Supporting information to Effects of seed traits on the potential of seed dispersal by fish with contrasting modes of feeding AUTHORS: GER BOEDELTJE, TOM SPANINGS, GERT FLIK, BART J.A. POLLUX, FERDINAND A. SIBBING AND WILCO C.E.P. VERBERK Email: g.boedeltje@planet.nl Appendix S1. Cracking resistance ± s.d. of the species used in the experiments (n = 20): Measurements were carried out at Leiden University after Van der Meij & Bout (2000). Seeds of aquatic species (Table 2) had been stored in water for c. 5 months. Seeds of riparian species (Table 2), that had been dry-stored, were placed in vials with tap water, 24 h. before the measurements were performed. This treatment corresponds to that of the seeds fed to the fishes. For each species, the force required to crack the seeds was measured in 20 randomly selected wet seeds. The term ‘hardness’ will also be used to refer to cracking resistance. Species Cracking resistance (Newton) s.d. 12.0 1.9 Alnus glutinosa 5.4 1.2 Angelica sylvestris 2.0 0.3 Carex pseudocyperus fruits 8.3 0.8 Carex pseudocyperus utricles 7.3 1.7 Eupatorium cannabinum 1.4 0.2 12.3 1.7 Alisma plantago-aquatica Filipendula ulmaria Impatiens glandulifera 5.9 1.5 11.9 2.6 Lycopus europaeus 3.1 0.4 Lythrum salicaria 2.8 1.1 Juncus effusus Myosotis scorpioides 1.4 0.5 25.8 3.2 Nymphoides peltata 1.0 0.2 Potamogeton alpinus 19.3 3.5 Potamogeton lucens 61.7 9.4 Potamogeton natans 85.2 12.5 Potamogeton pusillus 23.2 3.8 Sagittaria sagittifolia 0.5 0.2 Scirpus sylvaticus 4.5 1.3 Myriophyllum spicatum Literature Van der Meij, M.A.A. & Bout, R.G. (2000) Seed selection in the Java Sparrow (Padda oryzifora): preference and mechanical constraint. Canadian Journal of Zoology, 78, 1668-1673. Appendix S2 Results phylogenetic analyses To evaluate whether patterns in traits presented in our paper could be spurious because of the underlying phylogenetic relationships, we also analysed our data while taking phylogeny into account. In order to do so, we calculated phylogenetic independent contrasts using the package APE in R (Paradis et al., 2004), and making use of a published tree of plants that included our 19 plant species (Durka & Michalski, 2012; Figure Appendix S2A). Analyses employing phylogenetic independent contrasts, require one value per plant species, for a trait (e.g. seed size) but also for a performance metric (e.g. percentage of seeds ingested). Thus we condensed the data to arrive at one performance metric. This greatly reduced the number of replicates (19 plant species) compared to the binomial analyses reported in the paper, which was based on individual seeds (18,200 seeds). We therefore decided to run the same models that were selected using the binomial analyses on the condensed data set both with and without accounting for phylogeny. Next we compared if the models were similar or not. Models were considered inconsistent when in both analyses a trait was significant, but with sign reversal. Conversely, models were considered consistent if in both analysis a given trait was significant and consistent in direction (both positively correlated or negatively correlated). In some cases, sign reversals were observed, but these were only highlighted when they were significant in one of the two analyses. Given the low number of replicates, we adhered to an alpha of 0.10. Using these criteria, no inconsistencies were observed between the 10 sets of models (2 fish species x 5 performance metrics). Consistencies were observed for 8 cases, while traits with sign reversals that were significant in