Chapter Review 3
1. Comparison Table Make a comparison
table to compare the five changes of state
that are described in this chapter.
U S I N G K EY T E RMS
2. Describe four states of matter by using
the terms solid, liquid, gas, and plasma.
Describe the behavior of particles in each
state.
3. Describe how pressure is exerted by
fluids.
4. Describe the buoyant force, and explain
how it relates to Archimedes’ principle.
UNDERSTAND I N G K EY I DEAS
5. Which of the following assumptions is not
part of the kinetic theory?
a. All matter is made up of tiny, invisible
particles.
b. The particles are always moving.
c. Particles move faster at higher
temperatures.
d. Particles are smaller at lower pressure.
10. Matter that flows to fit its container
includes
a. gases. c. gases and liquids.
b. liquids. d. liquids and solids.
11. If an object that weighs 50 N displaces a
volume of water that weighs 10 N, what is
the buoyant force on the object?
a. 60 N c. 40 N
b. 50 N d. 10 N
E X P L A INI N G K EY I DEAS
12. State the law of conservation of energy
and the law of conservation of mass.
Explain what happens to energy and mass
in a change of state.
13. For each pair, explain the difference in
meaning.
a. solid and liquid
b. Boyle’s law and Charles’s law
c. Gay-Lussac’s law and Pascal’s principle
INTERPRETING GRAPHICS Use the graph
below to
answer questions 14 and 15.
6. Three common states of matter are
a. solid, water, and gas.
b. ice, water, and gas.
c. solid, liquid, and gas.
d. solid, liquid, and air.
7. During which of the following changes of
state do atoms or molecules become more
ordered?
a. boiling c. melting
b. condensation d. sublimation
8. Which of the following describes what
happens as the temperature of a gas in a
balloon increases?
a. The speed of the particles decreases.
b. The volume of the gas increases.
c. The volume of the gas decreases.
d. The pressure decreases.
9. Fluid pressure is always directed
a. up. c. sideways.
b. down. d. in all directions.
14. What type of relationship does the graph
represent: direct or inverse?
15. To which law or principle does the graph
apply?CR I T I C A L TH I N KI NG
16. Inferring Relationships Explain what
happens to the pressure of a gas if the
volume of the gas is tripled. Assume that
the temperature remains constant.
17. Drawing Conclusions Why are liquids
instead of gases used in hydraulic brakes?
18. Applying Concepts After taking a
shower, you notice that the mirror is foggy
and covered with very small droplets of
water. Explain how this happens by
describing where the water comes
from and the changes the water goes
through.
19. Making Inferences An iceberg is
partially submerged in the ocean. At what
part of the iceberg is the water pressure the
greatest?
20. Applying Concepts Use Boyle’s Law to
explain why bubbled packing wrap pops
when you squeeze it.
21. Making Predictions Will a ship loaded
with plastic-foam balls float higher or lower
in the water than an empty ship? Explain.
22. Applying Concepts All vacuum
cleaners have a high-speed fan. Explain
how this fan allows the vacuum cleaner to
pick up dirt.
23. Graphing Data Kate placed 100 mL of
water in each of five different pans. She
then placed the pans on a windowsill for a
week and measured how much water
evaporated. Graph her data, which are
shown in the table below. Place surface
area on the x-axis.
a. Is the graph linear or nonlinear?
b. What does this answer tell you?
24. Interpreting Graphs The graph below
shows
the effects of heating on ethylene glycol, the
liquid commonly used as antifreeze. Before
the temperature is 197 °C, is the
temperature increasing or decreasing?
What physical change is taking place when
the ethylene glycol is at 197 °C? Describe
what is happening to the ethylene glycol
molecules at 197 °C. How do you know this
is happening?
25. Pressure Calculate the area of a 1,500
N object
that exerts a pressure of 500 Pa. Then,
calculate
the pressure exerted by the same object
over
twice that area. Express your answer in the
correct SI unit.
26. Pascal’s Principle One of the largest
helicopters in the world weighs 1.0 × 106 N.
If you were to place this helicopter on a
large
piston of a hydraulic lift, what force would
need to be applied to the small piston to lift
the helicopter? The area of the small piston
is 0.7 m2, and the area of the large piston is
140 m2.
