Chapter 00. Example as a guide to authors
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Writing team: Peter Harris (Convenor), José Muelbert, Pablo Muniz, Kedong Yin,
Kawser Ahmed, Regina Folorunsho, Margarita Caso, Claudia Câmara Vale, John
Machiwa
Group of Experts: Beatrice Ferreira and Peter Harris (Lead members), Patricio Bernal
and Jake Rice (co-lead members and editors for Part VI Biodiversity)
Length: 0000 words (subtract 1000 words to allow for 2 tables and 1 figure)
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Abstract
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This is a template of a chapter that provides a global review of estuaries and deltas based
on assessments from 101 regions, covering all of the continents. At the same time, you
will find guidance for the editorial style and format to be used for the preparation of the
draft chapter. The condition of the estuarine and deltaic environment is rated as “Poor”
overall (mean score of 2.07 out of 4). The published assessments gave a Very Poor rating
in 31 regions, a “Poor” rating in 31 regions, Good in 31 regions and a “Very Good”
rating was given in only 7 regions. Seventy studies reported a trend in terms of
improving, stable or declining condition, of which 46 (66 per cent) reported that
conditions are declining. Out of the many possible aspects of the environment that could
be assessed, water quality and biological aspects are most common whereas
socioeconomic aspects are assessed the least often, which is thus a knowledge gap. One
other gap in condition assessment is the trend (improving, stable or declining) that was
assessed in 77 out of 101 regions and thus not available in about 23 per cent of the
regions assessed. At the same time, you will find guidance for the editorial style and
format to be used for the preparation of the draft chapter.
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1. Introduction.
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Please use this template for the preparation of your own chapter. This template is set up
in English (U.K.). The Concise Oxford English Dictionary, twelfth edition, is the current
authority for spelling in the United Nations. If more than one spelling is given in the
dictionary, use the form listed first. Since much material will be read on-screen,
references should be given in brief in the text, rather than in footnotes. A complete list of
works referred to should be included at the end of the text. In-text references should be
placed within brackets and consist of the author’s name (or the first author’s name,
followed by “et al.”), the year of publication and the page or paragraph reference. If there
is more than one publication by that author in the same year, the different publications
should be differentiated by A, B, C and so on after the year number. The list of references
should be in the alphabetical order of the in-text references and give full details of the
material to which reference is made. Arrangements will be made for collecting lists of
references in a suitable format.
It will assist the production of the World Ocean Assessment if the following writing
approaches are followed (which are aligned with those of the United Nations Secretariat):
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(a) Paragraphs should not contain more than two levels of indentations. The higher
level of indentation should be identified by small roman letters in brackets ((a), (b), (c)
and so on). The lower level should be identified by small roman numerals in brackets as:
(i) The first lower level;
(ii) ….;
(iii) …..;
(iv) and so on;
(b) Headings of sections and subsections should be aligned with the left margin;
(c) Subparagraphs should commence with a capital (majuscule) letter.
2. Numbers expressed in figures
Numbers between 10 and 999,000 are normally written in figures.
The following are always expressed in figures:
(a) Percentages: Wages increased by only 1 per cent in 2003, compared with 3 per
cent in 2002. Note: The words “per cent” are normally written out. The % sign may be
used in tables if space is limited.
(b) Compound fractions and decimal fractions: The accident occurred 2 1/4 miles
from the checkpoint. The refugee camp is 8.5 kilometres from the border. Costs fell by
3.75 per cent in 2001, 1.60 per cent in 2002 and 0.85 per cent in 2003.
Note: In decimal fractions expressing a number that is less than one, a zero is inserted
before the decimal point. A zero may be added after the last digit if necessary to indicate
the level of accuracy. All numbers in a table or series should be carried to the same
decimal place.
(c) Ratios and map scales: The student-teacher ratio is 9 to 1. A new map on the
scale 1:250,000 was published in 2003.
(d) Measures and weights: The tanks stopped 300 metres from the camp.
The yield was 3 tons per hectare.
(e) Ages:
Mortality rates declined for children under 5 years of age.
(f) Temperature: 10.15°C; 92°F.
(g) Sums of money: $6.50; SwF 8.75; €250.
Note: For rules on the treatment of money in resolutions and decisions, see "References
to money" in Basic documents/Resolutions and other formal decisions of United Nations
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organs/Drafting and editing. For a list of currencies, see UNTERM (search by country
name).
