Course; Neurosciences
Course Instructor; Prof. Sundaresh T. V.
Course No; NEUR 710.
The neuroscience course at the Windsor University School of medicine is a broad-based,
multidisciplinary, course which has a strong emphasis on the clinical application of
"traditional" neuroanatomical knowledge.
The content of the medical neuroscience course includes not only the basic science
concepts introduced in more traditional neuroanatomy courses; it also incorporates
neurohistology, neuroembryology, neurophysiology and neuropathology.
The usefulness of these concepts is reinforced by numerous clinically-based lectures
which emphasize the importance of integrating basic neuroanatomical knowledge with the
clinical symptoms presented by a neurological deficit. Other clinically-based lectures
present current medical concepts concerning neurodegenerative diseases, pain, sleep,
epilepsy, substance abuse, and memory and learning.
The didactic lectures are supplemented with numerous lab sessions where the students are
given an opportunity to solve frequently encountered neurological cases. A laboratory
provides "hands-on" learning experiences in brain and spinal cord anatomy and some
clinical testing of cranial nerves. (5 credits; 135 hrs. lecture/lab)
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Books Recommended :
Clinical Neuroanatomy by. Richard R Snell
Neuroanatomy through Clinical cases by. Hal Bleumenfeld
Other Reference Books Include
Ganong’s Medical Physiology. Guyton’s Physiology Book
Web Sites Recommended
http://www.neuroanatomy.wisc.edu/
http://www.columbia.edu/itc/hs/medical/neuroanatomy/neuroanat/
http://www.radnet.ucla.edu/sections/DINR/
http://library.med.utah.edu/WebPath/HISTHTML/NEURANAT/NEURANCA.html
Specific course learning objectives:
1. Describe, Draw And Label Major Topographic Features Of The Brain,
2. Explain the major interrelationships between major brain structures,
3. Localize, identify, draw and label major brainstem nuclei and tracts from origin to
termination,
4. Describe the major function(s) and interrelationships of brainstem nuclei and tracts,
5. Describe, diagram and label the blood supply to the cerebral cortex, cerebellum,
brainstem, and spinal cord,
6. Explain the fundamentals of the localization and diagnosis of neurological lesions.
7. Describe, draw and label major topographic features of the forebrain,
8. Explain the fundamental use of neuroimaging in the detection and diagnosis of major
neurological disorders,
9. Describe the major anatomical subdivisions, mapping, and functions of cerebral cortical
systems (e.g., motor, sensory, language, cognition, emotion, memory, etc.),
10. Describe and explain clinical abnormalities in the structure and function of cerebral
cortical systems,
11. Localize, identify, draw and label major somatosensory systems and pathways from
origin to termination,
12. Explain the neurobiological basis and clinical correlates of pain and headache,
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13. Describe the major function(s), interrelationships and clinical abnormalities of major
somatosensory systems,
14. Localize, identify, draw and label major somatomotor systems and pathways from
origin to termination,
15. Describe and explain the function of major neurotransmitters and their receptors,
16. Describe the major function(s), interrelationships and clinical abnormalities of
somatomotor systems.
17. Describe, draw and label the major neuroanatomical features and functions of the
frontal cortex, hippocampus, limbic system, and ventricular system,
18. Explain the neurophysiological basis of the EEG and epilepsy,
19. Describe and explain brain blood flow and metabolism and mechanisms of stroke,
20. Explain the major clinical correlates of and major clinical treatment approaches to
stroke,
21. Localize, identify, draw and label the major central visual pathways,
22. Explain the neurophysiology of the retina and central visual system and major related
clinical abnormalities and correlates,
23. Localize, identify, draw and label the major central auditory/vestibular pathways,
24. Explain auditory/vestibular functions and major related clinical abnormalities and
correlates,
25. Localize, identify, draw and label major neuroanatomical nuclei and pathways of the
hypothalamus,
26. Explain the role of the hypothalamus in homeostatic functions of neuroendocrine
regulation, water/osmolar balance, temperature regulation, food intake/energy balance,
and circadian rhythm regulation, and major related clinical abnormalities and correlates.
