The differences between IS0 10628 ISO/IEC 14617 and ANSI/ISA 5.1 2009 and
the implications to neutral data exchange between P&ID’s as to the use of ISO
15926. (First Draft still under construction)
From Hindrik Koning
Date 20-03-2014
To Fiatech PCA Proteus 2
To Fiatech PCA Instrumentation & Control SIG.
To USPI team
To ISO SC184/WG3ST General
Summary
In view of the development of ISO 15926 on the neutral data exchange it is in general
strongly advised to reduce the number of all possible standards supported, as interoperatability requires a unreasonable amount of work at the first time but even more as the
standards comes in the five years review and update period.
This is specially applicable to the standards referring to the indication of control and
instrumentation on P&ID’s as some of the functional codes cannot be mapped two ways in all
the different engineering phases.
Also many other items are troublesome to maintain, all reasons to look into it.
The “recent version” of the ISO 10628 / IEC 14617 and the reconfirmation of the ANSI/ISA
5.1 in 2009 (from ANSI/ISA-5.1-1984) on the indication of Instrumentation on P&ID’s made a
comparison and positioning of the two documents to the two represented P&ID worlds
worthwhile, we also will briefly touch VGB work (European power industry) and we briefly
will touch the VGB work as we know it of the KKS, we will exclude the KKS way of
designation in this first attempt to master the subject.
The ISO went even more and more over to a rather pure functional engineering method and
functional recording of it on the P&ID.
At the same time we conclude the ANSI/ISA has more materialized or single function oriented
way of engineering and the recording thereof.
This results in the following picture
ISO: FIRC
ISA: FT-FI-FR-FC
The translation seem easy but as there are no stringent rules to make the letter combinations
(we humans also like to test others with there own inventions)
This positions of ISO is in conceptual engineering / FEED and the ISA detail engineering as
in the EPC work.(For basic engineering both can be used to the rules of EPC and principal.
In the past the rules for instrument identification where not to thight, a rule based transition
between the two system was not possible.
A designation system standard specifies how to name an object in the plant, and how to refer
to it with relative names on printed documentation like diagrams and data listings. Power
plant designation system standards like KKS [27] later RDS PP and IEC 61346 [13] provide
three major aspects:
There is no need to use them all three in full blown together
1) Function aspect – the function and functional organization of a modeled system
2) Location aspect – the physical locations of subsystems and components
3) Product aspect – the assembly structure of the system implementation.
This document will in his first appearance only deal with the Functional aspect as
indicated in the upper part of the balloons on P&ID’s
1
Table of content.
1. Introduction
1.0 Contents and Function of the P&ID
1.1 ISA way of working
1.2 ISO way of working
1.3 VGB (KKS) and the Power Industry way of working
2 The letter codes (identification) annotation , the Symbols for instruments on P&ID’s
Identification and Reference Designation
2.2 Conclusion to Identification Characters/Letters
2.2.2,The application of the ISO 10628 and ISO 14617 for instrument symbols
2.2.1.The application of the ANSI/ISA 5.1 2009.
3 Rule based engineering from functional engineering as in ISO to materialized engineering
more developed in ANSI/ISA 5.1
3.1.The conventional Instrumentation Analog (pneumatic electronic) Digital
3.2. DCS Shared Displays/ Shared Control
3.3.Systems with (mainly) Field busses.
3.4.No additional effect of Wireless transmission to the designation
4 Conversion of functional Diagrams to Materialized Diagrams Explanation
4.1. Functional and Physical Objects - the big picture (Hans Teijgeler)
4.2. Functional Physical Object vs Materialized Physical Object (,,)
5 Plant break down structures and equipment designations.
5.0.A few lines from the OGI Pilot Demo
5.1 Standard equipment breakdown structure and coding for components
5.2 Technical information about the KKS (RDS-PP )power plant classification system
6. Harmonization work of VBG to ISO Reference Designation System for Power Plants RDSPP
7. Documentation of the design
7.0 Document Management ISA and ISO
7.1. Documentation Specific ISA
7.2 Documentation ISO/IEC
7.3 Documentation Power Industry
Annex 1 The symbols as per ISO 10628, ANSI-ISA 5.1 and ISA
Annex 1.1 The ISO 60617 ISO 14617 all symbols
Annex 1.2 The ISA recognizes different types of performers of the functions to be executed,
to location and systems
Annex 1.3 Powergeneration to VGB and KKS or RDSPP
Annex 1.4 Review of Standards Henrik Johansen
2
1 Introduction
A piping and instrumentation diagram/drawing (P&ID) is a diagram in the process
industry which shows the piping of the process flow together with the installed Process
equipment, piping (and components) and instrumentation.
1.0 Contents and Function of the P&ID
An example of a P&ID.to ISA mainly I&C is indicated
For processing facilities, it is a pictorial representation of




Key piping and instrument details
Control and shutdown schemes
Safety and regulatory requirements
Basic start up and operational information
List of P&ID items Instrumentation and designations




Mechanical equipment with names and numbers
All valves and their identifications
Process piping, sizes and identification
Miscellanea - vents, drains, special fittings, sampling lines, reducers, increasers and
swaggers







Permanent start-up and flush lines
Flow directions
Interconnections references
Control inputs and outputs, interlocks
Interfaces for class changes
Computer control system input
Identification of components and subsystems delivered by others
For all systems (methods of generating P&ID’s) to be discussed we have the functional
indication in the upper part of the baloon.