3. Country names, nomenclature and terminology
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Country names (and also names of regional seas) are listed in the United Nations
Multilingual Terminology Database (http://unterm.un.org). After you start your search,
enter the name of the country in the “search” field. Under “subject”, click on the down
arrow and choose “country name”. Both the short and formal country names are given.
The short form is used for most purposes in the United Nations. The formal name is
generally used in legal texts, such as treaties.
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The country name is normally given after the name of a city, unless the city is the
capital.
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The term “Persian Gulf” is used in documents, publications and statements emanating
from the Secretariat as the standard geographical designation for the sea area between the
Arabian Peninsula and the Islamic Republic of Iran. The full term “Persian Gulf” is
always used to designate that sea area when it is first referred to in a text and is repeated
thereafter whenever necessary for the sake of clarity.
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The term “Gulf” is used in documents, publications and statements emanating from the
Secretariat to identify or refer to the general geographical area surrounding or adjacent to
the sea area referred to in paragraph 1 above or to refer to the situation around that sea
area. The terms “Gulf area”, “Gulf region” and “Gulf States” are examples of such usage.
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In verbatim or summary records when a speaker is quoted, when material provided by a
Government is circulated, or when a resolution or decision of a deliberative body of the
United Nations is adopted, the Secretariat reproduces, without any change, the
terminology used by the speaker, Government or deliberative body concerned.
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In accordance with a decision of the Fourth Committee of the General Assembly at its
1560th meeting, on 18 November 1965, of which note was taken by the General
Assembly at the 1398th plenary meeting, on 16 December 1965, the name to be applied
to the Territory of the Falkland Islands (Malvinas) in all United Nations documents is the
following:
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(a) In English, “Falkland Islands (Malvinas)”;
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(b) In Spanish, “Islas Malvinas (Falkland Islands)”;
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(c) In all languages other than English and Spanish, the equivalent of “Falkland Islands
(Malvinas)”.
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“Taiwan” should be referred to as “Taiwan Province of China”.
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4. Figures
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The designer may need to re-create or slightly adjust illustrations (graphs, maps) to
conform to the publication design. It is therefore very important that authors provide the
Secretariat (through their Chapter Coordinators) with the underlying data for graphics
used in the report. The use of graphics, photos may require copyright permission. If this
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has already been requested, please mention this. All illustrations must be fully referenced
(unless created by the authors) and the source information accurately indicated below the
illustration.
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Please number all figures, tables and boxes and refer to them in the text. Number the
graphic e.g. Figure 7.1 (i.e. 7 is the number of your chapter and 1 is the graphic number.
Next is Figure 7.2 and so on). This should be followed by the title of the Figure. The
Figure number and title should be in bold text and should be placed at the top of the
graphic. Include the source of your graphic underneath the graphic (it is very important to
have this information as it reflects on the credibility of the report. Please do not use very
long titles for your figures, boxes and tables. Illustration titles should be short and explain
exactly what the illustration contains.
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For photos, ensure photo credit is given. Add a short caption to the photo. It is important t
to have a high quality photo – should be at least 300dpi otherwise it will not be usable in
the published report.
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Boxes, tables should not be longer than a page long. It makes it hard to read and may not
all fit into one page in the published report. Use graphics that are easy to understand for a
lay-person. If the graphic is scientific, explain it well in the text (do not however, use up
half a page or more to explain graphic).
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This ends the editorial guidance. In the annex to this chapter, you will find examples of
lists of references, a table and a figure. Additional information can be found in the
Guidance for contributors. Below is the template chapter on estuaries and deltas. Please
use this template for the preparation of your own chapter.
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5. Estuaries and deltas
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Estuaries and deltas are amongst the most heavily populated areas of the world (about 60
per cent of the world's population live along estuaries and the coast) making them the
most perturbed parts of the world ocean (Kennish, 2002; Small and Cohen, 2004). Of the
32 largest cities in the world, 22 are located in estuaries. They are impacted by
sedimentation (from soil erosion caused by deforestation, overgrazing, and other poor
farming practices), overfishing, drainage and filling of wetlands, eutrophication due to
excessive nutrients from sewage and animal (including aquaculture) wastes, pollutants
including heavy metals, polychlorinated biphenyls, radionuclides and hydrocarbons from
sewage inputs and diking or damming for flood control or water diversion. Estuaries and
deltas provide protected harbours used as ports associated with introduced marine pests.
They are foci of human attention, attracting incompatible uses by society such as heavy
industry, urbanization and recreation; they are affected by global sea level rise and
climate change (Crossland et al. 2003). In short, estuaries and deltas “form a major
transition zone with steep gradients in energy and physicochemical properties at the
interface between land and sea” (Jennerjahn and Mitchell, 2013).
