AUSTRALIAN NATIONAL UNIVERSITY
SCHOOL OF HISTORY
RESEARCH SCHOOL OF SOCIAL SCIENCES
HISTORY
GUIDE TO THE
WRITING, PRESENTATION, AND REFERENCING
OF ESSAYS
2010
TABLE OF CONTENTS
I. WRITING AND RESEARCHING
I.1 What Is a History Essay?
I.2 Preparing a History Essay
I.2.i Defining the problem
I.2.ii Researching an argument
I.2.iii Note taking
I.2.iv Writing the essay
II. PRESENTATION AND SUBMISSION
II.1 Conventions of Presentation
II.2 Presentation of Quotations
II.2.i Long and short quotations
II.2.ii Omissions and additions
II.2.iii Corrections
II.3 Titles
II.4 Numbers
II.5 Dates
II.6 Departmental Requirements for Presentation
II.6.i Word limits
II.6.ii Format
II.7 Submission of Essays
III. REFERENCING
III.1 What to Reference and Why
III.2 The Footnotes
III.2.i Format
III.2.ii Books
III.2.iii Articles
III.2.iv Book chapters
III.2.v Internet references
III.2.vi Subsequent references – short titles
III.2.vii Institutional publications
III.2.viii Unpublished sources
III.2.ix Interviews
II.2.x ‘Lifted’ quotations
III.2.xi Other footnotes
III.3 The Bibliography
IV. PLAGIARISM
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APPENDIX: CITATION STYLE GUIDE
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I. WRITING AND RESEARCHING
I.1 What Is a History Essay?
Essay writing is an integral part of every History course. We stress the importance of
essays because of their role in developing the skills of research, analysis and writing
which are essential for historians and are relevant to so many careers. An essay in
History is not just a collection of facts, though a good essay will contain a wealth of
historical information.
Most History essays have several elements: narrative, description, and analysis. Above
all, a History essay must present an argument: that is, a systematic and persuasive
development of a position or point of view, using appropriate evidence. Writing an essay,
therefore, is a reasoning process in which you examine the opinions of others, search for
and analyse the evidence, and draw your own conclusions.
Writing a history essay is also a process of communication. Your presentation of
evidence and discussion of texts must be understandable and directly relevant to your
argument. Your argument should justify your conclusion. In short, you must attempt to
persuade the reader that your conclusions are correct, or at least plausible, and not just
unsubstantiated assertions.
Finally, writing a history essay is a creative process. History is an art, not just a technical
exercise. We encourage you to pay attention to your writing style and to develop its
fluency and elegance.
I.2 Preparing a History Essay
I.2.i Defining the problem
There are two main kinds of essays you will be asked to write. Your lecturer may invite
you to choose from a range of set topics, or may encourage you to devise your own topic.
Sometimes you are given a choice between writing an essay on a set topic, and writing
on a topic of your own creation.
If you are writing on a set topic, first look carefully at the terms of the question. The
terms or concepts in the question will require definition or elaboration. They are not selfevident. If you are asked to decide whether the French Revolution was in fact a
‘bourgeois revolution’, the argument will not proceed very far if you do not make clear
what is meant by ‘bourgeois’.
This does not mean that you begin your essay by quoting a dictionary definition. Terms
and concepts acquire a specific meaning in the context of the course you are studying.
‘Bourgeois’, for example, is taken to mean different things by different writers, and
different things in different contexts; a dictionary definition is therefore almost useless,
and can be misleadingly simple. Providing definitions then, is not a mechanical but an
intellectual exercise (often a very difficult one) in the understanding and clarification of
concepts in terms of the literature of the subject.
Once the terms of the topic are clarified, you need to begin your general reading. As a
starting point, go to the reading lists, provided in your course guide, which seem to relate
to the question. The object is to define the problem to be examined and to decide where
to find your solution. At this stage you are ‘testing the water’. Detailed note taking is likely
to be inefficient until you are clear about where you are going.
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If you are devising your own topic, you will probably be asked to develop an essay
proposal. This is a proposed topic, with a brief outline of the issues you wish to explore,
together with a proposed bibliography, a list of works you have found relevant to that
topic. To get started, think about the issues in the course that have interested you most.
What would you like to follow up in more detail? Read those materials listed in the course
guide that seem to relate to those issues. Formulate a possible topic, and the ideas you
want to explore. The topic does not have to be in the form of a question. You now need to
decide how you are going to research that topic.
I.2.ii Researching an argument
In both kinds of essays, if the problem has been clearly and precisely defined then it will
be easier to determine what material is needed and is relevant.
This material takes two forms. First, in order of consultation, are what historians often call
‘secondary sources’, that is, the works of historians and other later writers. Next are
‘primary sources’, contemporary to the events or developments you are trying to
explain. The distinction is not always clear and the same source might be a primary or a
secondary source depending on your topic. For example, a history book written in 1935
about nineteenth century politics will be a secondary source if you are investigating
nineteenth-century politics, but a primary source if you are investigating the intellectual
history of the 1930s.
If you are writing an essay on a set topic, the secondary and primary sources may have
been listed for you, or you may have to search library catalogues and databases to build
up your own bibliography, or list of works you think you should consult. If you are devising
your own topic, you will definitely need to search for the relevant secondary and primary
sources. At this stage write your essay proposal, outlining the topic and issues you want
to investigate and the works you will consult. Your lecturer will give you feedback, letting
you know whether it is clearly formulated, whether its scope is appropriate for the time
you have, and whether the materials you have selected are indeed relevant.
I.2.iii Note taking
During this research stage you will be taking extensive notes. There are many different
systems of taking notes, and over time you will develop one that suits you.
Very often, plagiarism – the presentation of other people’s ideas as your own – is
accidental and results from poor note taking. Remember to record the full bibliographical
details of the material you are using, including page numbers, because you will need to
acknowledge all direct quotations and all those occasions where you use the ideas and
evidence of others.
Many people find it useful not only to keep direct notes of what they have read, but also
to record separately various thoughts and ideas that they might want to develop in the
essay.
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I.2.iv Writing the essay
Historical writing combines literary and analytical skills. The arts of historical writing
include making complex or unfamiliar ideas comprehensible, evoking what we can of a
past time and mentality so that they seem to live in the present, narrating a story in a
lively and exciting way, and developing a clear and sustained argument. Not all essays
need all these skills, but most topics need most of them.
Organise the essay as a whole, and plan each part. List the main points you want to
cover, and the sequence of the argument. Keep the word limit in mind so that each part of
the essay is allocated space commensurate with its importance to the whole essay.
There is no authorised way of setting out an essay. Some people like to begin with an
anecdote or striking quotation that illustrates the issues and draws the reader in. Others
prefer to begin by straight away defining the problem or issues to be investigated.
However you start, within the first few paragraphs you need to tell your readers what the
essay is about and give signposts as to what they may expect to find in the remainder of
the essay. It is always important to outline the contributions of other historians, to indicate
if there are competing schools of thought on your topic, and to make it clear where your
own argument or analysis fits in. The main part of the essay will be spent in developing
and demonstrating your argument. You will need some kind of conclusion, which should
not simply repeat points already made but should summarise the argument at a higher
level of generality than was possible earlier in the essay.
Finally, edit the essay with special attention to typographical errors, spelling, grammar
and punctuation. Even very experienced writers spend a lot of time editing their own
work. Make sure you allow time for the editing process.
If you are having difficulty in writing, don’t hesitate to visit the Academic Skills and
Learning Centre because you will be in good company. Also, read J. Clanchy and B.
Ballard, Essay Writing for Students: A Practical Guide, Longman, Melbourne, 1991.
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II. PRESENTATION AND SUBMISSION
II.1 Conventions of Presentation
Your History lecturers and tutors expect students to learn and follow the technical
conventions of scholarly writing, and historical writing in particular. Those concerning
referencing are described in Section III, below, and in the Appendix. Some of the other
common conventions are as follows.
II.2 Presentation of Quotations
It is quite difficult to learn when to quote a source directly and when it is better to
summarise something in your own words. A good rule of thumb is that quotations should
be used when the form of words in the quotation itself is significant. When you do quote,
it is important to acknowledge correctly the writer of the original.
II.2.i Long and short quotations
All material directly transcribed from another person’s writing or speech should be clearly
shown as such.
For short quotations this is done by enclosing the quoted passage in single inverted
commas (‘ ’). Where there is a quotation within material you have quoted, show this with
double inverted commas.
Example:
As Webb asked rhetorically, ‘What, in the name of common sense have we to do with
obsolete hypocrisies about peoples “rightly struggling to be free”?’
Long quotations (longer than about thirty words) are not enclosed in inverted commas.
Instead, they are indented and set with single-space line spacing.
Example:
In one of the most extraordinary analogies to emerge from the age of consent debates in
the 1880s, W.T. Stead argued that,
Before the 14th of August it is a crime to shoot grouse, lest an immature cheeper
should not yet have a fair chance to fly. The sportsman who wishes to follow the
partridge through the stubbles must wait till September 1, and the close time for
pheasants is even later. Admitting that women are as fair game as grouse and
partridges, why not let us have a close time for bipeds in petticoats as well as for
bipeds in feathers? At present that close time is absurdly low.... It does not give
the girls a fair chance.
Stead was vilified for many things during this campaign, but never for treating young girls
as chicks.
II.2.ii Omissions and additions
Sometimes a passage you wish to quote will contain some material that is irrelevant to
the point you actually wish to make. This material should be omitted, and the omission
indicated by the insertion of an ellipsis. An ellipsis consists of three dots (...)
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Example:
Original: ‘What’s the good of reminding us that we're at war? He should have thought of
that a long time ago – and let us get on with making the revolution which is our job. As
though the war had any meaning if we can’t make the revolution at the same time’.
Your quotation: ‘What’s the good of reminding us that we're at war?...As though the war
had any meaning if we can’t make the revolution at the same time’.
Never place an ellipsis at the beginning of a quotation, or at the end of a very short
quotation. It is, however, necessary to place an ellipsis at the end of a long quotation
when the original sentence has been left incomplete.