The lower part will
give a designation, sequence number, a break down oriented number or multi coded as ,
functional, product, location (KKS).
3
The functional part is way more uniformed than the designation part, that has a lot of different
theoretical and practical backgrounds
1.1 ISA way of working
= A piping and instrumentation diagram/drawing (P&ID) is defined by the ISA A diagram
which shows the interconnection of process equipment and the instrumentation used to
control the process. In the process industry, a standard set of symbols is used to prepare
drawings of processes. The instrument symbols used in these drawings are generally based
on International Society of Automation (ISA) Standard S5. 1.
Not the whole S5.1 standard is applicable on the P&ID, the SAMA diagrams, Signal
processing function block symbols, Electrical schematic symbols have nothing to do on the
P&ID. The title of ANSI/ISA-5.1-2009 Instrumentation Symbols and Identification is not
consistent with the content of the document
1.2 ISO way of working
= The primary schematic drawing used for laying out a process control installation.P&IDs play
a significant role in the maintenance and modification of the process that it describes. It is
critical to demonstrate the physical sequence of equipment and systems, as well as how
these systems connect. During the design stage, the diagram also provides the basis for the
development of system control schemes, allowing for further safety and operational
investigations, such as a Hazard Analysis and Operability Study commonly pronounced as
HAZOP.
The ISO 10628 itself does not contain I&C symbols but refers to IEC 10417 or IEC 60617.
ISO 10628-2:2012 defines graphical symbols for the preparation of diagrams for the
chemical and petrochemical industry. It is a collective application standard of the ISO
14617 series
1.3 VGB (KKS) and the Power Industry way of working
Also here the systems (methods of generating P&ID’s) to be discussed we have the
functional indication in the upper part of the baloon.
The lower
part will give a designation, sequence number, a break down oriented number or multi coded
as , functional, product, location (KKS).
The functional part is in line with the others, designation part as in the KKS or RDS is uniform
for power plants (same equipment in same place) of course less to Oil & Gas and the process
industry.
[1]
ISO 10628:1997, Flow diagrams for process plants — General rules
[2]
IEC 60050-351, International Electrotechnical Vocabulary — Part 351: Control
technology (IEC 65/324/CDV:2003)
[3]
IEC 61346-2, Industrial systems, installations and equipment and industrial products —
Structuring principles and reference designations — Part 2: Classification of objects
and codes for classes
[4]
IEC 81714-3, Design of graphical symbols for use in the technical documentation of
4
products — Part 3: Classification of connect nodes, networks and their encoding
Below you will find a same type of P&ID to ISO
Pump with tank pid
Below you will find a similar type of P&ID to ISA
5
6
2 The letter codes (identification) annotation , the Symbols for instruments on P&ID’s
Identification and Reference Designation
Based on Standard ANSI/ISA S5.1 and ISO 14617-6, the P&ID is used for the identifi-cation
of measurements within the process. The identifications consist of up to 5 letters. The first
identification letter is for the measured value, the second is a modifier, 3rd indicates
passive/readout function, 4th - active/output function, and the 5th is the function modifier.
Letter
A
B
Column 1 (Measured Column 2
value)
(Modifier)
H
I
J
Analysis
Burner, combustion
User's choice (usually
conductivity)
User's choice (usually
density)
Voltage
Flow rate
User's choice (usually
gaging/gauging)
Hand
Current
Power
K
Time, time schedule
L
Level
M
User's choice
C
D
E
F
G
N
O
P
Q
R
S
T
U
V
W
X
Y
Z
User's choice (usually
torque)
User's choice
Pressure
Quantity
Radiation
Speed, frequency
Temperature
Multivariable
Vibration, mechanical
analysis
Weight, force
User's choice (usually
on-off valve as XV)
Event, state,
presence
Position, dimension
Column 3
(Readout/Passive
function)
Alarm
User choice
Column 4
(Output/active
function)
Column 5
(Function
modifier)
User choice
User choice
Control
Close
Difference
Deviation
Sensor
Ratio
Gas
Glass/gauge/viewing
High
Indicate
Scan
Time rate of
change
Control station
Light
User choice
Orifice
Point/test connection
Totalize/integrate Totalize/integrate
Record
Safety
Multifunction
Low
Middle /
intermediate
User choice
User choice
Open
Switch
Transmit
Multifunction
Run
Stop
Valve or damper
X-axis
Well or probe
Accessory devices,
unclassified
Unclassified
Y-axis
Auxiliary devices
Z-axis
Actuator, driver or
unclassified final
control element
Unclassified
ANSI/ISA 5.1 2009.
7
2.2 Conclusion to Identification of the Characters/Letters
8
In the letter code, the first letter defining the main process variable of the control function as
in functional design (conceptual design or initial part of feed), or of the all the equipment parts
in the control loop are the same.
The second character the variable modifier are almost the same, except that ISO now thus
not define the Z for a switch in a Safety Instrumented System ???? a comic’
2.2.1.The application of the ANSI/ISA 5.1 2009.
Feedback of ISA 5.1 applications shows the use of many balloons (one balloon for each
applicable function in a loop). The Standard still confirms to a materialized design, rather than
the functional design in ISO 10628 and ISO 14617 for instrument symbols
2.2.2,The application of the ISO 10628 and ISO 14617 for instrument symbols
This standard start purely functional, when all functions are allocated to the P&ID in the one
single balloon much of the letter combination identification is making up
9
Chemical industry and Power plants (functional engineering)
In the two examples below we compare the functional codes as in the upper part of the
baloons for a chemical plant and the same for power plants and we see this part is functional
exact the same (Temperature measurement, indication, control and recording)
The number part (designation) in chemical industry
The number part is different as 401 could read area 4 and sequence nr 01 in the chemical
plant.