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Course Syllabus and Objectives
September 10, 2015
SPINAL CORD
At the end of the session the student should be able to explain:
The external features of the spinal cord:
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Beginning And Termination
Cervical and lumbar enlargements
Dorsal and ventral nerve roots including those which form caudaequina
Dorsal root ganglia, and their relation to the intervertebral foramina
Meninges: dura matter, arachnoid, pia matter (filum terminale, ligamentum
denticulata)
 Anterior and posterior spinal arteries, radicular arteries, their origin and
distribution.
September 11, 2015
The internal features of the spinal cord:
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Dorsal median sulcus, ventral median fissure.
Central canal
Grey and white matter
Dorsal horn: Dorsolateral fasciculus or Lissauer’s tract, Substantia gelationosa,
Clark’s column
 Ventral horn: Alpha & gamma motor (lower motor) neurons, phrenic nucleus
 Intermediolateral horn: Preganglionic sympathetic neurons
 Rexed’s lamination
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 Ventral and dorsal grey commissures, ventral white commissures
 White matter: Dorsal, lateral and ventral funiculi
 Main differences between grey and white matter of the cervical, thoracic, lumbar
and sacral segments
September14, 2015
SPINAL REFLEXES;
At the end of the session the student should be able to explain the:
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‘Reflex’ & ‘reflex arc’
Monosynaptic & polysynaptic reflexes
Stretch reflex and reciprocal innervation; gamma reflex loop
Flexor reflex and crossed extensor reflex
September 15, 2015
SPINAL CORD TRACTS
At the end of the session the student should be able to explain the:
 Propriospinal or intersegmental fibers: Fasciculus proprius
 Ascending spinal tracts
 Descending spinal tracts
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September 16,17,18, 2015
ASCENDING SPINAL TRACTS
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Functions
First, second & third order neurons
The function, origin, course, and termination of:
Dorsal white column: Fasciculus gracilis, fasciculus cuneatus
Spino-thalamic tract
Spino-reticulothalamic fibers
Spinocerebellar tracts Ventral and Dorsal Spinocerebellar tracts
Lesions of the dorsal columns: Tabes dorsalis, subacute combined degeneration,
Multiple sclerosis
Spinothalamic tract lesions: Syringomyelia, Tumors affecting the tracts.
Discherniation
 Friedreich’s ataxia
 Cordotomy & Tractotomy
September 21,2015
DESCENDING SPINAL TRACTS
 Functions
 Upper & lower motor neurons
 The function, origin, course and termination of:
 Corticospinal tracts
 Rubrospinal
 Tectospinal
 Vestibulospinal
 Reticulospinal
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September22,2015
 Upper & Lower Motor Neuron Syndromes
 Hereditary spastic paraparesis
 Lesions of the spinal cord: upper cervical, lower cervical, thoracic and lumber
cord lesions
 Hemisection of the cord- Brown-Sequard syndrome
September 23-25,2015
BRAIN STEM
At the end of the session the student should be able to explain the external features of
the brain stem:
Parts: Medulla Oblongata, Pons, Mid Brain Relation with cerebellum
Medulla Oblongata:
 Dorsal surface: posterior median sulcus, dorsal columns, gracile and cuneate
th
tubercles, floor of 4 ventricle, inferior cerebellar peduncle
 Ventral surface: ventral median fissure, pyramids, decussation of pyramidal fibers,
external arcuate fibers
 Lateral surface: anterolateral & posterolateral sulci, olives
th
th
th
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 Attachment of 9 , 10 , 11 and 12 cranial nerves
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MEDULLA PBLONGATA: INTERNAL FEATURES
At the end of the session the student should be able to explain the internal Features
of the medulla oblongata:
• Caudal medulla: Transverse Section of medulla at the level of motor Decussation.
