(Abe et al., 1996; Abrams et al., 2002; Aizawa et al., 2010; Aizawa et al., 2011; Alm et al., 1995; Andersson, 2002; Andersson, 2010; Andersson et al., 2004; Andersson et al., 2012; Andersson et al., 1980; Andersson et al., 2008; Andersson et al., 2003; Andersson et al., 2011; Angelico et al., 2006; Apodaca, 2004; Apodaca et al., 2007; Apodaca et al., 2003; Apostolidis et al., 2006; Apostolidis, 2012; Apostolidis et al., 2005; Apostolidis et al., 2004; Arruda, 1982; Badawi et al., 2006; Badawi et al., 2006; Bahns et al., 1987; Beckel et al., 2012; Beckel et al., 2006; Behr-Roussel et al., 2011; Birder, 2006; Birder, 2010; Birder et al., 1998; Birder et al., 2003; Birder et al., 2007; Birder et al., 2010; Birder et al., 2010; Birder et al., 1997; Birder et al., 2002; Birder et al., 2004; Birder et al., 2005; Birder et al., 2010; Bjorling et al., 2007; Blok et al., 1997; Bodin et al., 2001; Bogdan, 2001; Boland et al., 1993; Bosier et al., 2010; Brading, 1997; Brading, 2006; Brading et al., 2005; Brady et al., 2004; Brady et al., 2004; Braverman et al., 2006a; Braverman et al., 2003; Breyer et al., 2003; Brown et al., 1979; Brown et al., 1980; Bultitude et al., 1976; Burnett et al., 1997; Burnstock, 2001; Caremel et al., 2010; Cervero, 1994; Cetinel et al., 2010; Cetinel et al., 2003; Cetinel et al., 2002; Cetinel et al., 2003; Chancellor, 2005; Chancellor et al., 1992; Chattopadhyay et al., 1999; Chell et al., 2006; Chen et al., 2010; Cheng, S et al., 2011; Cheng, Y et al., 2011; Chertin et al., 2004; Chess-Williams, 2002; Cho et al., 2010; Chopra et al., 2005; Chopra et al., 2008; Chuang et al., 2003; Chuang et al., 2010; Chung et al., 1996; Clapham, 1995; Clinton Webb, 2003; Cockayne et al., 2005; Cockayne et al., 2000; Conners et al., 2006; Cook et al., 2000; Cordoba-Rodriguez et al., 1999; Cox, 1979; Cunningham et al., 1997; Cusack et al., 1984; D'Agostino et al., 2000; Daly et al., 2010; Daly et al., 2007; Damaser et al., 1997; Dang et al., 2008; Davies et al., 1995; de Groat, 1975; de Groat, 1997; de Groat, 2004; de Groat, 2006; de Groat et al., 1993; de Groat et al., 2001; de Groat et al., 1990; de Groat et al., 2001; de Wachter, 2011; de Wachter et al., 2012; Demuth et al., 2006; Dinis et al., 2004; Downie et al., 1992; Downie et al., 1981; Drake, 2007; Drake et al., 2010; Drake et al., 2006; Drake et al., 2003; Drake et al., 2002; Drake et al., 2000; Dunning-Davies et al., 2012; Dutton et al., 1999; Ehren et al., 1994; Eichel et al., 2001; Erol et al., 2012; Evans; Farquhar-Smith et al., 2001; Fathian-Sabet et al., 2001; Felsen et al., 2003; Ferguson et al., 1997; Filippi et al., 2007; Fimiani et al., 1999; Foon et al., 2010; Ford et al., 2006; Forstermann et al., 1994; Fowler, 2002; Fowler et al., 2008; Fox et al., 1997; Frazier et al., 2007b; Freeman et al., 2006; Fry, C. H. et al., 2010; Fry, C.H. et al., 2010; Fry et al., 2007; Fry et al., 2002; Fry et al., 2012; Gabella, 1990; Gabella et al., 1998; Ganitkevich et al., 1992; Gibson et al., 1998; Giglio et al., 2005; Gillespie, 2004; Gillespie et al., 2006; Glass et al., 1997; Gratzke et al., 2009; Gratzke et al., 2010; Grist et al., 1994; Habler et al., 1990; Hanna-Mitchell et al., 2007; Harvey et al., 2002; Hashitani et al., 2004; Hata et al., 2004; Hawthorn et al., 2000; Hay et al., 1994; Hayn et al., 2008; Hedge, 2006; Hedge et al., 1997; Henderson et al., 2010; Hiragata et al., 2007; Hohlbrugger, 1999; Hole, 1981; Holmäng et al., 1991; Hosseini et al., 2004; Howlett, 1995; Hu et al., 2004; Hu et al., 2003; Iggo, 1955; IIjima et al., 2007; Ikeda et al., 2006; Ikeda et al., 2007; Ikeda et al., 2007; Ikeda et al., 2008; Irons-Georges, 1998; Irwin et al., 2008; Jagger et al., 1998; Jen et al., 1995; Kageyama et al., 2008; Kajioka et al., 2002; Kanai et al., 2007; Kanai et al., 2010; Kang et al., 2004; Kasakov et al., 1985; Khan et al., 1998; Khera et al., 2004)(Abe et al., 1996; Kim J.C. et al., 2006; Kim et al., 2005; Kinder et al., 1985; King et al., 1997; Kolios et al., 2004; Korkmaz et al., 2005; Kullmann et al., 2008; Kullmann et al., 2009; Kumar et al., 2004; Kumar et al., 2010; Kumar et al., 2007; Kunze et al., 2006; Kuru, 1965; Lagou et al., 2006; Lai et al., 2011; Lancaster et al., 2001; Lauckner et al., 2005; Lavelle et al., 2001; Lavelle et al., 1998; Lavelle et al., 2002; Lee et al., 2000; Lee et al., 2007; Leiria et al., 2011; Lemack et al., 1999; Lewis, 2000; Liu et al., 2005; Lotz et al., 1994; Maggi, 1992; Maggi et al., 1984; Maggi et al., 1988; Maggi et al., 1989; Maggi et al., 1993; Mallory et al., 1989; Martin et al., 2000; Masters et al., 1999; Masuda et al., 2009; Masuda et al., 2009; Masuda et al., 2007; Masuda et al., 2002; Masunaga et al., 2006; Matsui et al., 2000; Matsumoto-Miyai et al., 2009; Matsumoto-Miyai et al., 2012; Matsumoto et al., 2010; Mazieres et al., 1998; McCafferty et al., 2008; McCarthy et al., 2009; McMurray et al., 1998; Meng et al., 2008; Meng et al., 2012; Moro et al., 2011; Morrison, 1997; Morrison, 1999; Morrison et al., 2005; Moss et al., 1997; Mosso et al., 1882; Mukerji et al., 2010; Mulholland et al., 1993; Mumtaz et al., 2000; Munoz et al., 2010; Munoz et al., 2011; Munoz et al., 2012; Munoz et al., 2011; Nagabukuro et al., 2010; Namasivayam et al., 1999; Negrete et al., 1996; Nile et al., 2012; Nile et al., 2012; Nishiguchi et al., 2005; Orman et al., 2005; Ozawa et al., 1999; Page et al., 2009; Palea et al., 1994; Palea et al., 1998; Pandita et al., 2000; Parsons et al., 2012; Parsons et al., 2001; Parsons et al., 1998; Parsons et al., 1979; Parsons et al., 1988; Persson et al., 1993; Persson et al., 1998; Persson et al., 1992; Persson et al., 1992; Persson et al., 1999; Pertwee et al., 1996; Poljakovic et al., 2001; Rahnama'i et al., 2010; Rajasekaran et al., 2006; Rastogi et al., 2008; Rivera et al., 2006; Rong et al., 2002; Rong et al., 2007; Roosen et al., 2009; Ross et al., 2002; Saban et al., 2008; Sadananda et al., 2011; Sadananda et al., 2012; Sadananda et al., 2009; Saiotoh et al., 2007; Sánchez et al., 2003; Santoso et al., 2011; Santoso et al., 2010; Sarikas et al., 1986; Sasatomi et al., 2008; Sengupta et al., 1994; Shea et al., 2000; Sherrington, 1892; Shochina et al., 2001; Sibley, 1987; Smet et al., 1994; Smet et al., 1996; Smith et al., 2005; Soler et al., 2008; Somogyi et al., 1992; Somogyi et al., 1999; Somogyi et al., 1997; Spector et al., 2011; Starkman et al., 2008; Stehle et al., 1992; Stein et al., 1996; Stewart et al., 2003; Su et al., 2008; Su et al., 2008; Su et al., 1997; Sugasi et al., 2000; Sugaya et al., 2000; Sui et al., 2009; Sui et al., 2001; Sui et al., 2002; Sui et al., 2003; Sui et al., 2004; Sun et al., 2010; Sun et al., 2006; Sun et al., 2001; Sutherland et al., 1997; Suzuki et al., 1992; Talaat, 1937; Templeman et al., 2002; Theobald, 1995; Tinel et al., 2006; Tiwari et al., 2006; Tobin et al., 1998; Toft et al., 2006; Torres et al., 1999; Truschel et al., 2002; Turner et al., 1997; Tyagi et al., 2006; Tyagi et al., 2009; Tzan et al., 1993; Undem et al., 2003; Usune et al., 1996; Vial et al., 2000; Visser et al., 2000; Vizzard et al., 1993; Vizzard et al., 1996; Vizzard et al., 1994; Vlaskovska et al., 2001; Vulker, 1998; Walczak et al., 2009; Wang et al., 1995; Warren et al., 2006; Webb, 2003; Wegener et al., 2004; Wein et al., 2002; Werkstrom et al., 2005; Westfall et al., 1997; Westfall et al., 2000; Wibberley, 2005; Wiseman et al., 2002; Wolf et al., 2000; Wray et al., 2010; Wu et al., 1999; Wu et al., 2011; Wu et al., 2002; Wu et al., 1998; Wuest et al., 2007; Wyndaele et al., 2011; Wyndaele, 2001; Xu et al., 2008; Yanai et al., 2006; Yegutkin et al., 2000; Yokoyama et al., 1991; Yoshida et al., 2006; Yoshida et al., 2008; Yoshida et al., 2004; Yoshikawa et al., 1996; Yoshimura, N et al., 1997; Yoshimura et al., 1993; Yoshimura et al., 2001; Yoshimura, Y et al., 1997; Young et al., 2012; Young et al., 2008; Yu et al., 2011; Yu et al., 2006; Yu et al., 2010; Zagorodnyuk et al., 2010; Zagorodnyuk, V.P. et al., 2009; Zagorodnyuk et al., 2006; Zagorodnyuk et al., 2007; Zagorodnyuk, V. P. et al., 2009; Zarghooni et al., 2007; Zeidel, 1996; Zeybek et al., 2006; Zhou et al., 1998; Ziganshin A.U. et al., 1995; Ziganshin et al., 1994; Zimmermann, 2000; Zocher et al., 2012; Zvara et al., 2004) (Drake et al., 2001) (Davidson et al., 2005) (Neuhaus et al., 2012) (Igawa et al., 2004) (Martini, 2001) (Schneider et al., 2004b; Schneider et al., 2004) (Janig et al., 1986) (Smet et al., 1997; Su et al., 1986) (Zagorodnyuk et al., 2005) (Birder, 2001; Gabella et al., 1998; Raybould et al., 1999; Sachs, 1991; Smet et al., 1996) 390 391 Abe, K., Karaki, H., & Endoh, M. (1996). Effects of cyclopiazonic acid and ryanodine on cytosolic calcium and contraction in vascular smooth muscle. British Journal of Pharmacology, 118, 1711-1716. Abrams, P., Cardozo, L., Fall, M., Griffiths, D., Rosier, P., & Ulmsten, U. (2002). The standardisation of terminiology of lower urinary tract function: report from the Standardisation Sub-committee of the International Continence Society. Neurourology and Urodynamics, 21, 167-178. Aizawa, N., Igawa, Y., Nishizawa, O., & Wyndaele, J. (2010). Effects of CL316,243, a b3Adrenoceptor Agonist, and Intravesical Prostaglandin E2 on the Primary Bladder Afferent Activity of the Rat. Neurourology and Urodynamics, 29, 771-776. Aizawa, N., Igawa, Y., Nishizawa, O., & Wyndaele, J. (2011). Effects of Nitric Oxide on the Primary Bladder Afferent Activities of the Rat With and Without Intravesical Acrolein Treatment. European Urology, 59, 264-271. Alm, P., Zygmunt, P. K. E., Iselind, C., Larssonb, B., Uveliusc, B., Wernerb, S., & Andersson, K. (1995). Nitric oxide synthase immunoreactive adrenergic, cholinergic and peptidergic nerves of the female rat urinary tract: a comparative study J. Auton. Nerv, Syst., 56, 105-114. Andersson, K. (2002). Bladder Activation: Afferent Mechanisms. Urology, 59, 43-50. Andersson, K. (2010). Detrusor Myocyte Activity and Afferent Signalling. Neurourology and Urodynamics, 29, 97-106. Andersson, K., & Arner, A. (2004). Urinary Bladder Contraction and Relaxation: Physiology and Pathophysiology. Physiological reviews, 84, 935-986. Andersson, K., Aronsson, P., Doufish, D., Lampert, A., & Tobin, G. (2012). Muscarinic receptor subtypes involved in urothelium-derived relaxatory effects in the inflamed rat urinary bladder. Autonomic Neuroscience: Basic and Clinical. Andersson, K., Husted, S., & Sjogren, C. (1980). Contribution of prostaglandins to the adenosine