Functional engineering and functional coding
The characters in the bottom part of the balloon in the Kraftwerk (power plant) example is of
different nature, it gives the function of the unit it belongs to LAC35 and gets sequence
BT001 in “all” the power plants. So not the function code of the control loop but of a set off
equipment it belongs to
10
=LAC35BP001 is a KKS Code
note PIC and P result in a double code
11
3 Rule based engineering from functional engineering as in ISO or DIN to
materialized engineering more developed in ANSI/ISA 5.1
Below we see examples from the ISO DIN mechanisms standard and alternatives,
The use of +and – for high and low is in the frame we live not required, this tipe of information
is copied to many other applications, we should not use all different alternatives.
12
But we need the other way around when talking from functional engineering to
materialized engineering, this will be discussed below.
The rule based translation from the functional examples (so we talk only about the function
code as in the upper part of the balloon) above (old DIN 19227 ISO 10628 and ISO
10417 ??? to the more materialized ANSI/ ISA is doable
In the table next page below we see a number of letter combinations that are the same as in
ISO as ISA.
Our problem is only in ISO’s pure functional notation where different functions of a control
diagram/control loop (not a loop diagram) are given in one balloon,
The different functions as we find in a control loop are Transmitter (sensor) alarms
switches controllers alarms switches actors, as hardware but functionally speaking we
should talk about Transmission, alarming switching controlling alarming and acting or
correcting this will appear in one balloon but for interoperatability reasons we should be able
to read it back and forward to other systems, this of course to systems that do basic and
detailing engineering by conversion to the components, performers of those functions
The next question is how is the sequence of the functions (in the main) balloon including the
question how do we designate the functions to the later added performers. When they will get
their own “equipment” type balloon
IEC:2008(E)
CONTROL TECHNOLOGY – RULES FOR THE DESIGNATION OF MEASURING
INSTRUMENTS
1 Scope and object
This International Standard is applicable to measurement technology. It defines rules for the
unambiguous designation of different types of measuring instruments and of measuring
instrument features with the intention of enabling unambiguous technical communication over
language 62419boundaries.
The scope of this International Standard is
– the adaptation of the designation of measuring instruments and of measuring instrument
features to the state of science by designating them according to the measuring quantity
or the measuring task instead of the unit, and
13
– the adaptation of the designation of measuring instruments and of measuring instrument
features to the terms given in the ISO/IEC Guide 99 (VIM).
It is strongly recommended that “…….. measuring instrument” is used as secondary
component in compound terms. This is consistent with the objective of standardization,
namely uniformity, especially since the meaning of other secondary components, e.g.
“indicator”, “gauge”, “meter”, is no more descriptive than that of the standard component in
this context. For exceptions see 4.1 and A.2.
The ambiguous secondary component “... sensor” shall not be used. In its place one of the
secondary components “… sensing element”, “... detector”, “... transformer”, “... transducer”,
“… transmitter”, “... measuring instrument” or “... measuring chain” shall be used, depending
on the task of the functional unit being termed. The definitions for detector (detecting device),
transformer, transducer and transmitter are given in IEC 60050-351.
Power plant
ISO/TS 16952-10:2008 contains sector-specific stipulations for structuring principles and
reference designation rules on technical products and technical product documentation of
power plants.
It applies in combination with ISO/TS 16952-1, IEC/PAS 62400 and VGB B 101 for the
classification of systems and objects, and for function-, product- and location-specific
designation of technical products and their documentation for power plants.
It specifies the designation blocks for the clear identification and localization of the technical
products, which are used for their labeling in the plant, for their designation in technical
documents and for the designation of the technical documents as well.
3.1. The conventional Instrumentation Analog (pneumatic electronic) Digital
Also in the past we could expect a lot of alarms, alarm inflation was something to recognized
and managed
14
15
3.2. DCS Shared Displays/ Shared Control
Some instruments are part of a Distributed Control System (DCS) where a
specific controller or indicator can be selected from many others but shown in
one location (like a terminal screen)
In the control room in the plant not accessible
16
3.3. Systems with (mainly) Field busses.
Parallel with the introduction of the field bus the associated “smart” transmitters. Nothing
special, but this type of electronics opens also the way to numerous alarms of different types,
transmitted to the operation stations in a central control room.
The detailed Functional Control Diagram shows an increase of the functions
17
The picture below gives an impression on the number of alarms
18
19
20
3.4. No additional effect of Wireless transmission to the designation
The functional designation and the materialized designation (the things you can kick are not
affected by the use of wireless transmission
21
22
4 Conversion of functional Diagrams to Materialized Diagrams Explanation
- Functional Unit
- Technical Solution
= ClassOfFunctionalObject
= ClassOfInanimatePhysicalObject
(the "design")
(the "hardware")
4.1. Functional and Physical Objects - the big picture
Hans Teijgeler / latest revision on 20 April 2013
rev. 18 Nov. 2010, rev. 22 Dec. 2010, rev. 11 Feb. 2011, rev. 10 May 2012
July 2010,
Introduction
The activities around the implementation of ISO 15926 are, for the most, bottom-up, which is
good for a quick deployment. This document tries to sketch a scenario for true lifecycle
information management on the basis of ISO 15926.
