,7,8-PeCDD
1
1.3
1,2,3,4,7,8-HxCDD
0.1
1.47
1,2,3,6,7,8-HxCDD
0.1
3.64
1,2,3,7,8,9-HxCDD
0.1
3.26
1,2,3,4,6,7,8-HpCDD
0.1
78.2
OCDD
0.0003
974
ΣPCDDs-WHO TEQ
10.7
PCDD congeners
2,3,7,8-TeCDF
0.1
3.31
1,2,3,7,8-PeCDF
0.03
2.71
2,3,4,7,8-PeCDF
0.3
3.62
1,2,3,4,7,8-HxCDF
0.1
4.75
1,2,3,6,7,8-HxCDF
0.1
4.54
2,3,4,6,7,8-HxCDF
0.1
4.99
1,2,3,7,8,9-HxCDF
0.1
0.417
1,2,3,4,6,7,8-HpCDF
0.01
29
1,2,3,4,7,8,9-HpCDF
0.01
2.22
OCDF
0.0003
34
ΣPCDFs-WHO TEQ
3.29
ΣPCDD/Fs-WHO TEQ/ TEQPCDD/F
14
The New Dutch List (Dutch Indicative level - serious contamination) (VROM, 2000)
Canadian Environmental Quality Guidelines (Agricultural and industrial ) (CCME, 2007)
Environmental Quality Standard (MOE, 2003)
255
256
257
258
Sampling sites
MRW CW
A
Ab
EW (S)
CS
0.288
0.363
0.463
1.3
2.01
40.9
1130
5.46
0.927
4.24
8.14
25.9
26.1
811
9450
95.1
0.4
0.915
1.26
3.01
4.79
60.9
1140
8.65
0.14
0.363
0.463
1.46
2.1
32.3
1230
4.5
0.14
1.14
1.24
3.65
2.51
73.6
1600
9.86
0.583
0.15
0.228
0.705
0.55
0.801
0.119
3.2
0.34
6.03
0.386
5.84
6.68
7.76
12.5
21.2
18.6
26.7
5.11
106
7.14
65.8
13
108
1
4
1000
1.22
0.63
1.15
0.45
1.03
0.532
1.33
0.705
1.44
0.653
1.33
0.705
0.37
0.119
5.81
3.45
0.34
0.34
4.99
5.17
0.975
0.494
9.63
5
WHO-TEQ
WHO-TEQ
WHO-TEQ
2.27
1.99
5.14
5.89
4.91
8.59
0.405
62.9
2.37
26.8
4.47
14.3
PS
OBS
EW (DW)
EW (OBS)
CDW
0.78
2.39
2.23
7.88
4.41
786
9030
85.9
0.14
0.363
0.154
0.3
0.613
11.1
439
1.85
23700
1210
1.75
4.1
4.94
38.2
1290
24915
15.8
3.55
2.53
6.01
4.8
161
3190
37.7
199
838
717
1380
1130
7150
10900
2078
4.36
7.1
4.32
187
81.9
871
1450
126
3.55
3.05
5.59
5.01
5.26
6.63
0.303
44.8
3.42
84.4
4.35
90.3
0.544
0.45
0.554
0.892
0.708
0.728
0.0397
3.11
0.34
3.02
0.506
2.36
24.4
1.77
10.8
2.66
1.2
5.05
0.119
6.04
0.34
5.33
6.7
24922
10.1
6.36
9.47
10.8
9.28
12.8
0.66
63.8
6.51
103
8.13
45.9
1150
1340
2370
2420
2330
3160
844
8860
870
2810
1840
3918
5.65
5.82
11.8
13.4
12.4
18.9
2.57
94.1
9.99
55.1
10.1
136
OF = organic farm, A = agricultural, Ab = abandoned agricultural, EW (S) = e-waste storage, CS = container storage, MRW = metal recycling workshop, CW = constructions waste, PS = petrol station, OBS = open
burning site, EW (DW) = e-waste dismantling workshop, EW (OBS) = e-waste open burning site, CDW = car dismantling workshop, HpCDD = hetachlorodibenzodioxin, HpCDF = heptachlorodibenzofuaran,
HxCDF = hexachlorodibenzofuaran, HxCDD=
hexahetachlorodibenzodioxin, OCDD = octachlorodibenzodioxin, OCDF = octachlorodibenzofuaran, TeCDD = tetrahetachlorodibenzodioxin and TeCDF=
tetrachlorodibenzofuaran
12
259
260
Table S3 Parameters for estimating human non-cancer and cancer risks for 2,3,7,8–TeCDD via the exposure pathway of ingestion, dermal contact
and inhalation, and dermal absorption factor (ABS) of 2,3,7,8–TeCDD
Exposure factors
Ingestion rate, IngR (mg/day)
Exposed skin area, SA (cm2)
Skin adherence factor, AFsoil (mg/cm2)
Exposure frequency, EF (days/yr)
Exposure duration, ED (yr)
Exposure time, ET (hours/day)
Body weight, BW (kg)
Averaging time, AT (ATncA) (days) = (25 yr × 365 days/yr)
Averaging time, AT (ATncC) (days) = (6 yr × 365 days/yr)