triphosphate-induced contraction of rabbit urinary bladder. British Journal of Pharmacology, 70, 443-452. Andersson, K., Tobin, G., & Giglio, D. (2008). Cholinergic nitric oxide release from the urinary bladder mucosa in cyclophosphamide-induced cystitis of the anaesthetized rat. British Journal of Pharmacology, 153, 1438-1444. Andersson, K., & Yoshida, M. (2003). Antimuscarinics and the Overactive Detrusor - Which is the Main Mechanism of Action? European Urology, 43, 1-5. Andersson, M., Aronsson, P., Giglio, D., Wilhelmson, A., Jerabek, P., & Tobin, G. (2011). Pharmacological modulation of the micturition pattern in normal and cyclophosphamide pre-treated conscious rats. Autonomic Neuroscience: Basic and Clinical, 159, 77-83. Angelico, P., Guarneri, L., Velasco, C., Cova, R., Leonardi, A., Clarke, D. E., & Testa, R. (2006). Effect of cyclooxygenase inhibitors on the micturition reflex in rats: correlation with inhibition of cyclooxygenase isozymes. British Journal Of Urology International, 97, 837-846. Apodaca, G. (2004). The uroepithelium: not just a passive barrier. Traffic, 5, 117-128. Apodaca, G., Balestreire, E., & Birder, L. A. (2007). The Uroepithelial-associated sensory web. Kidney International, 72, 1057-1064. Apodaca, G., Kiss, S., Ruiz, W. G., Meyers, S., Zeidel, M. L., & Birder, L. A. (2003). Disruption of bladder epithelium barrier function after spinal cord injury. American Journal of Physiology: Renal Physiology, 284, F966-F976. Apostolidis, A., Dasgupta, P., & Fowler, C. J. (2006). Proposed mechanism for the efficacy of injected botulinum toxin in the treatment of human detrusor overactivity. European Urology, 49, 644–650. 392 Apostolidis, A. N. (2012). Taming the Cannabinoids: New Potential in the Pharmacologic Control of Lower Urinary Tract Dysfunction. European Urology, 61, 107-111. Apostolidis, A. N., Gonzales, G. E., & Fowler, C. J. (2005). Effect of intravesical resiniferatoxin (RTX) on lower urinary tract symptoms, urodynamic parameters, and quality of life of patients with urodynamic increased bladder sensation. European Urology, 50, 1299-1305. Apostolidis, A. N., Yiangou Y., Brady C.M., Ford A.P., Baecker P.A., Jacques T.S., Freeman A., Fowler C.J., & P., A. (2004). Endothelial nitric oxide synthase expression in neurogenic urinary bladders treated with intravesical resinferatoxin. British Journal Of Urology International, 93, 336-340. Arruda, J. A. (1982). Interaction of calcium and cyclooxygenase inhibitors on transport by the turtle and toad bladders. Arch. Int. Pharmacodyn. Ther., 257(2), 319-334. Badawi, J. K., Li, H., Langbein, S., Kamp, S., Guzman, S., & Bross, S. (2006). Inhibitory effects of various L-type and T-type calcium antagonists on electrically generated, potassium-induced and carbachol-induced contractions of porcine detrusor muscle. Journal of Comparative Physiology B, 176, 429-439. Badawi, J. K., Li, H., Langbein, S., Kwon, S., Kamp, S., & Bross, S. (2006). Inhibitory effects of L- and T-type calcium antagonists on contractions of human detrusor muscle. European Journal of Pharmacology, 62, 347-354. Bahns, E., Halsband, U., & Janig, W. (1987). Responses of sacral visceral afferents from the lower urinary tract, colon and anus to mechanical stimulation. European Journal of Physiology, 410, 296-303. Beckel, J. M., & Birder, L. A. (2012). Differential expression and function of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in the urinary bladder epithelium of the rat. Journal of Physiology, 590(6), 1465-1480. Beckel, J. M., Kanai, A. J., Lee, S. J., de Groat, W. C., & Birder, L. A. (2006). Expression of functional nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in rat urinary bladder epithelial cells. American Journal of Physiology - Renal Physiology, 290, 103-110. Behr-Roussel, D., Oger, S., Caisey, S., Sandner, P., Bernabe, J., Alexandre, L., & Giuliano, F. (2011). Vardenafil Decreases Bladder Afferent Nerve Activity in Unanethetised, Decerebrate, Spinal-Cord-Injured Rats. European Urology, 59, 272-279. Birder, L. A. (2001). Vanilloid receptor expression suggests a sensory role for urinary bladder epithelial cells. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., 98, 13396-13401. Birder, L. A. (2006). Urinary bladder urothelium: Molecular sensors of chemical/thermal/mechanical stimuli. Vascular Pharmacology, 45, 221-226. Birder, L. A. (2010). Urothelial Signaling. Autonomic Neuroscience: Basic and Clinical, 153, 33-40. Birder, L. A., Apodaca, G., de Groat, W. C., & Kanai, A. J. (1998). Adrenergic- and capsaicin-evoked nitric oxide release from urothelium and afferent nerves in urinary bladder. American Journal of Physiology: Renal Physiology, 275, 226-229. Birder, L. A., Barrick, S. R., Roppolo, J. R., Kanai, A. J., de Groat, W. C., Kiss, S., & Buffington, C. A. (2003). Feline interstitial cystitis results in mechanical hypersensitivity and altered ATP release from bladder urothelium. American Journal of Physiology, 285, 423-429. Birder, L. A., & de Groat, W. C. (2007). Mechanisms of Disease: involvement of the urothelium in bladder dysfunction. Nature Clinical Practice Urology, 4, 46-54. Birder, L. A., de Groat, W. C., Mills, I., Morrison, J., Thor, K., & Drake, M. J. (2010). Neural Control of the Lower Urinary Tract: Peripheral and Spinal Mechanisms. Neurourology and Urodynamics, 29(1), 128-139. 393 Birder, L. A., Kanai, A. J., Cruz, F., Moore, K. A., & Fry, C. H. (2010). Is the Urothelium Intelligent? Neurourology and Urodynamics, 29, 598-602. Birder, L. A., Kanai, A. J., & de Groat, W. C. (1997). DMSO: Effect on bladder afferent neurons and nitric oxide release. The Journal of Urology, 158, 1989-1995. Birder, L. A., Nakamura, Y., Kiss, S., Nealen, M. L., Barrick, S. R., Kanai, A. J., Wang, E., Ruiz, W. G., de Groat, W. C., Apodaca, G., Watkins, S., & M.J., C. (2002). Altered urinary bladder function in mice lacking the vanilloid receptor TRPV1. Nat. Neurosci., 5, 856-860. Birder, L. A., Ruan, H. Z., Chopra, B., Xiang, Z., Barrick, S., Buffington, C. A., Roppolo, J. R., Ford, A. P. D. W., de Groat, W. C., & Burnstock, G. (2004). Alterations in P2X and P2Y purinergic receptor expressions in urinary bladder from normal cats and cats with interstitial cystitis. American Journal of Physiology: Renal Physiology, 287, 1084-1091. Birder, L. A., Wolf-Johnston, A., Buffington, C. A., Roppolo, J. R., de Groat, W. C., & Kanai, A. J. (2005). Altered inducible nitric oxide synthase expression and nitroc oxide production in the bladder of cats with feline interstitial cystitis. The Journal of Urology, 173, 625-629. Birder, L. A., Wolf-Johnston, A. S., Chib, M. K., Buffington, C. A., Roppolo, J. R., & Hanna-Mitchell, A. T. (2010). Beyond Neurons: Involvement of Urothelial and Glial Cells in Bladder Function. Neurourology and Urodynamics, 29(1), 88-96. Bjorling, D. E., Elkahwaji, J. E., Bushman, W., Janda, L. M., Boldon, K., Hopkins, W. J., & Wang, Z. (2007). Acute acrolein-induced cystitis in mice. British Journal Of Urology International, 99, 1523-1529. Blok, B. F. M., Willemsen, A. T. M., & Holstege, G. (1997). A PET scan on brain control of micturition in humans. Brain 120, 111-121. Bodin, P., & Burnstock, G. (2001). Purinergic Signalling: ATP Release. Neurochemical Research, 26, 959-969. Bogdan, C. (2001). Nitric oxide and the immune response Nature Immunology, 2(10), 907916. Boland, B., Himpens, B., Paques, C., Casteels, R., & Gillis, J. M. (1993). ATP inducedrelaxation in the mouse bladder smooth muscle. British Journal of Pharmacology, 108, 749-753. Bosier, B., Muccioli, G. G., Hermans, E., & Lambert, D. M. (2010). Functionally selective cannabinoid receptor signalling: Therapeutic implications and opportunities. Biochemical Pharmacology, 80, 1-12. Brading, A. F. (1997). A myogenic basis for the overactive bladder. Urology, 50, 57-67. Brading, A. F. (2006). Spontaneous activity of lower urinary tract smooth muscles: correlation between ion channels and tissue function. Journal of Physiology, 570(1), 13-22. Brading, A. F., & McCloskey, D. D. (2005). Mechanisms of disease: specialised interstitial cells of the urothelium: an assessment of current knowledge. Nature Clinical Practice Urology, 2, 546-554. Brady, C. M., Apostolidis, A. N., Harper, M., Yiangou, Y., Beckett, A., Jacques, T. S., Freeman, A., Scaravilli, F., Fowler, C. J., & Anand, P. (2004). Parallel changes in bladder suburothelial vanilloid receptor TRPV1 and pan-neuronal marker PGP9.5 immunoreactivity in patients with neurogenic detrusor overactivity after intravesical resiniferatoxin treatment. British Journal Of Urology International, 93, 770-776. Brady, C. M., DasGupta, R., Dalton, C., Wiseman, O. J., Berkley, K. J., & Fowler, C. J. (2004). An open-label pilot study of cannabis-based extracts for bladder dysfunction in advanced multiple sclerosis. Multiple Sclerosis, 10, 425-433. 394 Braverman, A. S., Doumanian, L. R., & Ruggieri, M. R. (2006a). M2 and M3 muscarinic receptor activation of urinary bladder contractile signal transduction II, Denervated rat bladder. Journal of Pharmacology Exp. Ther., 316, 875-880. Braverman, A. S., & Ruggieri, M. R. (2003). Hypertrophy changes the muscarinic receptor subtype mediating bladder contraction from M3 toward M2. American Journal of Physiology, 285, 701-708. Breyer, M. D., Hébert, R. L., & Breyer, R. M. (2003). Prostanoid receptors and the urogenital tract. Curr. Opin. Investig. Drugs., 4(11), 1343-1353. Brown, C., Burnstock, G., & Cocks, T. (1979). Effects of adenosine-5'-triphosphate (ATP) and bg,-methylene ATP on the rat urinary bladder. British Journal of Pharmacology, 65(97-102). Brown, W. W., Zenser, T. V., & Davis, B. B. (1980). Prostaglandin E2 production by rabbit urinary bladder. American Journal of Physiology: Renal Fluid Electrolyte Physiology, 239, 452-458. Bultitude, M. I., Hill, N. A., & Shuttleworth, K. E. D. (1976). Clinical and experimental studies on the action of prostaglandins and their synthesis inhibitors on detrusor muscle in vitro and in vivo. British Journal of Pharmacology, 48, 631. Burnett, A. L., Calvin, D. C., Chamness, S. L., Liu, J., Nelson, R. J., Klein, S. L., Dawson, V. L., Dawson, T. M., & Snyde, S. H. (1997). Urinary bladder urethral sphincter dysfunction in mice with targeted disruption of neuronal nitric oxide synthase models idiopathic voiding disorders in humans. Nature Med., 3, 571-574. Burnstock, G. (2001). Purine-mediated signalling in pain and visceral perception. Trends in Pharmacological Sciences, 22(4), 