The design of a plant is, in principle, not different from the design of a car or airplane. Just the
number of copies is different. Where a car design is used to produce up to millions of such a
car, a plant design usually (not always) results in one plant. Sometimes multiple plants or
parts thereof are built according a plant design (e.g. in cases of parallel "trains", and in cases
the design of a process licensor is being used).
The objects handled in the design process are classes, resulting in a car class (e.g.
Mercedes 300SEL) or airplane class (e.g. Boeing 747), with numerous variant classes, due to
customer requirements.
All components of such a design are classes as well.
Process design
The design of a plant starts with process design. In essence this is ClassOfActivity-centric,
with instances of ClassOfStream*) as input and output, and instances of
ClassOfFunctionalObject as the participants whose function, once materialized, it is
to execute the activity to the stream(s).
*) Not a Part 2 entity type, shall be in the RDL as a subclass of
ClassOfInanimatePhysicalObject.
This functional process design results in documents like a PFD (Process Flow Diagram) and
Heat and Material Balances. Derived from that the "Process Conditions" for equipment, piping,
and instrumentation are produced.
Functional and Plant Design
Although disputed by some, the concept of the so-called Hamburger Model, designed by Wim
Gielingh et al in 1988, explains this:
23
Hamburger Model
This can be applied at all composition levels, from the entire plant down to components.
If you read:
- Functional Unit
= ClassOfFunctionalObject
- Technical Solution
= ClassOfInanimatePhysicalObject
You’re pretty close to understanding the concept.
(the "design")
(the "hardware")
Now the engineering groups (Process, Mechanical, Control Systems, Electrical, and Piping)
translate this process design into P&IDs (Piping and Instrument Diagrams) and specifications
for all plant items.
If you look at the specification/data sheet for P101, you see things like:
 service description (what does it do in the context of the plant?)
 functional requirements, for process equipment often expressed in term of process
conditions
 physical requirements, such as materials, pressure and temperature ratings, corrosion
allowances, etc
 protection against hazards (weather, explosion, fire, human exposure, etc)
 connections (process, electrical)
 testing requirements
 references to other documents and standards
 etc
All of them are criteria for membership of the class P101.
Most of these requirements are based on the place and role that P101 has in the plant design.
If the process design and/or plant design changes, we may need a different P101 class, with
its definition recorded in a revised specification/data sheet.
24
And if a member of the P101 class had already been installed, we may need another pump. If
the existing installed pump complies with those new criteria for membership, it can stay in situ,
if not we have to obtain and install another PhysicalObject that does comply with the
revised P101 class.
4.2. Functional Physical Object vs. Materialized Physical Object
Hans Teijgeler / latest revision on 20 April 2013
Detailed Engineering & Plant Design
In this phase of the project the requirements, as defined by the Process Engineers, are the
basis of so-called Piping & Instrument Diagrams (P&IDs). These schematic diagrams depict
the required networks of piping and instrumentation of the plant to be built. The equipment
and instrumentation items, shown with symbols, are interconnected.
Next the technical disciplines work on their detailed engineering, such as:
 Electrical One-line Diagrams for power generation and distribution
 Logic Diagams
 Instrument Loop Diagrams
 P&IDs for equipment auxiliary systems (e.g. lube and seal oil systems)
 the Piping Group starts building their 3D models, thereby detailing the geometry of the
plant and the piping connections.
In this phase of the project we need to be able to generate and collect data about all these
things, but there is nothing tangible yet. We deal here with what ISO 15926 calls
"FunctionalPhysicalObject"s. SAP calls them Function Places. The definition in ISO 159262 for them is:
"A FunctionalPhysicalObject is a PhysicalObject that has functional, rather than material,
continuity as its basis for identity".
Functional physical objects ("FPO") often get a tag number, or equipment number, or line
number, but by far not all FPOs get one (e.g. an elbow in a (pipe)line normally doesn't get
one, unless we need to store information that is specifically about that elbow, such as a
material certificate).
As can be seen on above diagram, a particular FPO is a member of a
ClassOfFunctionalObject. The latter is a very generic class, such as PUMP FUNCTION. The
definition of ClassOfFunctionalObject is:
"A ClassOfFunctionalObject is a ClassOfArrangedIndividual that indicates the function
or purpose of an object."
EXAMPLE Pump, valve, and car are examples of ClassOfFunctionalObject. Particular
models of pump, valve, car, etc are instances of ClassOfInanimatePhysicalObject that
are specializations of these instances of ClassOfFunctionalObject.
The role of Specification ("data sheet')
Let us focus now on our proverbial pump P-101. Its story is typical for most equipment and
other hardware.
The Mechanical Engineers write a Pump Specification, based on a set of process data that
has been derived from the process design done by the Process Engineers. That specification
also covers all sorts of requirements by the authorities and the future plant owner (e.g.
required overcapacity). A specification is the definition of a ClassOfInanimatePhysicalObject
of which the particular FPO is a member.
25
Because that FPO is already a member of the instance of ClassOfFunctionalObject "PUMP
FUNCTION", the above ClassOfInanimate PhysicalObject shall be a subclass of "PUMP
FUNCTION".
A specification is sent to, say, three suppliers with a request for quotation (see below). It
details all requirements for the piece of hardware that we want to buy.
