Supporting information to Effects of seed traits on the potential of seed
dispersal by fish with contrasting modes of feeding
AUTHORS: GER BOEDELTJE, TOM SPANINGS, GERT FLIK, BART J.A. POLLUX, FERDINAND A. SIBBING
AND
WILCO C.E.P. VERBERK
Email: g.boedeltje@planet.nl
Appendix S1. Cracking resistance ± s.d. of the species used in the experiments (n = 20): Measurements were
carried out at Leiden University after Van der Meij & Bout (2000).
Seeds of aquatic species (Table 2) had been stored in water for c. 5 months. Seeds of riparian species (Table 2), that had been dry-stored,
were placed in vials with tap water, 24 h. before the measurements were performed. This treatment corresponds to that of the seeds fed to the
fishes. For each species, the force required to crack the seeds was measured in 20 randomly selected wet seeds. The term ‘hardness’ will also
be used to refer to cracking resistance.
Species
Cracking resistance
(Newton)
s.d.
12.0
1.9
Alnus glutinosa
5.4
1.2
Angelica sylvestris
2.0
0.3
Carex pseudocyperus fruits
8.3
0.8
Carex pseudocyperus utricles
7.3
1.7
Eupatorium cannabinum
1.4
0.2
12.3
1.7
Alisma plantago-aquatica
Filipendula ulmaria
Impatiens glandulifera
5.9
1.5
11.9
2.6
Lycopus europaeus
3.1
0.4
Lythrum salicaria
2.8
1.1
Juncus effusus
Myosotis scorpioides
1.4
0.5
25.8
3.2
Nymphoides peltata
1.0
0.2
Potamogeton alpinus
19.3
3.5
Potamogeton lucens
61.7
9.4
Potamogeton natans
85.2
12.5
Potamogeton pusillus
23.2
3.8
Sagittaria sagittifolia
0.5
0.2
Scirpus sylvaticus
4.5
1.3
Myriophyllum spicatum
Literature
Van der Meij, M.A.A. & Bout, R.G. (2000) Seed selection in the Java Sparrow (Padda oryzifora): preference
and mechanical constraint. Canadian Journal of Zoology, 78, 1668-1673.
Appendix S2 Results phylogenetic analyses
To evaluate whether patterns in traits presented in our paper could be spurious because of the
underlying phylogenetic relationships, we also analysed our data while taking phylogeny into account.
In order to do so, we calculated phylogenetic independent contrasts using the package APE in R
(Paradis et al., 2004), and making use of a published tree of plants that included our 19 plant species
(Durka & Michalski, 2012; Figure Appendix S2A). Analyses employing phylogenetic independent
contrasts, require one value per plant species, for a trait (e.g. seed size) but also for a performance
metric (e.g. percentage of seeds ingested). Thus we condensed the data to arrive at one performance
metric. This greatly reduced the number of replicates (19 plant species) compared to the binomial
analyses reported in the paper, which was based on individual seeds (18,200 seeds). We therefore
decided to run the same models that were selected using the binomial analyses on the condensed data
set both with and without accounting for phylogeny. Next we compared if the models were similar or
not. Models were considered inconsistent when in both analyses a trait was significant, but with sign
reversal. Conversely, models were considered consistent if in both analysis a given trait was
significant and consistent in direction (both positively correlated or negatively correlated). In some
cases, sign reversals were observed, but these were only highlighted when they were significant in one
of the two analyses. Given the low number of replicates, we adhered to an alpha of 0.10. Using these
criteria, no inconsistencies were observed between the 10 sets of models (2 fish species x 5
performance metrics). Consistencies were observed for 8 cases, while traits with sign reversals that
were significant in only one of the two models were found in 3 cases. Moreover, in those cases were
significant relationships with traits were revealed only in the analysis accounting for phylogeny
(negative effect of seed mass on tilapia ingestion, negative effect of seed mass and seed shape on
overall performance in tilapia), the same relationships had also been detected by the binomial analysis
in the paper. Based on these results, we conclude our data analysis was robust with respect to
phylogeny.