Averaging time, AT* (ATncA*) (hours) = (25 yr × 365 days/yr × 24 hours/day)
Averaging time, AT *( ATncC*) (hours) = (6 yr × 365 days/yr × 24 hours/day)
Averaging time, AT (ATcAC) (days) = (70 yr × 365 days/yr)
Averaging time, AT (ATcAC*) (hours) = (70 yr × 365 days/yr × 24 hours/day)
Reference dose (RfD), slope factors (SFs) and dermal absorption factor (ABS) of 2, 3, 7, 8 – TeCDD
Non-cancer risk via the exposure pathway of ingestion (RfDo (mg/kg-day) )
Non-cancer risk via the exposure pathway of dermal contact (RfDo × GIABS (mg/kg-day) )
Non-cancer risk via the exposure pathway of inhalation (RfCi (mg/m3))
Cancer risk via the exposure pathway of ingestion (SFO (mg/kg-day)-1 )
Cancer risk via the exposure pathway of dermal contact (SFO × GIABS (mg/kg-day)-1 )
Cancer risk via the exposure pathway of inhalation (IUR (mg/m3)-1)
Dermal absorption factor (ABS)
Adult
100
3300
0.2
313
25
8
60
9,125
/
213,000
/
25,550
613,200
Child
200
2800
0.2
313
6
3
15
/
2,190
/
52,560
25,550
613,200
7.00E-10
7.00E-10
4.00E-08
1.30E+05
1.30E+05
3.80E-02
0.03
7.00E-10
7.00E-10
4.00E-08
1.30E+05
1.30E+05
3.80E-02
0.03
13
261
262
263
264
265
Note: IngR was taken from Calabrese et al. (1987); ED from the US EPA (1991; 1989); AFsoil, AT from the US EPA (1989); SA from the US
EPA (2013a); BW from Lee et al. (1994) and AT*, ET from US EPA (2013a), SFO = oral slope factor, GIABS = gastrointestinal absorption
factor, IUR = inhalation unit risk, RfDo = reference dose for ingestion, RfCi = reference dose for inhalation, all the contaminants GIABS = 1
(US EPA, 2013b) ATncA= Averaging time of non-cancer risk for adult, ATncA= Averaging time of non-cancer risk for child, ATcAC =
Averaging time of cancer risk for human
14
266
Table S4 Qualitative descriptions of non-cancer and cancer risks (NYS DOH, 2007).
Qualitative descriptions of non-cancer risk
Qualitative descriptions of cancer risk
Hazard Quoteint (HQ) =
Cancer risk value estimated as
≦ 1 (minimal);
≤10−6 (very low);
＞1 and ≦ 5 (low);
＞10−6 and < 10−4 (low),
＞5 and ≦ 10 (moderate)
≧10−4 and <10−3(moderate),
＞1 (high);
≧10−3 and <10−1 (high)
≥10−1 (very high0
267
268
269
270
271
272
273
274
275
276
277
278
279
280
281
282
283
15
284
Reference
285
286
287
288
289
290
291
292
293
294
295
296
297
298
299
300
301
302
303
304
Calabrese, E.J., Kostecki, P.T., Gilbert, C.E., 1987. How much dirt do children eat?
An emerging environmental health question. Comments Toxicol. 1, 229 –41.
CCME (Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment), 2010. Canadian soil
quality guidelines for the protection of environmental and human
health:Carcinogenic and Other PAHs. In Canadian environmental quality
guidelines, 1999, Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment,
Winnipeg.
Lee, M.M., Wu-williams, A., Whittemore, A.S., Zheng, S., Gallagher, R., Teh, C.Z.,
Zhou, L., Wang, X., Chen, K., Ling, C., Jiao, D.A., Jung, D., Paffenbarger Jr, R.S.,
1994. Comparison of dietary habits, physical-activity and body-size among
Chinese in North-America and China. Int. Epidemiol. 23, 984–990.
