Judy Tudiver, Ph.D. judytudiver@comcast.net
Learning Objectives:
1.
The participants will learn the difference between spirituality and religion and the historical relationship between spirituality/religion and Psychology.
2.
The participants will learn the current APA position on spirituality/religion and how demographics influence this position.
3.
The participants will describe the ethical and clinical concerns of Psychologists related to the integration of spirituality/religion issues into psychotherapy.
4.
The participants will identify a variety of Spiritually Oriented
Interventions, their therapeutic effectiveness and their applicability to psychotherapy practice.

Spirituality and Psychotherapy References
American Psychological Association. (2002). Ethical Principles of psychologists and code of conduct. American Psychologist, 57, 1060-1073.
Aten, JD., McMinn, MR. & Worthington, EL Jr. (2011). Spiritually Oriented
Interventions. Washington, DC.: APA.
Avants,SK., Beitel, M. & Margolin, A. (2005). Making the shift from “addict self” to
“spiritual self”: Results from a Stage 1 study of Spiritual Self-Schema(3-S) therapy for the treatment of addiction and HIV risk behavior. Mental Health,
Religion & Culture, 8(3), 176-177.
Cornah, D. (2006). The Impact of Spirituality on Mental Health. A Review of the
Literature. Mental Health Foundation, UK.
Crook-Lyon, RE, O’Grady, KA, Smith, TB, Jensen, DR, Golightly, T, and Potkar, KA.
(2012). Addressing Religious and Spiritual Diversity in Graduate Training and
Multicultural Education for Professional Psychologists. Psychology of Religion and
Spirituality, 4(3), 169-181.
Delaney, HD., Miller, WR. and Bisono, AN. (2007). Religiosity and Spirituality among
Psychologists: A survey of Clinical Members of the American Psychological
Association. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 38(5), 538-546.
Desrosiers, A. and Miller, L. (2007). Relational Spirituality and Depression in
Adolescent Girls. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 63(10), 1021-1037.
Emmons, RA. and McCullough, ME. Counting Blessings Versus Burdens: An
Experimental Investigation of Gratitude and Subjective Well-Being in Daily Life.
(2003). Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 84(2), 377-389.
Goldstein, ED. Sacred Moments: Implications on Well-Being and Stress. (2007).
Journal of Clinical Psychology, 63(10), 1001-1019.

Hofman, SG, Grossman, P and Hinton, DE. (2011). Loving-kindness and compassion meditation: Potential for psychological interventions. Clinical Psychology Review,
31, 1126-1132.
Hook, JN., Worthington, EL. Jr., Davis, DE., Jennings, DJ., and Gartner, AL. (2010).
Empirically Supported Religious and Spiritual Therapies. Journal of Clinical
Psychology, 66(1), 46-72.
Margolin, A., Schuman-Olivier, L., Beitel, M., Arnold, RM., Fulwiler, CE. and Avants,
SK. (2007). A Preliminary Study of Spiritual Self-Schema (3-S+) Therapy for reducing Impulsivity in HIV-Positive Drug Users. Journal of Clinical Psychology,
63(10), 979-999.
Martinez, JS., Smith, TB. And Barlow, SH. (2007).Spiritual Interventions in
Psychotherapy: Evaluations by Highly Religious Clients. Journal of Clinical
Psychology, 63(10), 943-960.
May, Gerald. (1992). Care of Mind, Care of Spirit. Harper San Francisco.
Miller, L. (2010). Watching for Light: Spiritual Psychology beyond Materialism.
Psychology of Religion and Spirituality, 2(1), 35-36.
Pargament, K. (2007). Spiritually Integrated Psychotherapy. Understanding and
Addressing the Sacred. NY: The Guilford Press.
Pargament, KI. & Saunders, SM. (2007). Introduction to the Special Issue on
Spirituality and Psychotherapy. . Journal of Clinical Psychology, 63(10), 903-907.
Post, BC. & Wade, NG. (2009). Religion and Spirituality in Psychotherapy: A
Practice-Friendly Review of Research. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 65(2), 131-
146.
Saunders, SM., Miller, ML. & Bright, MM. (2010). Spiritually Conscious Psychological
Care. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice. 41(5), 355-362.
Shumway, B. and Waldo, M. (2012). Client’s Religiosity and Expected Working
Alliance with Theistic Psychotherapists. Psychology of Religion and Spirituality.