only one of the two models were found in 3 cases. Moreover, in those cases were significant relationships with traits were revealed only in the analysis accounting for phylogeny (negative effect of seed mass on tilapia ingestion, negative effect of seed mass and seed shape on overall performance in tilapia), the same relationships had also been detected by the binomial analysis in the paper. Based on these results, we conclude our data analysis was robust with respect to phylogeny. Figure Appendix S2A. Phylogenetic tree used to generate phylogenetic independent contrasts (taken from Durka & Michalski, 2012). LEGEND Inconsistent: significant in both analysis, but with sign reversal Sign reversal, but not significant in one of the two analyses Consistent: significant in both analyses and in the same direction (both positive or negative estimates) Carp ingestion Without phylogeny Call: lm(formula = ingestion ~ seedShape + seedMass + seedMucus + seedMucus:seedS hape + seedCrackingForce:seedMucus + seedMass:seedShape + seedCrackingForce:se edMass) Residuals: Min 1Q Median -0.033751 -0.005189 -0.001009 3Q 0.006124 Max 0.035838 Coefficients: Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|) (Intercept) 0.991399 0.016102 61.572 2.57e-15 *** seedShape 0.122126 0.125329 0.974 0.35078 seedMass 0.019727 0.005294 3.726 0.00335 ** seedMucus -0.158489 0.046263 -3.426 0.00567 ** seedShape:seedMucus 0.791318 0.334809 2.363 0.03758 * seedMucus:seedCrackingForce 0.054163 0.015113 3.584 0.00429 ** seedShape:seedMass -0.208089 0.062052 -3.353 0.00644 ** seedMass:seedCrackingForce -0.010296 0.002944 -3.497 0.00499 ** --- With phylogenetic independent contrasts Call: lm(formula = ingestion ~ seedShape + seedMass + seedMucus + seedMucus:seedS hape + seedCrackingForce:seedMucus + seedMass:seedShape + seedCrackingForce:se edMass) Residuals: Min 1Q Median -0.0026948 -0.0009449 -0.0002028 3Q 0.0011117 Max 0.0029389 Coefficients: (Intercept) seedShape seedMass seedMucus seedShape:seedMucus seedMucus:seedCrackingForce seedShape:seedMass seedMass:seedCrackingForce --- Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|) 0.0008825 0.0006145 1.436 0.1815 -0.0947449 0.1380861 -0.686 0.5082 -0.0029659 0.0021705 -1.366 0.2017 -0.0155005 0.0141968 -1.092 0.3005 6.8329087 3.5687134 1.915 0.0846 . 0.0800199 0.1313904 0.609 0.5561 -0.3971314 0.2966545 -1.339 0.2103 -0.0126878 0.0032606 -3.891 0.0030 ** Carp retrieval Without phylogeny Call: lm(formula = retrieval ~ seedCrackingForce + seedShape + seedMucus + seedMucus:seedShape) Residuals: Min 1Q Median -0.13722 -0.07544 -0.01340 3Q 0.00944 Max 0.35533 Coefficients: Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|) (Intercept) 0.10044 0.08662 1.160 0.266 seedCrackingForce 0.11159 0.01592 7.011 6.14e-06 *** seedShape -0.36695 0.57269 -0.641 0.532 seedMucus -0.07255 0.18024 -0.403 0.693 seedShape:seedMucus 0.64500 1.68346 0.383 0.707 --- With phylogenetic independent contrasts Call: lm(formula = retrieval ~ seedCrackingForce + seedShape + seedMucus + seedMucus:seedShape) Residuals: Min 1Q Median -0.024493 -0.008812 -0.003539 3Q 0.008607 Max 0.028910 Coefficients: Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|) (Intercept) 0.005131 0.004039 1.270 0.226 seedCrackingForce 0.069769 0.009852 7.081 8.27e-06 *** seedShape 0.195133 0.595047 0.328 0.748 seedMucus 0.076586 0.090675 0.845 0.414 seedShape:seedMucus 21.736767 16.732522 1.299 0.216 --- Carp viability Without phylogeny Call: lm(formula = viability ~ seedCrackingForce + seedHeight + seedMass + seedShape + seedSurfaceStructure + seedMucus + seedCrackingForce:seedMu cus + seedCrackingForce:seedMass) Residuals: Min 1Q -0.49161 -0.07076 Median 0.00846 3Q 0.08239 Max 0.47863 Coefficients: Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|) (Intercept) 0.54396 0.55718 0.976 0.352 seedCrackingForce 0.01485 0.14380 0.103 0.920 seedHeight 0.18117 0.32644 0.555 0.591 seedMass -0.05301 0.03889 -1.363 0.203 seedShape -1.33535 1.59599 -0.837 0.422 seedSurfaceStructure 0.12395 0.47606 0.260 0.800 seedMucus 0.05982 0.30537 0.196 0.849 seedCrackingForce:seedMucus 0.09522 0.19523 0.488 0.636 seedCrackingForce:seedMass -0.01203 0.03773 -0.319 0.756 With phylogenetic independent contrasts Call: lm(formula = viability ~ seedCrackingForce + seedHeight + seedMass + seedShape + seedSurfaceStructure + seedMucus + seedCrackingForce:seedMu cus + seedCrackingForce:seedMass) Residuals: Min 1Q -0.028903 -0.014234 Median 0.000308 3Q 0.004178 Max 0.043771 Coefficients: (Intercept) seedCrackingForce seedHeight seedMass seedShape seedSurfaceStructure seedMucus seedCrackingForce:seedMucus seedCrackingForce:seedMass Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|) -0.007943 0.013638 -0.582 0.5746 0.063979 0.111461 0.574 0.5800 0.327261 0.429680 0.762 0.4658 -0.058740 0.027482 -2.137 0.0613 . -0.613183 1.237745 -0.495 0.6322 0.185862 0.454836 0.409 0.6924 0.140967 0.205527 0.686 0.5101 0.623696 3.336514 0.187 0.8559 -0.064950 0.209483 -0.310 0.7636 Carp germination Without phylogeny Call: lm(formula = germination ~ seedCrackingForce + seedMass + seedMucus + seedMucus:seedShape + seedShape + seedCrackingForce:seedMucus + seedMass:seedShape + seedCrackingForce:seedMass) Residuals: Min 1Q -0.42626 -0.03648 Median 0.03017 3Q 0.08576 Max 0.13233 Coefficients: (Intercept) seedCrackingForce seedMass seedMucus seedShape seedMucus:seedShape seedCrackingForce:seedMucus seedMass:seedShape seedCrackingForce:seedMass --- Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|) 0.98270 0.16129 6.093 0.000117 *** -0.08281 0.08434 -0.982 0.349313 -0.11219 0.04386 -2.558 0.028479 * 0.54262 0.38295 1.417 0.186896 0.08930 1.05452 0.085 0.934186 -3.58579 2.79034 -1.285 0.227732 -0.27388 0.13039 -2.101 0.062021 . 0.20065 0.51898 0.387 0.707142 0.05760 0.02638 2.183 0.053944 . With phylogenetic independent contrasts Call: lm(formula = germination ~ seedCrackingForce + seedMass + seedMucus + seedMucus:seedShape + seedShape + seedCrackingForce:seedMucus + seedMass:seedShape + seedCrackingForce:seedMass) Residuals: Min 1Q Median -0.0151997 -0.0069992 -0.0008349 3Q 0.0041322 Max 0.0235129 Coefficients: (Intercept) seedCrackingForce seedMass seedMucus Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|) 0.005246 0.004664 1.125 0.2898 -0.141843 0.046199 -3.070 0.0133 * -0.098253 0.013948 -7.044 6.02e-05 *** 0.020501 0.097147 0.211 0.8376 seedShape 0.278661 seedMucus:seedShape 3.899653 seedCrackingForce:seedMucus -2.215799 seedMass:seedShape -3.197328 seedCrackingForce:seedMass 0.238738 --- 0.868737 23.491744 1.029167 1.944349 0.078673 0.321 0.166 -2.153 -1.644 3.035 0.7557 0.8718 0.0597 . 