182-188. Caremel, R., Oger-Roussel, S., Behr-Roussel, D., Grise, P., & Giuliano, F. A. (2010). Nitric Oxide/Cyclic Guanosine Monophosphate Signalling Mediates an Inhibitory Action on Sensory Pathways of the Micturition Reflex in the Rat European Urology, 58, 616625. Cervero, F. (1994). Sensory innervation of the viscera: Peripheral basis of visceral pain. Physiological reviews, 74, 95-138. Cetinel, S., Canillioglu, Y. E., Cikler, E., Sener, G., & Ercan, F. (2010). Leukotriene D4 receptor antagonist montelukast alleviates protamine sulphate-induced changes in rat urinary bladder. British Journal Of Urology International, 107, 1320-1325. Cetinel, S., Cetinel, B., Ercan, F., Hurdag, C., & San, T. (2003). Indomethacin -induced morphologic changes in the rat urinary bladder epithelium. Urology, 61, 236-242. Cetinel, S., Ercan, F., Sirvanci, S., Sehirli, O., Ersoy, Y., San, T., & Sener, G. (2002). The ameliorating effect of melatonin on protamine sulfate induced bladder injury and its relationship to interstitial cystitis. The Journal of Urology, 169, 1564-1568. Cetinel, S., Ercan, F., Sirvanci S., Sehirli, O., Ersoy, Y., San, T., & Sener, G. (2003). The ameliorating effect of melatonin on protamine sulfate induced bladder injury and its relationship to interstitial cystitis. Journal of Urology, 169(4), 1564-1568. Chancellor, M. B. (2005). Urgency, botulinum toxin and how botulinum toxin can help urgency. Journal of Urology, 174. Chancellor, M. B., Kaplan, S. A., & Blavias, J. G. (1992). The cholinergic and purinergic components of detrusor contractility in a whole rabbit bladder model. Journal of Urology, 148, 906-909. Chattopadhyay, N., Ye, C., Yamaguchi, T., Kerner, R., Vassilev, P. M., & Brown, E. M. (1999). Extracellular calcium-sensing receptor induces cellular proliferation and activation of a nonselective cation channel in U373 human astrocytoma cells. Brain Research, 851, 116-124. 395 Chell, S., Kadi, A., Williams, A. C., & Paraskeva, C. (2006). Mediators of PGE2 synthesis and signalling downstream of COX-2 represent potential targets for the prevention/treatment of colorectal cancer. Biochemica et Biophysica Acta., 1766, 104119. Chen, X., Molliver, D. C., & Gebhart, G. F. (2010). The P2Y2 Receptor Sensitizes Mouse Bladder Sensory Neurons and Facilitates Purinergic Currents. The Journal of Neuroscience, 30(6), 2365-2372. Cheng, S., Scigalla, F. P., di Fenizio, P. S., Zhang, Z. G., Stolzenburg, J., & Neuhaus, J. (2011). ATP Enhances Spontaneous Calcium Activity in Cultured Suburothelial Myofibroblasts of the Human Bladder. PLoS ONE, 6(10), 1-8. Cheng, Y., Mansfield, K. J., Sandow, S. L., Sadananda, P., Burcher, E., & Moore, K. H. (2011). Porcine bladder urothelial, myofibroblast, and detrusor muscle cells: characterization and ATP release. Frontiers in Pharmacology, 2. Chertin, B., Rolle, U., Solari, V., Cascio, S., & Puri, P. (2004). The role of nitric oxide in bladder urothelial injury after bladder outlet obstruction. British Journal Of Urology International, 94, 392-399. Chess-Williams, R. (2002). Muscarinic receptors of the urinary bladder: detrusor, urothelial and prejunctional. Autonomic and Autacoid Pharmacology, 22, 133-145. Cho, K. H., Hyun, J. H., Chang, Y. S., Na, Y. G., Shin, J. H., & Song, K. H. (2010). Expression of nitric oxide synthase and aquaporin-3 in cyclophosphamide treated rat bladder. International Neurourology Journal, 14, 149-156. Chopra, B., Barrick, S. R., Meyers, S., Beckel, J. M., Zeidel, M. L., Ford, A. P., de Groat, W. C., & Birder, L. A. (2005). Expression and function of bradykinin b1 and B2 receptors in normal and inflamed rat urinary bladder urothelium. Journal of Physiology, 562, 859-871. Chopra, B., Gever, J. R., Barrick, S. R., Hanna-Mitchell, A. T., Beckel, J. M., Ford, A. P., & Birder, L. A. (2008). Expression and function of rat urothelial P2Y receptors. American Journal of Physiology - Renal Physiology, 294(821-829). Chuang, Y. C., Chancellor, M. B., Seki, S., Yoshimura, N., Tyagi, P., Huang, L., Lavelle, J. P., de Groat, W. C., & Fraser, M. O. (2003). Intravesical protamine sulfate and potassium chloride as a model for bladder hyperactivity. Urology, 61(3), 664-670. Chuang, Y. C., Yoshimura, N., Huang, C., Wu, M., Tyagi, P., & Chancellor, M. B. (2010). Expression of E-series prostaglandin (EP) receptors and urodynamic effects of an EP4 receptor antagonist on cyclophosphamide-induced overactive bladder in rats. British Journal Of Urology International, 106(11), 1782-1787. Chung, B. H., Choi, S. K., & Chang, K. C. (1996). Effects of nitric oxide on detrusor relaxation. Journal of Urology, 155, 2090-2093. Clapham, D. E. (1995). Calcium Signalling. Cell 80, 259-268. Clinton Webb, R. (2003). Smooth muscle contraction and relaxation. Advances in Physiology Education 27, 201-206. Cockayne, D. A., Dunn, P. M., Zhong, Y., Rong, W., Hamilton, S. G., Knight, G. E., Ruan, H., Ma, B., Yip, P., Nunn, P., McMahon, S. B., Burnstock, G., & Ford, A. P. D. W. (2005). P2X2 knockout mice and P2X2/P2X3 double knockout mice reveal a role for the P2X2 receptor subunit in mediating multiple sensory effects of ATP. The Journal of Physiology, 567(2), 621-639. Cockayne, D. A., Hamilton, S. G., Zhu, Q. M., Dunn, P. M., Zhong, Y., Novakovic, S., Malmberg, A. B., Cain, G., Berson, A., Kassotakis, L., Hedley, L., Lachnit, W. G., Burnstock, G., McMahon, S. B., & Ford, A. P. (2000). Urinary bladder hyporeflexia and reduced pain-related behaviour in P2X3-deficient mice. Nature 407(6807), 11011-11015. 396 Conners, W., Whitebeck, C., Chichester, P., Legget, R., Lin, A. D., Johnson, A., Kogan, B., Levin, R., & Mannikarottu, A. (2006). L-NAME, a nitric oxide synthase inhibitor, diminishes oxidative damage in urinary bladder partial outlet obstruction. American Journal of Physiology: Renal Physiology, 290, 357-363. Cook, S. P., & McCleskey, E. W. (2000). ATP, pain and a full bladder. Nature Clinical Practice Urology, 407, 951-952. Cordoba-Rodriguez, R., Moore, K. A., Kao, J. P., & Weinreich, D. (1999). Calcium regulation of a slow post-spike hyperpolarization in vagal afferent neurons. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 96, 7650-7657. Cox, P. J. (1979). Cyclophosphamide cystitis - identification of acrolein as the causative agent. Biochemical Pharmacology, 28, 2045-2049. Cunningham, J. T., Wachtel, R. E., & Abboud, F. M. (1997). Mechanical stimulation of neurites generates an inward current in putative aortic baroreceptor neurons in vitro. Brain Research, 757, 149-154. Cusack, N. J., & Hourani, S. M. (1984). Some pharmacological and biochemical interactions of the enantiomers of adenylyl 5'-(beta, gamma-methylene)-diphosphonate with the guinea-pig urinary bladder. British Journal of Pharmacology, 82(1), 155-159. D'Agostino, G., Bolognesi, M. L., Lucchelli, A., Vicin, D., Balestra, B., & Spelta, V. (2000). Prejunctional muscarinic inhibitory control of acetylcholine release in the human isolated detrusor:involvement of the M4 receptor subtype. British Journal of Pharmacology, 129, 493-500. Daly, D., Chess-Williams, R., Chapple, C., & Grundy, D. (2010). The inhibitory role of acetylcholine and muscarinic receptors in bladder afferent activity. European Urology, 58, 22-28. Daly, D., Rong, W., Chess-Williams, R., Chapple, C. R., & Grundy, D. (2007). Bladder afferent sensitivity in wildtype and TRPV1 knockout mice. The Journal of Physiology, 583, 663-674. Damaser, M. S., Kim, K., Longhurst, P. A., Wein, A. J., & Levin, R. M. (1997). Calcium regulation of urinary bladder function. The Journal of Urology, 157, 732-738. Dang, K., Lamb, K., Cohen, M., Bielefeldt, K., & Gebhart, G. F. (2008). CyclophosphamideInduced Bladder Inflammation Sensitizes and Enhances P2X Receptor Function in Rat Bladder Sensory Neurons. Journal of Neurophysiology, 99, 49-59. Davidson, R. A., & McCloskey, K. D. (2005). Morphology and localisation of interstitial cells in the guinea pig bladder: structural relationships with smooth muscle and neurons. The Journal of Urology, 173(4), 1385–1390. Davies, M. G., Fulton, G. J., & Hagen, P. O. (1995). Clincal biology of nitric oxide. British Journal of Surgery, 82, 1598-1610. de Groat, W. C. (1975). Nervous control of the urinary bladder of the cat. Brain Research, 87, 201-211. de Groat, W. C. (1997). A neurologic basis for the overactive bladder. Urology, 50, 36-52. de Groat, W. C. (2004). The urothelium in overactive bladder: Passive bystander or active participant? Urology, 64, 7-11. de Groat, W. C. (2006). Integrative control of the lower urinary tract: preclinical perspective. British Journal of Pharmacology, 147, S25-S40. de Groat, W. C., & Booth, A. M. (1993). Synaptic transmission in pelvic ganglia. The Autonomic Nervous System, 3, 291-347. de Groat, W. C., Fraser, M. O., Yoshiyama, M., Smerin, S., Tai, C., Chancellor, M. B., Yoshimura, N., & Roppolo, J. R. (2001). Neural control of the urethra. Scandanavian Journal of Urology, 35, 35-43. 397 de Groat, W. C., Kawatani, M., Hisamitsu, T., Cheng, C., Ma, C., Thor, K., Steers, W., & Roppolo, J. R. (1990). Mechanisms underlying the recovery of urinary bladder function following spinal cord injury. Journal of the Autonomic Nervous System, 30, 71-78. de Groat, W. C., & Yoshimura, N. (2001). Pharmacology of the Lower Urinary Tract. Annu. Rev. Pharmacol. Toxicol., 41, 691-721. de Wachter, S. (2011). Afferent signaling from the bladder: species differences evident from extracellular recordings of pelvic and hypogastric nerves. Neurourology and Urodynamics 30(5), 647-652. de Wachter, S., Smith, P., Tannenbaum, C., Van Koeveringe, G., Drake, M. J., Wyndaele, J., & Chapple, C. R. (2012). How should bladder sensation be measured : ICI-RS 2011. Neurourology and Urodynamics, 31, 370-374. Demuth, D. G., & Molleman, A. (2006). Cannabinoid signalling. Life Sciences, 78, 549-563. Dinis, P., Charrua, A., Avelino, A., Yaqoob, M., Bevan, S., Nagy, I., & Cruz, F. (2004). Anadamide-Evoked Activation of Vanilloid Receptor 1 Contributes to the Development of Bladder Hyperreflexia and Nociceptive transmission to Spinal Dorsal Horn Neurons in Cystitis. The Journal of Neuroscience, 24(50), 11253-11263. Downie, J. W., & Armour, J. A. (1992). Mechanoreceptor afferent activity compared with receptor field dimensions and pressure changes in feline urinary bladder. Can. J. Physiol. Pharmacol., 70(11), 1457-1467. Downie, J. W., & Larsson, C. (1981). Prostaglandin involvement in contractions evoked in rabbit detrusor by field stimulation and by adenosine 5'-triphosphate. Can. J. Physiol. Pharmacol. , 