Fuculty of Letters&
Ibnou Zohr University
Human Sciences
« Phonetics »
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Ibnou Zohr University-Agadir
Faculty of Letters and Human Sciences
Academic year : 2014-2015
English Department_Linguistics
Semester : 5
Group : 5
Unit : Phonetics
 Instructor : Mr. Abdelhadi Boulahna
 Student : Igoui Abdelwahed
 CNE
:
2927917818
The history of phonetics took birth with the European change from
theological (religious) sight to the world to the scientific approach
(enlightening) and other disciplines (anthropology, sociology,…) .
Linguistic Sub-disciplines :
- Syntax : Language structure .
- Semantics : Language meaning .
- Pragmatics : Language meaning in context .
- Morphology : word structure(formation) .
- Phonology : sounds systems in a particular Language .
- Sociolinguistics : Language in its social context .
- Psychology :psychology of Language acquisition and use .
- Phonetics : Study of Speech Sounds .
- Neurology : how the brain encodes Language .
LANGUAGE FORMS :
+Semiotic form : signs(Body-Language) .
+ Written form : orthographic representation of Language .
+ Spoken form : phonetic representation of Language .
Speaker(speech production) sound (speech transmission) listener(speech perception).
« 44 Segmental Sounds ( Phonemes )
 24 consonants sounds
 20 vowel sounds
Monophthong : one singel vowel . 12
-
/i:/ sheep /ʃi :p/
-
/i / ship /ʃi p/
-
/ʊ/ wolf /wʊlf/
/u:/ goose /gu :z/
/3:/ bird /b3:rd/
-
Diphthong : combination of Z-V-S . 8
- /Iə/ deer / dIə /
-
/ei/ snake / sneIk/
/aI/ tie /taI/
Triphthong : diphthong + / ə / 5
- /aiə/ liar /laIər/
-
/ɔɪə/ loyal /lɔɪəl/
-
/aʊə/ Tower /taʊə/
/əʊə/ lower /ləʊəl /
-ENGLISH SPEECH(weak and strong forms)
+ THAT /ðət/ :
Look at-THAt- boy : (demonstrative) / ðət /
I think-THAT -you know him : (him=conjunction) : / ðæt /
+ TO :
The train came straight TO-Him : / tə /
I was driven TO-A hight hell : / tu /
+ FOR
What is he asking FOR : / fɔ:r /
He is asking FOR-A job : / fər /
He is asking FOR-The job : / fə /
+ THE
THE-Rain was heavy : / ðə /
I went to THE-English club : / ðI /
+ AND
She bought
AND- Forks : / n /
She bought a banana AND- Apple : / ənd /
+A
The criminal is actually A-Light hearted man : / eI /
I put A- Pen on the table : / ə /
+ Articulatory Phonetics(Articulation of consonants segments)
- Articulatory Parametres :
-Place of articulation : The point where the sound is produced .
-Manner of articulation : what happens to the airstream when it comes out.
-Voicing state : Vocal Cords/folds( Vibrated or NOT ).
- Vowels :
-Primary Parametres for Description of Vowel-Segements :
«Closeness , Boundness , Roundness »
_ Closeness : (close vowel /i:/ _ opened /a:/ ) .
_ Backness: Front, Center, Back
_ Roundness : Rounded (spread ,neutral) _ Unrounded .
-Secondary Parametres :
_ Voicing : all vowels are voiced .
_ lenght : short and long vowels : /i/ and /i:/
« Phonetic Description of English Vowels »
/ I / = short , close , front ,unrounded
/ I :/ = long , close , front , unrounded
/e / = short , half-close , front , unrounded
/ æ / = short , open , front , unrounded
/ ə / = short ,close , central , unrounded
/v/ = short , open , central , unrounded
/3: / = long , close , front , rounded
/u:/ = long , close , back , rounded
/ʊ/ = short, close , back , rounded
/ ɒ / = short , open , back , rounded
/ ɒ:/ = long , open , back , rounded
/ ɔː/ = long , half-open , back , rounded
« Phoneme-Grapheme Correspondence »
_There is no correspondence between orthography and phonetic realization;
Fright ( 5 -graphemes) /f r ai t/ ( 1-phoneme)

Digraph + 2 Graphemes = 1 sound : ck(k)/ph(ph)/ thin…
+ Split digraph : -E- : _ hop/hɒ p/
_
hope/həʊp/
_ sit/sit/
_
site/sait/
+ Trigraph : 3 graphemes = 1 sound ( High /həi/ _ night/nəit/)
+ More than 3 graphemes : Fright /frait/.
Consonants :
ʃ
k
Sh :
S:
shine , show ,shark…
sure ,suger …
SS :
mession ,expression
ʃ
K:
C:
CK :
CH :
+ before «tion,tial,…» ,
S : so , son ,
SS : miss , kiss
C : cell ,
S
F:
front,forest, …
FF : stuff,puff,affection …
PH : pharmacy,phonetics
Z
F
take,like,bike …
cow,cake,coffee…
pick,trick,…
character ,chemistry
Z:
zoom , zeel…
ZZ : puzzle , buzz …
S:
busy , easy…
SE : please…
ZE : freeze , breeze,..
