State Higher-Education Dataset Codebook
Suzanne Mettler
Used for DEGREES OF INEQUALITY: HOW HIGHER EDUCATION POLITICS
SABOTAGED THE AMERICAN DREAM (Basic Books, 2014), Chapter 4, “From
Pioneer to Slacker: The Rise and Decline of American Public Higher Education”
EDUCATION VARIABLES
DT1970
Average tuition at PhD granting universities, 1970 (not adjusted for inflation).
Census Statistical Abstract.
DT1980
Average tuition at PhD granting universities, 1980 (not adjusted for inflation).
Census Statistical Abstract.
DT1990
Average tuition at PhD granting universities, 1990 (not adjusted for inflation).
Census Statistical Abstract.
DT2000
Average tuition at PhD granting universities, 2000 (not adjusted for inflation).
Census Statistical Abstract.
BT1970
Average tuition for Bachelor's students in 1970 (not adjusted for inflation).
Census Statistical Abstract.
BT1980
Average tuition for Bachelor's students in 1980 (not adjusted for inflation).
Census Statistical Abstract.
BT1990
Average tuition for Bachelor's students in 1990 (not adjusted for inflation).
Census Statistical Abstract.
BT2000
Average tuition for Bachelor's students in 2000 (not adjusted for inflation).
Census Statistical Abstract.
VT1970
Average tuition for students at 2 Year colleges in 1970 (not adjusted for inflation).
Census Statistical Abstract.
VT1980
Average tuition for students at 2 Year colleges in 1980 (not adjusted for inflation).
Census Statistical Abstract.
VT1990
Average tuition for students at 2 Year colleges in 1990 (not adjusted for inflation).
Census Statistical Abstract.
VT2000
Average tuition for students at 2 Year colleges in 2000 (not adjusted for inflation).
Census Statistical Abstract.
VYI1960
Number of 2 Year higher education institutions in 1960.
Census Statistical Abstract.
Number of 2 Year higher education institutions in 1970.
Census Statistical Abstract.
Number of 2 Year higher education institutions in 1980.
Census Statistical Abstract.
VYI1970
VYI1980
1
VYI1990
VYI2000
VYI2007
Number of 2 Year higher education institutions in 1990.
Census Statistical Abstract.
Number of 2 Year higher education institutions in 2000.
Census Statistical Abstract.
Number of 2 Year higher education institutions in 2007.
Census Statistical Abstract.
ENROLL1960
Total enrollment at degree-granting institutions in 1960.
Digest of Education Statistics.
ENROLL1970
Total enrollment at degree-granting institutions in 1970.
Digest of Education Statistics.
ENROLL1980
Total enrollment at degree-granting institutions in 1980.
Digest of Education Statistics.
ENROLL1990
Total enrollment at degree-granting institutions in 1990.
Digest of Education Statistics.
ENROLL2000
Total enrollment at degree-granting institutions in 2000.
Digest of Education Statistics.
ENROLL2010
Total enrollment at degree-granting institutions in 2010.
Digest of Education Statistics.
PERCBA60
Percentage of 25-34 year-olds with Bachelor's Degrees in 1960.
Census Statistical Abstract.
PERCBA70
Percentage of 25-34 year-olds with Bachelor's Degrees in 1970.
Census Statistical Abstract.
PERCBA80
Percentage of 25-34 year-olds with Bachelor's Degrees in 1980.
Census Statistical Abstract.
PERCBA90
Percentage of 25-34 year-olds with Bachelor's Degrees in 1990.
Census Statistical Abstract.
PERCBA00
Percentage of 25-34 year-olds with Bachelor's Degrees in 2000.
Census Statistical Abstract.
PERCBA06
Percentage of 25-34 year-olds with Bachelor's Degrees in 2006.
Census American Community Survey.
PERCBA09
Percentage of 25-34 year-olds with Bachelor's Degrees in 2009.
Census American Community Survey.
PERCBA10
Percentage of 25-34 year-olds with Bachelor's Degrees in 2010.
Census American Community Survey.
CK121950
Spending for K-12 education in 1950 in per capita current dollars.
Census Statistical Abstract.
