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The interaction
Outline
The interaction
Donald Norman’s model
Execution/evaluation loop
Norman's model
Abowd and Beale framework
Ergonomics
The Interaction
interaction models
 translations between user and system
ergonomics
 physical characteristics of interaction
interaction styles
 the nature of user/system dialog
context
 social, organizational, motivational
What is interaction?
communication
user
system
but is that all … ?
 see “language and action” in chapter 4 …
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Models of interaction
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Terms of interaction
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Norman model
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Interaction framework
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Some terms of interaction
domain
– the area of work under study
e.g. graphic design
goal – what you want to achieve
e.g. create a solid red triangle
task – how you go about doing it
– ultimately in terms of operations or actions
e.g. … select fill tool, click over triangle
Interaction is a kind of action that occurs as two or more objects have an effect upon one
another. The idea of a two-way effect is essential in the concept of interaction, as opposed
to a one-way causal effect. A closely related term is interconnectivity, which deals with the
interactions of interactions within systems: combinations of many simple interactions can
lead to surprising emergent phenomena. Interaction has different tailored meanings in
various sciences. Changes can also involve interaction.
Casual examples of interaction outside of science include:
Communication of any sort, for example two or more people talking to each other, or
communication among groups, organizations, nations or states: trade, migration, foreign
relations, transportation,
The feedback during the operation of machines such as a computer or tool, for example the
interaction between a driver and the position of his or her car on the road: by steering the
driver influences this position, by observation this information returns to the driver.
Note …
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traditional interaction …
use of terms differs a lot especially task/goal !!!
Donald Norman’s model
Seven stages
 user establishes the goal
 formulates intention
 specifies actions at interface
 executes action
 perceives system state
 interprets system state
 evaluates system state with respect to goal
Norman’s model concentrates on user’s view of the interface
Donald Norman’s model
You are reading a book and you feel that it is getting dark
user establishes the goal: I need more light
formulates intention: Turn on the table lamp
specifies actions at interface: Stand up, go to switch and turn on light
executes action: Do it
perceives system state: Did the light turn on?
interprets system state: Bulb still off ?Is it load shedding? Form new goals
evaluates system state with respect to goal: Is it enough light
execution/evaluation loop
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user establishes the goal
formulates intention
specifies actions at interface
executes action
perceives system state
interprets system state
evaluates system state with respect to goal
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execution/evaluation loop
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 user establishes the goal
 formulates intention
 specifies actions at interface
 executes action
 perceives system state
 interprets system state
 evaluates system state with respect to goal
execution/evaluation loop
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 user establishes the goal
 formulates intention
 specifies actions at interface
 executes action
 perceives system state
 interprets system state
 evaluates system state with respect to goal
execution/evaluation loop
Interaction is a kind of action that occurs as two or more objects have an effect upon one
another. The idea of a two-way effect is essential in the concept of interaction, as opposed to a
one-way causal effect. A closely related term is interconnectivity, which deals with the
interactions of interactions within systems: combinations of many simple interactions can lead to
surprising emergent phenomena. Interaction has different tailored meanings in various sciences.
Changes can also involve interaction.
Casual examples of interaction outside of science include:
Communication of any sort, for example two or more people talking to each other, or
communication among groups, organizations, nations or states: trade, migration, foreign
relations, transportation,
The feedback during the operation of machines such as a computer or tool, for example the
interaction between a driver and the position of his or her car on the road: by steering the driver
influences this position, by observation this information returns to the driver.
 user establishes the goal
 formulates intention
 specifies actions at interface
 executes action
 perceives system state
 interprets system state
 evaluates system state with respect to goal
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Using Norman’s model
Some systems are harder to use than others
Gulf of Execution
user’s formulation of actions
≠
actions allowed by the system
Gulf of Evaluation
user’s expectation of changed system state
≠
actual presentation of this state
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Class Task
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You want to rotate a picture. This is your goal. Your intention is to do it in infant view.
Write down the action sequence
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Class Task -continued
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Example: Gulf of Evaluation
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You edit a picture. You then want to save it. You press the save button and get no message
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You have go to that location to see if the changes are actually saved or not
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Human error - slips and mistakes
Slip: pressing wrong button
understand system and goal
correct formulation of action
incorrect action
Mistake: confusing find with magnify
may not even have right goal!
Fixing things?
slip – better interface design
mistake – better understanding of system
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Abowd and Beale framework
extension of Norman…
their interaction framework has 4 parts
 user
 input
 system
 output
each has its own unique language
interaction  translation between languages
problems in interaction = problems in translation
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Using Abowd & Beale’s model
user intentions
 translated into actions at the interface
 translated into alterations of system state
 reflected in the output display
 interpreted by the user
general framework for understanding interaction
 not restricted to electronic computer systems
 identifies all 4 major components involved in interaction
 an abstraction
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Interaction Framework
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Physical aspects of interfaces
industrial interfaces
Ergonomics
Ergonomics
 ergo(work) +nonoil (laws)
 The study of making things comfortable and natural
Study of the physical characteristics of interaction
Ergonomics good at defining standards and guidelines for constraining the way we design
certain aspects of systems
Ergonomics
Ergonomics - examples
Arrangement of controls and displays
e.g.
controls grouped according to function or frequency of use, or sequentially
Surrounding environment
e.g.
seating arrangements adaptable to cope with all sizes of user
Health issues
e.g.
physical position, environmental conditions (temperature, humidity), lighting,
noise,
Use of colour
e.g.
use of red for warning, green for okay,
awareness of colour-blindness etc.
Industrial interfaces
Office interface vs. industrial interface?
Context matters!
office industrial
type of data
textual numeric
rate of change slow
fast
environment clean dirty
… the oil soaked mouse!
Summary
The interaction
(what is interaction,
models and term of interaction)
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Donald Norman’s model
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Ergonomics
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Execution/evaluation loop
Norman's model (use of model)
Abowd and Beale framework
Ergonomics