_Vowels :
/ i: / :
/ee/
/ea/
/ie/
/ei/
/e/e
/e/
meet,tweet
seat ,heat , sea
thief ,chief
receive,
theme
ea
e
head,sea
egg
« GRAPHEME-PHONEME CORRESPONDENCE »
-Consonants :
S
/S/
/Z/
/3/
/ʃ/
gh
/f/
/p/
/g/
/ ø/
See,Single…
easy
vision
Sure,Suger
g
Th
Thick,thin
Father,then
/ Θ/
/ð/
Enough,
Haircough/p/
Ghost,
Light,night,fight
/g/ Game,goat,
/D3/ Age,gender,general
-Vowels :
ei
/ei/
/I:/
/e/
ai
veil /veil/
Receive /risI:v/
Leisure /le3ər/
a
/e/ Said /sed/
/eI/ Pain /peIn/
O
/a:/
Art /a:t/
/æ/
Apple ,fat /f æt/
/ ɒ/
pot,hot, On/ɒ n/
/ ɔː/
/e/
Saw / s ɔː/
Any /eni/
/ əʊ /
/u:/
Go,do/dəʊ /
/ ʊ/
/ ʌ/
Wolf /w ʊlf/
Dog/du: g/
Won /wʌn/
Syllable Structure – word accent(strees)
Phonetic level of analysis (syllable division)
Monosyllable →→→ 1 Syllable : Take : /teik/ ___ See /si/
Disyllable
→→→ 2 Syllables : Diet /daiət/ ___ rhythem /riðəm/
Trisyllable
→→→ 3 Syllables : intensive /intensiv/
Polysyllable
→→→ more than 3 Syllables :
_ Uninteresting /ʌn,in,trə,stɪŋ/
_ Unexceptional /ʌn,ek,sep,ʃnəl/
_ Unexcpectedly /ʌn,ik,spek,tɪd,lɪ/
Opened-Syllable : When the word ends with a Vowel .
Closed-Syllable : When the word ends with a consonant .
Types of Stress :
+ Dynamic Stress ; combination of Stresses
+ Quantitive Stress ; lenght of Voice
+ Tonic Stress ;
Types of word stress(Position)
+ Fixed Stress: it does not change word meaning(French,Arabic,tachlhyt)
+ Free Stress : it does change word meaning ( English)
↘̊
↘̊
+ Constant :
hospi’tal ___ ‘hospitalize
+ Shifting Stress : ʴActive ___ ac’tivi’t
Degrees of Stress ( british phoneticians ) :
+Strong Stress(primary stress) :endicates the grammatical category
_ Perfect(verb) /pɜIr’fekt/
_ Perfect(adjective) /’pɜIrfekt/
+Second strong stress(secondary stress) :
+Less strongest ( weak stress) :
Three Functions of Stress :
_ Constitutive: it helps us to organize words with the complicated sounds.
_ Recognitive: it helps us to recognize words(phonetic realizations of the word.
_ Distinctive: it helps us to distinguish words and their forms.
« Five Rules for putting primary stress to single words »
+Monosyllabic words : (right /’rait/=cvc))__(fair /’feər/=cvc)__(see /’si:/=cv).
+Disyllablic words : that are spelled the same but belong to different categories
↘̊↘̊↘̊↘̊↘̊
Record
Insult
Noun
/rI.kərd/
/‘In.səlt/
Verb
/rI.k ɔ:rd/
/In’.s ʌlt/
Survey
/’sɜ:r.veI/
/sər.v’eI/
Comment
/’k ɒ. mənt/
/kə.’ment/
Suffix(ending)
_ Weak SuffixesConstant stress(ful,less,ness,able...)
_ ‘home___ ‘homeless ___ ’homelessness
_ ‘fear ___ ’fearful ___ ‘fearfulness
_ Strong Suffixes (ie,ity,ation,tion )
_ Solid ___ solidity /səlIdətI/
_ Fan ___ fanatic / fənætIk/
_ Compose ___composition /kəmpəzIʃən/
_ Quote ___ quotation / kwəuteiʃən/
Disyllabic verbs that end in ate :
British English
Rotate
Donate
/rəʊ.’teIt/
/dəʊ. ’neIt/
American English
/’rəʊteIt/
/’dəʊneIt/
 The stress in British English takes place in the second syllable.
 The stress in American English takes place in the first syllable.
Trisyllabic adjictives (which end in ative) constant strees
Narrative___narrative /nærətIv/ .
Syllabic transcription and primary stress of some words
Intonation /Intə’nI.ʃən/
Photographic / fəʊtəg’ræfIk/
Responsibility /rIspən.sI.p’IlətI/
Pedantic / pe.’dæntIk/
Tangible / ‘tæn.dʒəb.l̩ /
Question /’kwes.tʃən /
Protest(noun) /’prəʊt.test/
Protest(verb) /prə.’test/
Correspondence / ‘kɔ:.rə.’spa:n.dəns /
Confusion / kən.’fju:ʒ.n̩ /
Knowledge / ‘nɑː.lədʒ /
Coherence / ‘koʊ.’hɪə.rəns /
Language /’læŋ.ɡwɪdʒ /
Linguistics / lɪŋ.’ɡwɪ.stɪks /
Literature / ‘lɪ.tə.rə.tʃər /
Consequence /’kɑːn.sə.kwəns /
Obviously /’ɑːb.viə.sli /
Conclusion / / kən.’kluːʒ.n̩ //