27. Boyle’s Law A sample of neon gas
occupies a
volume of 2.8 L at 180 kPa. What will its
volume
be at 120 kPa?
28. Boyle’s Law At a pressure of 650 kPa, 2.2 L of hydrogen is used to fill a balloon to final
pressure of 115 kPa. What is the balloon’s final volume?
Answer:
Reading Toolbox
1. Answers may vary. The five
changes of state covered in the
chapter should be listed across
the top of the table: melting,
freezing, evaporation, condensation,
and sublimation.
Characteristics listed in the
rows of the table might include
starting state, ending state, and
energy change (endothermic or
exothermic). Information in the
table should be consistent with
information in the chapter.
Using Key Terms
2. In a solid, particles are held
closely together and vibrate.
In a liquid, particles are close
together but slide past one
another. In a gas, particles spread
apart to fill available space. In a
plasma, particles spread apart to
fill space, and the particles have
broken apart.
3. Fluids exert pressure evenly in all
directions.
4. Buoyant force is the upward force
exerted on an object immersed
in or floating on a fluid.
Archimedes’ principle states that
the buoyant force on an object is
equal to the weight of the volume
of fluid that the object displaces.
Understanding Key Ideas
5. d
6. c
7. b
8. b
9. d
10. c
11. d
Explaining Key Ideas
12. The law of conservation of
energy states that energy cannot
be created or destroyed.
The law of conservation of mass
states that mass cannot be created
or destroyed. In a change
of state, energy and mass may
be transformed, but they are not
destroyed.
13. a. Solid is the state of matter in
which the substance has a definite
shape and volume. Liquid is
the state of matter in which the
substance takes the shape of its
container but has a definite
volume.
b. Boyle’s law states that when
the pressure of a gas at constant
temperature increases, its volume
decreases. Charles’s law
states that when the temperature
of a gas at constant pressure
increases, its volume increases.
c. Gay-Lussac’s law states that
when the temperature of a gas
at constant volume increases, its
pressure increases. Pascal’s principle
states that pressure applied
to a fluid in a closed container is
transmitted equally throughout
the fluid.
14. Because the slope of the line
is positive, the relationship is
direct.
15. Because it relates pressure and
temperature, the graph illustrates
Gay-Lussac’s law.
Critical Thinking
16. Boyle’s law states that the volume
of a gas is inversely proportional
to its pressure. If the volume is
tripled, the pressure of the gas
would drop to one-third of the
original pressure.
17. Liquids are used in hydraulic
brakes because liquids cannot
be compressed easily. Gases are
easily compressible.
18. As you take a shower, some of
the liquid water evaporates and
becomes a gas. When the gaseous
water touches the mirror,
the water releases energy to the
mirror and condenses into drops
of liquid water on the mirror.
19. The pressure on the iceberg is
greatest at the lowest depth.
20. As the bubble is squeezed to a
smaller volume, the pressure
of the gas inside the bubble
increases until it is high enough
to burst the bubble.
21. The ship will float lower in the
water because the plastic-foam
balls will add to the ship’s total
mass, but will not increase its
volume. Therefore, the overall
density of the ship will increase,
causing it to sink a little.
22. The fan causes the air inside the
vacuum cleaner to move faster, which
decreases pressure. The higher air
pressure outside of the vacuum then
pushes dirt into the vacuum cleaner.
Graphing Skills
23. Sample graph:
a. The graph is linear.
b. A linear line indicates that an increase
in surface area causes an increase in
evaporation.
24. The temperature is increasing. Ethylene
glycol undergoes a change of state at
197 °C; it is changing from a liquid to a gas.
At 197 °C, ethylene glycol molecules are
absorbing energy to vaporize, so there is
no increase in temperature.
Math Skills
25. 1,500 N/500 Pa = 3 m2; 500 Pa/2 = 250
Pa
26.
(1.0 × 106 N)(0.7 m2)
__
140 m2 = 5 × 103 N
27. 1.8 kPa × 2.8 L
1.2 kPA
= 4.2 L
28. 6.5 kPa × 2.2 L
1.15 kPa
= 12 L