Transition from spinal cord, pattern of grey and white matter; trigeminal sensory
nucleus (nucleus of spinal tract of trigeminal nerve), pyramidal (motor) decussation
• Mid medulla: Transverse Section of Medulla At the level of Mid Olive. Pyramids,
gracile and cuneate tubercles, internal arcuate fibers, sensory decussation, medial
lemniscus, nucleus of spinal tract of trigeminal nerve
• Rostral medulla: pyramids, medial lemniscus, inferior olivary nucleus, nucleus of
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spinal tract of trigeminal nerve, spinal lemniscus, 4 ventricle, hypoglossal nucleus,
dorsal motor nucleus of vagus nerve, area postrema, vestibular nuclei, nucleus
solitarius, medial longitudinal fasciculus, inferior cerebellar peduncle, restiform
body, dorsal and ventral cochlear nuclei, nucleus ambiguus, reticular formation
 Vascular Lesion. Tumors Affecting the Medulla.
 Medial Medullary Syndrome. Inferior Alternating Hemiplegia crossed
hypoglossal Hemiplegia, Signs and Symptoms and Causes of Lesion.
 Lateral medullary syndrome, Wallenberg’s Syndrome, Alternating hemianesthesia. Symptoms And causes of this lesion and physical Diagnosis
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September 28-29,2015
Pons:
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 Dorsal surface: Floor of 4 ventricle.
 Ventral surface: Basilar groove, basilar artery, transverse pontine fibers, middle
cerebellar peduncles
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 Attachment of 5 , 6 ,7 ,and 8 cranial nerves
PONS: INTERNAL FEATURES
At the end of the session the student should be able to explain the internal features of
the pons:
 Parts: Ventarl (Basilar) and dorsal (Tegmental)
 Basilar part: Transverse Pontocerebellar fibers, middle cerebellar peduncle
(brachium pontis), longitudinal corticospinal fibers, pontine nuclei.
 Tegmental part:
 In caudal pons: medial and spinal lemnisci, trapezoid body, trigeminal
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sensory nucleus, abducens nucleus, facial motor nucleus, 4 ventricle, medial
longitudinal fasciculi.
 In rostral pons: medial, spinal and lateral lemnisci, superior cerebellar
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peduncle in the lateral wall of 4 ventricle, the thin superior medullary velum
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spanning between the two superior peduncles forming the roof of the 4
ventricle, medial longitudinal fasciculi, chief sensory, motor and
mesencephalic nuclei of trigeminal nerve.
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September30,2015
Pontine Syndromes
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Medial Pontine Syndrome
Lateral Pontine Syndrome
Raymond’s Syndrome Alternating Abducent Hemiplegia
Miller Gubler Syndrome. Alternating Facial Hemiiplegia
Vascular Lesions of pons
October 1-2,2015.
Mid brain:
 Dorsal surface: Superior and inferior colliculi, superior cerebellar peduncles
 Ventral surface:basis pedunculi (crus cerebri), interpeduncular fossa
 Lateral surface: superior and inferior brachium
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 Attachment of 3 and 4 cranial nerves
MID BRAIN: INTERNAL FEATURES
At the end of the session the student should be able to explain the internal features of
the mid brain:
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Dorsal & ventral portions in relation to the cerebral aqueduct
Dorsal portion: Tectum: superior and inferior colliculi (corpora quadrigemina)
Ventral portion: Tegmentum: cerebral peduncle, crus cerebri, Substantia nigra
In caudal mid brain: inferior colliculi, decussation of superior cerebellar
peduncle(brachium conjunctivum), medial, spinal and lateral lemnisci,
periaqueductal grey matter, trochlear nerve nuclei, medial longitudinal fasciculi,
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 In rostral mid brain: superior colliculi, pretectal nuclei, medial, spinal and lateral
lemnisci, medial longitudinal fasciculi periaqueductal grey matter, occulomotor
nerve nuclei, red nucleus, rubrospinal & tectospinal tracts and decussations, central
tegmental tract.
 Substantia nigra: pars compacta, pars reticulata
 Crus cerebri: corticobulbar, corticospinal and corticopontine fibers
October 5 ,2015.