59(3), 253-260. Drake, M. J. (2007). The integrative physiology of the bladder. Ann. R. Col. Surg. Engl., 89, 580-585. Drake, M. J., Fowler, C. J., Griffiths, D., Mayer, E., Paton, J. F. R., & Birder, L. A. (2010). Neural Control of the Lower Urinary and Gastrointestinal Tracts: Supraspinal CNS Mechanisms. Neurourology and Urodynamics, 29, 119-127. Drake, M. J., Fry, C. H., & Eyden, B. (2006). Structural characterization of myofibroblasts in the bladder. British Journal Of Urology International, 97, 29-32. Drake, M. J., Gardner, B. P., & Brading, A. F. (2003). Innervation of the detrusor muscle bundle in neurogenic detrusor overactivity. British Journal Of Urology International, 91, 702-710. Drake, M. J., Harvey, I. J., & Gillespie, J. I. (2002). Autonomous activity in the isolated guinea pig bladder. Experimental Physiology, 88, 19-30. Drake, M. J., Hedlund, P., Mills, I. W., McCoy, R., McMurray, G., Gardner, B. P., Andersson, K., & Brading, A. F. (2000). Structural and Functional Denervation of Human Detrusor after Spinal Cord Injury. Laboratory Investigation, 80(10), 14911499. Drake, M. J., Mills, I. W., & Gillespie, J. I. (2001). Model of peripheral autonomous modules and a myovesical plexus in normal and overactive bladder function. . Lancet, 358 401–403. Dunning-Davies, B. M., Fry, C. H., Mansour, D., & Ferguson D.R. (2012). The regulation of ATP release from the urothelium by adenosine and transepithelial potential. British Journal Of Urology International. Dutton, J. L., Hansen, M. A., Balcar, V. J., Barden, J. A., & Bennett, M. R. (1999). Development of P2X receptor clusters on smooth muscle cells in relation to nerve varicosities in the rat urinary bladder. Journal of Neurocytology, 28, 3-16. 398 Ehren, I., Iversen, H., Jansson, O., Adolfsson, J., & Wiklund, N. P. (1994). Localisation of nitric oxide synthase activity in the human lower urinary tract and its correlation with neuroeffector responses. Urology, 44, 683-687. Eichel, L., Scheidweiler, K., Kost, J., Shojaie, J., Schwarz, E., Messing, E., & Wood, R. (2001). Assessment of murine bladder permeability with fluorescein: validation with cyclophosphamide and protamine. Urology, 58(1), 113-118. Erol, K., Sirmagul, B., Kilic, F. S., Yigitaslan, S., & Dogan, A. E. (2012). The Role of Inflammation and COX-Derived Prostanoids in the Effects of Bradykinin on Isolated Rat Aorta and Urinary Bladder. Inflammation, 35(2), 420-428. Evans, J. P. Observations on the nerves of supply to the bladder and urethra of the cat, with a study of their action potentials. Journal of Physiology, 86(4), 396-414. Farquhar-Smith, W. P., & Rice, A. S. C. (2001). Administration of Endocannabinoids Prevents a Referred Hyperalgesia Associated with Inflammation of the Urinary Bladder. Anesthesiology, 94(3), 507-513. Fathian-Sabet, B., Bloch, W., Klotz, T., Niggemann, S., Jacobs, G., Addicks, K., & Engelmann, U. (2001). Localization and constitutive nitric oxide synthase isoforms and the nitric oxide btarget enzyme soluble guanylyl cyclase in the human bladder. The Journal of Urology, 165, 1724-1729. Felsen, D., Dardashti, K., Ostad, M., Lemer, M. L., Gross, S. S., Chen, J., Vaughan, E. D., & Poppas, D. P. (2003). Inducible nitric oxide synthase promotes pathophysiological consequences on experimental bladder outlet obstruction The Journal of Urology, 169, 1569-1572. Ferguson, D. R., Kennedy, I., & Burton, T. J. (1997). ATP is released from rabbit urinary bladder epithelial cells by hydrostatic pressure changes - a possible sensory mechanism? Journal of Physiology, 505(2), 503-511. Filippi, S., Morelli, A., Sandner, P., Fibbi, B., Mancina, R., Marini, M., Gacci, M., Vignozzi, L., Vannelli, G. B., Carini, M., Forti, G., & Maggi, M. (2007). Characterisation and functional role of androgen-dependetn PDE5 activity in the bladder. Endocrinology, 148, 1019-1029. Fimiani, C., Mattocks, D., Cavani, F., Salzet, M., Deutsch, D. G., Pryor, S., Bilfinger, T. V., & Stefano, G. B. (1999). Morphine and anandamide stimulate intracellular calcium transients in human endothelial cells: coumpling to nitric oxide release. Cellular Signalling, 3, 189-193. Foon, R., & Drake, M. J. (2010). The overactive bladder. Therapeutic Advances in Urology, 2(4), 147-155. Ford, A. P. D. W., Gever, J. R., Nunn, P. A., Zhong, Y., Cefalu, J. S., Dillon, M. P., & Cockayne, D. A. (2006). Purinoceptors as therapeutic targets for lower urinary tract dysfunction. British Journal of Pharmacology, 147, S132-S143. Forstermann, U., Closs, E. L., & Pollock, J. S. (1994). Nitric oxide synthase isoenzymes. Characterisation, purification, molecular cloning and functions. Hypertension, 23, 1121-1131. Fowler, C. J. (2002). Bladder afferents and their role in the overactive bladder. Urology, 59, 37-42. Fowler, C. J., Griffiths, D., & de Groat, W. C. (2008). The neural control of micturition. Nature Reviews: Neuroscience, 9, 453-466. Fox, A. J., Barnes, P. J., Venkatesan, P., & Belvisi, M. G. (1997). Activation of large conductance potassium channels inhibits the afferent and efferent function of airway sensory nerves in the guinea pig. Journal of Clinical Investigation, 99(3), 513-519. Frazier, E. P., Peters, S. L., Braverman, A. S., Ruggieri, M. R., & Michel, M. C. (2007b). Signal transduction underlying the control of urinary bladder smooth muscle tone by 399 muscarinic receptors and beta-adrenoceptors. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch. Pharmacol., 377, 449-462. Freeman, R. M., Adekanmi, O., Waterfield, M. R., Waterfield, A. E., Wright, D., & Zajicek, J. (2006). The effect of cannabis on urge incontinence in patients with multiple sclerosis: a multicentre, randomised placebo-controlled trial (CAM-LUTS). International Urogynecology Journal, 17, 636-641. Fry, C. H., Daneshgari, F., Thor, K., Drake, M. J., Eccles, R., Kanai, A. J., & Birder, L. A. (2010). Animal Models and Their Use in Understanding Lower Urinary Tract Dysfunction. Neurourology and Urodynamics, 29, 603-608. Fry, C. H., Meng, E., & Young, J. S. (2010). The physiological function of lower urinary tract smooth muscle. Autonomic neuroscience, 154, 3-13. Fry, C. H., & Roosen, A. (2007). Urothelial targets in the overactive bladder. Journal of Urology, 1. Fry, C. H., Skennerton, D., Wood, D., & Wu, C. (2002). The cellular basis of contraction in human detrusor smooth muscle from patients with stable and unstable bladders. Urology, 59, 3-12. Fry, C. H., Young, J. S., Jabr, R. I., McCarthy, C. J., Ikeda, Y., & Kanai, A. J. (2012). Modulation of spontaneous activity in the overactive bladder: the role of P2Y agonists. American Journal of Physiology: Renal Physiology, 302, 1447-1454. Gabella, G. (1990). Intramural neurons in the urinary bladder of the guinea-pig. Cell Tissue Research, 261, 231-237. Gabella, G., & Davis, C. (1998). Distribution of afferent axons in the bladder of rats. Journal of Neurocytology, 27, 141-155. Ganitkevich, V. Y., & Isenberg, G. (1992). Caffeine-induced release and reuptake of Ca2+ by Ca2+ stores in myocytes from guinea-pig urinary bladder. Journal of Physiology, 458, 99-117. Gibson, A., McFadzean, I., Wallace, P., & Wayman, C. P. (1998). Capacitative Ca2+ entry and the regulation of smooth muscle tone. Trends in Pharmacological Sciences, 19, 266-269. Giglio, D., Ryberg, A. T., To, K., Delbro, D. S., & Tobin, G. (2005). Altered muscarinic receptor subtype expression and functional responses in cyclophosphamide induced cystitis in rats. Autonomic Neuroscience: Basic and Clinical, 122, 9-20. Gillespie, J. I. (2004). The autonomous bladder: a view of the origin of bladder overactivity and sensory urge. British Journal Of Urology International, 93, 478-483. Gillespie, J. I., Markerink- van Ittersum, M., & de Vente, J. (2006). Sensory collaterals, intramural gnaglia and motor nerves in the guinea pig bladder: evidence for intramural neural circuuits. Cell Tissue Research, 325, 33-45. Glass, M., & Felder, C. C. (1997). Concurrent stimulation of cannabinoid CB1 and dopamine D2 receptors augments cAMP accummulation in striatal neurons: evidence for a Gs linkage to the CB1 receptor. The Journal of Neuroscience, 17, 5327-5333. Gratzke, C., Streng, T., Park, A., Christ, G., Stief, C. G., Hedlund, P., & Andersson, K. (2009). Distribution and function of cannabinoid receptors 1 and 2 in the rat, monkey and human bladder. Journal of Urology, 181, 1939-1948. Gratzke, C., Streng, T., Stief, C. G., Downs, T. R., Alroy, I., Rosenbaum, J. S., Andersson, K., & Hedlund, P. (2010). Effects of Cannibinor, a Novel Selective Cannabinoid 2 Receptor Agonist, on Bladder Function in Normal Rats. European Urology, 57, 10931100. Grist, M., & Chakraborty, J. (1994). Identification of a mucin layer in the urinary bladder. Urology, 44(1), 26-33. 400 Habler, H. J., Janig, W., & Koltzenburg, M. (1990). Activation of unmyelinated afferent fibres by mechanical stimuli and inflammation of the urinary bladder in the cat. Journal of Physiology, 425, 545-562. Hanna-Mitchell, A. T., Beckel, J. M., Barbadora, S., Kanai, A. J., de Groat, W. C., & Birder, L. A. (2007). Non-neuronal acetylcholine and urinary bladder urothelium. Life Sciences, 80, 2298-2302. Harvey, R. A., Skennerton, D. E., Newgreen, D., & Fry, C. H. (2002). The contractile potency of adenosine triphosphate and ecto-adenosine triphosphatase activity in guinea pig detrusor and detrusor from patients with a stable, unstable or obstructed bladder. The Journal of Urology, 168, 1235-1239. Hashitani, H., Brading, A. F., & Suzuki, H. (2004). Correlation between spontaneous electrical, calcium and mechanical activity in detrusor smooth muscle of the guineapig bladder. British Journal of Pharmacology, 141, 183-193. Hata, A. N., & Breyer, R. M. (2004). Pharmacology and signaling of prostaglandin receptors: multiple roles in inflammation and immune modulation. Pharmacol. Ther., 103, 147– 166. Hawthorn, M. H., Chapple, C. R., Cock, M., & Chess-Williams, R. (2000). Urotheliumderived inhibitory factor(s) influences on detrusor muscle contractility in vitro. British Journal of Pharmacology, 129(3), 416-419. Hay, M., & Kunze, D. L. (1994). An intermediate conductance calcium-activated potassium channel in rat visceral sensory afferent neurons. Neuroscience Letters, 167, 179-182. Hayn, M. H., Ballesteros, I., de Miguel, F., Coyle, C. H., Tyagi, S., Yoshimura, N., Chancellor, M. B., & Tyagi, P. (2008). Functional and Immunohistochemical Characterization of CB1 and CB2 Receptors in Rat Bladder. Urology, 72, 1174-1178. Hedge, S. S. (2006). Muscarinic