Figure Appendix S2A. Phylogenetic tree used to generate phylogenetic independent contrasts (taken
from Durka & Michalski, 2012).
LEGEND
Inconsistent: significant in both analysis, but with sign reversal
Sign reversal, but not significant in one of the two analyses
Consistent: significant in both analyses and in the same direction (both positive or negative
estimates)
Carp ingestion
Without phylogeny
Call:
lm(formula = ingestion ~ seedShape + seedMass + seedMucus + seedMucus:seedS
hape +
seedCrackingForce:seedMucus + seedMass:seedShape + seedCrackingForce:se
edMass)
Residuals:
Min
1Q
Median
-0.033751 -0.005189 -0.001009
3Q
0.006124
Max
0.035838
Coefficients:
Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)
(Intercept)
0.991399
0.016102 61.572 2.57e-15 ***
seedShape
0.122126
0.125329
0.974 0.35078
seedMass
0.019727
0.005294
3.726 0.00335 **
seedMucus
-0.158489
0.046263 -3.426 0.00567 **
seedShape:seedMucus
0.791318
0.334809
2.363 0.03758 *
seedMucus:seedCrackingForce 0.054163
0.015113
3.584 0.00429 **
seedShape:seedMass
-0.208089
0.062052 -3.353 0.00644 **
seedMass:seedCrackingForce -0.010296
0.002944 -3.497 0.00499 **
---
With phylogenetic independent contrasts
Call:
lm(formula = ingestion ~ seedShape + seedMass + seedMucus + seedMucus:seedS
hape +
seedCrackingForce:seedMucus + seedMass:seedShape + seedCrackingForce:se
edMass)
Residuals:
Min
1Q
Median
-0.0026948 -0.0009449 -0.0002028
3Q
0.0011117
Max
0.0029389
Coefficients:
(Intercept)
seedShape
seedMass
seedMucus
seedShape:seedMucus
seedMucus:seedCrackingForce
seedShape:seedMass
seedMass:seedCrackingForce
---
Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)
0.0008825 0.0006145
1.436
0.1815
-0.0947449 0.1380861 -0.686
0.5082
-0.0029659 0.0021705 -1.366
0.2017
-0.0155005 0.0141968 -1.092
0.3005
6.8329087 3.5687134
1.915
0.0846 .
0.0800199 0.1313904
0.609
0.5561
-0.3971314 0.2966545 -1.339
0.2103
-0.0126878 0.0032606 -3.891
0.0030 **
Carp retrieval
Without phylogeny
Call:
lm(formula = retrieval ~ seedCrackingForce + seedShape + seedMucus +
seedMucus:seedShape)
Residuals:
Min
1Q
Median
-0.13722 -0.07544 -0.01340
3Q
0.00944
Max
0.35533
Coefficients:
Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)
(Intercept)
0.10044
0.08662
1.160
0.266
seedCrackingForce
0.11159
0.01592
7.011 6.14e-06 ***
seedShape
-0.36695
0.57269 -0.641
0.532
seedMucus
-0.07255
0.18024 -0.403
0.693
seedShape:seedMucus 0.64500
1.68346
0.383
0.707
---
With phylogenetic independent contrasts
Call:
lm(formula = retrieval ~ seedCrackingForce + seedShape + seedMucus +
seedMucus:seedShape)
Residuals:
Min
1Q
Median
-0.024493 -0.008812 -0.003539
3Q
0.008607
Max
0.028910
Coefficients:
Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)
(Intercept)
0.005131
0.004039
1.270
0.226
seedCrackingForce
0.069769
0.009852
7.081 8.27e-06 ***
seedShape
0.195133
0.595047
0.328
0.748
seedMucus
0.076586
0.090675
0.845
0.414
seedShape:seedMucus 21.736767 16.732522
1.299
0.216
---
Carp viability
Without phylogeny
Call:
lm(formula = viability ~ seedCrackingForce + seedHeight + seedMass +