RETICULAR FORMATION
At the end of the session the student should be able to discuss the:
o Location and the structure of the reticular formation: complex matrix of
neurons extending throughout the length of brain stem.
o Nuclei: Medullary And Pontine reticular formation, Raphe nuclei, locus ceruleus
o Ascending and descending connections: Reticulospinal tracts, reticular
activating system
o Functions: control of respiratory and cardiovascular centers, sleep regulation,
modulation of nociceptive mechanism, activation of cerebral cortex, heightening
arousal and controlling the level of consciousness
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October 6,2015.
CRANIAL NERVE NUCLEI
At the end of the session the student should be able to discuss the:
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o Functional components of the cranial nerves
o Afferent cranial nerve nuclei:
Somatic afferent nuclei: Trigeminal sensory nuclei, vestibular and cochlear
nuclei
Visceral afferent nucleui: Nucleus solitarius, gustatory nucleus
o Efferent cranial nerve nuclei:
Somatic efferent cell column: Occulomotor, trochlear, abducens and
hypoglossal nuclei
Brachiomotor cell column: Trigeminal and facial motor nuclei, nucleus
ambiguous
Parasympathetic cell column: Edinger-Westphal nucleus, superior and inferior
salivatory nuclei, lacrimal nucleus, dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus nerve.
o Cranial nerve lesions, and how to test the integrity of the cranial
nerves:
Occulomotor, trochlear nerve and abducens nerve palsy
Lesions of the trigeminal nerve: Herpes zoster, syringobulbia
Lesion of the facial nerve: Bell’s palsy, herpes zoster, Ramsay Hunt syndrome
Lesions of the vestibule-cochlear nerve: Acoustic neuroma
Motor neuron disease and IX-XII nerve lesions
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October 7-8,2015.
DIENCEPHALON
At the end of the session the student should be able to discuss the parts of the
diencephalons and their details:
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Thalamus
Hypothalamus
Epithalamus
Subthalamus
THALAMUS
o Location & relations
o External features, interthalamic adhesion
o Internal organization: Internal Medullary Lamina, Anterior, Medial & Lateral
Nuclear Masses, Intralaminar Nuclei, Lateral Medullary lamina, reticular nucleus
o Functional organization: specific and non-specific nuclei and their connections
 Anterior nuclear group
 Lateral nuclear group: Ventral anterior (VA), ventral lateral (VL), ventral posterior
(VP), Lateral & medial geniculate nuclei
 Medial nuclear group: Mediodorsal nucleus (MD), nucleus reunions
 Intralaminar nuclear group
 Reticular nucleus
 Thalamic lesions: Thalamic syndrome, thalamic pain
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October 9 ,2015.
Hypothalamus
o Location and relations
o Hypothalamic structures identified on the base of the brain:
Mammillary bodies & nuclei, tuber cinereum, infundibulum, pituitary stalk,
pituitary gland
o Hypothalamic nuclei, their connections and functions:
 Lateral
 Medial
 Anterior: supraoptic, paraventricular, suprachiasmatic, ventromedial nucleus
 Lesions of the hypothalamus and pituitary gland
October 12 ,2015.
Epithalamus
• Location
• Components:
 Habenular triangle & nuclei, stria medullaris thalami
 Pineal gland
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Subthalamus
• Location
• Components
 Subthalamic nucleus: location, afferent & efferent connections,
(pallidosubthalamic & subthalamopallidal fibers), subthalamic fasciculus
and functions
 Zona incerta
 Ascending sensory projections: medial leminiscus, trigeminothalamic
tract, spinothalamic tract
 Cerebellothalamic fibers
 Pallidothalamic fibers (lenticular fasciculus, ansa lenticularis, thalamic
fasciculus)
 Lesions of the sub thalamic nucleus
October 13 ,2015.
CEREBELLUM
At the end of the session the student should be able to discuss its:
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External features of the cerebellum:
Cerebellar hemispheres
Superior and inferior vermis
Anterior and posterior notches
Fissures: primary, horizontal, posterolateral
Lobes: anterior, middle, flocculonodular
Cerebellar peduncles: superior, middle, inferior
Arterial supply: superior, anterior inferior, posterior inferior cerebellar
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October 13 ,2015.