receptors in the bladder: from basic research to therapeutics. British Journal of Pharmacology, 147, S80-87. Hedge, S. S., Choppin, A., Bonhaus, D., Briaud, S., Loeb, M., Moy, T. M., Loury, D., & Eglen, R. M. (1997). Functional role of M2 and M3 muscarinic receptors in the urinary bladder of rats in vitro and in vivo. British Journal of Pharmacology, 120, 1409-1418. Henderson, E., & Drake, M. J. (2010). Overactive bladder. Maturitas, 66, 257-262. Hiragata, S., Ogawa, T., Hayashi, Y., Tyagi, P., Seki, S., Nishizawa, O., de Miguel, F., Chancellor, M. B., & Yoshimura, N. (2007). Effects of IP-751, Ajulemic Acid, on Bladder Overactivity Induced by Bladder Irritation in Rats. Urology, 70, 202-208. Hohlbrugger, G. (1999). Urinary potassium and the overactive bladder. British Journal Of Urology International, 83(2), 22-28. Hole, J. W. (1981). The urinary bladder. Human Anatomy and Physiology 2nd ed. Dubuque, IA: WCB. Holmäng, S., Grenabo, L., Hedelin, H., Wang, Y. H., & Pettersson, S. (1991). Influence of indomethacin on the adherence of urease-induced crystals to rat bladder epithelium. Journal of Urology, 145(1), 176-178. Hosseini, A., Ehren, I., & Wiklund, P. (2004). Nitric oxide as an objective marker for evaluation of treatment repsonse in patients with classic interstitial cystitis. The Journal of Urology, 172, 2261-2265. Howlett, A. C. (1995). Pharmacology of cannabinoid receptors. Annu. Rev. Pharmacol. Toxicol., 35, 607-634. Hu, J., Chin, C., Png, J., Ng, Y., & Ling, E. (2004). The effect of chronic bladder outlet obstruction on neuronal nitric oxide synthase expression in the intramural ganglia of the guinea pig bladder. The Journal of Urology, 172, 1160-1165. Hu, V. Y., Malley, S., Dattilio, A., Folsom, J. B., Zvara, P., & Vizzard, M. A. (2003). COX-2 and prostanoid expression in micturition pathways after cyclophosphamide-induced 401 cystitis in the rat. American Journal of Physiology: Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology, 284, 574-585. Igawa, Y., Zhang, X., Nishizawa, O., Umeda, M., Iwata, A., Taketo, M. M., Manabe, T., Matsui, M., & Andersson, K. E. (2004). Cystometric findings in mice lacking muscarinic M2 or M3 receptors. Journal of Urology, 172, 2460-2464. Iggo, A. (1955). Tension receptors in the stomach and the urinary bladder. Journal of Physiology, 128, 593-607. IIjima, K., de Wachter, S., & Wyndaele, J. (2007). Effects of the M3 receptor selective muscarinic antagonist Darifenacin on bladder afferent activity of the rat pelvic nerve. European Urology, 52, 842-849. Ikeda, M., Kawatani, M., Maruyama, T., & Ishihama, H. (2006). Prostaglandin facilitates afferent nerve activity via EP1 receptors during urinary bladder inflammation in rats. Biomedical Research, 27(2), 49-54. Ikeda, Y., Fry, C. H., Hayashi, F., Stolz, D., Griffiths, D., & Kanai, A. J. (2007). Role of gap junctions in spontaneous activity of the rat bladder. American Journal of Physiology Renal Physiology, 293(4), 1018-1025. Ikeda, Y., Fry, C. H., Hayashi, F., Stolz, D. B., Griffiths, D., & Kanai, A. J. (2007). The role of gap junctions in spontaneous activity of the rat bladder. . American Journal of Physiology, Renal Physiology, 293, 1018–1025. Ikeda, Y., & Kanai, A. J. (2008). Urotheliogenic modulation of intrinsic activity in spinal cord-transected rat bladder: role of mucosal muscarinic receptors. American Journal of Physiology, Renal Physiology, 295, 454-461. Irons-Georges, T. (1998). Magill's Medical Guide. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Salem Press. Irwin, D. E., Milsom, I., Kopp, Z., & Abrams, P. (2008). Symptom bother and health careseeking behaviour amonbg individuals with overactive bladder. European Urology, 53, 1029-1037. Jagger, S. I., Hasnie, F. S., Sellaturay, S., & Rice, A. S. C. (1998). The anti-hyperalgesic actions of the cannabinoid anandamide and the putative CB2 receptor agonist palmitoylethanolamide in visceral and somatic inflammatory pain. Pain, 76, 189-199. Janig, W., & Morrison, J. (1986). Functional properties of spinal visceral afferents supplying abdominal and pelvic organs, with special emphasis on visceral nociception. Prog. Brain. Re., 67, 87-114. Jen, P. Y., Dixon, J. S., & Gosling, J. A. (1995). Immunohistochemical localisation of neuromarkers and neuropeptides in human fetal and neonatal urinary bladder. British Journal Of Urology International, 75, 230-235. Kageyama, A., Fujino, T., Taki, Y., Kato, Y., Nozawa, Y., Ito, Y., & Yamada, S. (2008). Alteration of muscarinic and purinergic receptors in urinary bladder of rats with cyclophosphamide-induced interstitial cystitis. Neuroscience Letters, 436, 81-84. Kajioka, S., Nakayama, S., McMurray, G., Abe, K., & Brading, A. F. (2002). Ca2+ channel properties in smooth muscle cells of the urinary bladder from pig and human. European Journal of Pharmacology, 443, 19-29. Kanai, A., Roppolo, J., Ikeda, Y., Zabbarova, I., Tai, C., Birder, L. A., Griffiths, D., de Groat, W. C., & Fry, C. H. (2007). Origin of spontaneous activity in neonatal and adult rat bladders and its enhancement by stretch and muscarinic agonists. American Journal of Physiology: Renal Physiology, 292, 1065–1072. Kanai, A. J., & Andersson, K. (2010). Bladder Afferent Signaling: Recent Findings. The Journal of Urology, 183, 1288-1295. Kang, W. S., Tamarkin, F. J., Wheeler, M. A., & Weiss, R. M. (2004). Rapid Up-Regulation of Endothelial Nitric-Oxide Synthase in a Mouse Model of Escherichia coli 402 Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Bladder Inflammation. The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimnental Therapeutics, 310(2), 452-458. Kasakov, L. N., & Vlaskovska, M. V. (1985). Profile of prostaglandins generated in the detrusor muscle of rat urinary bladder: effects of adenosine triphosphate and adenosine. European Journal of Pharmacology, 113, 431-436. Khan, M. A., Thompson, C. S., Mumtaz, F. H., Jeremy, J. Y., Morgan, R. J., & Mikhailidis, D. P. (1998). Role of prostaglandins in the urinary bladder: an update. Prostaglandins, Leukotrienes and Essential Fatty Acids, 59(6), 415-422. Khera, M., Somogyi, G. T., Kiss, S., Boone, T. B., & Smith, C. P. (2004). Botulinum toxin A inhibits ATP release from bladder urothelium after chronic spinal cord injury. Neurochemistry International, 45, 987-993. Kim J.C., Park E.Y., Seo S.I., Park Y.H., & TK., H. (2006). Nerve Growth Factor and Prostaglandins in the Urine of Female Pateints with Overactive Bladder. The Journal of Urology, 175, 1773-1776. Kim, J. C., Park, E. Y., Hong, S. H., Seo, S. I., Park, Y. H., & Hwang, T. (2005). Changes of urinary nerve growth factor and prostaglandins in male patients with overactive bladder symptom. International Journal of Urology, 12, 875-880. Kinder, R. B., & Mundy, A. R. (1985). Atropine Blockade of Nerve-mediated Stimulation of the Human Detrusor. British Journal Of Urology International, 57(4), 418-421. King, J. A., Huddart, H., & Staff, W. G. (1997). Purinergic modulation of rat urinary bladder detrusor smooth muscle. Gen. Pharmacol., 29, 597-604. Kolios, G., Valatas, V., & Ward, S. G. (2004). Nitric oxide in inflammatory bowel disease: a universal messenger in an unsolved puzzle. Immunology, 113, 427-437. Korkmaz, A., Oter, S., Sadir, S., Coskun, O., Topal, T., Ozler, M., & Bilgic, H. (2005). Peroxynitrite may be involved in bladder damage caused by cyclophosphamide in rats. The Journal of Urology, 173, 1793-1796. Kullmann, F. A., Artim, D. E., Birder, L. A., & de Groat, W. C. (2008). Activation of Muscarinic Receptors in Rat Bladder Sensory Pathways Alters Reflex Bladder Activity. The Journal of Neuroscience, 28(8), 1977-1987. Kullmann, F. A., Shah, M. A., Birder, L. A., & de Groat, W. C. (2009). Functional TRP and ASIC like channels in cultured urothelial cells from the rat. American journal of physiology, 296, 892-901. Kumar, V., Chapple, C. R., & Chess-Williams, R. (2004). Characteristics of adenosine triphosphatase release from porcine and human normal bladder. The Journal of Urology, 172, 744-747. Kumar, V., Chapple, C. R., Rosario, D., Tophill, P. R., & Chess-Williams, R. (2010). In Vitro Release of Adenosine Triphosphate from the Urothelium of Human Bladders with Detrusor Overactivity, Both Neurogenic and Idiopathic. European Urology, 57, 1087-1092. Kumar, V., Chapple, C. R., Surprenant, A., & Chess-Williams, R. (2007). Enhanced ATP release from the urothelium of patients with painful bladder syndrome: A possible pathphysiological explanantion. The Journal of Urology, 178(4), 1533-1536. Kunze, A., Neuhaus, J., & Stolzenburg, J. U. (2006). Quantitative immunohistochemical stidy of the innervation of the guinea-pig lower urinary tract. British Journal Of Urology International, 98, 424-429. Kuru, M. (1965). Nervous control of micturition. Physiological reviews, 45, 425-494. Lagou, M., Drake, M. J., Ittersum, M. M., de Vente, J., & Gillespie, J. I. (2006). Interstitial cells and phasic activity in the isolated mouse bladder. British Journal Of Urology International, 98, 643-650. 403 Lai, H. H., Munoz, A., Smith, C. P., Boone, T. B., & Somogyi, G. T. (2011). Plasticity of non-adrenergic non-cholinergic bladder contractions in rats after hronic spinal cord injury. Brain Research Bulletin, 86, 91-96. Lancaster, E., Oh, E. J., & Weinreich, D. (2001). Vagatomy decreases excitability in primary vagal afferent somata. Journal of Neurophysiology, 85, 247-253. Lauckner, J. E., Hille, B., & Mackie, K. (2005). The cannabinoid agonist WIN55,212-2 increases intracellular calcium via CB1 receptor coupling to Gq/11 G proteins. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 102, 19144-19149. Lavelle, J., Meyers, S., Ramage, R., Doty, D., Bastacky, S., Apoddaca, G., & Zeidel, M. (2001). Protamine Sulfate-Induced Cystitis: A Model of Selective Cytodestruction of the Urothelium. Urology, 57, 113. Lavelle, J. P., Apodaca, G., Meyers, S. A., Ruiz, W. G., & Zeidel, M. L. (1998). Disruption of guinea pig urinary bladder permeability barrier in noninfectious cystitis. Renal Physiology, 43, 205-214. Lavelle, J. P., Meyers, S., Ramage, R., Bastacky, S., Doty, D., Apodaca, G., & Zeidel, M. L. (2002). Bladder permeability barrier: recovery from selective injury of surface epithelial cells. American Journal of Physiology, Renal Physiology, 283, 242-253. Lee, H. Y., Bardini, M., & Burnstock, G. (2000). Distribution of P2X receptors in the urinary bladder and the ureter of the rat. The Journal of Urology, 163, 2002-2007. Lee, T., Hedlund, P., Newgreen, D., & Andersson, K. (2007). Urodynamic Effects of a Novel EP1 Receptor Antagonist in Normal Rats and Rats with Bladder Outlet Obstruction. The Journal of Urology, 177, 1562-1567. Leiria, L. O. S., Monica, F. Z. T., Carvalho, F. D. G. F., Claudino, M. A., Franco-Penteado, C. F., Schenka, A., Grant, A. D., De Nucci, D., & Antunes, E. (2011). Functional, morphological, and molecular characterization of bladder dysfunction in streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice: evidence of a role for L-type voltage-operated Ca2+ channels. British Journal of Pharmacology, 163, 1276-1288. Lemack, G. E., Burkhard, F., Zimmern, P. E., McConnell, J. D., & Lin, V. K. (1999). Physiologic sequelae of partical infravesical obstruction in the mouse: role of inducible nitric oxide synthase. Journal of Urology, 161, 1015-1022. Lewis, S. A. (2000). Everything you wanted to know about the bladder epithelium but were afraid to ask. American Journal of Physiology - Renal Physiology, 278, F867-F874. Liu, L., Ishida, Y., Okunade, G., Shull, G. E., & Paul, R. J. (2005). Role of plasma membrane Ca2+-ATPase in contraction-relaxation processes of the bladder: evidence from PMCA gene-ablated mice. American Journal of Physiology - Cell Physiology, 290, 1239-1247. Lotz, M., Villiger, P., Hughli, T., Koziol, J., & Zuraw, B. L. (1994). Interleukin 6 and interstitial cystitis. Journal of Urology, 152, 869-873. Maggi, C. A. (1992). Prostanoids as local modulators of reflex micturition. Pharmacological Research, 25(1), 13-20. Maggi, C. A., Evangelista, S., Grimaldi, G., Santicioli, P., Giolitti, A., & Meli, A. (1984). Evidence for the involvement of arachidonic acid metabolites in spontaneous and drug-induced contractions of rat urinary bladder. The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, 230 (2), 500-513. Maggi, C. A., Giuliani, S., Conte, B., Furio, M., Santicioli, P., Meli, P., Gragnani, L., & Meli, A. (1988). Prostanoids modulate reflex micturition by acting through capsaicinsensitive afferents. European Journal of Pharmacology, 145, 105-112. Maggi, C. A., Giuliani, S., Patacchini, R., Turini, D., Barbanti, G., Giachetti, A., & Meli, A. (1989). Multiple sources of calcium for contraction of the human urinary bladder muscle. British Journal of Pharmacology, 98, 1021-1031. 404 Maggi, C. A., Lecci, A., Santicioli, P., Del Bianco, E., & Giuliani, S. (1993). Cyclophosphamide-induced cystitis in rats: Involvement of capsaicin-sensitive primary afferents. Agents Actions 38, 28-30. Mallory, B., Steers, W. D., & de Groat, W. C. (1989). Electrophysiological study of micturition reflexes in rats. American Journal of Physiology, 257, 410-421. Martin, R. S., Luong, L. A., Welsh, N. J., Eglen, R. M., Martin, G. R., & MacLennan, S. J. (2000). Effects of cannabinoid receptor agonists on neuronally-evoked contractions of urinary bladder tissues isolated from rat, mouse, pig, dog, monkey and human. British Journal of Pharmacology, 129, 1707-1715. Martini, F. (2001). Fundamentals of Anatomy and Physiology, 5th Edition. 974-976. Masters, J. G., Neal, D. E., & Gillespie, J. I. (1999). The contribution of intracellular Ca2+ release to contraction in human bladder smooth muscle. British Journal of Pharmacology, 127, 996-1002. Masuda, H., Ichiyanagi, N., Yokoyama, M., Sakai, Y., Kihara, K., Chancellor, M. B., & de Groat, W. C. (2009). Muscarinic receptor activation in the lumbosacral spinal cord ameliorates bladder irritation in rat cystitis models. British Journal Of Urology International, 104, 1531-1537. Masuda, H., Kawano, K., Matsuoka, Y., Yokoyama, M., Koga, F., Saito, K., Kihara, K., & Azuma, H. (2009). Interactions between inducible nitric oxide synthase and cyclooxygenase-2 in response to ischaemia-reperfusion of rabbit bladder. British Journal Of Urology International, 106, 716-722. Masuda, H., Kim, J. H., Kihara, K., Chancellor, M. B., de Groat, W. C., & Yoshimura, N. (2007). Inhibitory roles of peripheral nitregic mechanisms in capsaicin-induced detrusor overactivity in the rat. British Journal Of Urology International, 100, 912918. Masuda, H., Tsujii, T., Okuno, T., Kihara, K., Goto, M., & Azuma, H. (2002). Localization and role of nitric oxide synthase and endogenous nitric oxide synthase inhibitors in the rabbit lower urinary tract. The Journal of Urology, 167, 2235-2240. Masunaga, K., Yoshida, M., Inadome, A., Iwashita, H., Miyamae, K., & Ueda, S. (2006). Prostaglandin E2 release from isolated bladder strips in rats with spinal cord injury. International Journal of Urology, 13, 271-276. Matsui, M., Motomura, D., Karasawa, H., Fujikawa, T., Jiang, J., Komiya, Y., Takahashi, S., & Taketo, M. M. (2000). Multiple functional defects in peripheral autonomic organs in mice lacking muscarinic acetylcholine receptor gene for the M3 subtype. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., 97(17), 9579-9584. Matsumoto-Miyai, K., Kagase, A., Murakawa, Y., Momota, Y., & Kawatani, M. (2009). Extracellular Ca2+ regulates the stimulus-elicited ATP release from urothelium. Autonomic Neuroscience: Basic and Clinical, 150, 94-99. Matsumoto-Miyai, K., Yamada, E., Yoshizumi, M., & Kawatani, M. (2012). The regulation of distension-induced ATP release from urothelium by the adenylyl cyclase-cyclic AMP pathway. Biomedical Research, 33(3), 153-157. Matsumoto, Y., Miyazato, M., Furuta, A., Torimoto, K., Hirao, Y., Chancellor, M. B., & Yoshimura, N. (2010). Differential Roles of M2 and M3 Muscarinic Receptor Subtypes in Modulation of Bladder Afferent Activity in Rats. Urology, 75, 862-867. Mazieres, L., Jiang, C., & Lindstrom, S. (1998). The C fibre reflex of the cat urinary bladder. Journal of Physiology, 513(2), 531-541. McCafferty, G. P., Misajet, B. A., Laping, N. J., Edwards, R. M., & Thorneloe, K. S. (2008). Enhanced bladder capacity and reduced prostaglandin E2-mediated bladder hyperactivity in EP3 receptor knockout mice. American Journal of Physiology: Renal Physiology, 295, 507-514. 405 McCarthy, C. J., Zabbarova, I. V., Brumovsky, P. R., Roppolo, J. R., Gebhart, G. F., & Kanai, A. J. (2009). Spontaneous contractions evoke afferent nerve firing in mouse bladders with detrusor overactivity. Journal of Urology, 181, 1459-1466. McMurray, G., Dass, N., & Brading, A. F. (1998). Purinoceptor subtypes mediating contraction and relaxation of marmoset urinary bladder smooth muscle. British Journal of Pharmacology, 123, 1579-1586. Meng, E., Young, J. S., & Brading, A. F. (2008). Spontaneous activity of mouse detrusor smooth muscle and the effects of the urothelium. Neurourology and Urodynamics, 27, 79-87. Meng, E., Young, J. S., Cha, T. L., Sun, G. H., Yu, D. S., & Brading, A. F. (2012). NeuronalDerived Nitric Oxide Modulates the Activity of Mouse Detrusor Smooth Muscle. Neurourology and Urodynamics, 31, 572-578. Moro, C., Uchiyama, J., & Chess-Williams, R. (2011). Urothelial/Lamina Propria Spontaneous Activity and the Role of M3 Muscarinic Receptors in Mediating Rate Responses to Stretch and Carbachol. Urology, 78, 1442.e1449-1442e.1415. Morrison, J. (1997). The physiological mechanisms involved in bladder emptying Scandanavian Journal of Urology, 184, 15-18. Morrison, J. (1999). The activation of bladder wall afferent nerves. Experimental Physiology, 84, 131-136. Morrison, J., Birder, L. A., Craggs, M., de Groat, W. C., Downie, J. W., Drake, M. J., Fowler, C. J., & Thor, K. (2005). Neural control in incontinence. Health Publications, 363422. Moss, N. G., Wallace Harrington, W., & Tucker, S. (1997). Pressure, volume, and chemosensitivity in afferent innervation of urinary bladder in rats. American journal of physiology, 272, 695-703. Mosso, M. A., & Pellacani, P. (1882). Sur le fonctions de la vessie. Archives Italiennes de Biologie, 1, 291-324. Mukerji, G., Yiangou, Y., Agarwal, S. K., & Anand, P. (2010). Increased Cannabinoid Receptor 1-Immunoreactive Nerve Fibers in Overactive and Painful Bladder Disorders and Their Correlation With Symptoms. Urology, 75, 15-20. Mulholland, M. W., & Simeone, D. M. (1993). Prostaglandin E2 Stimulation of Acetylcholine Release from Guinea Pig Myenteric Plexus Neurons. The American Journal of Surgery, 166, 552-555. Mumtaz, F. H., Khan, M. A., Thompson, C. S., Morgan, R. J., & Mikhailidis, D. P. (2000). Nitric oxide in the lower urinary tract: physiological and pathological implications. British Journal Of Urology International, 85, 567-578. Munoz, A., Gangitano, D. A., Smith, C. P., Boone, T. B., & Somogyi, G. T. (2010). Removal of urothelium affects bladder contractility and release of ATP but not release of NO in rat urinary bladder. BMC Urology, 10, 1-7. Munoz, A., Smith, C. P., Boone, T. B., & Somogyi, G. T. (2011). Overactive and underactive bladder dysfunction is reflected by alterations in urothelial ATP and NO release. Neurochemistry International, 58, 295-300. Munoz, A., Somogyi, G. T., Boone, T. B., Ford, A. P., & Smith, C. P. (2012). Modulation of bladder afferent signals in normal and spinal-cord injured rats by purinergic P2X3 and P2X2/3 receptors. British Journal Of Urology International, 1-6. Munoz, A., Somogyi, G. T., Boone, T. B., & Smith, C. P. (2011). Lumbosacral sensory neuronal activity is enhanced by activation of urothelial purinergic receptors. Brain Research Bulletin, 86, 380-384. Nagabukuro, H., Degenhardt, A., Villa, K. L., Mistry, S. L., Gichuru, L., Jochnowitz, N., & Abbadie, C. (2010). Correlation between pharmacologically-induced changes in 406 cystometric parameters and spinal c-Fos expression in rats. Autonomic Neuroscience, 156, 19-26. Namasivayam, S., Eardley, I., & Morrison, J. F. B. (1999). Purinergic sensory neurotransmission in the urinary bladder: an in vitro study in the rat. British Journal Of Urology International, 84, 854-860. Negrete, H. O., Lavelle, J. P., Berg, J., Lewis, S. A., & Zeidel, M. L. (1996). Permeability properties of the intact mammalian bladder epithelium. American Journal of Physiology: Renal Fluid Electrolyte Physiology, 40, 886-894. Neuhaus, J., & Schwalenberg, T. (2012). Intravesical treatments of bladder pain syndrome/interstitial cystitis. Nature Reviews Urology 9, 707-720. Nile, C. J., & Gillespie, J. I. (2012). Interactions Between Cholinergic and Prostaglandin Signaling Elements In the Urothelium: Role for Muscarinic Type 2 Receptors. Urology, 79, 17-23. Nile, C. J., & Gillespie, J. I. (2012). Interactions between cholinergic and prostaglandin signaling elements in the urothelium: role for muscarinic type 2 receptors. Urology, 79(1), 17-23. Nishiguchi, J., Hayashi, Y., Chancellor, M. B., de Miguel, F., de