seedShape + seedSurfaceStructure + seedMucus + seedCrackingForce:seedMu
cus +
seedCrackingForce:seedMass)
Residuals:
Min
1Q
-0.49161 -0.07076
Median
0.00846
3Q
0.08239
Max
0.47863
Coefficients:
Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)
(Intercept)
0.54396
0.55718
0.976
0.352
seedCrackingForce
0.01485
0.14380
0.103
0.920
seedHeight
0.18117
0.32644
0.555
0.591
seedMass
-0.05301
0.03889 -1.363
0.203
seedShape
-1.33535
1.59599 -0.837
0.422
seedSurfaceStructure
0.12395
0.47606
0.260
0.800
seedMucus
0.05982
0.30537
0.196
0.849
seedCrackingForce:seedMucus 0.09522
0.19523
0.488
0.636
seedCrackingForce:seedMass -0.01203
0.03773 -0.319
0.756
With phylogenetic independent contrasts
Call:
lm(formula = viability ~ seedCrackingForce + seedHeight + seedMass +
seedShape + seedSurfaceStructure + seedMucus + seedCrackingForce:seedMu
cus +
seedCrackingForce:seedMass)
Residuals:
Min
1Q
-0.028903 -0.014234
Median
0.000308
3Q
0.004178
Max
0.043771
Coefficients:
(Intercept)
seedCrackingForce
seedHeight
seedMass
seedShape
seedSurfaceStructure
seedMucus
seedCrackingForce:seedMucus
seedCrackingForce:seedMass
Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)
-0.007943
0.013638 -0.582
0.5746
0.063979
0.111461
0.574
0.5800
0.327261
0.429680
0.762
0.4658
-0.058740
0.027482 -2.137
0.0613 .
-0.613183
1.237745 -0.495
0.6322
0.185862
0.454836
0.409
0.6924
0.140967
0.205527
0.686
0.5101
0.623696
3.336514
0.187
0.8559
-0.064950
0.209483 -0.310
0.7636
Carp germination
Without phylogeny
Call:
lm(formula = germination ~ seedCrackingForce + seedMass + seedMucus +
seedMucus:seedShape + seedShape + seedCrackingForce:seedMucus +
seedMass:seedShape + seedCrackingForce:seedMass)
Residuals:
Min
1Q
-0.42626 -0.03648
Median
0.03017
3Q
0.08576
Max
0.13233
Coefficients:
(Intercept)
seedCrackingForce
seedMass
seedMucus
seedShape
seedMucus:seedShape
seedCrackingForce:seedMucus
seedMass:seedShape
seedCrackingForce:seedMass
---
Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)
0.98270
0.16129
6.093 0.000117 ***
-0.08281
0.08434 -0.982 0.349313
-0.11219
0.04386 -2.558 0.028479 *
0.54262
0.38295
1.417 0.186896
0.08930
1.05452
0.085 0.934186
-3.58579
2.79034 -1.285 0.227732
-0.27388
0.13039 -2.101 0.062021 .
0.20065
0.51898
0.387 0.707142
0.05760
0.02638
2.183 0.053944 .
With phylogenetic independent contrasts
Call:
lm(formula = germination ~ seedCrackingForce + seedMass + seedMucus +
seedMucus:seedShape + seedShape + seedCrackingForce:seedMucus +
seedMass:seedShape + seedCrackingForce:seedMass)
Residuals:
Min
1Q
Median
-0.0151997 -0.0069992 -0.0008349
3Q
0.0041322
Max
0.0235129
Coefficients:
(Intercept)
seedCrackingForce
seedMass
seedMucus
Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)
0.005246
0.004664
1.125
0.2898
-0.141843
0.046199 -3.070
0.0133 *
-0.098253
0.013948 -7.044 6.02e-05 ***
0.020501
0.097147
0.211
0.8376
seedShape
0.278661
seedMucus:seedShape
3.899653
seedCrackingForce:seedMucus -2.215799
seedMass:seedShape
-3.197328
seedCrackingForce:seedMass
0.238738
---
0.868737
23.491744
1.029167
1.944349
0.078673
0.321
0.166
-2.153
-1.644
3.035
0.7557
0.8718
0.0597 .