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More than 50 per cent of large river systems are affected by dams, based on a global
synthesis on river fragmentation and flow regulation (Nilsson et al., 2005), with obvious
consequences for the estuaries and deltas at their coastal termini. The mean age of river
water at river mouths has increased from about two weeks to over one month on a global
scale and to more than one year in extreme cases (Vörösmarty et al., 1997). Over the last
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few centuries, the global annual sediment flux into the coastal zone has increased by
2.3 x 109 tons due to human-induced soil erosion and decreased by 3.7 x 109 tons due to
retention in reservoirs, the net effect being a reduction of sediment input by 1.4 x 109 tons
(Syvitski et al., 2005). A major environmental consequence of river sediment starvation
is erosion of the coast and attendant loss of habitat.
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6. Major threatening processes.
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Processes affecting the health and condition of estuaries and deltas may be classified into
three broad categories:
(a) “Short-term” pressures associated with the near term effects of human expansion
(e.g., coastal development, land-based inputs of nutrients, over fishing, aquaculture, and
maritime operations);
(b) “Medium- to long-term” pressures associated with anthropogenic climate change
(e.g., sea level rise, increases in atmospheric heat and CO2 fluxes into the oceans, a
strengthening global hydrological cycle, and the increasing magnitude of tropical
cyclones); and
(c) Extreme natural events.
A list of processes and impacts is given in Table 1.
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7. Social and economic considerations.
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Estuaries are tourist attractions and provide a centrepiece for development (a harbour
view). Estuaries and deltas provide natural harbours that are used for transport and
industry as the ideal location of major port facilities. They have ecological importance to
commercial fisheries. People value estuaries for recreation, scientific knowledge,
education, aesthetic and traditional practices. Boating, fishing, swimming, surfing, and
bird watching are just a few of the numerous recreational activities people enjoy in
estuaries and deltas. Their unique habitats make them valuable laboratories for scientists
and students. Considering the sum of human activities that depend upon the existence of
estuaries and deltas and their ecosystem services (eg. Barbier et al., 2011), their total
economic value to society is vast; Costanza et al. (1997) estimated their value at
approximately US $4.1 trillion (equal to US $6.1 trillion in 2014 dollars).
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Some indications of the social and economic value of functioning estuarine and deltaic
ecosystems can be found from examples where human activities have impaired such
functions. Economic losses due to anthropogenic changes in river discharge are one
example. The down-stream consequences of dam-building are often not fully considered
when the decision is taken to build a dam on a river system. The economic losses from
reduced fisheries landings, due to the reduction in nutrients entering the Indian Ocean at
the Sofala Bank fishery (Arthurton 2002), following alteration to the Zambezi River
freshwater flows, has been estimated at between 10 and 20 million USD (Turpie 2006).
In an extreme case, the Colorado River, prior to the completion of the Hoover Dam in
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1935, delivered a combination of nutrient-rich water and silt to the historic Delta,
comprised over 2.5 million acres of wetlands, habitat for an estimated 400 species of
plants and wildlife and home to some 20,000 Cocopah Indians (Glenn et al., 2001). All of
the freshwater discharge was impounded behind dams by 1963; the wetlands dried up
impacting many dependent species. In 2014, an experimental release of 130 million m3
of water will allow the restoration of the Colorado Delta to begin, although it will take
many years to restore even part of the original wetland area (Witze, 2014).
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Some of the first and most severe impacts of climate change will come through greater
storm surges caused by a combination of higher sea levels and stronger storms in some
regions. In the absence of storm surge, a 20-80 cm rise in mean sea level will place 7 –
300 million additional people at risk of being flooded each year (Geneva Reports 2009,
No. 2, 138 pp. www.genevaassociation.org). Increases in storm surge will increase these
numbers substantially. The Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development
(OECD) estimates that, in the absence of adaptation, the population in 136 major port
cities exposed to storm surges could increase from 40 million in 2005 to ~150 million in
the 2070s with exposed assets rising from US $3,000 billion to US $35,000 billion
(Nicholls et al., 2008). By 2050, sea-level rise in the Ganges-Brahmaputra Delta could
directly affect more than three million people and Bangladesh could lose nearly onequarter of the land area it had in 1989 by the end of this century, in a worst-case scenario
(Ericson et al., 2005). As a proportion of GDP, economic losses from flooding are much
higher for developing countries that for developed countries (Ramsharan, 2007) Financial
losses from weather events are currently doubling every 12 years at an annual rate of 6
per cent (UNEP, 2006). In the Sacramento Delta in San Francisco Bay, California, USA,
global sea level rise places about 500,000 acres of agricultural lands in the inner Delta at
significant risk of flooding in the first half of the 21st century. Total losses for the wider
region—including multiplier effects—could reach 1,800 jobs per year, $130 million in
value added, and nearly $14 million in state and local tax receipts (Medellín-Azuara et
al., 2012). These examples provide some context for the potential impacts of water
abstraction and global warming and sea level rise on ecosystem services upon which
estuarine- and deltaic-based societies and economies depend.