Groat, W. C., Kumon, H., & Yoshimura, N. (2005). Detrusor overacvtivity induced by intravesical application of adenosine 5'-triphosphate under different delievery conditions in rats. Urology, 66, 1332-1337. Orman, B., Sterin-Borda, L., Reina, S., & Borda, E. S. (2005). Neuronal nitric oxide synthase activity in rat urinary bladder detrusor: participation in M3 and M4 muscarinic receptor function. Autonomic and Autacoid Pharmacology, 25, 93-100. Ozawa, H., Chancellor, M. B., Jung, S., Yokoyama, T., Fraser, M. O., Yu, Y., de Groat, W. C., & Yoshimura, N. (1999). Effect of intravesical nitric oxide therapy on cyclophosphamide-induced cytsitis. The Journal of Urology, 162, 2211-2216. Page, A. J., O'Donnell, T. A., Cooper, N. J., Young, R. L., & Blackshaw, L. A. (2009). Nitric Oxide as an Endogenous Peripheral Modulator of Visceral Sensory Neuronal Function. The Journal of Neuroscience, 2009(22), 7246-7255. Palea, S., Corsi, M., Pietra, C., Artibani, W., Calpista, A., Gaviraghi, G., & Trist, D. G. (1994). ADP beta S induces contraction of the human isolated urinary bladder through a purinoceptor subtype different from P2X and P2Y. The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, 269(1), 193-197. Palea, S., Toson, G., Pietra, C., Trist, D. G., Artibani, W., Romano, O., & Corsi, M. (1998). Pharmacological characterization of thromboxane and prostanoid receptors in human isolated urinary bladder. British Journal of Pharmacology, 124, 865-872. Pandita, R. K., Mizusawa, H., & Andersson, K. (2000). Intravesical oxyhemoglobin initiates bladder overactivity in conscious, normal rats. The Journal of Urology, 164, 545-550. Parsons, B. A., Drake, M. J., Gammie, A., Fry, C. H., & Vahabi, B. (2012). The validation of a functional, isolated pig bladder model for physiological experimentation. Frontiers in Pharmacology, 3, 1-7. Parsons, C., Zupkas, P., & Kellogg Parsons, J. (2001). Intravesical potassium sensitivity in patients with interstitial cystitis and urethral syndrome. Urology, 57, 428-433. Parsons, C. L., Greenberger, M., Gabal, L., Bidair, M., & Barme, G. (1998). The role of urinary potassium in the pathogenesis and diagnosis of interstitial cystitis. The Journal of Urology, 159, 1862-1867. Parsons, C. L., Mulholland, S. G., & Anwar, H. (1979). Antibacterial activity of bladder surface mucin duplicated by exopgenous glycosaminoglycan (heparin)/. Infection and Immunity, 24, 552-557. 407 Parsons, C. L., Stauffer, C. W., & Schmidt, J. D. (1988). Reversible Inactivation of Bladder Surface Glycosaminoglycan Antibacterial Activity by Protamine Sulfate. Infection and Immunity, 56(5), 1341-1343. Persson, K., Alm, P., Johansson, K., Larsson, B., & Andersson, K. (1993). Nitric oxide synthase in pig lower urinary tract: immunohistochemistry NADPH diaphorase histochemistry and functional effects. British Journal of Pharmacology, 110, 521530. Persson, K., Alm, P., VUvelius, B., & Andersson, K. E. (1998). Nitrergic and cholinergic innervation of the rat lower urinary tract after pelvic ganglionectomy. American Journal of Physiology, 274, 389-397. Persson, K., & Andersson, K. (1992). Nitric oxide and relaxation of pig lower urinary tract. British Journal of Pharmacology, 106, 416-422. Persson, K., Igawa, Y., Mattiasson, A., & Andersson, K. (1992). Effects of inhibition of the L-arginine/nitric oxide pathway in the rat lower urinary tract in vivo and in vitro. British Journal of Pharmacology, 107, 178-184. Persson, K., Poljakovic, M., Johansson, K., & Larsson, B. (1999). Morphological and Biochemical Investigation of Nitric Oxide Synthase and Related Enzymes in the Rat and Pig Urothelium. The Journal of Histochemistry and cytochemistry, 47(6), 739749. Pertwee, R. G., & Fernando, S. R. (1996). Evidence for the presence of cannabinoid CB1 receptors in mouse urinary bladder. British Journal of Pharmacology, 118(8), 20532058. Poljakovic, M., Svensson, M., Svanborg, C., Johansson, K., Larsson, B., & Persson, K. (2001). Escherica coli-induced inducible nitric oxide synthase and cyclooxygenase expression in the mouse bladder and kidney. Kidney International 59, 893-904. Rahnama'i, M. S., van Koeveringe, G. A., Essers, P. B., de Wachter, S. G. G., de Vente, J., van Kerrebroeck, P. E., & Gillespie, J. I. (2010). Prostaglandin Receptor EP1 and EP2 Site in Guinea Pig Bladder Urothelium and Lamina Propria. The Journal of Urology, 183, 1241-1247. Rajasekaran, M., Stein, P. C., & Parsons, C. L. (2006). Toxic factors in human urine that injure urothelium. International Journal of Urology, 13, 409-414. Rastogi, P., Rickard, A., Dorokhov, N., Klumpp, D. J., & McHowat, J. (2008). Loss of prostaglandin E2 release from immortalized urothelial cells obtained from interstitial cystitis patient bladders. American Journal of Physiology: Renal Physiology, 294(5), 1129-1135. Raybould, H. E., Gschossman, J. M., Ennes, H., Lembo, T., & Mayer, E. A. (1999). Involvement of stretch-sensitive calcium flux in mechanical transduction in visceral afferents. Journal of the Autonomic Nervous System, 75(1), 1-6. Rivera, L., & Brading, A. F. (2006). The role of Ca2+ influx and intracellular Ca2+ release in the muscarinic-mediated contraction of mammalian urinary bladder smooth muscle. British Journal Of Urology International, 98, 868-875. Rong, W., Spyer, K., & Burnstock, G. (2002). Activation and sensitisation of low and high threshold afferent fibres mediated by P2X receptors in the mouse urinary bladder. The Journal of Physiology, 541, 591-600. Rong, W., Winchester, W. J., & Grundy, D. (2007). Spontaneous hypersensitivity in mesenteric afferent nerves of mice deficient in the sst2 subtype of somatostatin receptor. Journal of Physiology, 581(2), 779-786. Roosen, A., Chapple, C. R., Dmochowski, R. R., Fowler, C. J., Gratzke, C., Roehrborn, C. G., Stief, C. G., & Andersson, K. (2009). A Refocus on the Bladder as the Originator 408 of Storage Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms: A Systematic Review of the Latest Literature. European Urology, 56, 810-820. Ross, R. A., Craib, S. J., Stevenson, L. A., Pertwee, R. G., Henderson, A., Toole, J., & Ellington, H. C. (2002). Pharmacological Characterization of the Anandamide Cyclooxygenase Metabolite: Prostaglandin E2 Ethanolamide. The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, 301(3), 900-907. Saban, M. R., Backer, J., Backer, M. V., Maier, J., Fowler, B., Davis, C. A., Simpson, C., Wu, X. R., Birder, L. A., Freeman, M. R., Soker, S., Hurst, R. E., & Saban, R. (2008). VEGF receptors and neuropilins are expressed in the urothelial and neuronal cells in normal mouse urinary bladder and are upregulated in inflammation. American journal of physiology, 295, 60-72. Sachs, F. (1991). Mechanical transduction by membrane ion channels: a mini review. Mol. Cell. Biochem., 104, 57-56. Sadananda, P., Drake, M. J., Paton, J. F. R., & Pickering, A. E. (2011). An exploration of the control of micturition using a novel in situ arterially perfused rat preparation. Frontiers in Neuroscience, 5(62). Sadananda, P., Kao, F. C. L., Liu, L., Mansfield, K. J., & Burcher, E. (2012). Acid and stretch, but not capsaicin, are effective stimuli for ATP release in the porcine bladder mucosa: Are ASIC and TRPV1 receptors involved. European Journal of Pharmacology, 683, 252-259. Sadananda, P., Shang, F., Liu, L., Mansfield, K., & Burcher, E. (2009). Release of ATP from rat urinary bladder mucosa: role of acid, vanilloids and stretch. British Journal of Pharmacology, 158, 1655-1662. Saiotoh, C., Kitada, C., Uchida, W., Chancellor, M. B., de Groat, W. C., & Yoshimura, N. (2007). The differential contractile responses to capsaicin and anandamide in muscle strips isolated from the rat urinary bladder. European Journal of Pharmacology, 570, 182-187. Sánchez, G., Ruiz-Llorente, L., & Sánchez, A. M. (2003). Activation of phosphoinositide 3kinase/PKB pathway by CB1 and CB2 cannabinoid receptors expressed in prostate PC-3 cells. Involvement in Raf-1 stimulation and NGF induction. Cellular Signalling, 15(9), 851-859. Santoso, A. G. H., Lo, W. N., & Liang, W. (2011). Urothelium-Dependent and UrotheliumIndependent Detrusor Contractility Mediated by Nitric Oxide Synthase and cyclooxygenase Inhibition. Neurourology and Urodynamics, 30, 619-625. Santoso, A. G. H., Sonarno, I. A. B., Arsad, N. A. B., & Liang, W. (2010). The Role of the Urothelium and ATP in Mediating Detrusor Smooth Muscle Contractility. Urology, 76, 1267.e1267-1267.e1212. Sarikas, S. N., & Chlapowski, F. J. (1986). Effect of ATP inhibitors on the translocation of luminal membrane between cytoplasm and cell surface of transitional epithelial cells during the expansion-contraction cycle of the rat urinary bladder. Cell Tissue Research, 246, 109-117. Sasatomi, K., Hiragata, S., Miyazato, M., Chancellor, M. B., Morris, S. M., & Yoshimura, N. (2008). Nitric Oxide-Mediated Suppression of Detrusor Overactivity by Arginase Inhibitor in Rats with Chronic Spinal Cord Injury. Urology, 72, 696-700. Schneider, T., Fetscher, C., Krege, S., & Michel, M. C. (2004b). Signal Transduction Underlying Carbachol-Induced Contraction of Human Urinary Bladder. JPET, 309, 1148–1153. Schneider, T., Hein, P., & Michel, M. C. (2004). Signal Transduction Underlying CarbacholInduced Contraction of Rat Urinary Bladder. I. Phospholipases and Ca2+ Sources. JPET, 308(1), 47-53. 