0.1345
0.0141 *
Carp overall
Without phylogeny
Call:
lm(formula = overall ~ seedCrackingForce + seedShape + seedMucus +
seedMucus:seedShape + seedCrackingForce:seedMucus)
Residuals:
Min
1Q
Median
-0.19286 -0.05727 -0.01933
3Q
0.06097
Max
0.18371
Coefficients:
(Intercept)
seedCrackingForce
seedShape
seedMucus
seedShape:seedMucus
seedCrackingForce:seedMucus
---
Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)
-0.06751
0.09818 -0.688 0.503758
0.22826
0.05145
4.436 0.000671 ***
-0.01595
0.55093 -0.029 0.977347
0.15334
0.17655
0.869 0.400832
-0.04379
1.51765 -0.029 0.977417
-0.13335
0.05354 -2.491 0.027056 *
With phylogenetic independent contrasts
Call:
lm(formula = overall ~ seedCrackingForce + seedShape + seedMucus +
seedMucus:seedShape + seedCrackingForce:seedMucus)
Residuals:
Min
1Q
Median
-0.017994 -0.007806 -0.001445
3Q
0.006022
Max
0.034686
Coefficients:
Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)
(Intercept)
0.005581
0.004024
1.387
0.191
seedCrackingForce
0.060804
0.009798
6.206 4.55e-05 ***
seedShape
0.231429
0.622028
0.372
0.716
seedMucus
0.067241
0.090096
0.746
0.470
seedShape:seedMucus
15.780103 18.526308
0.852
0.411
seedCrackingForce:seedMucus -0.937668
0.742979 -1.262
0.231
---
Tilapia ingestion
Without phylogeny
Call:
lm(formula = ingestion ~ seedWidth + seedMass + seedCrackingForce +
seedShape + seedMucus + seedCrackingForce:seedMucus + seedMass:seedShap
e +
seedCrackingForce:seedMass)
Residuals:
Min
1Q
-0.16529 -0.07385
Median
0.01644
3Q
0.05432
Max
0.14229
Coefficients:
(Intercept)
seedWidth
seedMass
seedCrackingForce
seedShape
seedMucus
seedCrackingForce:seedMucus
seedMass:seedShape
seedMass:seedCrackingForce
---
Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)
0.885283
0.113480
7.801 1.47e-05 ***
0.057367
0.045539
1.260
0.2364
0.039646
0.030850
1.285
0.2277
-0.008969
0.058747 -0.153
0.8817
0.064745
0.732848
0.088
0.9313
-0.073389
0.114253 -0.642
0.5351
0.027573
0.083427
0.331
0.7478
-1.280462
0.440603 -2.906
0.0157 *
-0.006480
0.016342 -0.397
0.7000
With phylogenetic independent contrasts
Call:
lm(formula = ingestion ~ seedWidth + seedMass + seedCrackingForce +
seedShape + seedMucus + seedCrackingForce:seedMucus + seedMass:seedShap
e +
seedCrackingForce:seedMass)
Residuals:
Min
1Q
Median
-0.0173396 -0.0043936 -0.0007506
3Q
0.0055116
Max
0.0144039
Coefficients:
(Intercept)
seedWidth
seedMass
seedCrackingForce
seedShape
seedMucus
seedCrackingForce:seedMucus
seedMass:seedShape
seedMass:seedCrackingForce
---
Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)
0.010873
0.004326
2.514 0.033113 *
-0.024615
0.034561 -0.712 0.494372
-0.068850
0.011137 -6.182 0.000162 ***
-0.088719
0.042520 -2.087 0.066556 .