It is sometimes necessary to insert material into a quoted passage. Sometimes a
quotation may lose its sense if taken from its original context and therefore be
meaningless to your reader unless you insert a few words. Sometimes it is necessary to
change the tense of a verb (e.g. ‘is’ to ‘was’) to make the passage conform grammatically
to the sentence you are writing. Enclose the insertion in square brackets, thus: [xxx]. Do
not use square brackets for any other purpose.
Examples:
Original: ‘The rank and file are for the most part our very good friends’.
Your sentence: Shaw’s claim that the Social Democratic Federation’s ‘rank and file [were]
for the most part our very good friends’ was probably exaggerated.
II.2.iii Corrections
Some quoted material contains errors of fact or expression. To show the reader that such
errors are the original writer's rather than your own, follow them with the word ‘sic’
italicized and in square brackets (‘sic’ is the Latin for ‘thus’ or ‘so’).
Example:
‘One of the propagandist intellectuals, Mr G.D.H. Coles [sic], pleads for a “democratic
partnership in the control of industry”’.
The ‘Coles’ in this quotation was actually called Cole. It is significant that the author made
this mistake consistently throughout the document, as it suggests that he is not really
familiar with a writer whose work he is criticising. Some errors are obviously merely
typographical, and therefore utterly insignificant. It is best to correct these ‘silently’,
without using ‘sic’.
On the other hand, some historical documents, for example letters written by nineteenth
century labourers, are riddled with errors of spelling and punctuation. Reproduce these in
their original form, but do not use ‘sic’. If you are not sure that it will be clear to the reader
that the errors have been transcribed from the original, point it out in your text or in a
footnote.
It is considered bad manners to insert (sic) simply as a means of ridiculing an author.
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II.3 Titles
Titles of books, pamphlets, newspapers, and journals (free-standing works) should be
italicised wherever they appear. They should not be enclosed in inverted commas. Titles
of journal articles, speeches, and individual contributions to edited collections (non freestanding works) should be enclosed in single inverted commas, not italicised. These
conventions are discussed at greater length in Section III.2; but it is important to note that
they apply to titles used in the main text of your essay, as well as in the footnotes and
bibliography.
II.4 Numbers
Spell out all numbers from one to twenty. Use numerals for numbers above 21, except for
thirty, forty, etc.. However, 100 is expressed as numerals. There are some circumstances
in which numerals are always used, regardless of the magnitude of the numbers. The
most obvious are:
Ages: An 18-year-old.
Dimensions: 3 metres x 5 metres
Military units: The 9th Battalion
Money: $3.12
Percentages: 17 per cent
Weights: 2 kg
II.5 Dates
Dates are shown as follows:
17 July 1936
26 Jan. 1788
March, April, May, June, July and August are usually written in full. The other months are
usually shown as Jan., Feb., Sep., Oct., Nov. and Dec.
II.6 Departmental Requirements for Presentation
II.6.i Word limits
It is important to keep within the prescribed word limit. The length of an essay affects its
nature and scope, so do not attempt to develop a narrative and argument that cannot be
written in less than 10,000 words if your limit is 3,000. Keep the word limit in mind at
every stage of planning the essay. The limit is imposed to encourage the skill of writing
economically, to persuade you to focus on the central issues rather than reproduce
everything you know. The word limit also reminds you of one of the great traps of
historical writing: namely, the desire to report findings which might be fascinating, and
have taken some time to collect, and yet are not precisely relevant, or merely provide
more evidence for a proposition you have already established.
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Every word in the main text of the essay counts, including quotations.
II.6.ii Format
You should use only one side of each sheet of unfolded A4 paper and leave a wide lefthand margin (about 5 centimetres) for your tutor's comments. The essay should be typed
if at all possible. For typescript, use a 12-point font, and either 1.5 or double spacing.
Handwriting must be clear, neat, and double-spaced.
II.7 Submission of Essays
Your essay should have an appropriate cover sheet with all the details filled in. Standard
cover sheets are available opposite the joint office, located near the front doors of the
Coombs Building.
Essays should be deposited in the Joint Office essay box (through the slot in the wall
outside the office). They must be deposited there before 4.00 p.m. on the day they are
due. Essays submitted after 4.00 p.m. will not be recorded as received until the next day
and thus will be treated as a late submission.
Essays that are submitted late are subject to penalty. If for a very good reason you desire
an extension of the submission date, you must consult your tutor before the prescribed
date of submission. If illness has been the problem, you must present a medical
certificate.
Be sure to keep a copy of your essay. On extremely rare occasions essays have been
mislaid after they have been submitted.
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III. REFERENCING
III.1 What to Reference and Why
Referencing serves two purposes. Firstly, it enables you to give due acknowledgment to
the sources used in your essay: not just for direct quotations, but also for summaries,
ideas and inspiration. Failure to do so is tantamount to claiming that another’s words or
ideas are your own, which constitutes a form of plagiarism (see Section IV). Secondly,
referencing enables the reader of your essay to follow up the evidence or other material
cited in your text. In essence, referencing is a way of demonstrating good faith in the use
of your sources.
Referencing has two components: the footnotes or endnotes, which acknowledge specific
words, ideas and information in the body of the text, and the bibliography, which lists the
cited sources. It is important to present the footnotes and bibliography accurately and
consistently in accordance with certain conventions. There are several different systems
of referencing in common use, and requirements of the different lecturers may vary. A
system commonly used in historical publications is set out below.
Sections III.2–III.3 below outline the general format and conventions for presenting
information about different types of documents in your footnotes and bibliography.
A comprehensive citation guide including detailed examples and explanatory text is
provided in the appendix to this document.
The Citation Guide (see Appendix) follows the Chicago style for formatting
citations. We acknowledge that the style itself can vary slightly depending on
conventions of grammar and punctuation in different Anglophone countries. The
Citation Guide below is our closest approximation to the Chicago Style as outlined
in The Chicago Manual of Style. It is presented once as a quick reference guide,
and repeated with explanatory notes.
If in any case you require more detailed advice about referencing your work, please
consult the latest edition of the Chicago Manual of Style
http://www.chicagomanualofstyle.org. The house editors have an extensive
archive of questions and answers that may be useful.
Another very helpful summary of this style for British conventions has been
compiled by Talyor&Francis and can be found at
http://www.tandf.co.uk/journals/authors/style/reference/tf_L.pdf
NOTE TO ENDNOTE PROGRAM USERS: If you use a bibliographic program such
as Endnote, the Department recommends that you use the Chicago style as it
features in your version of Endnote. We acknowledge that Endnote’s Chicago style
can differ slightly from version to version of Endnote.
III.2 The Footnotes
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III.2.i Format
Place the footnote number at the end of the relevant passage of your text (e.g. the end of
a quotation, or the end of a passage which summarises someone else’s work). The
footnote number in the text should appear slightly above the line of text. The footnotes
themselves should appear at the bottom of the relevant page, although it is also
acceptable to place them on a separate page at the end of the essay, as endnotes.
Footnotes or endnotes should be numbered consecutively through the essay (i.e. do not
start again at 1 on each page).
III.2.ii Books
Your first reference to a book should contain the following details in this order
(punctuation is shown in the examples):
*author’s or editor’s first name or initials followed by surname,
*in the case of edited books, ed. if the book has a single editor; eds. if the book has more
than one editor,
*title of book (italicised, and written exactly as it appears on the title page of the book),
*in parentheses place (e.g. city) of publication (not country of publication, or place of
printing), publisher, and year of publication (if no date is shown, use n.d.),
*page number(s) indicating the precise page from which you have taken the quotation
you have used or the passage to which you have referred. (Use only the number or
numbers, do not use p., pp., or pg. for pages.)
The required publishing details can be found on the reverse of the title page.
Examples:
Rosalind Kidd, The Way We Civilise: Aboriginal Affairs—the Untold Story (St Lucia:
University of Queensland Press, 1997) 7.
K.S. Inglis, Sacred Places: War Memorials in the Australian Landscape (Melbourne: The
Miegunyah Press, 1998), 6-9.
III.2.iii Articles
For an article in a journal, give the following details, in this order (punctuation is shown in
the examples):
*author’s first name or initials followed by surname,
*title of article (enclosed in single inverted commas),
*title of journal (italicised),
*volume number of journal (as it appears on the cover),
*issue number of volume (if given), preceded by ‘no.’ (i.e. no. 5)
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*in parentheses date of edition of journal,
*page number(s).
Example:
A.D.W. Forbes, ‘A Roman Republican Denarius of c.90 B.C. from the Maldive Islands,
Indian Ocean’, Archipel, 28, no. 5 (1984): 54.
III.2.iv Book chapters
Sometimes essays are collected together and published in book form. For these you
should show the following details:
*first name or initials and surname of the author(s) of the article,
*title of article (enclosed in single inverted commas),
*title of the book (italicised) followed by ed. or eds,
*first name or initials and surname of the editor(s)
*in parentheses publishing details of the book, exactly as for any other book,
*page number(s)
Examples:
Jackie Huggins, Rita Huggins and Jane M. Jacobs, ‘Kooramindanjie: Place and the
Postcolonial’, in Memories and Dreams: Reflections on Twentieth Century Australia.
Pastiche II, eds. Richard White and Penny Russell (Sydney: Allen and Unwin, 1997), 231.
Stephen Bann, ‘History as Competence and Performance: Notes on the Ironic Museum’,
in A New Philosophy of History, eds. Frank Ankersmit and Hans Kellner (London:
Reaktion Books, 1995), 198.
III.2.v Internet references
Internet sources in history follow the same basic principles as discussed above, with a
few new components and conventions.
* author’s first name and last name,
*title of work or title of list/site (enclosed in single inverted commas) as appropriate,
*<internet address>,
(Note that the use of URL – Uniform Resource Locator – addresses is preferred for most
Internet materials. The convention is to use pointed brackets < > to enclose electronic
addresses, and not to break addresses up across several lines.)
*menu path, if appropriate,
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*date, if available,
*archived at, if appropriate.
Examples:
Graeme Davison, `On History and Hypertext', in Electronic Journal of Australian and New
Zealand History <http://www.jcu.edu.au/aff/history/new.htm>, 19 August 1997.