• Internal features of the cerebellum:
�Cerebellar cortex: Cellular organization
 Molecular layer
 Purkinje cell layer
 Granular layer
 White matter:
 Afferent fibers: Climbing fibers (Spino-, vestibule-,and pontocerebellar
fibers) & Mossy fibers (olivocerebellar fibers)
 Efferent fibers: axons of the purkinje cells
�Cerebellar nuclei
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Fastigial
Globose
Emboliform
Dentate nucleus
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October 14-16 ,2015.
 Functional , morphological and Anatomical ( Division) Classification of
cerebellum:
 Archicerebellum: Flocculonodular lobe and fastigial nucleus
 Paleocerebellum: Vermis, paravermis, and globose & emboliform nuclei
 Neocerebellum: Cerebellar hemisphere and dentate nucleus
 Cerebellar peduncles (Superior, middle & inferior): the origin &
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termination of their constituent fibers, course, their relation to 4 ventricle
 Lesions of the cerebellum and their manifestations: Intention tremors,
dysarthria, cerebellar ataxia, nystagmus, Charcot’s triad
 Midline lesions
 Unilateral cerebellar hemispheric lesions
 Bilateral dysfunctions
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October 19-21 ,2015.
CEREBRUM (CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES)
At the end of the session the student should be able to describe its:
 External features of the cerebrum:
 Two hemispheres, superior (great) longitudinal fissure, corpus callosum
 Surfaces: Superolateral, medial, inferior
 Borders: Superomedial, Inferolateral, medial orbital, medial occipital
 Poles: Frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital
 The three sulci which are used to divide the hemispheres into lobes:
Central sulcus, lateral sulcus (posterior ramus), parieto-occipital sulcus
 Lobes: Frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital
 Important sulci & gyri:
 Frontal lobe: precentral sulcus & gyrus, superior & inferior frontal sulci,
superior frontal, middle frontal and inferior frontal gyri
 Parietal lobe: Postcentral sulcus & gyrus, intraparietal sulcus, superior
parietal & inferior parietal lobules
 Temporal lobe: Superior & inferior temporal sulci, superior, middle &
inferior temporal gyri, transverse temporal gyri, Heschl’s convolutions
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 Occipital lobe: calcarine sulcus
 On the medial surface: callosal sulcus, cingulate sulcus, paracentral lobule,
precuneus, cuneus
 On the inferior surface: olfactory sulcus, orbital gyri, parahippocampal
gyrus, uncus, collateral sulcus, occipitotemporal sulcus, occipitotemporal
gyri
October 19 ,2015.
 Internal features:
 Outer grey matter: Cerebral cortex
 White matter
 Cerebral nuclei: Basal ganglia (corpus striatum)
Cerebral cortex
 Histological structure:
 Six layers
 Regional variations
 Archicortex, paleocortex, neocortex
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October 20-22 ,2015.
• Functional areas:
 Frontal lobe: primary motor cortex, premotor cortex, supplementary motor
cortex, frontal eye field, motor speech (Brocca’s) area, prefrontal cortex
 Parietal lobe: primary somatosensory cortex, association cortex
 Temporal lobe: Primary auditory cortex, auditory association cortex,
sensory speech (Wernick’s) area, vestibular area, memory & emotional
aspect of behavior, olfaction (limbic system: hippocampus and amygdale)
 Occipital lobe: primary visual cortex, visual association cortex
 Brodmann’s mapping (areas)
 Cerebral cortical lesions and their manifestations: Focal cerebral
lesions, Frontal lobe lesions, parietal lobe lesions, Temporal lobe lesions,
Occipital lobe lesions, Bilateral cortical disorders
October 23,2015.
 White matter
 Types of fibers:
Association fibers:
 Long association fibers: superior longitudinal fasciculus, inferior
longitudinal fasciculus, arcuate fasciculus, uncinate fasciculus, cingulum
 Short association fibers
 Projection fibers: corticospinal, corticobulbar (corticonuclear),
corticopontine fibers and thalamocortical projections forming corona
radiate, internal capsule (anterior & posterior limbs, genu, retrolenticular
& sub lenticular parts)
 Commissural fibers: corpus callosum (genu, body, splenium, forceps
minor & forceps major fibers), anterior, posterior, hippocampal and
habenular commissures
 Lesions of the fibers in white matter and their manifestations:
Associative agnosia, damage to corpus callosum, internal capsule lesions
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October 26 ,2015.