-0.054357
0.699856 -0.078 0.939791
0.058981
0.070557
0.836 0.424824
-1.236313
0.950398 -1.301 0.225632
-4.113604
1.216213 -3.382 0.008097 **
0.088126
0.069617
1.266 0.237345
Tilapia retrieval
Without phylogeny
Call:
lm(formula = retrieval ~ seedCrackingForce + seedMass + seedShape +
seedCrackingForce:seedMass)
Residuals:
Min
1Q
-0.33147 -0.04930
Median
0.01922
3Q
0.09446
Max
0.17100
Coefficients:
Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)
(Intercept)
0.376113
0.119227
3.155 0.00703 **
seedCrackingForce
0.189581
0.064300
2.948 0.01058 *
seedMass
-0.004882
0.014488 -0.337 0.74116
seedShape
-0.437213
0.642518 -0.680 0.50731
seedCrackingForce:seedMass -0.024067
0.013548 -1.776 0.09739 .
---
With phylogenetic independent contrasts
Call:
lm(formula = retrieval ~ seedCrackingForce + seedMass + seedShape +
seedCrackingForce:seedMass)
Residuals:
Min
1Q
-0.036883 -0.004852
Median
0.002477
3Q
0.006526
Max
0.017070
Coefficients:
(Intercept)
seedCrackingForce
seedMass
seedShape
seedCrackingForce:seedMass
---
Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)
-0.0003836 0.0041351 -0.093 0.92751
0.0921873 0.0294017
3.135 0.00789 **
-0.0119442 0.0128895 -0.927 0.37099
-0.3900276 0.6140026 -0.635 0.53631
-0.1065600 0.0534890 -1.992 0.06778 .
Tilapia viability
Without phylogeny
Call:
lm(formula = viability ~ seedCrackingForce + seedHeight + seedMass +
seedShape + seedMucus + seedCrackingForce:seedMucus + seedMass:seedShap
e +
seedCrackingForce:seedMass)
Residuals:
Min
1Q
Median
-0.193639 -0.080895 -0.002187
3Q
0.067815
Max
0.311692
Coefficients:
(Intercept)
seedCrackingForce
seedHeight
seedMass
seedShape
seedMucus
seedCrackingForce:seedMucus
seedMass:seedShape
seedCrackingForce:seedMass
---
Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)
0.925095
0.236450
3.912
0.0029 **
0.023943
0.081619
0.293
0.7753
0.046073
0.179715
0.256
0.8029
0.031443
0.041759
0.753
0.4688
-0.713236
1.117227 -0.638
0.5376
-0.020087
0.164006 -0.122
0.9049
0.036921
0.109465
0.337
0.7429
-0.966500
0.498953 -1.937
0.0815 .