Rebecca Yamin, `The Five Points Site: Archaeologists and Historians Rediscover a
Famous Nineteenth-Century New York Neighborhood'
<http://R2.gsa.gov/fivept/fphome.htm>, n.d., maintained by the U.S. General Services
Administration Public Buildings Service, New York.
German Foreign Office Memorandum, Hewel Berchtesgaden to State Secretary von
Weizsacker, 29 June 1939 <http://www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/nazsov/062939.htm>,
the Avalon Project, Yale University Law School, 1997.
For more information on electronic citation styles, please consult The Chicago Manual of
Style http://www.chicagomanualofstyle.org/contents.html
III.2.vi Subsequent references – the short title system
If you make more than one reference to a work it is unnecessary to provide full details in
your second or subsequent references. Use ibid. where appropriate, that is where the
citation is to the same work as in the preceding footnote (see Appendix). In all other
cases use the short title system, as follows:
* author’s surname,
* a short form of the title,
* page number(s).
Examples:
First reference: Rosalind Kidd, The Way We Civilise: Aboriginal Affairs—The Untold
Story (St Lucia: University of Queensland Press, 1997) 7.
Becomes: Kidd, The Way we Civilise, 7.
First reference: A.D.W. Forbes, ‘A Roman Republican Denarius of c.90 B.C. from the
Maldive Islands, Indian Ocean’, Archipel, 28 (1984): 54.
Becomes: Forbes, ‘Roman Republican Denarius’, 54.
III.2.vii Institutional publications
Treat the name of the institution (e.g. government department, political organisation) as
the author. If the document is a report forming part of a larger series, enclose its title in
inverted commas, and italicise the title of the series.
Examples:
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Australian Broadcasting Commission, O Freedom! O Freedom, ABC, Sydney, 1976, 2.
Royal Commission on State Banking, ‘Report’, Victorian Parliamentary Papers, 1895-6, 4,
iv.
III.2.viii Unpublished sources
Theses
Treat these as books; but, because they have not been published, do not italicise the title.
Enclose the title in single inverted commas. In place of publishing details, show the type
of degree for which the thesis was prepared, the name of the institution that awarded the
degree, and the year in which it was submitted.
Example:
G. McCulloch, ‘The Politics of the Popular Front 1935-1945’, (Ph.D. thesis, Cambridge,
1980), 123.
Unpublished primary sources such as letters, diaries, or speech notes should be cited
with as much information as is available. Remember that the purpose of the citation is to
enable your reader to find the document. In your first citation, show what you can of the
following, in this order:
*author (and, in the case of a letter, the recipient),
*title, if any (enclosed in single inverted commas),
*further details as available; e.g., the catalogue number of a manuscript in the library or
archives where it is deposited, the present owner of the document, its date,
*page number (if any).
Examples:
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H.W. Massingham to S. Webb, 20 Oct. 1893, Passfield Papers, II.4.9/19.
13.
D.G. Bowd, Richard Fitzgerald 1772-1840, paper delivered to Hawkesbury
Historical Society, 1957, 3.
III.2.ix Interviews
If you are quoting or paraphrasing material from an interview conducted by yourself or
another person, show the names of the interviewee, the interviewer, the location and date
of the interview, and the location of the tape or transcript.
Examples:
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Ann Smith, interview by author, 18 April 1999 in Canberra, tape in author’s
possession.
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15.
John Brown, interview by Mary Jones, 13 September 1976 in Perth, tape and
transcript in Oral History Collection, National Library of Australia.
III.2.x ‘Lifted’ quotations
Sometimes it is necessary to quote or paraphrase material that you have seen quoted in
a source, but have not yourself seen in its original context. Do not do this too often: it is
best to check the original if you can, as mistakes are frequently perpetuated by this
method. The most obvious example where you might quote in this way is a quotation
from an historical document that you have read in a secondary source.
It is misleading simply to reproduce the author’s footnote so as to give the impression that
you have consulted the original source yourself. Remember, one of the main purposes of
referencing is to enable your reader to look at what you have read. You must therefore
show in your footnote, not only the full details of the original source, but the full details of
the source in which you found it.
Example:
Hutt to Lord John Russell, 15 May 1841. C. 627, 380, quoted in Paul Hasluck, Black
Australians: A survey of native policy in Western Australia 1829-1897 (Melbourne:
Melbourne University Press, 1970), 76.
III.2.xi Other footnotes
Another use of footnotes is to supply information or comment that is supplementary to the
text. Such notes are sometimes helpful, but before including one, ask yourself: ‘Is it really
necessary?’ If not, omit it. If it is, why not put its contents in the text?
III.3 The Bibliography
The bibliography is a list of the material, primary and secondary, that you have cited in
the essay, as well as any un-cited work that has supported your research on the topic. It
starts on a fresh page at the very end of the essay (see Appendix for further details). The
presentation of bibliographic information should differ in form from the first citation in a
footnote in the following ways only:
(1) authors’ surnames should precede their initials or first name (note that if there is more
than one author, this applies only to the first author listed; for subsequent authors the
surname is listed last);
(2) page numbers should not be shown, other than the first and last page numbers of any
articles listed.
It is also customary to separate the major elements within an entry with full stops instead
of commas.
Example:
Walkowitz, Judith R. City of Dreadful Delight: Narratives of Sexual Danger in LateVictorian London. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1992.
Butt, Trevor and Jeff Hearn. ‘The Sexualization of Corporal Punishment: The
Construction of Sexual Meaning’. Sexualities 1, 1 (May 1998): 203-27.
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IV. PLAGIARISM
Plagiarism is any attempt to present the work of any other person as your own. A student
therefore commits an act of plagiarism if he or she copies, summarises, or paraphrases
any text written by any person, without proper acknowledgment. If you are in any doubt
about how to acknowledge your sources, re-read section III of this Guide.
Printed below is the School of History statement on plagiarism. Please read it carefully,
and if you are still in doubt, consult your lecturer or tutor, and/or see What is Plagiarism?,
which is available from the Academic Skills and Learning Centre. Note that there can be
severe penalties for plagiarism. The mildest of these is a requirement to resubmit the
work; a medium penalty is the award of no marks for the assignment concerned; and a
stronger penalty is automatic failure in the course.
SCHOOL OF HISTORY
PLAGIARISM: INFORMATION FOR STUDENTS
PLAGIARISM is the appropriation, by copying, summarising or paraphrasing, of
another’s ideas or argument, without acknowledgment. Some common modes of
misappropriation are described below. Students should also familiarise themselves with
the full University policy.
Copying is the quotation of another author’s text, word for word, without
acknowledgment. Such quotation is only permissible when indicated by quotation marks
or indentation and acknowledged by exact references. It is not sufficient to make a
general attribution or give references for some but not all of the passages copied.
References should be to the work in which the material is found: lifting references or
footnotes that refer to a third work (as if
it has been consulted when in fact it has not) is not acceptable.
Summarising To summarise the argument of other authors (for example, by isolating
main points and tracing connections) is legitimate, provided it is made clear that this is
what is being done. However, to summarise others’ arguments, ideas or information as
though they were one’s own is plagiarism.
Paraphrasing means putting an author’s meaning into different words. This is
permissible only if full and exact references are given. A common form of plagiarism
combines copying with paraphrase, repeating some words of the original text and
substituting different words for others. The more the wording is changed, the more fully
the copyist may have understood the material; but it is still necessary to cite the source of
the ideas and of any direct quotations.
The University’s policy on plagiarism is set out at:
http://cass.anu.edu.au/current-students/rules-and-policies
The School of History procedures for dealing with plagiarism are set out at:
http://policies.anu.edu.au/policies/code_of_practice_for_student_academic_integrity/polic
y
The School of History abides by the principle that its students should show they can think
independently and sustain in their own words a clear and cogent argument. Students may
16
not submit work containing unacknowledged or improperly acknowledged transcription or
excessive quotation of the work of others. The Academic Skills and Learning Centre is
available to help students who have problems with expression.
Plagiarism is a most serious academic offence and severe penalties will be imposed
on anyone found guilty of it. Students may sometimes offend in this way inadvertently,
through inexperience or failure to understand the aims and methods of university study.
Apart from the question of deliberate deceit, the practices described above can impede
sound thinking: learning to avoid them is part of a training in the skills of good
scholarship.
* * * * *
17
APPENDIX: QUICK CITATION GUIDE
Source
First Footnote
Book (single
author)
4. Jill Matthews, Dance Hall and Picture Palace: Sydney’s
Romance With Modernity (Sydney: Currency Press, 2005), 9.
Book (two
authors)
9. Monica Dux and Zora Simic, The Great Feminist Denial
(Melbourne: Melbourne University Press, 2008), 9.
Book
(more than
two authors)
22. Edward O. Laumann et al., The Social Organization of
Sexuality: Sexual Practices in the United States (Chicago: Chicago
University Press, 1994), 262.
Book
(single editor)
14. Tim Armstrong, ed., Michel Foucault: Philosopher (New
York: Routledge, 1992).
Subsequent footnotes
5. Ibid., 9.
6. Ibid.
7. Quarkface, Pedant’s Paradise, 92.
8. Matthews, Dance Hall, 32.
15. Dux and Simic, Feminist Denial, 12.
29. Laumann et al., Social Organization of
Sexuality, 4.
Bibliography
Matthews, Jill. Dance Hall and Picture Palace: Sydney’s Romance With
Modernity. Sydney: Currency Press, 2005.
Dux, Monica, and Zora Simic. The Great Feminist Denial. Melbourne:
Melbourne University Press, 2008.
Laumann, Edward O., John H. Gagnon, Robert T. Michael, and
Stuart Michaels. The Social Organization of Sexuality: Sexual
Practices in the United States. Chicago: University of Chicago
Press, 1994.
7. Armstrong, Michel Foucault: Philosopher.
Armstrong, Tim, ed. Michel Foucault: Philosopher. New York:
Routledge, 1992.
22. Armstrong and Thompson, Phar Lap.
Armstrong, Geoff and Peter Thompson, eds. Phar Lap. Sydney:
Allen & Unwin, 2001.