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8. Management and conservation.
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Healthy estuaries and deltas maintain water quality that benefits both people and marine
life. They provide a natural buffer between the land and ocean, absorbing floodwaters
and storm surges. Estuaries and deltas help maintain biodiversity by providing a diverse
range of unique habitats, including mangrove forests, salt marshes, mud flats and
seagrass beds, which are critical for the survival of many species. Many species of
commercially important fish and shellfish use estuarine and deltaic habitats as nurseries
to spawn and allow juveniles to grow. Maintaining such ecosystem services are
commonly declared as management goals and are the focus of conservation efforts.
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In considering the management of estuaries and deltas, the question of the number of
estuaries and deltas on earth arises given that an inventory of any asset is a prerequisite to
its management. The number of estuaries and deltas, in turn, is dependent upon scale and
definition of what constitutes an estuary or delta. In their estimate of river sediment
discharge based on a 30’ (55.56 km) grid, Syvitski et al. (2005) identified 4,464 river
basins > 100 km2 in area that are not covered by ice sheets of the Antarctica, Greenland
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and portions of the Canadian Archipelago and have a positive discharge to the ocean/sea.
Given that every estuary or delta is associated with a river that discharges into the
ocean/sea, and noting this size limit on catchment area, there are therefore about 4,464
“large” estuaries and deltas on earth.
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A search on the IUCN Protected Areas database (http://protectedplanet.net) for
“estuaries” yielded 275 results of which 156 are in Europe (including 107 in the UK
alone), 79 are in the Americas (including 53 in the USA), 19 are in Oceania, 11 in Asia
and 10 in Africa. A similar search conducted for “deltas” found 210 results of which 127
are in Europe (including 35 in Greece), 51 are in the Americas, 17 in Asia, 12 in Africa
and three are in Oceania. In terms of level of protection, only five out of 275 estuaries
and 12 out of 210 deltas are in IUCN category Ia or Ib, with over 50 per cent in
categories IV and V. Given that there are around 4,500 estuaries and deltas globally (see
above), it may be concluded from this analysis that about 10 per cent are under some
level of environmental protection, with about 0.4 per cent protected in IUCN category Ia
or Ib.
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9. Integrated assessment of the status of the habitat.
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In order to produce a global, integrated assessment of estuary and delta condition, a
literature search was carried out for papers and reports that have provided an assessment
on estuarine and coastal habitats. Studies that reported on the condition of individual
estuaries or groups of estuaries within a broad region were included. Where possible the
results given in the reports were converted into a report card score on a scale of 1 to 4
(Very Good, Good, Poor, Very Poor) and the date of assessment recorded (the criteria
used to identify the condition category are given in Appendix 44A). In addition, a trend
for overall condition was extracted (declining, stable or improving) and the timeframe
over which the trend was observed recorded. The raw data are recorded in a table
(Appendix 44A).
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Based on published assessments for 100 regions, the global condition of estuaries and
deltas (Figure 1) is Poor overall (mean score of 2.07 out of 4). The published
assessments gave a Very Poor rating in 31 regions, a Poor rating in 31 regions, Good in
31 regions and a Very Good rating was given in only 7 regions (Table 2). Overall, there
is an apparent negative correlation between the distribution of human population (Small
and Cohen, 2004) and estuary condition – the greater the population, the more common it
is for estuaries to be reported in a very poor condition. These results are biased by the
fact that many studies are carried out in impacted areas and hence the scores are skewed
(i.e. the overall “Poor” rating is influenced by the many studies that are conducted on
impacted systems). On the other hand, many of the available assessments are based on
only a few measured variables (typically related to water quality or fisheries) and they do
not give an overall (integrated) picture of the health and condition of estuarine
ecosystems. This factor can influence the outcome of a non-integrated assessment for
systems in which the impact is not measured by the parameters used.