0.1345 0.0141 * Carp overall Without phylogeny Call: lm(formula = overall ~ seedCrackingForce + seedShape + seedMucus + seedMucus:seedShape + seedCrackingForce:seedMucus) Residuals: Min 1Q Median -0.19286 -0.05727 -0.01933 3Q 0.06097 Max 0.18371 Coefficients: (Intercept) seedCrackingForce seedShape seedMucus seedShape:seedMucus seedCrackingForce:seedMucus --- Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|) -0.06751 0.09818 -0.688 0.503758 0.22826 0.05145 4.436 0.000671 *** -0.01595 0.55093 -0.029 0.977347 0.15334 0.17655 0.869 0.400832 -0.04379 1.51765 -0.029 0.977417 -0.13335 0.05354 -2.491 0.027056 * With phylogenetic independent contrasts Call: lm(formula = overall ~ seedCrackingForce + seedShape + seedMucus + seedMucus:seedShape + seedCrackingForce:seedMucus) Residuals: Min 1Q Median -0.017994 -0.007806 -0.001445 3Q 0.006022 Max 0.034686 Coefficients: Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|) (Intercept) 0.005581 0.004024 1.387 0.191 seedCrackingForce 0.060804 0.009798 6.206 4.55e-05 *** seedShape 0.231429 0.622028 0.372 0.716 seedMucus 0.067241 0.090096 0.746 0.470 seedShape:seedMucus 15.780103 18.526308 0.852 0.411 seedCrackingForce:seedMucus -0.937668 0.742979 -1.262 0.231 --- Tilapia ingestion Without phylogeny Call: lm(formula = ingestion ~ seedWidth + seedMass + seedCrackingForce + seedShape + seedMucus + seedCrackingForce:seedMucus + seedMass:seedShap e + seedCrackingForce:seedMass) Residuals: Min 1Q -0.16529 -0.07385 Median 0.01644 3Q 0.05432 Max 0.14229 Coefficients: (Intercept) seedWidth seedMass seedCrackingForce seedShape seedMucus seedCrackingForce:seedMucus seedMass:seedShape seedMass:seedCrackingForce --- Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|) 0.885283 0.113480 7.801 1.47e-05 *** 0.057367 0.045539 1.260 0.2364 0.039646 0.030850 1.285 0.2277 -0.008969 0.058747 -0.153 0.8817 0.064745 0.732848 0.088 0.9313 -0.073389 0.114253 -0.642 0.5351 0.027573 0.083427 0.331 0.7478 -1.280462 0.440603 -2.906 0.0157 * -0.006480 0.016342 -0.397 0.7000 With phylogenetic independent contrasts Call: lm(formula = ingestion ~ seedWidth + seedMass + seedCrackingForce + seedShape + seedMucus + seedCrackingForce:seedMucus + seedMass:seedShap e + seedCrackingForce:seedMass) Residuals: Min 1Q Median -0.0173396 -0.0043936 -0.0007506 3Q 0.0055116 Max 0.0144039 Coefficients: (Intercept) seedWidth seedMass seedCrackingForce seedShape seedMucus seedCrackingForce:seedMucus seedMass:seedShape seedMass:seedCrackingForce --- Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|) 0.010873 0.004326 2.514 0.033113 * -0.024615 0.034561 -0.712 0.494372 -0.068850 0.011137 -6.182 0.000162 *** -0.088719 0.042520 -2.087 0.066556 . -0.054357 0.699856 -0.078 0.939791 0.058981 0.070557 0.836 0.424824 -1.236313 0.950398 -1.301 0.225632 -4.113604 1.216213 -3.382 0.008097 ** 0.088126 0.069617 1.266 0.237345 Tilapia retrieval Without phylogeny Call: lm(formula = retrieval ~ seedCrackingForce + seedMass + seedShape + seedCrackingForce:seedMass) Residuals: Min 1Q -0.33147 -0.04930 Median 0.01922 3Q 0.09446 Max 0.17100 Coefficients: Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|) (Intercept) 0.376113 0.119227 3.155 0.00703 ** seedCrackingForce 0.189581 0.064300 2.948 0.01058 * seedMass -0.004882 0.014488 -0.337 0.74116 seedShape -0.437213 0.642518 -0.680 0.50731 seedCrackingForce:seedMass -0.024067 0.013548 -1.776 0.09739 . --- With phylogenetic independent contrasts Call: lm(formula = retrieval ~ seedCrackingForce + seedMass + seedShape + seedCrackingForce:seedMass) Residuals: Min 1Q -0.036883 -0.004852 Median 0.002477 3Q 0.006526 Max 0.017070 Coefficients: (Intercept) seedCrackingForce seedMass seedShape seedCrackingForce:seedMass --- Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|) -0.0003836 0.0041351 -0.093 0.92751 0.0921873 0.0294017 3.135 0.00789 ** -0.0119442 0.0128895 -0.927 0.37099 -0.3900276 0.6140026 -0.635 0.53631 -0.1065600 0.0534890 -1.992 0.06778 . Tilapia viability Without phylogeny Call: lm(formula = viability ~ seedCrackingForce + seedHeight + seedMass + seedShape + seedMucus + seedCrackingForce:seedMucus + seedMass:seedShap e + seedCrackingForce:seedMass) Residuals: Min 1Q Median -0.193639 -0.080895 -0.002187 3Q 0.067815 Max 0.311692 Coefficients: (Intercept) seedCrackingForce seedHeight seedMass seedShape seedMucus seedCrackingForce:seedMucus seedMass:seedShape seedCrackingForce:seedMass --- Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|) 0.925095 0.236450 3.912 0.0029 ** 0.023943 0.081619 0.293 0.7753 0.046073 0.179715 0.256 0.8029 0.031443 0.041759 0.753 0.4688 -0.713236 1.117227 -0.638 0.5376 -0.020087 0.164006 -0.122 0.9049 0.036921 0.109465 0.337 0.7429 -0.966500 0.498953 -1.937 0.0815 . -0.001394 0.020909 -0.067 0.9481 With phylogenetic independent contrasts Call: lm(formula = viability ~ seedCrackingForce + seedHeight + seedMass + seedShape + seedMucus + seedCrackingForce:seedMucus + seedMass:seedShap e + seedCrackingForce:seedMass) Residuals: Min 1Q -0.035773 -0.005982 Median 0.001115 3Q 0.007066 Max 0.032006 Coefficients: (Intercept) seedCrackingForce seedHeight seedMass seedShape seedMucus seedCrackingForce:seedMucus seedMass:seedShape seedCrackingForce:seedMass Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|) -0.004022 0.008451 -0.476 0.645 0.081429 0.068921 1.181 0.268 0.242826 0.289157 0.840 0.423 -0.037941 0.024847 -1.527 0.161 -1.207485 1.106466 -1.091 0.303 0.087283 0.141323 0.618 0.552 1.978832 1.932348 1.024 0.333 -0.088133 2.557729 -0.034 0.973 -0.119011 0.123075 -0.967 0.359 Tilapia germination Without phylogeny Call: lm(formula = germination ~ seedCrackingForce + seedWidth + seedMass + seedMass:seedMucus + seedShape + seedMucus + seedMucus:seedShape + seedCrackingForce:seedMucus + seedCrackingForce:seedMass) Residuals: Min 1Q -0.68600 -0.05320 Median 0.06496 3Q 0.09710 Max 0.19891 Coefficients: (Intercept) seedCrackingForce seedWidth seedMass seedShape seedMucus seedMass:seedMucus seedMucus:seedShape seedCrackingForce:seedMucus seedCrackingForce:seedMass --- Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|) 1.03550 0.25159 4.116 0.00261 ** -0.13627 0.13334 -1.022 0.33346 0.02882 0.09088 0.317 0.75834 -0.07262 0.03808 -1.907 0.08886 . -0.89603 1.67093 -0.536 0.60479 0.41844 0.61224 0.683 0.51153 -0.02047 0.26375 -0.078 0.93985 -2.01179 4.55992 -0.441 0.66948 -0.31662 0.25966 -1.219 0.25370 0.07676 0.04333 1.771 0.11026 With phylogenetic independent contrasts Call: lm(formula = germination ~ seedCrackingForce + seedWidth + seedMass + seedMass:seedMucus + seedShape + seedMucus + seedMucus:seedShape + seedCrackingForce:seedMucus + seedCrackingForce:seedMass) Residuals: Min 1Q -0.017468 -0.013576 Median 0.000874 3Q 0.005774 Max 0.051073 Coefficients: (Intercept) seedCrackingForce seedWidth Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|) 0.00707 0.01282 0.552 0.5963 -0.20880 0.10808 -1.932 0.0895 . -0.02047 0.09881 -0.207 0.8411 seedMass seedShape seedMucus seedMass:seedMucus seedMucus:seedShape seedCrackingForce:seedMucus seedCrackingForce:seedMass --- -0.05567 0.01409 -0.00966 -0.75940 10.65113 -3.02585 0.33749 0.05991 1.68139 0.18568 3.14278 40.93058 2.61010 0.19869 -0.929 0.008 -0.052 -0.242 0.260 -1.159 1.699 0.3800 0.9935 0.9598 0.8151 0.8013 0.2798 0.1278 Tilapia overall Without phylogeny Call: lm(formula = overall ~ seedCrackingForce + seedMass + seedShape + seedMucus + seedMass:seedShape) Residuals: Min 1Q Median -0.17586 -0.09086 -0.01376 3Q 0.05277 Max 0.28140 Coefficients: (Intercept) seedCrackingForce seedMass seedShape seedMucus seedMass:seedShape --- Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|) 