Basal ganglia
 Components:
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Caudate nucleus: head, body, tail
Lentiform nucleus: putamen, globus pallidus (medial & lateral segments)
Caudate nucleus & putamen, striatum, neostriatum
Globus pallidum, pallidum, paleostriatum
Nucleus accumbens
Amygdale
Claustrum
Substantia innominata, nucleus basalis (of Meynert)
• Connections:
o Striatum: Afferent (cortico-, thalamo-, nigrostriatal fibers, projections from
the brain stem raphe nuclei) & efferent connections (striatopallidal,
striatonigral)
o Pallidum: Afferent (striato-, and subthalamopallidal fibers) & efferent
(pallidosubthalamic, pallidothalamic, pallidotegmental fibers)
• Functions: extrapyramidal system
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October 27,2015.
 Basal ganglia syndromes & diseases
 Abnormal motor control (dyskinesias): akinesia, hypokinesia, bradykinesia
 Alteration in muscle tone (hypertonia, hypotonia)
 Abnormal, involuntary movements: tremors, chorea, dystonia, athetosis,
choreoathetosis, myoclonus, tics
 Parkinson’s disease, Huntington’s chorea, Hepatolenticular degeneration
(Wilson’s disease), Sydenham’s chorea.
October 28-29 ,2015.
 LIMBIC SYSTEM
At the end of the session the student should be able to describe its:
• Major parts
 Cingulate gyrus
 Parahippocampal gyrus
 Dentate gyrus
 Amygdala
 Hippocampal formation
 Septal area
 Hypothalamus (mammillary body)
 Anterior nucleus of the thalamus
 Habenular nuclei
 Papez circuit
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 Main fiber bundles
 Fornix
 Stria terminalis
 Ventral amygdalofugal pathway
 Medial forebrain bundle
 Mammilothalamic tract
 Mamillotegmental tract
 Cingulum
 Functions
 Limbic lobe disorders: Wernick’s encephalopathy, Korsakoff’s psychosis,
temporal lobe or complex partial seizures
October 14-16 ,2015.
I. BLOOD SUPPLY OF THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
At the end of the session the student should be able to discuss the:
• Blood supply of the spinal cord
 Arterial supply: Anterior spinal artery, paired posterior spinal arteries,
radicular arteries, great radicular artery (artery of Adamkeiwicz)
 Venous drainage: Anterior & posterior spinal veins, anterior & posterior
radicular veins, internal vertebral (epidural) venous plexus,
communication with external vertebral venous plexus, azygos, hemiazygos
and ascending lumbar veins
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Class 32
• Blood supply of the brain
Arterial supply:
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(hypophyseal, ophthalmic, anterior choroidal, posterior
communicating, anterior and middle cerebral, anterior
communicating
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posterior spinal arteries, posterior inferior cerebellar artery)
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tion, course, and branches (anterior inferior
cerebellar, labyrinthine, superior cerebellar, posterior cerebral
arteries, posterior communicating artery)
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branches (anterior & posterior perforating arteries)
Class 33
Venous drainage:
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cerebral vein
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cerebral vein of Galen.