13. Aristotle Metaphysics 3.2.996b5–8, Complete Works of
Aristotle: The Revised Oxford Translation, ed. Jonathan Barnes, vol.
1 (Princeton NJ: Princeton University Press, 1984), 455.
17. Aristotle Metaphysics 3.2.996a1–9.
Aristotle, Complete Works of Aristotle: The Revised Oxford Translation.
Edited by Jonathan Barnes. 2 vols. Princeton NJ: Princeton
University Press, 1984.
16. Ted Poston, A First Draft of History, ed. Kathleen A.
Hauke, (Athens: University of Georgia Press, 2000), 46.
13. Poston, A First Draft, 49.
Book
(reprint of a
much earlier
publication)
28. Watkin Tench, Sydney’s First Four Years: Being a Reprint of
“A Narrative of the Expedition to Botany Bay” and “A Complete
Account of the Settlement of Port Jackson”. [1788, 1793] (Sydney,
Angus & Robertson, 1961), 455.
35. Tench, Sydney’s First Four Years, 557.
Tench, Watkin. Sydney’s First Four Years: Being a Reprint of “A
Narrative of the Expedition to Botany Bay” and “A Complete
Account of the Settlement of Port Jackson”. [1788, 1793] Sydney:
Angus & Robertson, 1961.
Book (edition
other than the
first)
41. Ludmilla Jordanova, History in Practice, 2nd ed. (New
York: Oxford University Press, 2006), 72.
70. Jordanova, History in Practice, 79.
Jordanova, Ludmilla. History in Practice. 2nd ed. New York: Oxford
University Press, 2006.
Book
(multiple
editors)
Edited book,
author known
12. Geoff Armstrong and Peter Thompson, eds. Phar Lap
(Sydney: Allen & Unwin, 2001).
Poston, Ted. A First Draft of History. Edited by Kathleen A. Hauke.
Athens: University of Georgia Press, 2000.
0
Chapter in an
edited book
Journal article
10. Sarah Maza, ‘The Diamond Necklace Affair Revisited
(1785-1786): The Case of the Missing Queen’, in Eroticism and
the Body Politic ed. Lynn Hunt (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins
University Press, 1991), 65.
38. Marshall Sahlins, ‘The Sadness of Sweetness: The Native
Anthropology of Western Cosmology’, Current Anthropology 37
(1996): 402.
18. Maza, ‘Diamond Necklace Affair’, 70.
12. Sahlins, ‘Sadness of Sweetness’, 399.
Maza, Sarah. ‘The Diamond Necklace Affair Revisited (1785-1786):
The Case of the Missing Queen’. In Eroticism and the Body
Politic edited by Lynn Hunt, 63–89. Baltimore: Johns
Hopkins University Press, 1991.
Sahlins, Marshall. ‘The Sadness of Sweetness: The Native
Anthropology of Western Cosmology’. Current Anthropology
37 (1996): 395–415.
39. Stephen A. White, ‘Callimachus Battiades: Epigr. 35’,
Classical Philology 94 (April 1999): 168.
82. White, ‘Callimachus Battiades’, 166.
White, Stephen A. ‘Callimachus Battiades: Epigr. 35’, Classical
Philology 94 (April 1999): 160–178.
40. Stephen Gaukroger, ‘Science, Religion, Modernity’,
Critical Quarterly 47, no. 4 (2005): 5.
99. Gaukroger, ‘Science, Religion’, 17.
Gaukroger, Stephen. ‘Science, Religion, and Modernity’, Critical
Quarterly 47, no. 4 (2005): 5–26.
Journal article
(online version
identical to
print version)
1. Marina Perrier Jouet, ‘How I Rule the World’s Good
Form’, The Narcissist, 431 (2020): 7.
2. Perrier Jouet, ‘How I Rule’, 9.
Perrier Jouet, Marina ‘How I Rule the World’s Good Form’. The
Narcissist 431 (2020): 1–601.
Journal article
(online version
different from
print version
or only an
online journal)
64. Pierpaolo Antonello and Roberto Farneti, ‘Antigone’s
Claim: A Conversation With Judith Butler’, Theory & Event 12
no. 1 (2009), http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/theory_and_
event/v012/12.1.antonello.html (accessed September 12, 2009).
69. Antonello and Farneti, ‘Antigone’s Claim’.
Antonello, Pierpaolo and Roberto Farneti. ‘Antigone’s Claim: A
Conversation With Judith Butler’. Theory & Event 12 no. 1
(2009): http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/theory_and_event
/v012/12.1.antonello.html (accessed September 12, 2009).
Newspaper
article
32. Michael Duffy, ‘ABC Unloads a Shipload of Bias’, Sydney
Morning Herald, May 12, 2007.
34. Duffy, ‘Shipload’.
Duffy, Michael. ‘ABC Unloads a Shipload of Bias’. Sydney Morning
Herald. 12 May, 2007.
32. Michael Duffy, ‘ABC Unloads a Shipload of Bias’, Sydney
Morning Herald, May 12, 2007. http://www.smh.com.au/
news/opinion/abc-unloads-a-shipload-of-bias/2007/05/11/
1178390549480.html (accessed August 11, 2008).
Magazine
article
82. Marina Perrier Jouet, ‘Tricky Stuff with Autoshapes in
Tables in Word’, MacTech, June 2009, 73.
Duffy, Michael. ‘ABC Unloads a Shipload of Bias’. Sydney Morning
Herald. 12 May 2007. http://www.smh.com.au /news
/opinion/abc-unloads-a-shipload-of bias/2007/ 05/11/
1178390549480.html (accessed 11 August, 2008).
85. Perrier Jouet, ‘Tricky Stuff ‘, 70.
Perrier Jouet, Marina. ‘Tricky Stuff with Autoshapes in Tables in
Word’. MacTech, June 2009.
1
Encyclopedia
/Dictionary
entry
Website
30. Oxford English Dictionary, s.v. ‘pernickety’.
96. Oxford English Dictionary, s.v. ‘pedantic’.
137. The Times Guide to English Language Style and Usage,
comp. Tim Austin, (London: Times Books, 1999), s.vv. ‘police
ranks’; ‘postal addresses’.
47. Times Guide to English Language, s.v. ‘elegant’.
The Times Guide to English Language Style and Usage. Compiled by Tim
Austin. London: Times Books, 1999.
204. University of Chicago Press Staff, ‘The Chicago
Manual of Style Online’, http://www.chicagomanualofstyle.
org/home.html (accessed 12 October, 2008).
209. Chicago Press, ‘Chicago Manual’.
University of Chicago Press Staff, ‘The Chicago Manual of Style
Online’, http://www.chicagomanualofstyle.org/home.html
(accessed 12 October, 2008).
210. Chicago Press, ‘Chicago Manual’,
http://www.chicagomanualofstyle.org/ch06/ch06
_sec008.html.
Royal
Commission
27. Commonwealth of Australia, Commission on the Stevedoring
Industry Report, Melbourne, 1946, 27.
32. Australia, Commission Report, 63.
Commonwealth of Australia, Commission on the Stevedoring Industry
Report. Melbourne, 1946.
Interview Audio
Recording
62. Jack Mundy, Interview by Ann Turner, 11 July and 25
August 1991 in Sydney, N.S.W., audio recording, National
Library of Australia.
64. Mundy, Interview.
Munday, Jack. Interview by Ann Turner. 11 July and 25 August
1991 in Sydney, N.S.W. Audio recording. National Library of
Australia.
Song / Music
(commercially
recorded)
49. School of Seven Bells, ‘Half Asleep’, on Alpinisms, CD,
(Ghostly International GI-81, 2008).
59. School of Seven Bells, ‘Half Asleep’.
School of Seven Bells. ‘Half Asleep’. Alpinisms. CD. Ghostly
International, GI-81, 2008.
Film
31. On Our Selection, directed by Ken G. Hall, Cinesound,
1932.
33. On Our Selection, 1932.
On Our Selection. Directed by Ken G. Hall. Cinesound, 1932
Book Review
25. J.G.A. Pocock, review of A History of Histories by John
Burrow, Common Knowledge 15, no. 2 (2009): 208.
64. Pocock, review of History of Histories, 209.
Pocock, J.G.A. Review of A History of Histories by John Burrow.
Common Knowledge 15 no. 2 (2009): 208–209.
103. Film Weekly, ‘Crikey!’, 18 August, 1932.
Film Weekly. ‘Crikey!’ Unsigned review of On Our Selection. 18
August 1932.
50. Hurley, My Diary, 4 May 1916, MS883/1/5.
Hurley, Frank. My Diary. MS883/1/5, National Library of
Australia, Canberra.
Unsigned
Review or
Newspaper
Article
101. Film Weekly, ‘Crikey!’, unsigned review of On Our
Selection directed by Ken G. Hall, 18 August, 1932.
Diary
37. Frank Hurley, 5 September 1917, My Diary, MS883/1/5,
National Library of Australia, Canberra.
Letter
24. Joseph Lyons to Stanley Bruce, 2 November 1932, MS
4852/4, Papers of Jospeh Aloysius Lyons 1924-1939, National
Library of Australia, Canberra.
26. Lyons to Bruce, 5 December 1932, MS
4852/7, Papers of Joseph Lyons.
Lyons, Joseph. Papers of Joseph Aloysius Lyons 1924-1939. National
Library of Australia, Canberra.
2
Thesis
Sacred Text
Early Modern
text
19. Craig Ryan, ‘Ships and Sickles: The Communists and
Three Australian Maritime Unions 1928-1945’, (MA thesis,
University of New South Wales, 1989), 38.
20. Bible (King James) Genesis 1:27.
36. Qur’an 19:17–21.
71. Andrew Willet, Hexapla in Genesin & Exodum, (London,
1633), 321.
23. Ryan, ‘Ships and Sickles’, 202.
21. 1 Corinthians 13:12.
74. Willet, Hexapla, 397.
Ryan, Craig. ‘Ships and Sickles: The Communists and Three
Australian Maritime Unions 1928-1945’. MA thesis,
University of New South Wales, 1989.