The role of the P&ID
The pump symbol by itself does not reveal much news. It is the place and function of that
pump in the context of the plant network that tells what the role of that pump really is.
The fact that a P&ID (co-)defines a ClassOfInanimatePhysicalObject is because you can
build more than one plant from the same P&ID. Think about parallel trains in a plant, or about
P&IDs of process licensors.
Having said that, nothing stops a software supplier to generate FPOs on the basis of the
P&ID. That is very useful when defining the connectivity of all FPOs. Manually that is
undoable, and certainly not maintainable.
Procurement
The yellow part of above diagram deals with the physical world. Suppliers can specify their
instances of ClassOfInanimatePhysicalObject as entries in their catalogs. Next to that they
have other documentation that relates to these classes.
A task of the Procurement group, together with the related technical disciplines, is to make a
selection of the offered goods (and services), by comparing them with the requirements as
set forth for the FPOs. That is not always easy and certainly hard to automate.
But once the decision has been made that, in this case, the offered pump meets those
requirements, and then this can be put on record by creating a
ClassOfInanimatePhysicalObject that is a class-of-temporal-part of the offered
ClassOfInanimate PhysicalObject AND of the requirements ClassOfInanimatePhysicalObject.
This is in fact a class of function place.
This should be done not only for the successful bidder, but also for any other bidder, if so
applicable. By doing so it will be easy to find an alternative in case of problems with the
successful bidder/supplier.
26
5 Plant break down structures and equipment designations.
A purely logical reasoning is a Standard equipment breakdown structure is equal equipment
designations.
5.0. A few lines from the OGI Pilot Demo
TCTJL's role as the lead EPC for the Downstream OGI Pilot, involves developing and
managing the Intelligent P&ID’s(SP PID) and associated Engineering reference data set
(Equipment, Valve, Instrument lists, Line Designation Table and P&ID Legend & Symbol
drawings etc.) making the data available in XML format utilizing the new SmartPlant PID ISO
15926 Export utility released by Intergraph in April 2012.
Watching the demo you will see a P&ID go from three organizations, representing 3 EPC
contractors, get bent and spindled in the middle, and finally to an IBM application that does -something(?)
Here we will show you where the information ends up and why this is revolutionary
AVEVA many P&ID vendors participating. "Shows how interoperable we all are"
AVEVA acting as second EPC. This is like a project with multiple contractors. Multiple formats
of P&ID but what we want all the data to end up in the proper place.
Proteus based on XMpLant 3.3.3. Part of Fiatech project years ago
Bentley part. Bentley provided the same information as from INGR and AVEVA, but in a
different format.
Comes in two parts. Part 8 OWL and ecXML.
UniSA
OWL. items, identifiers, properties, equipment types, breakdown structure.
ecXML. topology, piping connections, flow direction, geometry.
It seems this subject requires more thoughts as it is one of the carriers of ISO 15926
5.1 Standard equipment breakdown structure and coding for components
EPRI has developed a standard equipment breakdown structure and coding forcomponents
in combustion turbine or combined-cycle generation units. This standardized listing and
accompanying diskette can be used for indexing equipment history files, as a basis for a
more detailed equipment capitalization, or to facilitate information sharing on equipment
reliability problems. Overall, this EPRI project establishes the basis for accurately monitoring
the availability and reliability of combined-cycle plants at all equipment levels.
Background
Across the electric power generation industry, there exist multiple sets of gas turbine
equipment breakdown structures and codes. These codes, however, are either manufacturer
specific (no generic) or have insufficient structural detail to meet many utility needs. For
example, the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission furnishes a list of equipment that can
be capitalized in terms of taxes, but it lists only major components. In another example, there
seems to be no consistency in the way equipment is defined for indexing plant maintenance
history files, thus making it difficult to share experiences from plant to plant. The purpose of
this EPRI research, therefore, was to devise a standard equipment breakdown structure and
coding with sufficient detail to meet such needs and to form the basis for a standard.
Objective
To develop and publish a standard equipment breakdown structure and coding for gas
turbine and combined-cycle generation equipment.
Approach
27
The project team was comprised of gas turbine design specialists as well as senior gas
turbine and combined-cycle plant operations and maintenance management personnel. The
team determined that a standard equipment breakdown structure and coding should feature
the following characteristics: (1) sufficient but not excessive detail to meet utility plant needs;
(2) generic information that covers all manufacturers' equipment; (3) a hierarchical design
with respect to equipment function to facilitate reliability analysis and reporting; and (4)
rationalized information with respect to other equipment coding systems such as the
European coding standard--Power Plant Designation System (KKS). Major equipment
manufacturers reviewed the coding structure and nomenclature to ensure completeness and
accuracy.
Results
EPRI's standard equipment breakdown structure and coding provides an approach for
accurately monitoring the impact of a component failure, maintenance action, or repair and
replacement strategy on plant availability. This listing also provides a basis for accumulating
historical operational and failure information that can be used to assess equipment problems
from a reliability, availability, and maintainability perspective.
The standard equipment breakdown structure and coding has been adopted by the
Operational Reliability Analysis Program (ORAP), which is an industry wide reliability
database on gas turbine and combined-cycle equipment. Over the past year, Anchorage
Municipal Light and Power (AML&P) and Florida Power and Light (FP&L) have used the
structure and coding for reporting gas turbine and combined-cycle reliability data. AML&P
used the listing as a basis for a more detailed capitalization of its gas turbine equipment and
documented increased income of $1.8 million, in part, due to the new coding (EPRI Innovator
IN-103307). FP&L used the structure and coding to index its plant maintenance history files.