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For example, one of the 6 Very Good ratings (Table 2) was assigned by UKTAG (2008)
for Estuaries and Lochs in Scotland based on the winter mean of dissolved inorganic
nitrogen over a 6-year period (2001-2006). However, the ecology of at least one of these
Scottish lochs (the Firth of Clyde) has been described by Thurstan and Roberts (2010) as
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“a marine ecosystem nearing the endpoint of overfishing, a time when no species remain
that are capable of sustaining commercial catches”. Hence whilst the water quality in this
estuary may be rated as very good, the ecosystem has been significantly impacted by
over-fishing to the extent that an integrated assessment would no doubt give a rating of
Very Poor for this estuary. Such cases serve to elevate the global score of “Poor” such
that it is unrealistically positive.
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Seventy studies reported a trend in terms of improving, stable or declining condition
(Table 2). Out of those 70 studies, 46 (66 per cent) reported that conditions are declining,
15 (21%) reported conditions were stable and 9 (13%) reported an improvement. There
is no continent where the number of estuaries having an improving condition exceeds the
number of assessments of declining condition. Europe has the greatest number of studies
that reported improving conditions (5) but no estuaries or deltas were reported in a “very
good” condition; Africa, Australia and the South Pacific had no studies where conditions
were improving. Asia (Japan) Australia and Africa each had one region where the
condition was assessed as very good and stable.
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Case study: Ecologic restoration of a Bay in China
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You can use a box to illustrate a case study (for example) if desired. This bay suffered
for decades from eutrophication associated with intensive aquaculture in the bay and
urban and agriculture inputs from the hinterland. A decade of restoration led to
improvements in water quality and improved ecosystem function. Following the
complete removal of aquaculture structures in 2003 the lagoon remained eutrophic, but
nutrient concentrations decreased and oxygen concentrations and net organic carbon
production increased. In a second stage from 2006, wetlands were constructed around the
lagoon margins and served as a filter for anthropogenic nutrients and organic matter,
further reducing lagoon nutrient levels and increasing dissolved oxygen and net
ecosystem production.
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10. Gaps in scientific knowledge
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Out of the 101 regions assessed, only some are the subject of integrated assessments that
include multiple aspects of estuarine environment including habitats, species, ecological
processes, physical and chemical processes and socioeconomic aspects. Very few (about
10) regions had assessments that included all aspects of estuarine environments, to
provide “fully integrated” assessments. There are 41 regions where assessments included
at least three different aspects producing partially integrated assessments. Another 25
regions had assessments concerned only with some aspect of estuarine water or sediment
quality. Thus a critical gap in scientific knowledge is the availability of fully integrated
environmental assessments for estuaries and deltas.
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Out of the many possible aspects of the environment that could be assessed, water quality
and biological aspects are most common whereas socioeconomic aspects are assessed the
least often, which is thus a knowledge gap. One other aspect of condition assessment is
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the trend (improving, stable or declining) that was assessed in 77 out of 101 regions. The
assessment of trend is a critical piece of information for decision-makers, but which is
missing in about 23 per cent of assessments. Furthermore, the time interval over which
the trend is measured varies between studies, from one year to other arbitrary periods of
human impact (as much as a century or longer). Thus the comparison of trends is
confounded by differences in the time spans they relate to; international agreement on
standards for reporting condition trends is needed to overcome this problem.
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References
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It is important that information cited in the World Ocean Assessment can be traced back
to its original source (see section VII above on information). The credit for the
production of synthesis products (e.g. maps and graphs) should be accurately attributed to
the original authors. The list of references should be in the alphabetical order of the intext references and give full details of the material to which reference is made. In addition
to the guidance below, please find information here:
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http://69.94.137.26/editorialcontrol/ed-guidelines/footnotes/footnotes_chap_04.htm#B
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a) Articles and chapters in a book or publication:
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Articles and chapters written by individual authors and included in a multi-author book or
publication are cited in footnotes containing the following elements:
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(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
(v)
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Author of article or chapter
Title of article or chapter
“in” title and subtitle of book or publication (in italics)
Edition, if not the first (e.g. 2nd ed. or revised ed.)
Volume number and title, if any (volume number in standard font followed by a
comma;
title in italics); when a multivolume work is referred to as a whole, give volume
numbers only
(vi) Editor (ed.)