-0.001394
0.020909 -0.067
0.9481
With phylogenetic independent contrasts
Call:
lm(formula = viability ~ seedCrackingForce + seedHeight + seedMass +
seedShape + seedMucus + seedCrackingForce:seedMucus + seedMass:seedShap
e +
seedCrackingForce:seedMass)
Residuals:
Min
1Q
-0.035773 -0.005982
Median
0.001115
3Q
0.007066
Max
0.032006
Coefficients:
(Intercept)
seedCrackingForce
seedHeight
seedMass
seedShape
seedMucus
seedCrackingForce:seedMucus
seedMass:seedShape
seedCrackingForce:seedMass
Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)
-0.004022
0.008451 -0.476
0.645
0.081429
0.068921
1.181
0.268
0.242826
0.289157
0.840
0.423
-0.037941
0.024847 -1.527
0.161
-1.207485
1.106466 -1.091
0.303
0.087283
0.141323
0.618
0.552
1.978832
1.932348
1.024
0.333
-0.088133
2.557729 -0.034
0.973
-0.119011
0.123075 -0.967
0.359
Tilapia germination
Without phylogeny
Call:
lm(formula = germination ~ seedCrackingForce + seedWidth + seedMass +
seedMass:seedMucus + seedShape + seedMucus + seedMucus:seedShape +
seedCrackingForce:seedMucus + seedCrackingForce:seedMass)
Residuals:
Min
1Q
-0.68600 -0.05320
Median
0.06496
3Q
0.09710
Max
0.19891
Coefficients:
(Intercept)
seedCrackingForce
seedWidth
seedMass
seedShape
seedMucus
seedMass:seedMucus
seedMucus:seedShape
seedCrackingForce:seedMucus
seedCrackingForce:seedMass
---
Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)
1.03550
0.25159
4.116 0.00261 **
-0.13627
0.13334 -1.022 0.33346
0.02882
0.09088
0.317 0.75834
-0.07262
0.03808 -1.907 0.08886 .
-0.89603
1.67093 -0.536 0.60479
0.41844
0.61224
0.683 0.51153
-0.02047
0.26375 -0.078 0.93985
-2.01179
4.55992 -0.441 0.66948
-0.31662
0.25966 -1.219 0.25370
0.07676
0.04333
1.771 0.11026
With phylogenetic independent contrasts
Call:
lm(formula = germination ~ seedCrackingForce + seedWidth + seedMass +
seedMass:seedMucus + seedShape + seedMucus + seedMucus:seedShape +
seedCrackingForce:seedMucus + seedCrackingForce:seedMass)
Residuals:
Min
1Q
-0.017468 -0.013576
Median
0.000874
3Q
0.005774
Max
0.051073
Coefficients:
(Intercept)
seedCrackingForce
seedWidth
Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)
0.00707
0.01282
0.552
0.5963
-0.20880
0.10808 -1.932
0.0895 .
-0.02047
0.09881 -0.207
0.8411
seedMass
seedShape
seedMucus
seedMass:seedMucus
seedMucus:seedShape
seedCrackingForce:seedMucus
seedCrackingForce:seedMass
---
-0.05567
0.01409
-0.00966
-0.75940
10.65113
-3.02585
0.33749
0.05991
1.68139
0.18568
3.14278
40.93058
2.61010
0.19869
-0.929
0.008
-0.052
-0.242
0.260
-1.159
1.699
0.3800
0.9935
0.9598
0.8151
0.8013
0.2798
0.1278
Tilapia overall
Without phylogeny
Call:
lm(formula = overall ~ seedCrackingForce + seedMass + seedShape +
seedMucus + seedMass:seedShape)
Residuals:
Min
1Q
Median
-0.17586 -0.09086 -0.01376
3Q
0.05277
Max
0.28140
Coefficients:
(Intercept)
seedCrackingForce
seedMass
seedShape
seedMucus
seedMass:seedShape
---
Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)
0.583170
0.115711
5.040 0.000226 ***
0.046837
0.020912
2.240 0.043219 *
-0.003868
0.035248 -0.110 0.914288
-1.581013
0.898711 -1.759 0.102041
-0.136426
0.089757 -1.520 0.152466
-0.405576
0.444428 -0.913 0.378077
With phylogenetic independent contrasts
Call:
lm(formula = overall ~ seedCrackingForce + seedMass + seedShape +
seedMucus + seedMass:seedShape)
Residuals:
Min
1Q
-0.0224522 -0.0081934
Median
0.0004965
3Q
0.0060873
Max
0.0219869
Coefficients:
(Intercept)
seedCrackingForce
seedMass
seedShape
seedMucus
seedMass:seedShape
---
Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)
0.0006324 0.0038411
0.165
0.8720
-0.0141228 0.0121633 -1.161
0.2682
-0.0372061 0.0131625 -2.827
0.0153 *
-1.9701690 0.6644447 -2.965
0.0118 *
-0.1552641 0.0902508 -1.720
0.1110
-1.0195678 1.6122748 -0.632
0.5390
Literature
Paradis, E., Claude, J. & Strimmer, K. (2004) APE: Analyses of Phylogenetics and Evolution in R language.