Two manufacturers have adopted the coding internally for describing their own equipment
breakdown structures.
EPRI Perspective
EPRI has developed an equipment breakdown structure and coding to standardize and
facilitate data collection and reporting. The hierarchical structure is flexible, allowing for
changes such as new emissions controls and more complex combined-cycle power plants. In
all, the listing provides a uniform, consistent organization of outage and maintenance events
reported directly by users of the various equipment. The primary objective is to help power
plant personnel accurately attribute frequency of events, event durations, and corrective
actions to specific plant components. Tests have shown that the standard equipment
breakdown structure and coding is effective and easy to use. EPRI recommends its
application throughout the industry to improve plant-to-plant and utility-manufacturer
communications. Establishing the equipment breakdown structure and coding as an industry
wide standard is a key goal.
5.2 Technical information about the KKS power plant classification system
The KKS power plant classification system is a system for identifying plants, systems,
subsystems, equipment items, electrical and I&C cabinets, and buildings and rooms,
depending on viewpoints of the plant operating companies. Application of the KKS
classification system is specified and prescribed by the guidelines of VGB PowerTech e.V.
Note:
Not only the KKS power plant classification system can do so but any coherent system will do for Oil Gas and the
Process Industry, as the content (all the troublesome work) of the more uniform Power Industry is not to be copied
A designation according to the KKS classification system comprises a 15 to 17-character
combination of letters and numerals. The letters are usually used for classification of the
systems and units. The numerals are usually used for numbering.
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The KKS makes a distinction between 3 types of designation:



Process-related designation for identifying systems and equipment items in the
power plant process
Point of installation designation for identifying points and positions of installation
within electrical engineering and I&C engineering systems
Location designation for identifying structures (buildings) and rooms
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The KKS designation has an invariable structure based on breakdown levels. The level of
detail of the designation increases from left to right. The structure of the breakdown levels is
alphanumeric. In the explanation below, A stands for letters and N for numerals. A blank is
inserted between the breakdown levels. In the point of installation designation, the breakdown
symbol "." (period) is inserted between breakdown levels 1 and 2.
Breakdown level 0 - Overall plant
The first breakdown level refers to the overall plant and merely numbers it. It consists of a
numeral and a letter. This identifies the generating unit
Breakdown level 1 – Function or system designation
The second breakdown level denotes functions, systems, or subsystems of a generating unit.
It consists of 3 letters and 2 numerals with an optional leading numeral. The letters are
defined according to a function key for the systems in generating units. The first letter (from
the left) denotes the main systems (so-called main groups), the following letters then denote
the further subdivision into subgroups. The two numerals that follow are counters and are
referred to as FN numbering.
Breakdown level 2 – Equipment unit designation
The third breakdown level refers to an equipment unit in the subgroup. It consists of 2 letters
and 3 numerals. The letters are assigned according to a defined equipment unit key for power
plants. The first letter denotes a group of equipment units; the following letter then denotes
the further subdivision into subgroups. The numerals that follow are counters for numbering.
Breakdown level 3 - Component / signal designation
The fourth breakdown level denotes an equipment item (component) or signal designation in
the equipment unit. It consists of 2 letters and 2 numerals. The letters are assigned according
to a defined component key. The first letter denotes a group of equipment items; the following
letter then denotes the further subdivision into subgroups. The numerals that follow are
counters for numbering. In the case of a signal designation, defined assignment is possible,
e.g. XB01 is the “open” feedback signal of a valve actuator. XB51 is the “not open” feedback
signal of the same actuator; XB02 is the "CLOSED" feedback signal and therefore XB52 is
the "not CLOSED" feedback signal.
Example of application of the power plant classification system
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6. Harmonization work of VBG to ISO Reference Designation System for Power
Plants RDS-PP
The technical standard is based on the basic principles of international standards and takes
into account nearly all the KKS structures. Around 90% of the code letters in the KKS function
key were transferred to the new system key. KKS aggregate and equipment key will be
replaced in the new reference designation system by a standard in which the code letters are
standardized globally for specialist areas and sectors. These code letters do not unfortunately
always match the KKS-specifications. There are tools available for comparing RDS-PP to
KKS and for performing the required conversion from KKS to RDS-PP. These tools support
the transfer of the KKS function key to the RDS-PP system key and from the aggregate and
equipment key to the code letters in the international standard.
The article depicts the development of the new reference designation system from the point
of view of standardization, describes the main features, mentions offers of support by the
VGB “Reference designation and plant documentation” working panel and provides
recommendations for future use.
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7. Documentation of the design
7.0. Document Management in ISA and ISO
ArtrA Document Management System
A key requirement for a 3D Plant Asset Management (PLM) and Asset Lifecycle Management
(ALM) system is the ability to link electronic documentation to CAD or BIM models, allowing
O&M staff to quickly access and maintain all the information pertaining to the building or
facility. ArtrA Librarian is an electronic Document Management System (EDMS) for process
plant and Building Information Models (BIMs). Its unique structure allows it to be used in a
manner that suits the multiple disciplines and engineering processes that are used during
design, construction, installation and commissioning. ArtrA Librarian EDMS has been
specifically developed to run with 3D CAD or BIM systems for the efficient handover of project
information.