(vii) Series title and number, if any (optional; in standard font)
(viii)
Publishing data (place, publisher, year) or symbol (in parentheses); see
also Publishing data: special issues
(ix) “Available from” URL, for an article accessed online
(x) Electronic medium, for a non-Internet source such as an e-book or CD-ROM
(include version number, if any)
Examples:
César Calderón and Luis Servén, Latin America’s infrastructure in the era of
macroeconomic crises, in The Limits of Stabilization: Infrastructure, Public Deficits and
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Growth in Latin America, William Easterly and Luis Servén, eds. ( Palo Alto, California,
Stanford University Press; Washington, D.C., World Bank, 2003).
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Volume number, no volume title:
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2
Dani Rodrik, Growth strategies, in Handbook of Economic Growth, vol. 1A, Philippe
Aghion and Steven Durlauf, eds. ( Amsterdam, North-Holland, 2005).
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b) Articles in a periodical
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Periodicals include journals, magazines and newsletters. The following elements are
included in footnotes:
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(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
(v)
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Examples:
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Journal with volume, issue and date:
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Author, if any
Title of article
Name of periodical (in italics)
Volume and issue numbers, if any
Date or season as shown on periodical (in parentheses when there is an issue
number)
(vi) “Available from” URL, for an article accessed online
Inclusive page numbers for articles are not required but may be retained if the author has
consistently supplied them.
David E. Bloom, Governing global health, Finance and Development, vol. 44, No. 4
(December 2007).
Laurie Garrett, The challenge of global health, Foreign Affairs, vol. 86, No. 1
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Additional material (Tables and Figures)
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Table 1. Major threatening processes for estuaries and deltas (modified from Jennerjahn
and Mitchell, 2013) and impacts commonly described in the literature.
779
Category
Shortterm
activities
Process
Land use/cover change (deforestation, use
of agrochemicals, conversion)
Urbanisation (sewage, pollution, sealing)
Overexploitation of natural resources
(fisheries, logging, mining)
Alteration of river catchment hydrology
(damming, diking, canalisation)
Tourism
Coastal construction
Introduced pests
Medium
to Longterm
Activities
Extreme
natural
events
Industrial/other hazards (oil spill, nuclear
accident)
Temperature, Moisture distribution
(precipitation), Seasonality
Frequency of extreme weather events
Sea level rise
Ocean acidification
Geohazards (earthquake, tsunami,
volcanic eruptions, landslide)
Climatic hazards/extreme weather events
(flood, drought, storm)
780
781
782
783
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© 2014 United Nations
Impacts
Habitat loss, siltation, eutrophication,
reduced reproduction, lower resistance to
disease
Habitat loss, eutrophication, reduced
reproduction, lower resistance to disease,
increased load of pathogenic and parasitic
organisms, local extinctions
Habitat loss, eutrophication, local
extinctions, reduced fish stocks, lower
resistance to disease
Change of habitats and species distributions,
coastal erosion, habitat loss
Damage to habitats, reduced fish stocks,
health risks to swimmers/surfers
Loss/change of habitat
Local extinctions, long-term effects on
recruitment and species viability
Catastrophic loss of populations, long-term
effects on recruitment and species viability.
Change of habitats and species distributions
Change in disturbance regime
Loss of habitat, local extinctions
Change in productivity, habitat loss
Catastrophic loss of populations and habitat
Natural disturbance and recovery patterns
785
786
Table 2. Continental-scale assessment of overall condition and trend of estuaries and
deltas as reported (case studies listed in Appendix 44A).
Continental
Area
Number of
estuaries
and deltas
included
724
Number
of
regions
assessed
8
North
America
>77
17
Central and
South
America
>21
11
Asia
>32
27
Africa
223
17
Europe
245
21
Australia and
South Pacific
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Overall
Condition
Overall
Trend
Very Good 1
Good 3
Poor 1
Very Poor 3
Very Good 2
Good 5
Poor 3
Very Poor 6
Very Good 0
Good 3
Poor 7
Very Poor 1
Very Good 1
Good 5
Poor 10
Very Poor 11
Very Good 1
Good 7
Poor 5
Very Poor 4
Very Good 1
Good 8
Poor 6
Very Poor 6
Improving 0
Stable 2
Declining 5
Improving 2
Stable 3
Declining 5
Improving 1
Stable 0
Declining 5
Improving 2
Stable 10
Declining 13
Improving 0
Stable 2
Declining 11
Improving 5
Stable 1
Declining 7
789
790
Figure Caption:
791
792
793
Figure 1. Estuarine and deltaic condition assessments based on reports for 100 regions (listed in Appendix
44A).
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© 2014 United Nations