Not normally cited in the bibliography
Willet, Andrew. Hexapla in Genesin & Exodum. London 1633.
3
INDENT the first
line of every
footnote.
author and status
Source
Book
(single author)
The place to be included is the
city where the publisher’s main
editorial offices are located.
Where two or more cities are
given (e.g. “Chicago and
London,”), only the first is
normally included.
Book (two
authors)
NOTICE the punctuation. This is a note
to the reader; it should function like a
sentence.
APPENDIX: CITATION GUIDE WITH EXPLANATORY NOTES
First Footnote
In footnotes, names of authors,
artists, etc. are represented in
straight form (first name first).
4. Jill Matthews, Dance Hall and Picture Palace: Sydney’s
Romance with Modernity (Sydney: Currency Press, 2005), 9.
In notes and bibliographies, titles of books, articles,
and journal names, albums, films, archive
collections, etc. are usually capitalized headline style.
Book and journal titles etc. are in italics, article and
chapter titles are set inside quotation marks.
NOTE the sequence of publication
details: PLACE, then PUBLISHER,
then YEAR. They are bracketed to
make the publication details one
element of the footnote ‘sentence’.
For details on headline style,
see the entry at the end of this
table.
Subsequent footnotes
5. Ibid., 11.
6. Ibid.
7. Quarkface, Pedant’s Paradise, 9.
8. Matthews, Dance Hall, 32.
9. Monica Dux and Zora Simic, The Great Feminist Denial
15. Dux and Simic, Feminist Denial, 12.
(Melbourne: Melbourne University Press, 2008), 9.
In the short form version of an item, include both surnames if there are two authors or
22. Edward O. Laumann et al., The Social Organization of
Sexuality: Sexual Practices in the United States (Chicago: Chicago
University Press, 1994), 262.
4.
Whether quoted in text, noted in a footnote, or listed in a
bibliography, titles of books, journals, plays, and other
freestanding works are italicised.
Book
(single editor)
Book
(multiple
editors)
Edited book,
author known
If the city of publication
may be unknown to
readers or may be
confused with another
city of the same name,
the abbreviation of the
state, province, or
(sometimes) country is
added.
Bibliography
Matthews, Jill. Dance Hall and Picture Palace: Sydney’s
Romance with Modernity. Sydney: Currency Press,
2005.
To reduce the bulk of documentation in scholarly works that use footnotes or endnotes, subsequent
citations to sources already given in full should be shortened whenever possible. The short form, as
distinct from an abbreviation, should include enough information to remind readers of the full title or to
lead them to the appropriate entry in the bibliography. Titles should be abbreviated to four words or less,
if possible. Never begin the first footnote on any page with ibid. Instead, give the short form title, even if
the note references material identical to the last note on the previous page.
editors. If there are more than two, include the abbreviation et al. after the first author’s
surname. Such abbreviations as ed. or trans. following a name in the full reference are
omitted in subsequent (short form) references.
Book
(more than
two authors)
14. Tim Armstrong, ed., Michel Foucault: Philosopher (New
York: Routledge, 1992).
29. Laumann et al., Social Organization of Sexuality,
The abbreviation et al. is an abbreviation of et alia
[neut.], et alii [masc.], or et aliae [fem.], literally
“and others”. Note that it is not italicised and that no
full stop follows et (which is not an abbreviation).
7. Armstrong, Michel Foucault: Philosopher.
12. Geoff Armstrong and Peter Thompson, eds. Phar Lap
(Sydney: Allen& Unwin, 2001).
22. Armstrong and Thompson, Phar Lap.
Rather spookily, no punctuation intervenes between classical author
and title of work, or between title and number, but a comma follows
the author in references to specific editions. Numerical divisions are
separated by full stops, with no space following each full stop.
No page numbers are given. Edited collections rarely appear in footnotes on their own, since
your note would normally cite the particular article within the collection, and that page number
(see ‘Chapter in an edited book’ below). An entire edited book can appear in your footnotes to
illustrate a general point about a field, or type of inquiry, etc.
The punctuation changes in bibliography entries. These are no longer
notes to your reader; they are items within a complete inventory of your
source material. Note how both the author status details and the publication
details are still grouped together in their own mini-sentences.
The first line of every
entry in a bibliography
is indicated by a
HANGING INDENT.
Names
authors,
artists,
The of
names
of authors,
artists,
etc. composers
are represented
etc. are in
straight
form in
(last
nameform
represented
inverted
name
first) in the
first)(last
in the
bibliography.
bibliography.
Dux, Monica, and Zora Simic. The Great Feminist Denial. Melbourne:
NOTE the sequence of publication
Melbourne University Press, 2008.
details is the same in the
bibliography as in the footnote:
PLACE, PUBLISHER, YEAR.
Laumann, Edward O., John H. Gagnon, Robert T. Michael, and
Stuart Michaels. The Social Organization of Sexuality: Sexual
Practices in the United States. Chicago: University of Chicago
Press, 1994.
Armstrong, Tim, ed. Michel Foucault: Philosopher. New York:
Routledge, 1992.
Armstrong, Geoff and Peter Thompson, eds. Phar Lap. Sydney:
Allen & Unwin, 2001.
13. Aristotle Metaphysics 3.2.996b5–8, Complete Works of
17. Aristotle Metaphysics 3.2.996a1–9.
Aristotle: The Revised Oxford Translation, ed. Jonathan Barnes, vol.Classic texts like these often have identifying numbers for various parts of
them—books, sections, lines, and so on—which remain the same in all editions.
1 (Princeton NJ: Princeton University Press, 1984), 455.
These, therefore, are used to identify the cited material, rather than a page
Aristotle, Complete Works of Aristotle: The Revised Oxford Translation.
Edited by Jonathan Barnes. 2 vols. Princeton NJ: Princeton
University Press, 1984.
16. Ted Poston, A First Draft of History, ed. Kathleen A.
Hauke, (Athens: University of Georgia Press, 2000), 46.
13. Poston, A First Draft, 49.
Poston, Ted. A First Draft of History. Edited by Kathleen A. Hauke.
Athens: University of Georgia Press, 2000.
35. Tench, Sydney’s First Four Years, 557.
Tench, Watkin. Sydney’s First Four Years: Being a Reprint of “A Narrative
of the Expedition to Botany Bay” and “A Complete Account of the
Settlement of Port Jackson”. [1788, 1793] Sydney: Angus &
Robertson, 1961.
number(s).
Book
(reprint of a
much earlier
publication)
28. Watkin Tench, Sydney’s First Four Years: Being a Reprint of
“A Narrative of the Expedition to Botany Bay” and “A Complete
Account of the Settlement of Port Jackson”. [1788, 1793] (Sydney,
Angus & Robertson, 1961), 455.
Book (edition
other than the
first)
41. Ludmilla Jordanova, History in Practice, 2nd ed. (New
York: Oxford University Press, 2006), 72.
Modern editions or reprints of much earlier publications should
include the original publication date in square brackets immediately
before the publication details of the edition used. When citing old
works, always include the first publication date, if known.
70. Jordanova, History in Practice, 79.
Jordanova, Ludmilla. History in Practice. 2nd ed. New York: Oxford
University Press, 2006.
In the case of a book title within a title, double quotation marks are used. For a
book title within an article title, italics are used. For a quotation or an article title
within an article title, double quotation marks are used.
4
Chapter in an
edited book
10. Sarah Maza, ‘The Diamond Necklace Affair Revisited
(1785-1786): The Case of the Missing Queen’, in Eroticism and
the Body Politic ed. Lynn Hunt (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins
University Press, 1991), 65.
Titles of chapters in an edited volume,
articles, and other shorter works are
set in roman (i.e. not italicised) and
enclosed in single quotation marks.
NOTE that there is no
punctuation between
the journal title and the
volume number.
18. Maza, ‘Diamond Necklace Affair’, 70.
When the words “edited by” follow a book’s title in bibliographies
they are sometimes linked to it by a comma and sometimes
separated from it by a full stop. The styles vary according to
whether one is citing a whole book or a chapter or article within a
book. There’s no full stop or capital E in “edited by” here to make
it clear that Hunt edited every article in this book, which includes
articles by authors other than Maza. If a full stop and a cap E were
used, the span of Hunt’s editorship (i.e. did she edit Maza alone?)
would be left ambiguous. Cf. the bibliography entries above in the
row “Edited book, author known”.
12. Sahlins, ‘Sadness of Sweetness’, 399.
Journal article
If the volume number is the
only division of the journal
given, then it is all you
need to note. If that
volume is further split by
issues, give volume and
issue number. If the
volume has no numbers but
does have seasons or
months, they are
capitalized and inserted
within parentheses with the
year. Only one subset of
the volume is required, i.e.
add on the issue number
OR the season/month, but
not both.
38. Marshall Sahlins, ‘The Sadness of Sweetness: The Native
Anthropology of Western Cosmology’, Current Anthropology 37
(1996): 402.
39. Stephen A. White, ‘Callimachus Battiades: Epigr. 35’,
Classical Philology 94 (April 1999): 168.
40. Stephen Gaukroger, ‘Science, Religion, Modernity’,
Critical Quarterly 47, no. 4 (2005): 5.
Journal article
(online version
identical to
print version)
1. Marina Perrier Jouet, ‘How I Rule the World’s Good
Form’, The Narcissist, 431 (2020): 7.
Journal article
(online version
different from
print version
or only an
online journal)
64. Pierpaolo Antonello and Roberto Farneti, ‘Antigone’s
Claim: A Conversation With Judith Butler’, Theory & Event 12
no. 1 (2009), http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/theory_and_
event/v012/12.1.antonello.html (accessed September 12, 2017).
Newspaper
article
32. Michael Duffy, ‘ABC Unloads a Shipload of Bias’, Sydney
Morning Herald, May 12, 2007.
Magazine
article
You must verify that the online version is identical to the print version, which
means it has the same pagination as the print version. Normally, you are
looking at a pdf of the print version online; cite the page number as you see it
on that pdf. No accession date is required.