ArtrA Librarian
Librarian is a complete document management system and provides sophisticated but easy
to use tools for managing and linking documents to a model. Librarian uses ArtrA tags and
CAD attributes in 3D process plant & BIMs to create document links with its SQL database.
ArtrA manages documents by their properties (author, date etc.), categories (O&M,
installation, isometric, weld report, defects, etc.) and disciplines (piping, instrumentation,
architectural, structural, etc.) and is ideally suited to the process planning and AEC document
control environment.
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Link documents to search results
ArtrA's method of linking documents and information to a model is unique, flexible and
efficient. The process is simple; once a document is in the Librarian an interrogative search is
made on the model such as “find all valves on the steam system".
The results are found, listed and identified graphically in the model. Then, a document or
group of documents is dragged and dropped from the Librarian onto the results list and
automatically linked to the entire results. The next time an O&M person runs a search, or just
browses to one of the valves, all the linked documents will be available.
Document search & Tag filtering
Librarian provides the tools for advanced search and filtering of documents and tags.
Documents can be found quickly based on title, author, category, publisher, properties, and
user-defined filters. Filter Tag views based on property values and attachment status.
7.1. Documentation Specific ISA
Piping and Instrumentation Diagram
The Piping and Instrumentation Diagram (P&ID) is the master design document
For a process. Using symbols and word descriptions it defines the equipment,
piping, instrumentation and indeed, the control system. It is also the key
to other documents. For example, instrument tag numbers are shown on a
P&ID. The instrument tag number is the key to finding additional information
about any specific device on many other documents. The same is true for
(pipe)line and equipment numbers. For a P&ID, see Chapter 2, Figure 2-21.
Developing P&IDs is a very interactive process. Specialists designing electrical,
control systems, vessels, mechanical equipment and piping, and even civil and
structural designers for some processes, all provide input into their development.
Each specialist group puts information on the drawing in a standardized
way, adding details as they become available. Properly used, the P&ID is the
primary coordination document for design, the premier training tool for operations
and records the history of the process design of any facility.
We will discuss symbols and tag numbers in greater detail in Chapter 2.Briefly, a symbol
defines the type of instrument, and the instrument tag number identifies the device. An
instrument tag number consists of a few letters that describe the function of the device, plus a
combination of a number and letters that uniquely identify it. There will be more discussion on
this later.
See Figure I-2 for an example of an instrument that might be shown on a P&ID. The circle
shows a field-mounted instrument located on a pipe. The “PG” further describes the device as
a pressure indicator or gauge. In this instance, sequential numbering is used. Since the
gauge is the first of its type on the P&ID, the instrument number “1” is added. The next
pressure gauge in this numbering system would have the tag number “PG-2”. Some tag
numbers are much more complex. See Figure I-3
for a very complex tag number: “10-PDAL-01A-1A1.” The prefixes and suffixes further define
the location of the instrument and are used to maintain the uniqueness of the loop number.
Instrument List or Index
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The Instrument List or Instrument Index is a list of the data related to a
Facility’s control system components and, possibly, their functions. Instrument
Indexes are organized using the alphanumeric tag numbers of the control
system devices. They reference the various documents that contain the information
needed to define the total installation. Instrument Indexes are discussed
in Chapter 3. The terms list and index are essentially interchangeable.
10 Instrumentation and Control Systems Documentation
Figure I-3: Typical Instrument Identification/Tag Number - 10-PDAL-01A-1A1
From ANSI/ISA-5.1-2009
The general term database is also used. It has many definitions in the ISA
Dictionary. The most simple is: any body of information.
The control systems design group personnel place tag numbers on the P&ID
and enter them into the Instrument List or database for tracking. This is done
for control purposes because, on a large project, there may be many P&IDs—
perhaps one hundred or more—plus thousands of tag-marked devices. Since
each device serves a specific function, all devices’ status must be tracked until
they are installed during construction, their operation has been verified during
commissioning, and the plant has been accepted by the owner. Furthermore,
each device must be uniquely tracked so its configuration and measurement or
control range are known, and many facilities capture the devices’ maintenance
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history as well.
Specification Forms
Specification Forms (or Instrument Data Sheets) define each tag-numbered
instrument with sufficient detail that a supplier can quote and eventually furnish
the device. For a typical Specification Form, see Chapter 4, Figures 4-4,
4-5 and 4-6. More importantly, the Specification Form retains the critical information
needed by control system technicians, such as the manufacturer, model
number, range, power requirements and other features needed to define the
device for maintenance.
After tag numbers are entered on the Instrument Index or List, the control
system design group starts a Specification Form for each tag-marked item.
Developing these Specification Forms can be a major part of the control
system design group’s effort. Specification Forms must be completed to secure
bids from suitable suppliers, to purchase the items from the successful bidders,
and to generate a permanent record of what was purchased.
Binary Logic Systems
There usually is some on-off or binary or discrete control in a continuous process
plant control system. Discrete control is defined in the ISA Dictionary as on-off
control. P&ID’s are excellent documents to define continuous control systems.
Other methods are needed to define on/off control. ISA-5.1 and Chapter 6
include descriptions of many of these as does ANSI/ISA-5.06.01-2007 Functional
Requirements Documentation for Control Software Applications.
As the design progresses, the need to define on-off control will become evident.
For instance, on a pulp and paper mill project, it may be necessary to isolate a
pump discharge to prevent pulp stock from dewatering in the pipe if the pump
is shut down. An on-off valve is added to provide the isolation, but it is necessary
Introduction 11
to document why that device was added and what it is supposed to do. Since
this on-off control may affect many design groups, it is important to define it
as early and as accurately as possible.