0.583170 0.115711 5.040 0.000226 *** 0.046837 0.020912 2.240 0.043219 * -0.003868 0.035248 -0.110 0.914288 -1.581013 0.898711 -1.759 0.102041 -0.136426 0.089757 -1.520 0.152466 -0.405576 0.444428 -0.913 0.378077 With phylogenetic independent contrasts Call: lm(formula = overall ~ seedCrackingForce + seedMass + seedShape + seedMucus + seedMass:seedShape) Residuals: Min 1Q -0.0224522 -0.0081934 Median 0.0004965 3Q 0.0060873 Max 0.0219869 Coefficients: (Intercept) seedCrackingForce seedMass seedShape seedMucus seedMass:seedShape --- Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|) 0.0006324 0.0038411 0.165 0.8720 -0.0141228 0.0121633 -1.161 0.2682 -0.0372061 0.0131625 -2.827 0.0153 * -1.9701690 0.6644447 -2.965 0.0118 * -0.1552641 0.0902508 -1.720 0.1110 -1.0195678 1.6122748 -0.632 0.5390 Literature Paradis, E., Claude, J. & Strimmer, K. (2004) APE: Analyses of Phylogenetics and Evolution in R language. Bioinformatics, 20, 289-290. Durka, W. & Michalski, S. G. (2012) Daphne: a dated phylogeny of a large European flora for phylogenetically informed ecological analyses: ecological Archives E093-214. Ecology, 93, 2297–2297. Appendix S3. Proportion of viability and germination of the control seeds, i.e. the species that did not pass the fish gut. Data are presented as mean ± SE. N = 3 x 50 seeds. Viability refers to the number of seeds that germinated + the number of seeds that showed a positive tetrazolium test. Appendix S4. Viability of the number of retrieved seeds compared to the viability of the control seeds. Viability refers to the number of seeds that germinated + the number of seeds that showed a positive tetrazolium test. N = total number of retrieved seeds that was set to germinate for carp and tilapia respectively. For control group: N = 150. * Distribution of viable and non-viable seeds differs significantly from that of the control group (P < 0.05). Without asterix: not significant. Appendix S5. Proportion of retrieved seeds that germinated relative to the germination of the control seeds. * = significant (P < 0.05) difference between fish-passed seeds and control group. x: no living seeds were retrieved. Appendix S6. Germination speed of retrieved seeds from carp and tilapia compared to that of the control seeds. G50 = days after which 50% of the seeds had germinated. SEM = standard error of the mean, N = numbers of replicates. Significant differences (Mann Whitney test, P < 0.05) are indicated in bold. Plant species Carp G50 Alisma plantago-aquatica Tilapia SEM N G50 SEM Control N G50 SEM N 0.9 0.9 7 3.4 2.0 8 14.0 0.0 2 Alnus glutinosa 13.5 10.5 2 7.4 0.6 10 3.0 0.0 3 Angelica sylvestris 15.3 1.8 4 15.1 2.4 9 18.3 1.3 3 Carex pseudocyperus fruits 3.1 0.5 8 1.6 0.3 10 3.0 0.0 3 Carex pseudocyperus utricles 5.6 0.4 7 5.4 0.4 10 8.7 0.7 3 Eupatorium cannabinum 2.7 0.6 9 1.8 0.4 10 3.0 0.0 3 11.8 2.4 4 7.2 0.4 10 7.3 1.3 3 1.3 0.9 3 8.0 0.0 2 Juncus effusus 8.6 4.6 10 4.6 0.6 9 28.7 24.2 3 Lycopus europaeus 5.3 2.3 3 1.6 0.3 10 3.0 0.0 3 Lythrum salicaria 3.0 0.0 10 2.8 0.2 10 2.3 0.7 3 Myosotis scorpioides 2.4 0.8 9 7.9 1.9 10 2.3 0.7 3 Myriophyllum spicatum 2.2 0.3 10 2.4 0.3 10 3.0 0.0 3 Nymphoides peltata 1.5 1.5 2 2.4 0.7 8 3.0 0.0 3 Potamogeton alpinus 18.6 7.7 9 1.8 0.9 10 3.7 2.3 3 Potamogeton lucens 11.6 1.1 10 11.9 1.0 9 23.3 6.3 3 Potamogeton natans 47.0 15.5 7 42.0 22.9 4 22.3 3.5 3 Potamogeton pusillus 12.0 1.3 10 7.1 1.5 10 18.3 4.3 3 Sagittaria sagittifolia 3.5 2.3 6 0.3 0.3 10 5.7 1.5 3 Scirpus sylvaticus 3.3 0.3 10 3.6 0.4 10 3.0 0.0 3 Filipendula ulmaria Impatiens glandulifera