Bioinformatics, 20, 289-290.
Durka, W. & Michalski, S. G. (2012) Daphne: a dated phylogeny of a large European flora for phylogenetically
informed ecological analyses: ecological Archives E093-214. Ecology, 93, 2297–2297.
Appendix S3. Proportion of viability and germination of the control seeds, i.e. the species
that did not pass the fish gut. Data are presented as mean ± SE. N = 3 x 50 seeds. Viability
refers to the number of seeds that germinated + the number of seeds that showed a positive
tetrazolium test.
Appendix S4. Viability of the number of retrieved seeds compared to the viability of the
control seeds. Viability refers to the number of seeds that germinated + the number of seeds
that showed a positive tetrazolium test.
N = total number of retrieved seeds that was set to germinate for carp and tilapia respectively.
For control group: N = 150. * Distribution of viable and non-viable seeds differs significantly
from that of the control group (P < 0.05). Without asterix: not significant.
Appendix S5. Proportion of retrieved seeds that germinated relative to the germination of the
control seeds. * = significant (P < 0.05) difference between fish-passed seeds and control
group. x: no living seeds were retrieved.
Appendix S6. Germination speed of retrieved seeds from carp and tilapia compared to that of
the control seeds. G50 = days after which 50% of the seeds had germinated. SEM = standard
error of the mean, N = numbers of replicates. Significant differences (Mann Whitney test, P <
0.05) are indicated in bold.
Plant species
Carp
G50
Alisma plantago-aquatica
Tilapia
SEM
N
G50
SEM
Control
N
G50
SEM
N
0.9
0.9
7
3.4
2.0
8
14.0
0.0
2
Alnus glutinosa
13.5
10.5
2
7.4
0.6
10
3.0
0.0
3
Angelica sylvestris
15.3
1.8
4
15.1
2.4
9
18.3
1.3
3
Carex pseudocyperus fruits
3.1
0.5
8
1.6
0.3
10
3.0
0.0
3
Carex pseudocyperus utricles
5.6
0.4
7
5.4
0.4
10
8.7
0.7
3
Eupatorium cannabinum
2.7
0.6
9
1.8
0.4
10
3.0
0.0
3
11.8
2.4
4
7.2
0.4
10
7.3
1.3
3
1.3
0.9
3
8.0
0.0
2
Juncus effusus
8.6
4.6
10
4.6
0.6
9
28.7
24.2
3
Lycopus europaeus
5.3
2.3
3
1.6
0.3
10
3.0
0.0
3
Lythrum salicaria
3.0
0.0
10
2.8
0.2
10
2.3
0.7
3
Myosotis scorpioides
2.4
0.8
9
7.9
1.9
10
2.3
0.7
3
Myriophyllum spicatum
2.2
0.3
10
2.4
0.3
10
3.0
0.0
3
Nymphoides peltata
1.5
1.5
2
2.4
0.7
8
3.0
0.0
3
Potamogeton alpinus
18.6
7.7
9
1.8
0.9
10
3.7
2.3
3
Potamogeton lucens
11.6
1.1
10
11.9
1.0
9
23.3
6.3
3
Potamogeton natans
47.0
15.5
7
42.0
22.9
4
22.3
3.5
3
Potamogeton pusillus
12.0
1.3
10
7.1
1.5
10
18.3
4.3
3
Sagittaria sagittifolia
3.5
2.3
6
0.3
0.3
10
5.7
1.5
3
Scirpus sylvaticus
3.3
0.3
10
3.6
0.4
10
3.0
0.0
3
Filipendula ulmaria
Impatiens glandulifera