Loop Diagrams
A Loop Diagram is a schematic representation of a control loop, which in its
idealized form is comprised of a sensing element (often called a transmitter), a
control component (perhaps part of a shared display, shared control system),
and a final control element (usually a control valve or a variable speed drive
on a motor). It depicts the process connections, the instrumentation interconnection,
connections to the power sources, and the signal transmission
methods, whether pneumatic, electronic, digital or a combination thereof. For
a typical Loop Diagram see Chapter 7, Figure 7-7.
Finally, when all connection details are known and electrical design has progressed
to the point that wiring connection points are known, the control systems
design group can develop Loop Diagrams. These diagrams show all the
information needed to install and check out a loop. Because these diagrams
may repeat information that the piping and electrical design teams included
on their drawings, it is critically important that the control systems design
group coordinates closely with other disciplines.
Installation Details
Installation Details are used to show how the instruments are interconnected
and connected to the process. They are also a primary coordination tool
between disciplines. The details provide the means used to mount and support
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the devices and the specific requirements for properly connecting them
to the process. Installation Details are discussed in Chapter 8.
The control systems design group develops Installation Details based on the
specific requirements of the devices it has specified, along with any facility
owner-driven requirements. The installation requirements needed for good
operation and control are established by the instrument suppliers, by various
industry groups and by the owners themselves. These requirements are then
documented in the Installation Details. These details may be developed for
the project, for the specific site, or possibly by the owner’s corporate entity.
Location Plans
Location Plans are orthographic views of the facility or process area, drawn to
scale, showing the locations of field mounted transmitters and control valves.
7.2 Documentation ISO/IEC
(Corrigendum to IEC 61175 edition 2)
A method for presentation of the concatenations of reference designation sets has been
introduced in IEC 61082-1 edition 2. This form of presentation have been used, in the same
standard, also for concatenation of signal names to a reference designation (see IEC 610821 item 7.1.8 and figure 52). The method was introduced to IEC 61082-1 after IEC 61175
edition 2 was published and therefore the method is not mentioned or used in this standard.
The method, described in IEC 61082-1, of presenting concatenation of a signal name to the
reference designation of the signal domain shown as a boundary frame in a circuit diagram is
recommended to be used. Therefore the reader of this standard shall consider the reference
designations shown in relevant figures (see list below) to be written as shown in figure 52 of
IEC 61082-1 edition 2.
Example: In figure 2b) of this standard shall the reference designation =MA1 be understood
as written =MA1; (a semicolon added after the designation).
This corrigendum is applicable for the following figures: Figure 2b), Figure 10b), Figure 13,
Figure 14, Figure 20, Figure 21 and Figure B.3.
This draft corrigendum was prepared but CO did not accept to deal with the changes as a
corrigendum. CO instead proposed an amendment, but that has so far not been prepared.
Considering that the Maintenance Result Date for IEC 61175 is already 2011, a MCR will be
distributed suggesting a complete revision.
This plenary meeting has also another issue to consider. The convener for MT 17 will in the
beginning of 2011 retire on a pension and therefore a new convener is needed.
Diagrams, such as circuit diagrams and connection diagrams, for example for test circuits,
shall be prepared in accordance with IEC 61082-1. Graphical symbols used in schematic
diagrams shall be in accordance with IEC 60617 and ISO 14617. Reference designations and
signal designations shall be in accordance with IEC 81346 and IEC 61175 respectively.
7.3 Documentation Power Industry
As already explained in the chapters above, the RDS-PP consists of several components
which are summed up again below, along with information on their status and the respective
reference documents:
DIN 6779-10 Structuring principles for technical products and technical product
documentation - Part 10: Power plants
- most important national standard, replaces KKS guideline
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(Beuth-Verlag)
ISO/TS 16952-10 Technical product documentation – Reference designation system – Part
10: Power Plants
- most important international standard, replaces KKS guideline, to be published in Q1/2008
(Beuth-Verlag)
DIN ISO/TS 16952-10 Kennzeichnungssystematik für technische Produkte und technische
Produktdokumentation – Teil 10: Kraftwerke
- German version of ISO/TS 16952-10 to be published in Q1/2008, replaces DIN 6779-10
(Beuth-Verlag)
DIN 6779-2 Structuring principles for technical products and technical product
documentation - Part 2: Letter codes - Main classes and subclasses
of objects according to their purpose or task (Beuth-Verlag)
IEC/PAS 62400: Structuring principles for technical products and technical product
documentation - Letter codes - Main classes and subclasses of
objects according to their purpose and task (Beuth-Verlag)
VGB-B 101 RDS-PP Reference Designation System for Power Plants (system
key), English version to be published in November 2007
(VGB PowerTech Service GmbH)
VGB-B 116 RDS-PP Reference Designation System for Power Plants, Application
explanations, to be published in December 2007 (German version) and April 2008
(English version) (VGB PowerTech Service GmbH)
Software-Tool Supplementary information and an efficient way of experiencing the
RDS-PP and the interrelations in designation and documentation by
selected examples, to be published in April 2008
(VGB PowerTech Service GmbH)
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Annex 1 The symbols as per ISO 10628, ANSI-ISA 5.1 and ISO
Annex 1.1 The ISO 60617 ISO 14617 all symbols
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Annex 1.2 The ISA recognizes different types of performers of the functions to be
executed, to location and systems
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