Maza, Sarah. ‘The Diamond Necklace Affair Revisited (1785-1786):
The Case of the Missing Queen’. In Eroticism and the Body Politic
edited by Lynn Hunt, 63–89. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins
University Press, 1991.
The page range of the article or chapter cited in an
edited work (multi-author or single author) is given
immediately after the editor(s), following a comma.
An “N dash” is used to separate page numbers.
[‘N’dash = Ctrl+-(hyphen on number pad)]
If just one article from an edited book is used
in your work, there is no need to list that
edited book separately. If more than one
article from an edited book appears in the
footnotes of your work, the edited book
should also be listed in a separate entry in
the bibliography.
Sahlins, Marshall. ‘The Sadness of Sweetness: The Native
Anthropology of Western Cosmology’. Current Anthropology 37
(1996): 395–415.
The numeral immediately following the title of the
journal is usually the volume number. If no further
division is indicated, it is followed by the year of
publication in parentheses. If no volume number is
given, but an issue number or the year itself serves that
function, then that information should be placed in this
spot, without parentheses in the case of a year.
White, Stephen A. ‘Callimachus Battiades: Epigr. 35’, Classical Philology
94 (April 1999): 160–178.
82. White, ‘Callimachus Battiades’, 166.
Gaukroger, Stephen. ‘Science, Religion, and Modernity’, Critical
Quarterly 47, no. 4 (2005): 5–26.
99. Gaukroger, ‘Science, Religion’, 17.
Space versus no space after a colon: When page numbers immediately follow a volume number (or occasionally an
issue number); separated only by a colon, no space follows the colon. But when parenthetical information intervenes, a
word space follows the colon. It is unusual for journals in the humanities not to include a year as an identifying element,
but occasionally volumes do span several years, so the volume number functions alone, as in Social Networks 14:213–29.
2. Perrier Jouet, ‘How I Rule’, 9.
Perrier Jouet, Marina ‘How I Rule the World’s Good Form’. The
Narcissist 431 (2020): 1–601.
A colon rather than an apostrophe always follows the
parenthetical information preceding the page number in
a citation of a journal article in a footnote.
69. Antonello and Farneti, ‘Antigone’s Claim’.
Non-print journals have no page numbers (funnily enough).
The assumption is that when the reader arrives at the web
page, the cited material can be searched for using a
browser’s ‘find’ function. If the cited material on the web
page is under a heading or other locater, include that e.g.
“Introduction.” If, however, a page number does happen to
exist, use it.
34. Duffy, ‘Shipload’.
Newspaper articles may be cited in running text (“As Michael Duffy
noted in a Sydney Morning Herald article on 12 May, 2007, the ABC
was accused of bias”) instead of in a footnote, and they are
commonly omitted from a bibliography as well. This is a formal
version of how to cite newspaper articles.
Antonello, Pierpaolo and Roberto Farneti. ‘Antigone’s Claim: A
Conversation With Judith Butler’. Theory & Event 12 no. 1
(2009): http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/theory_and_event
/v012/12.1.antonello.html (accessed September 12, 2009).
No punctuation at the end of a web address unless
it comes at the end of the entry.
Duffy, Michael. ‘ABC Unloads a Shipload of Bias’. Sydney Morning
Herald. 12 May, 2007.
32. Michael Duffy, ‘ABC Unloads a Shipload of Bias’, Sydney
Morning Herald, May 12, 2007. http://www.smh.com.au/
news/opinion/abc-unloads-a-shipload-of-bias/2007/05/11/
1178390549480.html (accessed August 11, 2008).
Duffy, Michael. ‘ABC Unloads a Shipload of Bias’. Sydney Morning
Herald. 12 May 2007. http://www.smh.com.au /news
/opinion/abc-unloads-a-shipload-of bias/2007/ 05/11/
What to do if you have accessed the newspaper online. Accession dates are
important to include as some web material/locations change quickly. However,
1178390549480.html (accessed 11 August, 2008).
82. Marina Perrier Jouet, ‘Tricky Stuff with Autoshapes in
Tables in Word’, MacTech, June 2009, 73.
85. Perrier Jouet, ‘Tricky Stuff, ’ 70.
Weekly or monthly magazines, even if numbered by volume and issue, are usually cited by date only. The
date, being an essential element in the citation, is not enclosed in parentheses. While a specific page
number may be cited in a note, the inclusive page numbers of an article may be omitted in the
bibliography entry, since they are often widely separated by extraneous material. When page numbers
are included, a comma rather than a colon separates them from the date of issue.
the use of accession dates is diminishing as earlier pages are difficult to access.
You are advised to cite a print version if it is at all possible.
Perrier Jouet, Marina. ‘Tricky Stuff with Autoshapes in Tables in
Word’. MacTech, June 2009.
A note on punctuation vis-à-vis quotation marks: British convention uses quotation marks to set off a direct quotation or a title. Any punctuation
within the quoted material must be included, and all punctuation that belongs to the writer falls outside the quotation marks. There’s much gnashing of
teeth about whether single or double quotation marks should be used for titles – they are always used for direct quotations run in text. There’s even more
gnashing of teeth over the Atlantic. American convention allows for the writer to include their punctuation before the end quotation marks (see the article
by David Bowman below, who discusses quotation marks in dialogue or run-in text, rather than citation styles). There’s a very interesting history behind all
these conventions involving, amongst other things, the need to stop 16thC printers overusing the relatively tiny comma because they kept breaking it; but
we won’t go into that here. For our purposes, we have adopted the British convention (writer’s punctuation outside quotation marks), and we will use single
quotation marks for titles of shorter, non freestanding works i.e. journal articles, song titles, chapters of edited volumes, etc.
5
Encyclopedia
/Dictionary
entry
Website
30. Oxford English Dictionary, s.v. ‘pernickety’.
The Times Guide to English Language Style and Usage. Compiled by Tim
Austin. London: Times Books, 1999.
96. Oxford English Dictionary, s.v. ‘pedantic’.
137. The Times Guide to English Language Style and Usage,
comp. Tim Austin, (London: Times Books, 1999), s.vv. ‘police
ranks’; ‘postal addresses’.
204. University of Chicago Press Staff, ‘The Chicago
Manual of Style Online’, http://www.chicagomanualofstyle.
org/home.html (accessed 12 October, 2008).
47. Times Guide to English Language, s.v. ‘elegant’. Common reference works like the OED and the Encyclopedia Britannica etc. in their recent editions are not usually
s.v. = sub verso, which is Latin for ‘under the word’.’ s.vv. is the
common abbreviation for ‘under the words’. The word itself
functions as the locator; a page number is not required as
pagination can change with different editions.
cited in bibliographies. Never, ever, ever cite Wikipedia as a source (which means, do not use what it says as
the sole source of truth about anything other than what Wikipedia looked like that day) unless your essay
is an exposé of unreliable source material in tertiary studies, and even then you may remain on shaky ground.
209. Chicago Press, ‘Chicago Manual’.
In this case the author is indicating material found on a
different ‘page’ of the larger web source, so the web address
of that page must be cited.
210. Chicago Press, ‘Chicago Manual’,
http://www.chicagomanualofstyle.org/ch06/ch06
_sec008.html.
University of Chicago Press Staff, ‘The Chicago Manual of Style
Online’, http://www.chicagomanualofstyle.org/home.html
(accessed 12 October, 2008).
This short-form note cites material from the same (web) location cited in
the first footnote to this source.
Royal
Commission
27. Commonwealth of Australia, Commission on the Stevedoring
Industry Report, Melbourne, 1946, 27.
32. Australia, Commission Report, 63.
Commonwealth of Australia, Commission on the Stevedoring Industry
Report. Melbourne, 1946.
Interview Audio
Recording
62. Jack Mundy, Interview by Ann Turner, 11 July and 25
August 1991 in Sydney, N.S.W., audio recording, National
Library of Australia.
64. Mundy, Interview.
Munday, Jack. Interview by Ann Turner. 11 July and 25 August 1991
in Sydney, N.S.W. Audio recording. National Library of
Australia.
Artist, or composer.
Song / Music
(commercially
recorded)
Film
Song, or section
of larger work.
Album, or larger
work.
49. School of Seven Bells, ‘Half Asleep’, on Alpinisms, CD,
(Ghostly International GI-81, 2008).
Record label.
Record label
ID number.
If there is more than one Mundy interview in your bibliography, you
need to include further specification here, e.g. Munday, Interview
by Turner, 11 July and 25 August, 1991.
Year of release.
59. School of Seven Bells, ‘Half Asleep’.
School of Seven Bells. ‘Half Asleep’. Alpinisms. CD. Ghostly
International, GI-81, 2008.
Type of
recording
.
31. On Our Selection, directed by Ken G. Hall, Cinesound,
33. On Our Selection, 1932.
1932.
If the review has a title, such
On Our Selection. Directed by Ken G. Hall. Cinesound, 1932.
Book Review
25. J.G.A. Pocock, review of A History of Histories by John
Burrow, Common Knowledge 15, no. 2 (2009): 208.
64. Pocock, review of History of Histories, 209.
Pocock, J.G.A. Review of A History of Histories by John Burrow.
Common Knowledge 15 no. 2 (2009): 208–209.
Unsigned
Review or
Newspaper
Article
101. Film Weekly, ‘Crikey!’, unsigned review of On Our
Selection directed by Ken G. Hall, 18 August, 1932.
103. Film Weekly, ‘Crikey!’,18 August, 1932.
Film Weekly. ‘Crikey!’ Unsigned review of On Our Selection. 18 August
1932.
Diary
37. Frank Hurley, 5 September 1917, My Diary, MS883/1/5,
National Library of Australia, Canberra.
as a review essay in a journal,
include that title inside single
quotation marks.
Why haven’t we included the manuscript details in the short footnote? Because the first footnote cites the
manuscript details of the title My Diary, as does the bibliography. Compare this short footnote with the one
below, where the manuscript details are included because the letters are spread over several files in the
collection Papers of Joseph Lyons.