CK121960
Spending for K-12 education in 1960 in per capita current dollars.
Census Statistical Abstract.
2
CK121970
Spending for K-12 education in 1970 in per capita current dollars.
Census Statistical Abstract.
CK121980
Spending for K-12 education in 1980 in per capita current dollars.
Census Statistical Abstract.
CK121990
Spending for K-12 education in 1990 in per capita current dollars.
Census Statistical Abstract.
CK122000
Spending for K-12 education in 2000 in per capita current dollars.
Census Statistical Abstract.
CK122005
Spending for K-12 education in 2005 in per capita current dollars.
Census Statistical Abstract.
CK122010
Spending for K-12 education in 2010 in per capita current dollars.
Census Statistical Abstract.
I10CK121950
Spending for K-12 education in 1950 in per capita 2010 dollars (adjusted for
inflation). Census Statistical Abstract.
I10CK121960
Spending for K-12 education in 1960 in per capita 2010 dollars (adjusted for
inflation). Census Statistical Abstract.
I10CK121970
Spending for K-12 education in 1970 in per capita 2010 dollars (adjusted for
inflation). Census Statistical Abstract.
I10CK121980
Spending for K-12 education in 1980 in per capita 2010 dollars (adjusted for
inflation). Census Statistical Abstract.
I10CK121990
Spending for K-12 education in 1990 in per capita 2010 dollars (adjusted for
inflation). Census Statistical Abstract.
I10CK122000
Spending for K-12 education in 2000 in per capita 2010 dollars (adjusted for
inflation). Census Statistical Abstract.
PK121950
Spending for K-12 education in 2010 in per pupil current dollars.
Census Statistical Abstract.
PK121960
Spending for K-12 education in 1960 in per pupil current dollars.
Census Statistical Abstract.
PK121970
Spending for K-12 education in 1970 in per pupil current dollars.
Census Statistical Abstract.
PK121980
Spending for K-12 education in 1980 in per pupil current dollars.
Census Statistical Abstract.
PK121990
Spending for K-12 education in 1990 in per pupil current dollars.
Census Statistical Abstract.
PK122000
Spending for K-12 education in 2000 in per pupil current dollars.
Census Statistical Abstract.
PK122005
Spending for K-12 education in 2005 in per pupil current dollars.
Census Statistical Abstract.
PK122009
Spending for K-12 education in 2009 in per pupil current dollars.
Census Statistical Abstract.
3
PK122010
Spending for K-12 education in 2010 in per pupil current dollars.
Census Statistical Abstract.
APR1960
Higher education appropriations in 1960 in current dollars.
Census Statistical Abstract.
APR1970
Higher education appropriations in 1970 in current dollars.
Census Statistical Abstract.
APR1980
Higher education appropriations in 1980 in current dollars.
Census Statistical Abstract.
APR1990
Higher education appropriations in 1990 in current dollars.
Census Statistical Abstract.
APR2000
Higher education appropriations in 2000 in current dollars.
Census Statistical Abstract.
APR2010
Higher education appropriations in 2010 in current dollars.
Census Statistical Abstract.
IAPR1960
Higher education appropriations in 1960 in 2010 dollars.
Census Statistical Abstract.
IAPR1970
Higher education appropriations in 1970 in 2010 dollars.
Census Statistical Abstract.
IAPR1980
Higher education appropriations in 1980 in 2010 dollars.
Census Statistical Abstract.
IAPR1990
Higher education appropriations in 1990 in 2010 dollars.
Census Statistical Abstract.
IAPR2000
Higher education appropriations in 2000 in 2010 dollars.
Census Statistical Abstract.
FTEAPR1970
Higher education appropriations per full time equivalent student, 1970, current
dollars. Census Statistical Abstract and Digest of Education Statistics.
FTEAPR1980
Higher education appropriations per full time equivalent student, 1980, current
dollars. Census Statistical Abstract and Digest of Education Statistics.
FTEAPR1990
Higher education appropriations per full time equivalent student, 1990, current
dollars. Census Statistical Abstract and Digest of Education Statistics.
FTEAPR2000
Higher education appropriations per full time equivalent student, 2000, current
dollars. Census Statistical Abstract and Digest of Education Statistics.
