ARTIFICIAL
INTELLIGENCE
A
RTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE(AI)
is technology and a branch of
computer science that studies
and develops intelligent machines and
software. Major AI researchers and
textbooks define the field as "the study
and design of intelligent agents",where
an intelligent agent is a system that
perceives its environment and takes
actions that maximize its chances of
success. John McCarthy, who coined the
term in 1955, defines it as "the science
and engineering of making intelligent
machines". AI research is highly
technical and specialized, deeply divided
into subfields that often fail to
communicate with each other. Some of
the division is due to social and cultural
factors: subfields have grown up around
particular institutions and the work of
individual researchers. AI research is
also divided by several technical issues.
There are subfields which are focused on
the solution of specific problems, on one
of several possible approaches, on the
use of widely differing tools and towards
the accomplishment of particular
applications.The central problems (or
goals) of AI research include reasoning,
knowledge,
planning,
learning,
communication, perception and the
ability to move and manipulate objects.
General intelligence (or "strong AI") is
still among the field's long term goals.
Currently popular approaches include
statistical
methods,
computational
intelligence and traditional symbolic AI.
There are an enormous number of tools
used in AI, including versions of search
and mathematical optimization, logic,
methods based on probability and
economics, and many others. The field
was founded on the claim that a central
property of humans, intelligence—the
sapience of Homo sapiens—can be so
precisely described that it can be
simulated by a machine. This raises
philosophical issues about the nature of
the mind and the ethics of creating
artificial beings, issues which have been
addressed by myth, fiction and
philosophy since antiquity. Artificial
intelligence has been the subject of
tremendous optimism but has also
suffered stunning setbacks. Today it has
become an essential part of the
technology industry and many of the
most difficult problems in computer
science. A bold experiment in
distributed education, "Introction to
Artificial Intelligence" will be offered
free and online to students worldwide
from October 10th to December 18th
2011. The course will include feedback
on progress and a statement of
accomplishment. Taught by Sebastian
Thrun and Peter Norvig, the curriculum
draws from that used in Stanford's
introductory
Artificial
Intelligence
course. The instructors will offer similar
materials, assignments, and exams.
T
he history
of
artificial
intelligence
(AI) began
in antiquity, with myths, stories
and rumors of artificial beings endowed
with intelligence or consciousness by
master
craftsmen;
as Pamela
McCorduck writes, AI began with "an
ancient wish to forge the gods
The seeds of modern AI were planted by
classical philosophers who attempted to
describe the process of human thinking
as the mechanical manipulation of
symbols. This work culminated in the
invention of the programmable digital
computer in the 1940s, a machine based
on the abstract essence of mathematical
reasoning. This device and the ideas
behind it inspired a handful of scientists
to begin seriously discussing the
possibility of building an electronic
brain.
The field of AI research was founded at
a
conference
on
the
campus
of Dartmouth College in the summer of
1956. Those who attended would become
the leaders of AI research for decades.
Many of them predicted that a machine
as intelligent as a human being would
exist in no more than a generation and
they were given millions of dollars to
make this vision come true. Eventually
it became obvious that they had grossly
underestimated the difficulty of the
project. In 1973, in response to the
criticism of James Lighthill and ongoing
pressure
from
congress,
the U.S. and British
Governmentsstopped funding undirected
research into artificial intelligence.
Seven years later, a visionary initiative
by the Japanese Government inspired
governments and industry to provide AI
with billions of dollars, but by the late
80s the investors became disillusioned
and withdrew funding again. This cycle
of boom and bust, of "AI winters" and
summers, continues to haunt the field.
Undaunted, there are those who make
extraordinary predictions even now.
Progress in AI has continued, despite
the rise and fall of its reputation in the
eyes of government bureaucrats and
venture capitalists. Problems that had
begun to seem impossible in 1970 have
been solved and the solutions are now
used in successful commercial products.
However, no machine has been built
with a human level of intelligence,
contrary to the optimistic predictions of
the first generation of AI researchers.
"We can only see a short distance
ahead," admitted Alan Turing, in a
famous 1950 paper that catalyzed the
modern search for machines that think.
"But," he added, "we can see much that
must be done.”
CHARACTERISTICS
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
OF
*In order for something to be considered
an "Artificial Intelligence," there are a
few different characteristics that are
required... Some of these characteristics
include the following abilities:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
The ability to act intelligently,
as a human.
The ability to behave following
“general intelligent action.
The ability to artificially
simulate the human brain.
The ability to actively learn and
adapt as a human.
The ability to process and
language and symbols.
EXAMPLES
OF
INTELLIGENCE
ARTIFICIAL
Robotics is an area that is evolving with
artificial
intelligence
technology.
Historically, robots where dumb
computers that could only move with
manual remote controls. Modern robots
include environment sensors that can
detect explosives and other materials.
This creates a smarter robot that can be
used in dangerous conditions including
accidents involving hazardous materials
and nuclear disasters.
One of the most basic systems that uses
artificial intelligence technology is the
automatic vacuum. This household
gadget that can actually learn and map
the logistics of a living area. The
automatic vacuum cleaner is a device
that learns these coordinates based on
hitting the walls and furniture of the
home. Once the vacuum has mapped the
rooms, it can clean the rooms without
hitting any obstacle.
The best example of artificial
intelligence are the robots. They have
artificial intelligence. Similarly some
other computers and checking systems
also have artificial intelligence.
Voice-recognition systems are another
form of artificial intelligence technology.
This computer technology is quickly
becoming available in most cars and cell
phones. Voice-recognition systems were
one of the most difficult systems to build
because
voices
have
specific
characteristics that are hard to decipher.
Modern voice-recognition systems learn
commands based on the user voice, and
then learn to accept commands based on
that pattern.
ARTIFICIAL
FEATURES:
INTELLIGENCE
Nao (pronounced now)
is
an
autonomous, programmable humanoid
robot developed by Aldebaran Robotics,
a French robotics
company
headquartered in Paris. The robot's
development began with the launch of
Project Nao in 2004. On 15 August 2007,
Nao replaced Sony's robot dog Aibo as
the robot used in the Robocup Standard
Platform League (SPL), an international
robot soccer competition. The Nao was
used in RoboCup 2008 and 2009, and the
NaoV3R was chosen as the platform for
the SPL at RoboCup 2010.
SimSimi is
a
popular artificial
intelligence conversation
program
created in 2002 by ISMaker The
application has led to controversy and
protests in Thailand for some of its
responses
containing profanity and
criticisms of leading politicians.[2] It so
far growing on its artificial intelligence
day by day, assisted by a feature that
allows users to teach it to respond
correctly. SimSimi, pronounced as
"shim-shimi", is from a Korean
word simsim (심심)
which
means
"bored". It has an application designed
for Android and for iOS.
A new walking, talking robot from
Japan has a female face that can smile
and has trimmed down to 95 pounds to
Aedi
make a debut at a fashion show. But it
still hasn't cleared safety standards
required to share the catwalk with
human models.
shoulder responsibility to a
certain extent. They can be
made to manage themselves
and their time to complete the
assigned tasks.
PROS:



Artificial intelligence finds
applications
in
space
exploration. Intelligent robots
can be used to explore space.
They are machines and hence
have the ability to endure the
hostile environment of the
interplanetary space. They can
be made to adapt in such a way
that planetary atmospheres do
not affect their physical state
and functioning
Intelligent robots can be
programmed to reach the
Earth's nadirs. They can be
used to dig for fuels. They can
be used for mining purposes.
The intelligence of machines
can be harnessed for exploring
the depths of oceans. These
machines serve human so well
especially
where
human
intelligence
has
serious
limitations.
Intelligent machines can replace
human beings in many areas of
work. Robots can do certain
laborious tasks. Painstaking
activities, which have long been
carried out by humans can be
taken over by the robots. Owing
to the intelligence programmed
in them, the machines can


Emotions that often intercept
rational thinking of a human
being are not a hindrance for
artificial thinkers. Lacking the
emotional
side, robots can think logically
and take the right decisions.
Sentiments are associated with
moods that affect human
efficiency. This is not the case
with machines with artificial
intelligence.
Thus artificial intelligence can
be utilized in the completion of
repetitive and time-consuming
tasks efficiently. Intelligent
machines can be employed to do
certain
dangerous
tasks.
Machines
equipped
with
artificial intelligence can be
made to thoughtfully plan
towards the fulfillment of tasks
and accordingly adjust their
parameters such as their speed
and time. They can be made to
act quickly, unaffected by
anything like emotion and take
the tasks towards perfection.
CONS:




The first concern regarding the
application of intelligence is
about ethics and moral values.
Is it ethically correct to create
replicas of human beings? Do
our moral values allow us to
recreate
intelligence?
Intelligence is after all a gift of
nature. It may not be right to
install it into machine to make
it work for our benefit.
The idea of machines replacing
human
beings
sounds
wonderful. It appears to save us
from all the pain. But is it
really such an exciting idea?
Concept
such
as
wholeheartedness
and
dedication in work bear no
existence in the world of
artificial intelligence.
Imagine robots working in
hospitals. Do you picture them
showing care and concern
towards the patients? Imagine
intelligent machines employed
in creative fields. Do you think
the robots will excel in such
fields? Thinking machines lack
a creative mind. Human beings
are emotional intellectuals.

They think and feel. Their
feelings guide their thoughts.
If robots begin replacing
humans in every field, it may
lead to unemployment. People
will be left with nothing to do.
Empty time may result in its
destructive
use.
Thinking
machines will govern all the
fields and populate all positions
pre-occupied by people.
Apart from all these issues,
there is a fear of robots
superseding us. Ideally human
beings should continue being
the master of machines. If
things turn the other way
round, the world will turn into
chaos. Intelligent machines may
prove to be smarter than us;
they might enslave us and start
ruling the world. Man’s greedy
creativity
may
endanger
mankind.