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Organization of Life & Homeostasis
Vocabulary
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all living things are composed (made-up) of cells
cell theory
cell
cell function
cell structure
cell organelles
classification of
living things
single celled
organisms
multicellular
organisms
levels of
organization in
multicellular
organisms
cells
basic unit of structure (how it is built and organized) and function (how it works) in
living things
cells grow and divide, producing more cells. cells take in energy and raw materials
from food for growth, repair and maintenance (keep things normal).
cells are usually microscopic in size. all cells have a cell membrane (surrounds the
cell), cytoplasm (fills the cell) and genetic material (DNA). eukaryotic cells have a
nucleus that protects the DNA
organelles are the smaller structures inside the cell,
the cell membrane, cytoplasm and nucleus are organelles.
other organelles in cells are the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) which transports
materials from the nucleus to the cell; ribosomes are where proteins are synthesized
(made) from raw materials; mitochondrion are where respiration breaks down food
molecules to get energy; and vacuoles store food and water.
plant cells have some special organelles: chloroplasts are where photosynthesis
makes food from sunlight; cell walls give plants their rigid (stiff) structure, and
plants have a single very large vacuole (animals have many small vacuoles).
living things are classified by shared characteristics on the cellular and organism
levels; details of internal and external structures are considered. living things are
classified from general (Kingdom) to specific (species).
some living things are made of one cell. these organisms belong to the Kingdoms
Archea, Eubacteria and most of Protista
some living things are made up of many cells that are organized to work together
and have specialized jobs. these organisms belong to the Kingdoms Plantae, Fungi,
and Animalia.
in multicellular organisms cells are organized to perform specific jobs.
from smallest to largest: cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, organism
in multicellular organisms, all cells are specialized. individual cells have a specific
(specialized) function or job, ex: muscle cells and skin cells have different jobs.
tissues
group of specialized cells that have the same function (job), ex: muscle tissue
organs
group of specialized tissues that work together to perform a function, ex: biceps
organ systems
group of organs that interact (work together) to perform a function, ex: muscular
system provides the organism with locomotion (movement) by interacting with the
skeletal and the nervous systems.
multicellular animals
vertebrate animals
mammals
human organ systems
cells
digestive system
respiratory system
excretory system
circulatory system
skeletal and muscular
systems
nervous system
endocrine system
reproductive system
immune system
multicellular plants
all have similar organs and organ systems to carry out major life activities.
group of multicellular animals (phylum) that have a backbone: includes fish,
amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals.
all have very similar organs and organ systems.
smaller group of multicellular animals (class) that have almost the exact same organs
and organ systems. mammals are vertebrates who give birth to live young, feed their
young with milk (mammary glands), have hair or fur, and breathe air with lungs, ex:
humans, mice, monkeys, dogs, bears, skunks…
each human organ system is a structure composed of organs, tissues and cells which
perform specific functions and interact (work)with each other
all human cells need nutrients, oxygen and waste removal to function. organ
systems, along with organs and tissues interact to provide for cells.
group of organs responsible for the mechanical (physical change: chewing) and
chemical (chemical change: acids break apart molecules) breakdown of food.
the result is food that has been broken down into molecules small enough to be
absorbed into the circulatory system and then transported to all cells of the body.
group of organs that supply oxygen to the circulatory system for transport cells.
cells use the oxygen to perform respiration (mitochondrion) which releases the
energy stored in food molecules. the circulatory system brings the waste of
respiration, carbon dioxide, to the lungs to be excreted or removed.
groups of different organs that remove waste molecules from cells, by eliminating
liquid and gas wastes and removes excess heat, ex: urine (kidneys), exhaling (lungs),
sweating (skin)
group of organs that transport or move substances to and from cells, ex: blood carries
food molecules from digestive system to cells; wastes are transported from cells to
organs for removal; hormones are transported to cells from the endocrine system.
organs include the heart, veins, arteries, capillaries and blood. White blood cells of
the immune system fight microbes and are transported by the circulatory system
groups of organs that interact to provide locomotion (movement) necessary to
escape danger, obtain food and shelter, and reproduce. The nervous system
coordinates the movement.
group of organs that coordinate locomotion with the skeletal and muscular systems.
controls the body’s responses to changes in the environment. the nervous system can
be affected by hormones from the endocrine system
group of organs that regulate growth, development, and reproduction by the use of
chemical hormones. hormones regulate (monitor and adjust) many body functions.
groups of organs that differ in males and females which are responsible for producing
sex cells needed for the production of offspring. reproductive system is regulated by
hormones in the endocrine system.
organs that produce specialized cells to protect the body from infectious diseases that
can break down the structures and functions in an organism.
the chemicals produced by the immune system identify and destroy microbes that
enter the body, ex: white blood cells fight infection
organ systems in many plants include roots (water intake and food storage), stems
(support and transport), leaves (photosynthesis) and flowers (reproductive structures)
that are responsible for a plant’s life activities.
all organisms must obtain resources (energy and building materials), grow, develop,
reproduce, and maintain a stable internal environment
life processes
resources
nutrients
calories
energy
producers
food provides the resources needed for energy (fuel)and for building materials for
growth, repair and maintenance for all organisms.
food contains nutrients. nutrients include carbohydrates, fats, vitamins, proteins,
minerals and water. nutrients are vital to the survival of all organism. an
imbalance in nutrients can lead to weight gain (too much), weight loss (too little), or
disease (loss of homeostasis).
a measure of the amount of energy in food. the total calories of each type of food
varies. the number of calories required varies for each organism
all organisms need energy to survive. living things get the energy they need to
survive from their food. all living things, including plants, must first release the
energy from food . many cells (eukaryotic) use oxygen to release the energy stored
in food by respiration (mitochondrion) to carry on their life processes.
the amount of energy and the way this energy is obtained varies in living things.
make their own food by using light energy for photosynthesis, ex: green plants
consumers
get their food by taking-in (ingesting or eating) other organisms to get their energy,
ex: animals eat plants
herbivores
consumers who obtain food-energy from eating only plants
carnivores
consumers who obtain food-energy from eating only animals
omnivores
consumers who obtain food-energy from eating both plants and animals
decomposers
grow, develop &
reproduce
homeostasis
disruption of
homeostasis
regulation (internal)
metabolism
regulation(external)
adaptation
consumers who obtain food-energy from eating the wastes of organisms and/or dead
organisms, ex: bacteria and fungi
all living things grow and develop or change during their life cycle. organisms must
reproduce for the survival of their species.
maintaining a balanced-steady condition. animals and plants have a great variety of
body plans and internal structures that help to maintain homeostasis. to maintain
homeostasis all organisms must have a minimum daily intake of nutrients.
can lead to illness or even death. homeostasis disruption can be the result of an
infectious disease and/or bad personal behaviors (like drugs, poor diet or lack of
exercise). during pregnancy this can affect the development of the child.
regulating (monitoring and adjusting) of an organism’s internal (inner) environment
involves sensing and responding to changes in the body’s chemical activities
(metabolism) to keep conditions within the range needed for survival. this uses
nervous system and hormone (endocrine system) feedback mechanisms, ex: body
temperature and sweating or shivering to maintain a temperature of 37 ˚C
the sum of all chemical reactions in an organism.
metabolism is influenced by hormones, exercise, diet and aging.
regulating (monitoring and adjusting) of an organisms external (outer) environment,
requires an ability to sense and respond to changes in the environment. a stimulus is
a change in the environment and a response is the reaction to the change.
in order to survive, all organisms must be adapted to their environment. adaptations
allow organisms to successfully live and reproduce in their environment.