PCAPR1960
Higher education appropriations per capita in 1960 in current dollars.
Census Statistical Abstract.
4
PCAPR1970
Higher education appropriations per capita in 1970 in current dollars.
Census Statistical Abstract.
PCAPR1980
Higher education appropriations per capita in 1980 in current dollars.
Census Statistical Abstract.
PCAPR1990
Higher education appropriations per capita in 1990 in current dollars.
Census Statistical Abstract.
PCAPR2000
Higher education appropriations per capita in 2000 in current dollars.
Census Statistical Abstract.
PCAPR2010
Higher education appropriations per capita in 2010 in current dollars.
Census Statistical Abstract.
IPCAPR1960
Higher education appropriations per capita in 1960 in 2010 dollars.
Census Statistical Abstract.
IPCAPR1970
Higher education appropriations per capita in 1970 in 2010 dollars.
Census Statistical Abstract.
IPCAPR1980
Higher education appropriations per capita in 1980 in 2010 dollars.
Census Statistical Abstract.
IPCAPR1990
Higher education appropriations per capita in 1990 in 2010 dollars.
Census Statistical Abstract.
IPCAPR2000
Higher education appropriations per capita in 2000 in 2010 dollars.
Census Statistical Abstract.
IFTEAPR1970
Higher education appropriations per full time equivalent student, 1970, 2010
dollars. Census Statistical Abstract and Digest of Education Statistics.
IFTEAPR1980
Higher education appropriations per full time equivalent student, 1980, 2010
dollars. Census Statistical Abstract Digest of Education Statistics.
IFTEAPR1990
Higher education appropriations per full time equivalent student, 1990, 2010
dollars. Census Statistical Abstract Digest of Education Statistics.
IFTEAPR2000
Higher education appropriations per full time equivalent student, 2000, 2010
dollars. Census Statistical Abstract Digest of Education Statistics.
PUBUN
Year 1st public university was established in the state.
PRIVUN
Year 1st private university was established in the state.
OTHER EXPENDITURES
PCPS1982
Per Capita Prison Spending, 1982, in current dollars.
Census Statistical Abstract.
PCPS1990
Per Capita Prison Spending, 1990, in current dollars.
Census Statistical Abstract.
5
PCPS2000
Per Capita Prison Spending, 2000, in current dollars.
Census Statistical Abstract.
PCPS2005
Per Capita Prison Spending, 2005, in current dollars, in current dollars.
Census Statistical Abstract.
PCPS2009
Per Capita Prison Spending, 2009, in current dollars.
Census Statistical Abstract.
PCPS2010
Per Capita Prison Spending, 2010, in current dollars.
Census Statistical Abstract.
PS1982
Overall Prison Spending, 1982, in current dollars.
Census Statistical Abstract.
PS1990
Overall Prison Spending, 1990, in current dollars.
Census Statistical Abstract.
PS2000
Overall Prison Spending, 2000, in current dollars.
Census Statistical Abstract.
PS2005
Overall Prison Spending, 2005, in current dollars.
Census Statistical Abstract.
PS2009
Overall Prison Spending 2009, in current dollars.
Census Statistical Abstract.
PS2010
Overall Prison Spending, 2010, in current dollars.
Census Statistical Abstract.
I10PCPS1990
1990 Per Capita Prison Spending in 2010 dollars.
Census Statistical Abstract.
I10PCPS2000
2000 Per Capita Prison Spending in 2010 dollars.
Census Statistical Abstract.
MED1980
Medicaid Spending in per capita current dollars for 1980.
Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services. National Health Expenditures Data.
MED1990
Medicaid Spending in per capita current dollars for 1990.
Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services. National Health Expenditures Data.
MED2000
Medicaid Spending in per capita current dollars for 2000.
Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services. National Health Expenditures Data.
MED2004
Medicaid Spending in per capita current dollars for 2004.
Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services. National Health Expenditures Data.
MED2010
Medicaid Spending in per capita current dollars for 2010.
Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services. National Health Expenditures Data.
OMED1980
Overall Medicaid Spending in millions of current dollars for 1980.
Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services. National Health Expenditures Data.
OMED1990
Overall Medicaid Spending in millions of current dollars for 1990.
Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services. National Health Expenditures Data.
6
OMED2000
Overall Medicaid Spending in millions of current dollars for 2000.
Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services. National Health Expenditures Data.
OMED2004
Overall Medicaid Spending in millions of current dollars for 2004.
Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services. National Health Expenditures Data.
OMED2009
Overall Medicaid Spending in millions of current dollars for 2009.
Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services. National Health Expenditures Data.
OMED2010
Overall Medicaid Spending in millions of current dollars for 2010.
Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services. National Health Expenditures Data.
I10Med1980
1980 Medicaid Spending in per capita 2010 dollars (adjusted for inflation).
Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services. National Health Expenditures Data.
I10Med1990
1990 Medicaid Spending in per capita 2010 dollars (adjusted for inflation).
Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services. National Health Expenditures Data.
I10Med2000
2000 Medicaid Spending in per capita 2010 dollars (adjusted for inflation).
Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services. National Health Expenditures Data.
POLITICAL VARIABLES
DGOV1950
Democratic Governor dummy variable, 1950 post-election.
Census Statistical Abstract.
DGOV1960
Democratic Governor dummy variable, 1960 post-election.
Census Statistical Abstract.
DGOV1970
Democratic Governor dummy variable, 1970 post-election.
Census Statistical Abstract.
DGOV1980
Democratic Governor dummy variable, 1980 post-election.
Census Statistical Abstract.
DGOV1990
Democratic Governor dummy variable, 1990 post-election.
Census Statistical Abstract.
DGOV2000
Democratic Governor dummy variable, 2000 post-election.
Census Statistical Abstract.
DGOV2007
Democratic Governor dummy variable, 2007 post-election.
Census Statistical Abstract.
DGOV2012
Democratic Governor dummy variable, 2012 post-election.
Census Statistical Abstract.
DLEG1960
Percentage of Democrats in lower state house, 1960.
Census Statistical Abstract.
7
DLEG1970
Percentage of Democrats in lower state house, 1970.
Census Statistical Abstract.
DLEG1980
Percentage of Democrats in lower state house, 1980.
Census Statistical Abstract.
DLEG1990
Percentage of Democrats in lower state house, 1990.
Census Statistical Abstract.
DLEG2000
Percentage of Democrats in lower state house, 2000.
Census Statistical Abstract.
DLEG2006
Percentage of Democrats in lower state house, 2006.
Census Statistical Abstract.
DLEG2010
Percentage of Democrats in lower state house, 2010.
Census Statistical Abstract.
DLEG2012
Percentage of Democrats in lower state house, 2012.
Census Statistical Abstract.
TURN58
Approximate voter turnout in 1958, based on voting age population.
Census Statistical Abstract.
TURN66
Voter turnout in 1966, based on voting age population.
Census Statistical Abstract.
TURN78
Voter turnout in 1978, based on voting age population.
Census Statistical Abstract.
TURN86
Voter turnout in 1986, based on voting age population.
Census Statistical Abstract.
TURN98
Voter turnout in 1998, based on voting age population.
Census Statistical Abstract.
TURN06
Voter turnout in 2006, based on voting age population.
Census Statistical Abstract.
GB
AB
Dummy variable for states with Governing Boards.
Dummy variable for states With Advisory Boards.
ECONOMIC VARIABLES
PCI1950
Personal income in per capita current dollars for 1950.
Census Statistical Abstract.
PCI1960
Personal income in per capita current dollars for 1960.
Census Statistical Abstract.
PCI1970
Personal income in per capita current dollars for 1970.
Census Statistical Abstract.
PCI1980
Personal income in per capita current dollars for 1980.
Census Statistical Abstract.
PCI1990
Personal income in per capita current dollars for 1990.
Census Statistical Abstract.
8
PCI2000
Personal income in per capita current dollars for 2000.
Census Statistical Abstract.
PCI2006
Personal income in per capita current dollars for 2006.
Census Statistical Abstract.
PCI2009
Personal income in per capita current dollars for 2009.
Census Statistical Abstract.
PCI2010
Personal income in per capita current dollars for 2010.
Census Statistical Abstract.