Luo, J.P., Ma, M., Zha, J.M., Wang, Z.J., 2009. Characterization of aryl hydrocarbon
receptor agonists in sediments of Wenyu River, Beijing, China. Water Res. 43,
2441–2448.
Man, Y.B., Kang, Y., Wang, H.S., Lau, K.Y., Li, H., Sun, X.L., Giesy, J.P., Chow,
K.L., Wong, M.H., 2013a. Cancer risk assessments of Hong Kong soils
contaminated by polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. J. Hazard. Mater. DOI:
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2012.11.067
Man, Y.B., Chow, K.L., Kang, Y., Wong, M.H., 2013b. Mutagenicity and
genotoxicity of Hong Kong soils contaminated by polycyclic aromatic
305
306
307
308
309
310
311
312
313
314
hydrocarbons and dioxins/furans. Mutat. Res.–Genetic Toxicol. Environ.
Mutagen. 752, 47–56
MOE (Ministry of the Environment), 2003. Government of Japan, Information
brochure: Dioxins.
NYS DOH (New York State Department of Health), 2007. Hopewell precision area
contamination: appendix C – NYS DOH, in: Procedure for Evaluating Potential
Health Risks for Contaminants of Concern.
Qiao, M., Chen, Y.Y., Zhang, Q.H., Huang, S.B., Ma, M., Wang, C.X., Wang, Z.J.,
2006. Identification of Ah receptor agonists in sediment of Meiliang Bay, Taihu
Lake, China. Environ. Sci. Technol. 40, 1415–1419.
315
316
317
318
319
320
US EPA (United States Environmental Protection Agency), 1989. Risk assessment
guidance for superfund, Vol. I: Human Health Evaluation Manual. EPA/540/1–
89/002. Office of Soild Waste and Emergency Response. Washington, DC.
US EPA (United States Environmental Protection Agency), 1991. Risk Assessment
Guidance for Superfund (RAGS), Volume I: Human Health Evaluation Manual
(HHEM), Part B, Development of Risk-Based Preliminary Remediation Goals.
16
321
Publication 9285.7-01B. NTIS PB92-963333. Office of Soild Waste and
322
323
324
325
326
327
328
329
330
331
Emergency Response. Washington, DC.
US EPA (United States Environmental Protection Agency), 2001. Supplemental
guidance for developing soil screening levels for Superfund sites. OSWER
9355.4-24. Office of Solid Waste and Emergency Response. Washington, DC.
US EPA (United States Environmental Protection Agency). 2009. Risk assessment
guidance for superfund, Vol. I: Human Health Evaluation Manual (F,
Supplemental Guidance for Inhalation Risk Assessment) EPA/540/R/070/002.
Office of Superfund Remediation and Technology Innovation. Washington,
DC.
US EPA (United States Environmental Protection Agency), 2013a Mid Atlantic risk
332
333
334
assessment. Regional Screening Level (RSL) User’s Guide. URL:
http://www.epa.gov/reg3hwmd/risk/human/rb-concentration_table/usersguide.h
tm (Accessed 1/2/2013)
335
336
337
338
339
340
341
US EPA (United States Environmental Protection Agency), 2013b. Mid Atlantic risk
assessment. Regional Screening Level (RSL) Summary Table.
http://www.epa.gov/region9/superfund/prg/ (Accessed 1/3/2013)
Van den Berg, M., Birnbaum, L., Bosveld, A.T.C., Brunström, B., Cook, P., Feeley,
M., Giesy, J. P., Hanberg, A., Hasegawa, R., Kennedy, S.,W., Kubiak, T.,
Larsen, J.C., van Leewen, F.X.R., Liem, A.K.D, Nolt, C., Peterson, R.E.,
Poellinger, L., Safe, S., Schrenk, D., Tillitt, D., Tysklind, M., Younes, M.,
342
343
344
345
346
347
348
349
Wærn, Zacharewski, T., 1998. Toxic equivalency factors (TEFs) for PCBs,
PCDDs, PCDFs for humans and wildlife. Environ. Health. Perspect. 106, 775–
792.
VROM (Volkshuisvesting, Ruimtelijke Ordening en Milieubeheer) (Ministry of
Housing, Spatial Planning and Environment), 2000. Circular on target values
and intervention values for soil remediation. Spatial Planning and Environment,
Netherlands: Ministry of Housing.
17