A note on unpublished sources: The goal of any footnote and/or bibliography entry is to inform the reader of exactly
what you are citing so the reader can—in principle or actually—go to the same source. In the case of unpublished sources
which are by nature much harder to access, the city and/or institution, as well as the catalogue number and/or collection
where you found or keep the material must also be included. CHECK THE PARTICULAR ARCHIVE FOR THEIR
REFERENCING POLICY. Otherwise, use the formats listed here.
Letter
50. Hurley, My Diary, 4 May 1916.
Hurley, Frank. My Diary. MS883/1/5, National Library of Australia,
Canberra.
Unpublished manuscript sources are often gathered together in numbered files or folios within the particular collection you are
examining. Where that information is available, you should include it in your footnote and bibliography, as it is the only catalogue
number that will ever exist for that item, unlike published works, which may have different locating numbers depending on the library
holding a copy.
24. Joseph Lyons to Stanley Bruce, 2 November 1932, MS
26. Lyons to Bruce, 5 December 1932, MS
Lyons, Joseph. Papers of Joseph Aloysius Lyons 1924-1939. National
4852/4, Papers of Jospeh Aloysius Lyons 1924-1939, National
4852/7, Papers of Joseph Lyons.
Library of Australia, Canberra.
Library of Australia, Canberra.
The reader can discover a lot about the ‘shape’ of a collection from footnotes. In this case, the reader can see that the collection Papers of
Joseph Lyons includes the data gathered as MS4852, that there are several files in that sub-collection, and that some letters are in File 7,
others are in File 4 (as noted in footnote 24), and so on. The aim, as ever, is to provide the reader/researcher with information that will
allow them to locate the material precisely.
6
Thesis
Sacred Text
19. Craig Ryan, ‘Ships and Sickles: The Communists and
Three Australian Maritime Unions 1928-1945’, (MA thesis,
University of New South Wales, 1989), 38.
23. Ryan, ‘Ships and Sickles’, 202.
Ryan, Craig. ‘Ships and Sickles: The Communists and Three
Australian Maritime Unions 1928-1945’. MA thesis, University
of New South Wales, 1989.
21. 1 Corinthians 13:12.
20. Bible (King James) Genesis 1:27.
The Christian and Jewish scriptures are traditionally cited only by the particular book (abbreviated), chapter, and verse i.e. Gen 1:27. Yet
36. Qur’an 19:17–21.
Not normally cited in the Bibliography
versions of the Bible differ in their translation as well as in other matters, and it seems wildly eurocentric to think everyone should just know
that the ‘book’ of Genesis is a book of the Bible. You are therefore advised to include the title ‘Bible’ and the version you are using in
your first footnote. To indicate their particular status, the titles of sacred scriptures — Bible, Qur'an (Koran), Talmud, Upanishads, Vedas,
and the like — and the names of books of the Bible and of the Apocrypha are neither italicised nor put in quotation marks.
Early Modern
text
71. Andrew Willet, Hexapla in Genesin & Exodum, (London,
1633), 321.
74. Willet, Hexapla, 397.
Willet, Andrew. Hexapla in Genesin & Exodum. London 1633.
The publication details of early texts can be a little unwieldy. For example, this
book’s details are actually: “Printed by John Haviland, and are sold by James
Boler at the signe of the Marigold in Pauls Church-yard.” (i.e. London). For
most early texts, the city of publication and the publication date suffices.
The Brits Got It Right: Punctuation with Quotation
by David Bowman
http://www.articlesbase.com/writing-articles/the-brits-got-it-right-punctuation-withquotations-938578.html
To an American writer or reader, British English is pretty easy to spot with its funny
spellings: “neighbOUr,” “colOUr,” “programME,” etc. (To be fair, Brits probably find our
spellings strange, too.) Maybe this has something to do with their addiction to Bubble and
Squeek. I hate to say it, I really do, but British punctuation makes more sense than
American punctuation, at least in one regard. The British punctuation conventions for
quotations are more logical than the American English conventions.
1. Quoting a statement: Following the British conventions, the punctuation that separates
a quotation from the rest of a sentence occurs OUTSIDE the quotation marks. In American
conventions, it occurs INSIDE.
British: Bob said that this “is not our fight”.
The final period occurs outside the last quotation mark because it is not part of the quoted
text. In this case, the period is not being quoted; the words are. Thus only the words are in
the quotation marks.
American: Bob said that this “is not our fight”.
The final period occurs inside the quotation mark. Why? Because that’s the rule, so do it.
Notice that American conventions do place the punctuation OUTSIDE the quotation marks
in some cases.
American: Did he say, “Let’s fire everyone”?
In this case, the question mark is not part of the quoted text. It is part of the larger
sentence, so it goes outside the quote. Just like the British do. Colons are handled the
same way.
2. Using single and double quotes: In British conventions, double quotes are used for
text that is exactly quoted, and single quotes (called “inverted commas” in British
conventions) are reserved for text that is not directly quoted or when emphasizing a word
or words. In this way, the reader knows whether the material inside is an actual quote from
someone or something, or if the writer is trying to create emphasis. In American
conventions, double quotes are used for everything, and the reader has to guess or figure
it out from the context.
British: Alfred was ‘happy’ after drinking.
The use of the inverted commas lets the reader know that “happy” may mean something
other than “joyous”. The writer is not actually quoting someone.
American: Alfred was “happy” after drinking.
Is the writer quoting someone else, perhaps someone who observed Alfred? Or should the
reader understand that “happy” is not being used according to its common definition? Who
knows. Your guess is as good as mine.
3. Designating words as words: Following the British conventions, the punctuation that
separates a quoted word occurs OUTSIDE the quotation marks. In American conventions,
it occurs inside.
British: The words ‘hot’, ‘sexy’, and ‘foxy’ all mean the same thing: ‘attractive’.
The commas separating the words in the series are outside the quotation marks. After all,
the comma is not part of the word, so they do not belong inside the quotation marks with
the word. Also, the final period occurs after the quotation mark for the same reason.
American: The words “hot,” “sexy,” and “foxy” all mean the same thing: “attractive”.
The commas separating the words are inside the quotation marks, which is odd because
they aren’t part of the word being specified. The final period is also inside the quotation
mark, which is odd for the same reason. Why do we do it this way? Because it’s the rule,
so do it.
7
Footnotes contra Bibliography entries
As you can see, a bibliographical entry is similar to a full footnote reference in
that it includes much the same material arranged in much the same order.
Differences between the two in the way of presenting this material stem from
the differences in purpose and placement. The purpose of the bibliographical
entry is to list the work in full bibliographical detail. It is a list, and it is
punctuated accordingly. The purpose of the footnote, on the other hand, is
primarily to inform the reader of the particular spot—page, section, or other—
from which the writer of the paper has taken certain material in her text. It is
a note, a sentence, from the writer to the reader. The secondary purpose of
the footnote—to enable the reader to find the source for himself—dictates the
inclusion of the full bibliographical details in the first footnote reference to a
work.
Headline Style
The conventions of headline style, admittedly arbitrary, are governed by a
mixture of aesthetics (the appearance of a title on a printed page), emphasis,
and grammar. Some words are always capitalized; some are always
lowercased (unless used as the first or last word in a title); others require a
decision. Chicago recommends the following rules, pragmatic rather than
logically rigorous but generally accepted: (1) Always capitalise the first and
last words both in titles and in subtitles and all other major words (nouns,
pronouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs, and some conjunctions—but see rule
4). (2) Lowercase the articles ‘the’, ‘a’, and ‘an’. (3) Lowercase prepositions,
regardless of length, except when they are stressed (e.g. ‘through’ in A River
Runs Through It), are used adverbially or adjectivally (e.g. ‘up’ in Look Up,
‘down’ in Turn Down, ‘on’ in The On Button, etc.), are used as conjunctions
(e.g. ‘before’ in Look Before You Leap, etc.), or are part of a Latin expression
used adjectivally or adverbially (De Facto, In Vitro, etc.). (4) Lowercase the
conjunctions ‘and’, ‘but’, ‘for’, ‘or’, ‘nor’. (5) Lowercase the words ‘to’ and ‘as’
in any grammatical function, for simplicity’s sake. (6) Lowercase the second
part of a species name, such as lucius in Esox lucius, or the part of a proper
name that would be lowercased in text, such as de or von.
Ibid.: The Final Word
Use ibid. where appropriate, that is where the citation is to the same work as
in the preceding footnote. In all other cases use the author’s surname plus a
shortened version of the title. The abbreviation ibid. (from ibidem, “in the
same place”) refers to a single work cited in the note immediately preceding.
Ibid. must never be used if the preceding note contains more than one
citation. It takes the place of the name(s) of the author(s) or editor(s), the
title of the work, and as much of the succeeding material as is identical. I
have given an example in the first row of the table above, in the ‘Subsequent
Footnotes’ column. The material I am citing at reference point 5 in the main
text of my work can be found on page 11 of Jill’s book. The next material
from Jill’s work that I refer to in the main body of my text (at reference point
6) is also located on page 11 of Jill’s book, so at footnote 6 I have simply
placed ibid. alone, without a page reference, since the preceding note is
identical to what I would otherwise need to write. The word ibid. (italicised in
this paragraph only because it is a word used as a word) is set in roman (i.e.
not italicised), is capitalized if it immediately follows a full stop, and it is
always followed by a full stop because it is an abbreviation. Op. cit.
(opere citato, “in the work cited”) and loc. cit. (loco citato, “in the place
cited”), used with an author’s last name and standing in place of a
previously cited title, are rightly falling into disuse. Since they can refer
to works cited many pages or even chapters earlier, they are
exceptionally unhelpful. Consider a reader’s frustration on meeting, for
example, “Wells, op. cit., p. 10” in note 95 and having to search back to
note 2 for the full source or, worse still, finding that two works by Wells
have been cited. Instead, we will employ the short title method for
subsequent footnotes to a work.
Your Research Essay Bibliography
Your research essay bibliography should include all the material cited in
your footnotes, as well as any un-cited work that has supported your
research on this topic. You may also break your bibliography into sections,
not only Primary and Secondary Material, but you can divide your primary
section into subsections, e.g. Newspapers, Archives, Trade Publications,
etc.
