Semantics
Semiotics
Pragmatics
Lexicology
Onomatopoeia
Onomasiology
Conceptual
Semiology
synonymy
meaning
origin
example
translation
is the study of meaning
from Greek sēmantiká, neuter plural of sēmantikós
Bedeutungslehre
Semiotics, also called semiotic studies or (in the Saussurean
The term, which was spelled semeiotics, derives from
=Semiology =
tradition) semiology, is the study of signs and sign processes
the Greek σημειωτικός, (sēmeiōtikos), "observant of
Lehre von den
[3]
[4]
(semiosis), indication, designation, likeness, analogy, metaphor,
signs" (from σημεῖον - sēmeion, "a sign, a mark" )
Zeichen
symbolism, signification, and communication.
studies the ways in which context
from L. pragmaticus "skilled in business or law,"
linguistische Disziplin, die das Sprachverhalten
contributes to meaning.
from Gk. pragmatikos "versed in business," from sowie das Verhältnis zwischen sprachlichen
pragma (gen. pragmatos ) "civil business, deed,
Zeichen und interpretierendem Menschen
act," from prassein "to do, act, perform."
untersucht
Lexicology is the part of linguistics which The word "lexicology" derives from the Greek "λεξικόν" (lexicon), neut. of
Lehre vom
studies words, their nature(?) and
"λεξικός" (lexikos), "of or for words",[1] from "λέξις" (lexis), "speech", "word",[2]
Wortschatz, von
(?)
[3]
meaning, words' elements , relations
(in turn from "λέγω" - lego, "to say", "to speak" ) + "-λογία", (-logia), "the study
der Erforschung
between words (semantical relations),
of", a suffix derived from "λόγος" (logos), amongst others meaning "speech,
und
word groups and the whole lexicon.
oration, discourse, quote, study, calculation, reason",[4] it turn also from "λέγω".
Beschreibung
seiner Struktur
An onomatopoeia or onomatopœia is a word that
from the Greek ὀνοματοποιία;[1] ὄνομα for "name"[2] and ποιέω for "I Lautmalerei
imitates or suggests the source of the sound that it
make",[3] adjectival form: "onomatopoeic" or "onomatopoetic")
describes.
Onomasiology is a branch of linguistics
from Greek: ὀνομάζω
The opposite approach is known as semasiology: here
Bezeichnungsconcerned with the question "how do
(onomāzο) — to name, one starts with the a word and asks what it means, or
lehre
you express X?" It is in fact most
which in turn is from
what concepts the word refers to. Thus, an
commonly understood as a branch of
ὀνομα — name
onomasiological question is, e.g., "what are the names
lexicology, the study of words
for long, narrow pieces of potato that have been deepfried?" (answers: french fries in the US, chips in the UK,
etc.), while a semasiological question is, e.g., "what is
the meaning of the term chips?"
= Semiotics
Expression of the same meaning
by means of different words
Lehre von den Zeichen
early 15c. (but rare before 18c.), from L. synonymum, from Gk. synonymon "word
Bedeutungsgleichheit,
having the same sense as another," noun use of neut. of synonymos "having the
Bedeutungsähnlichkeit
same name as, synonymous," from syn- "together, same" + onyma, Aeolic dialectal
form of onoma "name
Complemen
-tarity
antonym
converseness
Directional
opposites
Hyponymy
meronymy
Lexical
ambiguity
Polysemy
Homonymy
Etymology
Homographs
Homophones
Metonomy
Synecdoche
Relationship of contradiction
Begriffe, die sich ergänzen, komplementär sind
The denial of one term is the assertion of the other
~opposite
1870, coined to serve as
Wort, das einem
One usage has antonym referring to both gradable opposites, such as long : short,
opposite of synonym, from Gk. anderen in der
and (non-gradable) complementary opposites, such as male : female, while
anti- "equal to, instead of,
Bedeutung
opposites of the types up : down and precede : follow are excluded from the
opposite" (see anti-) + -onym
entgegengesetzt ist
definition.
"name"
Expresses the same meaning with a reversal of the order of
The cat is behind the car.
Gegenteil, Umkehrung
participants
The car is in front of the cat.
Express some kind of direction (also metaphorically)
You must own something before you can lose it.
Relationship of inclusion
part-whole relationship
from the Greek words meros = part
and onoma = name
A word allows more than one meaning
Various meanings are associatively
related to each other
Face – mouth, nose, eyes, chin...
For example, 'finger' is a meronym of 'hand' because a finger is part of a hand.
Similarly 'wheel' is a meronym of 'automobile'.
