CHAPTER 9
SECTION 4
WARS & HARDSHIPS:
1) Imperialism: Caused by the desire for land, raw materials and new markets for goods.
2) Nationalism: fueled by the desire for new lands
3) Militarism: All sides began to build larger military powers and this created a great deal of tension.
4) Alliances: Countries began to form partnerships with one another in order to preserve their future safety.
WORLD WAR I:
 June 28, 1914: ethnic Serbian assassin killed the Austrian Archduke
Francis Ferdinand. o Austria Hungary declared war on Serbia.
 Russia protected Serbia therefore Germany declared war on
Russia.
 This started the first great war of the world. o READ AND FOCUS ON MAIN EVENTS OF WORLD WAR I. You must be able to write about it.
WORLD WAR II:
 1930: Aggressive actions in Europe and Asia led to WWII.
 READ AND FOCUS ON MAIN EVENTS OF WORLD WAR II. You must be able to write about it.

CHAPTER 13
Section 1-3
WEST AND CENTRAL AFRICA
KEY TERMS:
Section 1:
Sahel
Savanna
Arable Land
Desertification
Malaria
Physical Features:
 Rich and varied: o Vast deserts to dense rainforests o Largest hot desert- SAHARA o Grasslands blend into the tropical rainforest o Much of the continent is a plateau
 Worn down by erosion + weathering o Highland but no major mountains o Largest drainage basins in the world.
 Entire area of land from which rainfall flows into a river or lake. (CHAD BASIN)

Niger River Basin:
 Largest in western Africa
 More rainfalls in some parts of the basin than in others o Heavy rain causes flooding
Congo River Basin:
 Drains most of central Africa
 Heavy rainfall feeds the Congo
 Congo basin hosts Africa’s largest network of navigable rivers. o Ships can pass through but waterfalls/rapids make the passage dangerous.
A Variety of Climates:
Africa is located astride the equator, half its continent is in the Northern
Hemisphere. The other half is in the Southern Hemisphere.
 The location affects West and Central Africa’s climate zones. o ITCZ = INTERTROPICAL CONVERGENCE ZONE
 Band of rain
 Warm air that rises into the atmosphere around the equator which causes periods of heavy rainfall.
 Movement creates the wet and dry seasons of the tropics.
 Because Africa is flat, each region’s climate zones gradually changes into the next.
 Tropical wet climate can be found along the equator.

 Rain falls all year long (Spring/fall)
 Temperatures are warm year-round.
Dense Rainforests:
 Birds, reptiles and insects.
Tropical Wet & Dry Zone
N (JULY)
Equator
S
(Feb)
Tropical Wet & Dry Zone
Band of rain barely reaches the Sahel:
 Short rainy season of at most three months.
 Less rainfalls than on the Savanna
 Daily temperatures are high
 Beyond the bands of precipitation lie arid zones. o Get little rainfall o Hot days contrast with cold nights o Few animal species & sparse vegetation
People and the Land:

 People have developed strategies to get the most of their challenging environment. o Land/climate affects how people make a living.
Chad:
 -3% arable land
 desert area supports only a few groups of people
 Nomads. o Raise camels and a few crops in oases o Easily movable dwellings/tents/mats
Central Chad:
 Cattle is raised on the Savanna
 In the South = people grow cotton
 50% population of Chad lives in the South (due to the fact that they have more arable land)
Nigeria:
 33% arable land
 Cacao = biggest cash crop
 Rich in minerals
 Huge oil reserves o Tapping this resource hurts the environment o 1.5 million tons of oil have dripped from leaky pipelines into the
Niger Delta (over 50 years) o oil seeps into wetlands, forests and farmlands.

o Pollutes air and water.
 Causes fire
 Countries with oil reserves:
 Angola, Cameroon, Chad, etc;
LAND USE:
 Farming
 Graze animals
 Dry periods have been an issue. o Herders allow too many of their animals to graze which leads to desertification.
Problem of Disease:
 Insects: o Carry parasites/small organisms o Tsetse Fly: spreads a parasite that causes a disease known as sleeping sickness. o Fatal = to both humans and cattle
 Mosquitoes: o Spread malaria o 90% deaths from Malaria throughout the tropical/non-tropical region
SECTION 2:
KEY TERMS:
Salt trade: West Africans traded gold for the Arabs’ salt.

Atlantic Slave Trade: Europeans brought enslaved Africans across the Atlantic
Ocean to work on colonial plantations.
Middle Passage: voyage across the Atlantic that formed the middle leg of the triangle.
Colonialism: A policy by which one country seeks to rule other areas.
Imperialism: Policy of creating an empire by taking over other areas.
Pan- Africanism: Political and social movement to unite black Africans around the world.
********* READ SECTION 1 CAREFULLY, NOT ALL WORDS ARE SOLELY FROM
THE KEYTERMS FOR THE FILL IN THE BLANKS. STUDY!
TRADE IN EARLY WEST & CENTRAL AFRICA:
 In the Savannas and Forests of West Africa o People grew crops and raised animals o Community may produce more food than needed. (surplus)
 The surplus would be traded at markets
 Kingdoms slowly arose and they started to guide the local trade.
 Salt for Gold: o A.D. 750 – kingdoms developed trade with Arab traders who lived in North Africa. o Exchanged goods
 Gold
 Salt (rare and expensive)

 Salt trade
 Arab trading partners brought more than salt to the region: o Carried scholarship, law and religion of Islam to West Africa o This started a trade network
 New cities
 Rulers gained power (people gave taxes and tributes)
 3 trading empires rose.
Ghana Leads the Way:
 1 st of the empires (600 – 1200 A.D.)
 ruled over Mali- Mauritania
 success= larger population but lead to strained resources.
 1050 A.D. power struggles with North, this weakened Ghana
 1240, Mali attacked Ghana and took over.
Mali Makes an Impression:
 Mansa Musa (1312-1317) o Practiced Islam o His pilgrimage to Mecca in 1324 strengthened their ties to North
Africa. o Mali eventually weakened and declined and paved the way for
Songhai.

Songhai’s Glory:
 1400s- Songhai took over Mali o largest empire in African history o took over Timbuktu and Djenne
 flourished as center of the salt trade.
 Became an Islamic learning culture.
 1600s, empire split into smaller states.
Europeans in the Region:
 1400s, West and Central Africans began trade with the Europeans. o They were drawn in by gold o Soon they started the slave trade. o Slavery existed before the Europeans arrives.
 Trans-saharan trade.
The Atlantic Slave Trade Begins:
 1500s: Europeans colonized the Americas
 brought enslaved Africans across the Atlantic Ocean to work on colonial plantations. o Atlantic Slave Trade o African traders sold slaves for manufactures goods from Europe
(cloth/guns) o Thousands of captives died on their journey through the middle passage.
 Effects of the trade: o Largest forced migration in history

o 13 million Africans left on slave ships o slave trades affected the relationship between African states. o Stronger states attacked weaker ones.
 Wars hurt governance and economies o Africans who went to North America, the Caribbean, and South
America, and brought their cultures with them.
 Colonialism: o Slavery was outlawed in the United States and Europe in the early
1800s.
 Europe looked to Africa for more colonies.
 Colonialism
 Imperialism
 PAGE 515 “SCRAMBLE FOR AFRICA) READ AND
UNDERSTAND ALL FACTS:
 Causes, Events, Effects.