PCI2011
Personal income in per capita current dollars for 2011.
Census Statistical Abstract.
PCTR1950
Tax revenues in per capita current dollar for 1950.
Census Statistical Abstract.
PCTR1960
Tax revenues in per capita current dollar for 1960.
Census Statistical Abstract.
PCTR1970
Tax revenues in per capita current dollar for 1970.
Census Statistical Abstract.
PCTR1980
Tax revenues in per capita current dollar for 1980.
Census Statistical Abstract.
PCTR1990
Tax revenues in per capita current dollar for 1990.
Census Statistical Abstract.
PCTR2000
Tax revenues in per capita current dollar for 2000.
Census Statistical Abstract.
PCTR2005
Tax revenues in per capita current dollar for 2005.
Census Statistical Abstract.
PCTR2009
Tax revenues in per capita current dollar for 2009.
Census Statistical Abstract.
PCTR2010
Tax revenues in per capita current dollar for 2010.
Census Statistical Abstract.
I10PCTR1950
1950 per capita tax revenues in 2010 dollars (adjusted for inflation).
Census Statistical Abstract & CPI.
I10PCTR1960
1960 per capita tax revenues in 2010 dollars (adjusted for inflation).
Census Statistical Abstract & CPI.
I10PCTR1970
1970 per capita tax revenues in 2010 dollars (adjusted for inflation).
Census Statistical Abstract & CPI.
I10PCTR1980
1980 per capita tax revenues in 2010 dollars (adjusted for inflation).
Census Statistical Abstract & CPI.
I10PCTR1990
1990 per capita tax revenues in 2010 dollars (adjusted for inflation).
Census Statistical Abstract & CPI.
I10PCTR2000
2000 per capita tax revenues in 2010 dollars (adjusted for inflation).
Census Statistical Abstract & CPI.
UEMP1970
UEMP1980
State unemployment rate, 1970. Bureau of Labor Statistics.
State unemployment rate, 1980. Bureau of Labor Statistics.
9
UEMP1990
UEMP2000
UEMP2007
UEMP2008
UEMP2009
UEMP2010
UEMP2011
State unemployment rate, 1990. Bureau of Labor Statistics.
State unemployment rate, 2000. Bureau of Labor Statistics.
State unemployment rate, 2007. Bureau of Labor Statistics.
State unemployment rate, 2008. Bureau of Labor Statistics.
State unemployment rate, 2009. Bureau of Labor Statistics.
State unemployment rate, 2010. Bureau of Labor Statistics.
State unemployment rate, 2011. Bureau of Labor Statistics.
OTHER
REGION
region2
censregion
Classifies states into nine geographic regions.
Classifies states into five geographic regions.
Classifies states into four geographic regions, based on Census categories.
INFL00_10
INFL90_10
INFL80_10
INFL70_10
INFL60_10
INFL50_10
CPI inflation multiplier to convert 2000 dollars to 2010 dollars.
CPI inflation multiplier to convert 1990 dollars to 2010 dollars.
CPI inflation multiplier to convert 1980 dollars to 2010 dollars.
CPI inflation multiplier to convert 1970 dollars to 2010 dollars.
CPI inflation multiplier to convert 1960 dollars to 2010 dollars.
CPI inflation multiplier to convert 1950 dollars to 2010 dollars.
NOTES AND SOURCES
All variables are at the state level.
Centers for Medicare and Medicaid. National Health Expenditures Data.
http://www.cms.gov/Research-Statistics-Data-and-Systems/Statistics-Trends-andReports/NationalHealthExpendData/Downloads/res-tables.pdf.
National Center for Education Statistics. Digest of Education Statistics. Various Years. Available at:
http://nces.ed.gov/programs/digest/index.asp.
U.S. Census. Statistical Abstract. Various Years. Available at:
http://www.census.gov/prod/www/statistical_abstract.html
U.S. Department of Labor. Bureau of Labor Statistics. Consumer Price Index. Available at:
ftp://ftp.bls.gov/pub/special.requests/cpi/cpiai.txt.
U.S. Department of Labor. Bureau of Labor Statistics. Local Area Unemployment Statistics. Available at:
http://www.bls.gov/lau/data.htm.
10