An old friend  friend is aged OR friend for many years
1900, from Fr. polysémie (1897), from M.L. polysemus, from
Gk. polysemos “of many senses,” from poly- (see poly-) +
sema “sign.”
Mouth: opening through which s.o.
takes in food
Part of a river which empties into lake
or the sea
Bark: outer covering of a wood OR
sound uttered by a dog
A homonym is one of a group of words
1620s (implied in homonymous), from L. homonymum
that share the same spelling and the
(Quintilian), from Gk. homonymos, from homos "same" (see
same pronunciation but have different
same) + onyma, dial. form of onoma "name" (see name).
meanings.
late 14c., ethimolegia "facts of the origin and development of a word," from O.Fr. et(h)imologie (14c., Mod.Fr.
Herkunft, Geschichte und
étymologie), from L. etymologia, from Gk. etymologia, properly "study of the true sense of a word," from etymon
Grundbedeutung eines
"true sense" (neut. of etymos "true," related to eteos "true") + logos "word." In classical times, of meanings; later, of Wortes
histories. Latinized by Cicero as veriloquium. As a branch of linguistic science, from 1640s.
Identical in spelling
Identical in sound regardless of spelling
Relationship of contiguity (angrenzen)
z.B. Heaven für God
Ersetzung eines Ausdrucks für einen anderen
within a conceptual frame
verwandten
late 14c., "part for whole or vice versa," from M.L. synodoche, from L.L. synecdoche, from Gk. synekdokhe, lit. z.B. sail für
Vertauschung
suffix
Prefix
Orthography
Morphology
Morpheme
Acronym
Syntactic group
Compound
Syntax
Inflection
"a receiving together or jointly," from synekdekhesthai "supply a thought or word, take with something else,"
ship
von Teil und
from syn- "with" + ek "out" + dekhesthai "to receive," related to dokein "seem good" (see decent). Figure in
Ganzem
which an attribute or adjunct is substituted for the thing meant ("head" for "cattle," etc.).
1778, from Mod.L. suffixum, noun use of neut. of L. suffixus "fastened," pp. of suffigere "fasten, fix on," from sub "upon" (see
Nachsilbe
sub-) + figere "fasten" (see fix).
early 15c. (v.), 1640s (n.), from L. praefixus, pp. of praefigere "fix in front," from prae "before" (see pre-) + root of figere "to
Vorsilbe
fasten, fix" (see fix)
The orthography of a language specifies orthographia, from Greek ὀρθός orthós,
Rechtschreibung
a standardized way of using a specific
"correct", and γράφειν gráphein, "to write"
writing system (script) to write the
language.
morphology is the identification,
from Gk. morphe (see Morpheus) + -logy
Formenlehre
analysis and description of the structure
of morphemes and other units of
Morpheus
meaning in a language like words,
name for the god of dreams in Ovid, son of Sleep, lit. "the maker of shapes," from
affixes, and parts of speech and
Gk. morphe "form, shape, beauty, outward appearance," perhaps from PIE
intonation/stress, implied context
*merph-, possible Gk. root meaning "form," of unknown origin.
morpheme is the smallest component of a word, or other linguistic unit, that has semantic
meaning
A phrase is replaced by a word based on "word formed from the first letters of a series of
PR, CD, ID, ... spelling acronyms
the first letter of its words
words," 1943, Amer.Eng. coinage from acro-, comb.
Scuba (self contained underwater breathing
form of Gk. akros "tip, end" (see acrid) + -onym
apparatus), Unicef  word acronyms
"name"
A composite syntactic unit
e.g. a black bird
Primary stress in syntactic group
e.g. a ,sweet ‘juice
Consists of at least two free morphemes
Fruit juice, wheelchair patient, blackbird
The sum of the individual meanings is not the new meaning
e.g. a brown blackbird (female of the species)
syntax is the study of the principles and rules for constructing
from Ancient Greek σύνταξις "arrangement" from σύν syn, "together", and
sentences in natural languages
τάξις táxis, "an ordering"
In grammar, inflection or inflexion is the modification of a word to express different
grammatical categories such as tense, grammatical mood, grammatical voice, aspect, person,
number, gender and case. Conjugation is the inflection of verbs; declension is the inflection
of nouns, adjectives and pronouns.
Synthetic
language
Phoneme
Allophone
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is a language with a high morpheme-per-word ratio, as opposed to a low morpheme-perword ratio in what is described as an isolating language (analytic language)
Minimal unit in the sound system of a language
Phonetic variances of the same phoneme
onomasiological approach
o starts from concept, asks for all possible signs
o e.g. meals  lunch, brunch, dinner, etc.
componential analysis or semantic feature analysis
o meaning of a word is described as a bundle of semantic feature
o e.g. girl  +human, -adult, + female
hyponymy
o relationship of inclusion
o superordinate term (hypernym) includes a set of (co)hyponyms
meronymy
o part-whole relationship
o meronym – holonym
o the holonym cannot be used for the meronym
o Holonymy  in Greek holon = whole and onoma = name
 defines the relationship between a term denoting the whole and a term denoting a part of, or a member of, the whole.