More than one citation in a single footnote
The number of note references in a sentence or a paragraph can
sometimes be reduced by grouping several citations in a single note. The
citations are separated by semicolons and must appear in the same order
as the text material (whether works, quotations, or whatever) to which
they pertain. Take care to avoid any ambiguity about what is documenting
what. See the following example.
Main text of essay:
Only when we gather the work of several scholars—Walter Sutton’s explications of some of
Whitman’s shorter poems; Paul Fussell’s careful study of structure in ‘Cradle’; Stanley K.
Coffman’s close readings of ‘Crossing Brooklyn Ferry’ and ‘Passage to India’; and the
attempts of Thomas Rountree and John Lovell, dealing with ‘Song of Myself’ and ‘Passage to
India’, respectively—do we begin to get a sense of both the extent and the specificity of
Whitman’s forms.1
Footnote
1. Walter Sutton, ‘The Analysis of Free Verse Form, Illustrated by a Reading of
Whitman’, Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism 18 (1959): 241–54; Paul Fussell, ‘Whitman’s
Curious Warble: Reminiscence and Reconciliation’ in The Presence of Whitman, R. W. B. Lewis
ed. (New York: Columbia University Press, 1962): 28–51; Stanley K. Coffman, ‘ “Crossing
Brooklyn Ferry”: Note on the Catalog Technique in Whitman’s Poetry’, Modern Philology 51,
(1954): 225–32; Stanley K. Coffman, ‘Form and Meaning in Whitman’s “Passage to India”‘,
PMLA 70 (1955): 337–49; Thomas Rountree, ‘Whitman’s Indirect Expression and its
Application to “Song of Myself”‘, PMLA 73 (1958): 549–55; and John Lovell, ‘Appreciating
Whitman: “Passage to India”‘, Modern Language Quarterly 21 (June 1960): 131–41.
8
The footnotes below would, of course, be distributed at the foot of the pages
of an essay according to the particular information they note in the main text.
They are listed here to give you an idea of how they would look in context.
1. Marina Perrier Jouet, ‘How I Rule the World’s Good Form’, The Narcissist, 431 (2020): 7.
2. Ibid. 9.
3. Susan Quarkface, Pedant’s Paradise, (Wollongong: LikeThis Press, 2015), 52.
4. Jill Matthews, Dance Hall and Picture Palace: Sydney’s Romance with Modernity (Sydney: Currency Press,
2005), 9.
A 3-em dash followed by a full stop represents the same author or editor
5. Ibid., 11.
named in the preceding entry. To type an em-dash, hold down 3 keys:
ctrl+alt+dash on number pad.
6. Ibid.
7. Quarkface, Pedant’s Paradise, 9.
8. Matthews, Dance Hall, 32.
9. Monica Dux and Zora Simic, The Great Feminist Denial (Melbourne: Melbourne University Press,
2008), 9.
10. Sarah Maza, ‘The Diamond Necklace Affair Revisited (1785-1786): The Case of the Missing Queen’,
in Eroticism and the Body Politic ed. Lynn Hunt (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1991), 65.
12. Geoff Armstrong and Peter Thompson, eds. Phar Lap (Sydney: Allen& Unwin, 2001).
13. Aristotle Metaphysics 3.2.996b5–8, Complete Works of Aristotle: The Revised Oxford Translation, ed.
Jonathan Barnes, vol. 1, (Princeton NJ: Princeton University Press, 1984), 455.
14. Tim Armstrong, ed., Michel Foucault: Philosopher (New York: Routledge, 1992).
15. Dux and Simic, Feminist Denial, 12.
16. Ted Poston, A First Draft of History, ed. Kathleen A. Hauke, (Athens: University of Georgia Press,
2000), 46.
17. Aristotle Metaphysics 3.2.996a1-9.
18. Maza, ‘Diamond Necklace Affair’, 70.
19. Craig Ryan, ‘Ships and Sickles: The Communists and Three Australian Maritime Unions 1928-1945’,
(MA thesis, University of New South Wales, 1989), 38.
20. Bible (King James) Genesis 1:27.
21. 1 Corinthians 13:12.
22. Edward O. Laumann et al. The Social Organization of Sexuality: Sexual Practices in the United States
(Chicago: Chicago University Press, 1994), 262.
23. Ryan, ‘Ships and Sickles’, 202.
24. Joseph Lyons to Stanley Bruce, 2 November 1932, MS 4852/4, Papers of Jospeh Aloysius Lyons 19241939, National Library of Australia, Canberra.
25. J.G.A. Pocock, review of A History of Histories by John Burrow, Common Knowledge 15, no. 2 (2009):
208.
26. Lyons to Bruce, 5 December 1932, MS 4852/7, Papers of Joseph Lyons.
27. Commonwealth of Australia, Commission on the Stevedoring Industry Report, Melbourne, 1946.
28. Watkin Tench, Sydney’s First Four Years: Being a Reprint of “A Narrative of the Expedition to Botany Bay”
and “A Complete Account of the Settlement of Port Jackson”. [1788, 1793] (Sydney, Angus & Robertson, 1961),
455.
29. Laumann et al., Social Organization of Sexuality, 4.
30. Oxford English Dictionary, s.v. ‘pernickety’.
31. On Our Selection, directed by Ken G. Hall, Cinesound, 1932.
32. Australia, Commission Report, 63.
33. On Our Selection, 1932.
34. Oxford English Dictionary, s.v. ‘pernickety’.
35. Ibid.
36. Qur’an 19:17–21.
37. Frank Hurley, 5 September 1917, My Diary, MS883/1/5, National Library of Australia, Canberra.
38. Marshall Sahlins, ‘The Sadness of Sweetness: The Native Anthropology of Western Cosmology’,
Current Anthropology 37 (1996): 402.
39. Stephen A. White, ‘Callimachus Battiades Epigr. 35’, Classical Philology 94 (April 1999): 168.
40. Stephen Gaukroger, ‘Science, Religion, and Modernity’, Critical Quarterly 47, no. 4 (2005): 5.
41. Ludmilla Jordanova, History in Practice. 2nd ed. New York: Oxford University Press, 2006, 127.
The bibliography below is not subdivided (manuscript, music, film, early texts,
etc), but it could be. Check some of the books by historians you have been
reading to see the way they divide up their bibliographies.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Antonello, Pierpaolo and Roberto Farneti. ‘Antigone’s Claim: A Conversation With Judith Butler’.
Theory & Event 12 no. 1 (2009): http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/theory_and_event
/v012/12.1.antonello.html (accessed September 12, 2009).
Aristotle, Complete Works of Aristotle: The Revised Oxford Translation. Edited by Jonathan Barnes. 2 vols.
Princeton NJ: Princeton University Press, 1984.
Armstrong, Geoff and Peter Thompson, eds. Phar Lap. Sydney: Allen& Unwin, 2001.
Armstrong, Tim, ed. and trans. Michel Foucault: Philosopher. New York: Routledge, 1992.
Australia, Commonwealth of. Commission on the Stevedoring Industry Report. Melbourne, 1946.
Duffy, Michael. ‘ABC Unloads a Shipload of Bias’. Sydney Morning Herald. 12 May, 2007.
Dux, Monica, and Zora Simic. The Great Feminist Denial. Melbourne: Melbourne University Press, 2008.
Film Weekly. ‘Crikey!’ Unsigned review of On Our Selection.18 August 1932.
Gaukroger, Stephen. ‘Science, Religion, and Modernity’, Critical Quarterly 47, no. 4 (2005): 5–26.
Hurley, Frank. My Diary. MS883/1/5, National Library of Australia.
Jordanova, Ludmilla. History in Practice. 2nd ed. New York: Oxford University Press, 2006.
Laumann, Edward O., John H. Gagnon, Robert T. Michael, and Stuart Michaels. The Social Organization
of Sexuality: Sexual Practices in the United States. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1994.
Lyons, Joseph. Papers of Joseph Aloysius Lyons 1924-1939. National Library of Australia, Canberra.
Matthews, Jill. Dance Hall and Picture Palace: Sydney’s Romance with Modernity. Sydney: Currency Press,
2005.
Maza, Sarah. ‘The Diamond Necklace Affair Revisited (1785-1786): The Case of the Missing Queen’. In
Eroticism and the Body Politic edited by Lynn Hunt, 63–89. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University
Press, 1991.
Munday, Jack. Interview by Ann Turner. 11 July and 25 August 1991 in Sydney, N.S.W. Audio
recording. National Library of Australia.
On Our Selection. Directed by Ken G. Hall. Cinesound, 1932.
Perrier Jouet, Marina ‘How I Rule the World’s Good Form’. The Narcissist 431 (2020): 1–601.
———. ‘Tricky Stuff with Autoshapes in Tables in Word’. MacTech, June 2009.
Pocock, J.G.A. Review of A History of Histories by John Burrow, Common Knowledge 15 no. 2 (2009): 208–
209.
Poston, Ted. A First Draft of History. Edited by Kathleen A. Hauke. Athens: University of Georgia Press,
2000.
Quarkface, Susan. Pedant’s Paradise. Wollongong: LikeThis Press, 2015.
Ryan, Craig. ‘Ships and Sickles: The Communists and Three Australian Maritime Unions 1928-1945’.
MA thesis, University of New South Wales, 1989.
Sahlins, Marshall. ‘The Sadness of Sweetness: The Native Anthropology of Western Cosmology’.
Current Anthropology 37 (1996): 395–415.
School of Seven Bells. ‘Half Asleep’. Alpinisms. CD. Ghostly International, GI-81, 2008.
Tench, Watkin. Sydney’s First Four Years: Being a Reprint of “A Narrative of the Expedition to Botany Bay” and
“A Complete Account of the Settlement of Port Jackson”. Sydney: Angus & Robertson, [1788, 1793]
1961.
The Times Guide to English Language Style and Usage. Compiled by Tim Austin. London: Times Books,
1999.
University of Chicago Press Staff, ‘The Chicago Manual of Style Online’,
http://www.chicagomanualofstyle.org/home.html (accessed 12 October, 2008).
White, Stephen A. ‘Callimachus Battiades: Epigr. 35’,Classical Philology 94 (April 1999): 160–178.
9
10