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sigmoid, occipital, cavernous, confluence of sinuses
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Class 34
VENTRICULAR SYSTEM AND CEREBROSPINAL FLUID
At the end of the session the student should be able to explain the:
• Ventricles of the brain: two lateral ventricles, the third ventricle and the fourth
ventricle
LATERAL VENTRICLES
 Location: within the cerebral hemisphere
 Parts: Anterior (frontal) horn lies anterior to the interventricular
foramen, body, posterior (occipital) and inferior (temporal) horns
Boundaries:
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: lies anterior to the interventricular foramen; lateral wall (head of
caudate nucleus), roof (corpus callosum), medial wall (septum pellucidum)
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medial wall (bulb of posterior horn, calcar avis)
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 Communications: with the third ventricle through the interventricular foramen
 Tela choroidea & choroids plexus: choroidal fissure
Class 35
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3 VENTRICLE
 Location: Midline cavity in the region of diencephalon
 Boundaries:
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o
triangle
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o
o
o
 Recesses: Pineal, chiasmatic and infundibular
 Communications: with lateral ventricles through the interventricular foramina,
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with 4 ventricle through the cerebral aqueduct
 Boundaries of interventricular foramen
 Tela choroidea and choroids plexus: location and the formation
Class 36
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th
4 VENTRICLE
 Location and relations
 Boundaries:
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limitans, superior fovea, stria medullaris, inferior fovea, hypoglossal triangle, vagal
triangle, vestibular area
 Apertures & communications: Lateral and median apertures in the inferior
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medullary velum, communication with the central canal of spinal cord, 3 ventricle
and subarachnoid space around the brain.
 Tela choroidea and choroid plexus: formation and location
Class 37,38
• Cerebrospinal fluid:
 Formation, composition, volume
 Circulation: intraventricular, extraventricular
 Drainage: arachnoid villi, arachnoid granulations
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 Functions
 Hydrocephalus
Class 39
SPECIAL SENSORY PATHWAYS
OLFACTORY PATHWAY
At the end of the session the student should be able to discuss the components of the
olfactory pathway:
• Olfactory mucosa and olfactory nerves
• Olfactory bulb
• Olfactory tract
• Lateral, medial and intermediate olfactory stria
• Lateral, medial and intermediate olfactory areas
• Entorhinal olfactory association area.
• Lesions and manifestations of the olfactory pathway
TASTE PATHWAY
At the end of the session the student should be able to discuss the taste pathway:
• Taste buds
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• Origin, course and termination of the taste fibers
• Nerves carrying the taste fibers
• Nucleus solitarius; gustatory nucleus
• Solitariothalamic fibers
Class 40
VISUAL PATHWAY
At the end of the session the student should be able to:
• Demonstrate the structure of the eyeball.
• Explain the structure of the retina
• Discuss the origin, course, relations and termination of the optic nerve
• Discuss the components of the visual pathway i.e. optic chiasma, optic tract, lateral
geniculate body, superior colliculus, pretectal area, optic radiation (thalamocortical
fibers, geniculoclcarine tract), Meyer’s loop, primary visual cortex
• Explain binocular vision and visual reflexes
• Explain visual field deficits
Class 41
AUDITORY & VESTIBULAR PATHWAYS
At the end of the session the student should be able to:
• Demonstrate the structure of organ of Corti
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• The origin, course, relations and termination of the vestibulocochlear nerve
• Discuss the components of the auditory pathway i.e. cochlear nuclei, dorsal and
ventral auditory stria, trapezoid body, superior olivary nucleus, lateral lemniscus,
inferior colliculus, medial geniculate body, primary auditory cortex, and auditory
association cortex
• Discuss the components of the vestibular pathway i.e. vestibular nuclei and their
connections, vestibulocerebellar fibers, medial longitudinal fasciculus,
vestibulospinal tracts, flocculonodular lobe of cerebellum
• Discuss the auditory reflexes
• Explain vestibulocochlear nerve disorders; and deafness
Class 42,43,44.45
AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM
At the end of the session the student should be able to:
• Explain the anatomy of autonomic nervous system.
• Discuss the difference between somatic and autonomic nervous system.
• Demonstrate the morphological, physiological and pharmacological differences
between the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of the autonomic nervous
system
• Explain the manifestation of the lesions of the sympathetic and parasympathetic
nervous system.
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• Discuss the primary autonomic failure and the Horner’s syndrome
We Have Open door Policy for Neuroscience Student’s to see any of our Neuroscience
Instructors between 9 AM to 4 PM from Monday to Friday.
If you have any other questions please do not hesitate to contact us by e mail
sun@windsor,edu and idara4care@yahoo.com
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