 For example, 'tree' is a holonym of 'bark', of 'trunk' and of 'limb.'
 opposite of meronymy
Metaphor: two concepts (a tenor and a vehicle) are linked (tenor need not be explicit)
o everyday use: are an important structuring principle, we conceptualize one conceptual/mental domain in terms of another (Soure and target
domain)
o an idea hit him.
physical impact  intellectual process
hit (vehicle)  idea (tenor)
Morph: concrete realization of a morpheme, not yet classified
o homonymic morphs: have same sound structure but different functions
o Allomorph ist ein Begriff der Linguistik und bezeichnet bedeutungs- oder funktionsgleiche oder -ähnliche Varianten eines Morphems. Es
unterscheidet sich vom Morph dadurch, dass seine Zugehörigkeit zu einem bestimmten Morphem festgestellt wurde, es ist klassifiziert. Die
Feststellung, zu welchem Morphem ein Allomorph gehört, erfolgt aufgrund seiner ähnlichen oder gleichen Form einerseits und andererseits
seiner gleichen grammatischen Funktion oder ähnlichen bzw. gleichen Bedeutung.
 Aus der Personalflexion der Verben:
Das Morphem "3. Person Singular Indikativ Präsens" hat im Deutschen bei schwachen Verben die beiden Allomorphe -et (in: rechn-et)
und -t (in: geh-t).
- Aus der Pluralflexion der Substantive:
Fisch - Fische (Plural-Allomorph: -e)
Träger - Träger-Ø (Plural-Allomorph: Nullallomorph)
Vater - Väter (Plural-Allomorph: Umlaut)
Wald - Wäld-er (Plural-Allomorph: Umlaut + -er)
Stimme - Stimme-n (Plural-Allomorph: -n)
Kind - Kind-er (Plural-Allomorph -er)
Video - Video-s (Plural-Allomorph: -s)
Maus - Mäus-e (Plural-Allomorph: Umlaut + e)
Frau - Frau-en (Plural-Allomorph: -en)
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Morphemes
o lexical and grammatical morphemes
o lexical
 content/grammatical  nouns, adjectives, adverbs, verbs
 derivational affixes (suffixes, prefixes), for producing new words
o grammatical/functional
 express grammatical relationships
 function words: if, the, to, she,...
 inflectional morphemes/affixes
o free morphemes: may stand alone as a word
o bound morphemes: must be attached to another morpheme
o root morphemes: often foreign borrowings, free in the source language, not free in English (convert, perceive, receive, contain,...)
o unique morphemes: A cranberry morpheme[2][3] or unique morpheme[4] is one with extremely limited distribution so that it occurs in only one
word. A popular example is cran- in cranberry" (hence the term "cranberry morpheme").
o suppletive morphemes: not possible to show a morphological relationship between two elements of a paradigm
 e.g. good-better, be-is-was, ...
nativization: adaptation of a borrowed word, especially in pronunciation
o tobacco (E) – tobacco (Span.)
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o tomato (E) – tomate (Span.), tomatl (Mex.)
Syntagmatic relationships: Elements of a word or composite form characterized as
o modifier vs. head
o determinant vs. determinatum
Derivation: creation of new words by adding derivational affixes to other words or morphemes
o –ment: government, settlement
o – able: readable,...
 derivational suffixes change the class of the element they are attached to
 derivational PREFIXES usually don’t change the class (class-maintaining)
Zero derivation: also called functional shift or conversion
o conversion of one word class to another without the addition of a suffix
o therefore not part of derivation
Backformation: opposite of derivation, a new word is derived from a more complex form
o stage-manager  to stage-manage (Result looks like a compound)
Compounding: consists of at least two free morphemes
o fruit juice, one-way
o first element  main stress, second element  determines compound’s new word class
o endocentric compounds (headed): consist of a head and a modifier (e.g. goldfield)
Closed and open classes: In linguistics, a closed class (or closed word class) is a word class to which no new items can normally be added, and that
usually contains a relatively small number of items. Typical closed classes found in many languages are adpositions (prepositions and postpositions),
determiners, conjunctions, and pronouns.[1]
o Contrastingly, an open class offers possibilities for expansion. Typical open classes such as nouns and verbs can and do get new words often,
through the usual means such as compounding, derivation, coining, borrowing, etc.