4(2), 85-92. Appendix A and B are examples of Theistic and Nontheistic Informed
Consent
Smith, TB., Baratz, J. & Richards, PS. (2007). Outcomes of religious and spiritual adaptations to psychotherapy: a meta-analytic review. Psychotherapy Research,
17(6), 643-655.
Sperry, Len. Psychotherapy Sensitive to Spiritual Issues: A Postmaterialist
Psychology Perspective and Developmental Approach. (2010). Psychology of Religion and Spirituality. 2(1), 46-56. A thoughtful discussion of levels of consciousness and types of treatment.
Vaillant, G.(2008). Positive Emotions, Spirituality and the Practice of Psychiatry.
Mens Sana Monographs, 6(1), 48-62.
Wachholtz, AB & Pargament, KI. (2005). Is Spirituality a Critical Ingredient of
Meditation? Comparing the Effects of Spiritual Meditation, Secular meditation and
Relaxation on Spiritual, Psychological, Cardiac and Pain Outcomes. Journal of
Behavioral Medicine, 28(4), 369-384.

Questions to Guide the Spiritual Autobiography
Pargament, 2007.
 What are my deepest values and what do I strive for in my life?
 What do I hold sacred?
 How did I discover the sacred?
 How has my larger family and institutional religious context shaped my attitudes toward spirituality and religion?
 How have I tried to develop and sustain myself spiritually over the years?
 What kinds of struggles have I encountered in the process of developing and conserving my spirituality?
 What kinds of spiritual transformations have I experienced, if any?
 Where do I currently stand in the search for the sacred?
 What are the areas of spiritual integration and dis-integration in my life?

 In what ways has spirituality affected my life? In what ways has it not affected my life?
 What are my areas of spiritual strength and vulnerability in working with clients?
 Are there clients from particular spiritual or religious backgrounds whom I may not be able to help?

Questions that might be asked when assessing Religion and Spirituality with Clients ( Saunders et al. 2010)
General questions about beliefs and behaviors
 Are you a religious or spiritual person? How important is your spirituality or religion in your daily life? Has spirituality or religion been important to you in your life?
 What things are most important to you? Are there things in your life that are sacred to you? What gives your life purpose or meaning?
 Do you believe in a higher power?
 Are you part of a religious or spirituality community?
The relationship between the problem and spirituality/religion
 Has your current problem affected your relationship with your higher power?
 Has the problem for which you are seeking help affected your religious or spiritual life?
 Is spirituality or religion important to this problem?
 Has your religion or spirituality been involved in your attempts to deal with this problem?
 Are you worried about possible conflicts between your beliefs and your treatment?
Potential Resources
 Are members of your spiritual/religious community potential resources for you in dealing with this problem?
 Is there someone you can talk to about spiritual/religious matters as they relate to this problem?
 Is there anything I can do to help you access such resources? Would it be helpful if I consulted with your spiritual leaders?

 Psychology of Religion and Spirituality. The Official Journal of the Society for Psychology of Religion and Spirituality ( Division 36 of APA)
 The National Institute for the Clinical Application of Behavioral Medicine
(NICABM). Lots of interesting webinars on related topics. www.nicabm.com
 APA publishing ( www.apa.org/pubs/books ) has a selection of recent books and DVDs on spirituality and psychotherapy.
 Spiritual Awareness Training (SAT). Dr. Lisa Miller’s training course for the professional development of psychotherapists. Columbia University Teachers
College.
 Spirituality and Practice E-Newsletter. Resources for Spiritual Journeys. www.spiritualityandpractice.com
Weekly newsletter with all sorts of resources such as books, movies, quotes, news articles of interest, etc.
 Association of Spirituality and Psychotherapy; www.PSYCHOSPIRITUALTHERAPY.ORG
Their newsletter is PsychoSpiritual
Dialogue.
 Gratitude list serve: Word for the Day at www.Gratefulness.org
 Panhala list serve.
A Poem for each day.
Panhala@yahoogroups.com
 3-S (Spiritual Self Schema) website - www.3-S