409 Sengupta, J. N., & Gebhart, G. F. (1994). Mechanosensitive properties of pelvic nerve afferent fibres innervating the urinary bladder of the rat. Journal of Neurophysiology, 72, 2420-2430. Shea, V. K., Cai, R., Crepps, B., Mason, J. L., & Perl, E. R. (2000). Sensory fibers of the pelvic nerve innervating the rat's urinary bladder. The Journal of Neurophysiology, 84, 1924-1933. Sherrington, C. S. (1892). Notes on the arrangement of some motor fibres in the lumbo-sacral plexus. Journal of Physiology, 13, 621-772. Shochina, M., Fellig, Y., Sughayer, M., Pizov, G., Vitner, K., Podeh, D., Hochberg, A., & Ariel, I. (2001). Nitric oxide synthase immunoreactivity in human bladder carcinoma. Jounral of Clinical Pathology: Molecular Pathology, 54, 248-252. Sibley, G. N. A. (1987). The physiological response of the detrusor muscle to experimental bladder outflow obstruction in the pig. British Journal Of Urology International, 60, 332-336. Smet, P. J., Edyvane, K. A., Jonavicius, J., & Marshall, V. R. (1994). Distribution of NADPH-diaphorase positive nerves supplying the human urinary bladder. J. Auton. Nerv. Syst., 47, 109-113. Smet, P. J., Jonavicius, J., Marshall, V. R., & de Vente, J. (1996). Distribution of nitric oxide synthase-immunoreactive nerves and identification of the cellular targets of nitric oxide in guinea-pig and human urinary bladder by cGMP immunohistochemistry. Neuroscience 71(2), 337-348. Smet, P. J., Moore, K. H., & Jonavicius, J. (1997). Distribution and colocalization of calcitonin gene-related peptide, tachykinins, and vasoactive intestinal peptide in normal and idiopathic unstable human urinary bladder. Lab Invest., 77(1), 37-49. Smith, C. P., Vemulakonda, V. M., Kiss, S., Boone, T. B., & Somogyi, G. T. (2005). Enhanced ATP release from rat bladder urothelium during chronic bladder inflammation: Effect of botulinum toxin A. Neurochemistry International, 47, 291297. Soler, R., Bruschini, H., Martins, J. R., Dreyfuss, J. L., Camara, N. O., Alves, M. T., Leite, K. R., Truzzi, J. C., Nader, H. B., Srougi, M., & Ortiz, V. (2008). Urinary Glycosaminoglycans as Biomarker for Urothelial Injury: Is it possible to Discriminate Damage From Recovery? Urology, 72, 937-942. Somogyi, G. T., & de Groat, W. C. (1992). Evidence for inhibitory nicotinic and facilitatory muscarinic receptors in cholinergic nerve terminals of the rat urinary bladder. J. Auton. Nerv. Syst., 37, 89-97. Somogyi, G. T., & de Groat, W. C. (1999). Function, signal transduction mechanisms and plasticity of presynaptic muscarinic receptors in the urinary bladder. Life Sciences, 64, 411-418. Somogyi, G. T., Zernova, G. V., Tanowitz, M., & de Groat, W. C. (1997). Role of L- and Ntype Ca2+ channels in muscarinic receptor-mediated facilitation of ACh and noradrenaline release in the rat urinary bladder. Journal of Physiology, 499.3, 645654. Spector, D. A., Deng, J., & Stewart, K. J. (2011). Hydration status affects urea transport across rat urothelia. American Journal of Physiology - Renal Physiology, 301, 12081217. Starkman, J. S., Martinez-Ferrer, M., Iturregui, J. M., Uwamariya, C., Dmochowski, R. R., & Bhowmick, N. A. (2008). Nicotinic Signaling Ameliorates Acute Bladder Inflammation Induced by Protamine Sulfate or Cyclophosphamide. The Journal of Urology, 179, 2440-2446. 410 Stehle, J. H., Rivkees, S. A., Lee, J. J., Weaver, D. R., Deeds, J. D., & Reppert, S. M. (1992). Molecular cloning and expression of the cDNA for a novel A2-adenosine receptor subtype. Molecular Endocrinology, 6(3), 384-393. Stein, P. C., Pham, H., Ito, T., & Parsons, C. L. (1996). Bladder injury model induced in rats by exposure to protamine sulfate followed by bacterial endotoxin. The Journal of Urology, 155, 1133-1138. Stewart, W. F., Van Rooyen, J. B., Cundiff, G. W., Abrams, P., Herzog, A. R., Corey, R., Hunt, T. L., & Wein, A. J. (2003). Prevalence and burden of of overactive bladder in the united states. World Journal of Urology, 20, 327-336. Su, H., Wharton, J., Polak, J., Mulderry, P., Ghatei, M., Gibson, S., Terenghi, G., Morrison, J. F., Ballesta, J., & Bloom, S. R. (1986). Calcitonin gene-related peptide immunoreactivity in afferent neurons supplying the urinary tract:combined retrograde tracing and immunohistochemistry., 18, 727–747. Su, X., Lashinger, E. S. R., Leon, L. A., Hoffman, B. E., Hieble, J. P., Gardner, S. D., Fries, H. E., Edwards, R. M., Li, J., & Laping, N. J. (2008). An excitatory role for peripheral EP3 receptors in bladder afferent function. American Journal of Physiology: Renal Physiology, 295, 585-594. Su, X., Leon, L. A., Wu, C. W., Morrow, D. M., Jaworski, J., Hieble, J. P., Lashinger, E. S. R., Jin, J., Edwards, R. M., & Laping, N. J. (2008). Modulation of bladder function by prostaglandin EP3 receptors in the central nervous system. American Journal of Physiology: Renal Physiology, 295, 984-994. Su, X., Sengupta, J. N., & Gebhart, G. F. (1997). Effects of opioids on mechanosensitive pelvic nerve afferent nerve fibers innervating the urinary bladder of the rat. The Journal of Neurophysiology, 77, 1566-1580. Sugasi, S., Lesbros, Y., Bisson, I., Zhang, Y. Y., Kucera, P., & Frey, P. (2000). In vitro engineering of human stratified urothelium: analysis of its morphology and function. The Journal of Urology, 164, 951-957. Sugaya, K., & de Groat, W. C. (2000). Influence of temperature on activity of the isolated whole bladder preparation of neonatal and adult rats. American Journal of Physiology, 278, 238-246. Sui, G., Fry, C. H., Malone-Lee, J., & Wu, C. (2009). Aberrant Ca2+ oscillations in smooth muscle cells from overactive human bladders. Cell Calcium, 45, 456-464. Sui, G., Wu, C., & Fry, C. H. (2001). Inward calcium currents in cultured and freshly isolated detrusor muscle cells: Evidence of a T-type calcium current. Journal of Urology, 165, 621-626. Sui, G. P., Rothery, S., Dupont, E., Fry, C. H., & Severs, N. J. (2002). Gap junctions and connexin expression in human suburothelial interstitial cells. British Journal Of Urology International, 90, 118-129. Sui, G. P., Wu, C., & Fry, C. H. (2003). A description of Ca2+ channels in human detrusor smooth muscle. British Journal Of Urology International, 92, 476–482. Sui, G. P., Wu, C., & Fry, C. H. (2004). Electrical characteristics of suburothelial cells isolated from the human bladder. Journal of Urology, 171, 938-943. Sun, B., Li, G., Dong, L., & Rong, W. (2010). Ion channel and receptor mechanisms of bladder afferent nerve sensitivity. Autonomic Neuroscience: Basic and Clinical, 153, 26-32. Sun, Y., & Chai, T. C. (2006). Augmented extracellular ATP signaling in bladder urothelial cells from patients with interstitial cystitis. American Journal of Physiology - Cell Physiology, 290, 27-34. 411 Sun, Y., Keay, S., DeDeyne, P., & Chai, T. C. (2001). Augmented stretch activated adenosine triphosphate release from bladder uroepithelial cells in patients with interstitial cystitis. Journal of Urology, 166, 1951-1956. Sutherland, R. S., Kopgan, B. A., Piechota, H. J., & Bredt, D. S. (1997). Vesicourethral function in mice with genetic disruption of neuronal nitric oxide synthase. The Journal of Urology, 157, 1109-1116. Suzuki, M., Muraki, K., Imaizumi, Y., & Watanabe, M. (1992). Cyclopiazonic acid, an inhibitor of the sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+-pump, reduces Ca2+-dependent K+ currents in guinea-pig smooth muscle cells. British Journal of Pharmacology, 107, 134-140. Talaat, M. (1937). Afferent impulses in the nerves supplying the urinary bladder. Journal of Physiology, 89(1), 1-13. Templeman, L., Chapple, C. R., & Chess-Williams, R. (2002). Urothelium derived inhibitory factor and cross-talk among receptors in the trigone of the bladder of the pig. The Journal of Urology, 167, 742-745. Theobald, R. J. (1995). Purinergic and cholinergic components of bladder contactility and flow. Life Sciences, 56, 445–454. Tinel, H., Stelte-Ludwig, B., Hutter, J., & Sandner, P. (2006). Pre-clinical evidence for the use of phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitops for treating benign prostatic hyperplasia and lower urinary tract symptoms. British Journal Of Urology International, 98, 12591263. Tiwari, A., & Naruganahalli, K. S. (2006). Current and emerging investigational medical therapies for the treatment of overactive bladder. Expert Opin Investig Drugs, 15, 1017–1037. Tobin, G., & Sjogren, C. (1998). Prejunctional facilitatory and inhibitory modulation of parasympathetic nerve transmission in the rabbit urinary bladder. J. Auton. Nerv. Syst., 68, 153-156. Toft, B. R., & Nordling, J. (2006). Recent developments of intravesical therapy of painful bladder syndrome/interstitial cystitis: a review. Current Opin Urol, 16, 268-272. Torres, G. E., Egan, T. M., & Voigt, M. M. (1999). Hetero-oligomeric Assembly of P2X Receptor Subunits. The Journal of Biological Chemistry, 274(10), 6653-6659. Truschel, S. T., Wang, E., Ruiz, W. G., Leung, S., Rojas, R., Lavelle, J., Zeidel, M., Stoffer, D., & Apodaca, G. (2002). Stretch-regulated Exocytosis/Endocytosis in Bladder Umbrella Cells. Mol Biol Cell., 13(3), 830-846. Turner, W. H., & Brading, A. F. (1997). Smooth Muscle of the Bladder in the Normal and the Diseased State: Pathophysiology, Diagnosis and Treatment. Pharmacology and Therapeutics, 75(2), 77-110. Tyagi, S., Tyagi, P., Van-Le, S., Yoshimura, N., Chancellor, M. B., & de Miguel, F. (2006). Qualitative and quantitative expression profile of muscarinic receptors in human urothelium and detrusor. The Journal of Urology, 176, 1673-1678. Tyagi, V., Philips, B. J., Su, R., Smaldone, M. C., Erickson, V. L., Chancellor, M. B., Yoshimura, N., & Tyagi, P. (2009). Differential Expression of Functional Cannabinoid Receptors in Human Bladder Detrusor and Urothelium. The Journal of Urology, 181, 1932-1938. Tzan, C. J., Berg, J., & Lewis, S. A. (1993). Effect of Protamine Sulfate on the Permeability Properties of the Mammalian Urinary Bladder. Journal of Membrane Biology, 133, 227-242. Undem, B. J., Oh, E. J., Lancaster, E., & Weinreich, D. (2003). Effect of extracellular calcium on excitability of guinea pig airway vagal afferent nerves. Journal of Neurophysiology, 89, 1196-1204. 412 Usune, S., Katsuragi, T., & Furukawa, T. (1996). Effects of PPADS and suramin on contractions and cytoplasmic Ca2+ changes evoked by AP4A, ATP and a,b-methylene ATP in guinea-pig urinary bladder. British Journal of Pharmacology, 117, 698-702. Vial, C., & Evans, R. J. (2000). P2X receptor expression in mouse urinary bladder and the requirement of P2X1 receptors for functional P2X receptor responses in the mouse urinary bladder smooth muscle. British Journal of Pharmacology, 131, 1489-1495. Visser, A. J., & Mastrigt, R. (2000). The role of intracellular and extracellular calcium in mechanical and intracellular electrical activity of human urinary bladder smooth muscle. Urological Research, 28, 260-268. Vizzard, M. A., Erdman, S. L., & de Groat, W. C. (1993). Localisation of NADPH diaphorase in bladder afferent and postganglionic efferent neurons of the rat. J. Autonon. Nerv. Syst., 44, 85-90. Vizzard, M. A., Erdman, S. L., & de Groat, W. C. (1996). Increased expression of neuronal nitric oxide synthase in bladder afferent pathways following chronic bladder irritation. Journal of Comparative Neurology, 370, 191-202. Vizzard, M. A., Erdman, S. L., Fostermann, U., & de Groat, W. C. (1994). Differential distribution of nitric oxide synthase in neural pathways to the urogenital organs (urethra, penis, urinary bladder) of the rat. Brain Research, 646, 279-291. Vlaskovska, M., Kasakov, L., Rong, W., Bodin, P., Bardini, M., Cockayne, D. A., Ford, A. P. D. W., & Burnstock, G. (2001). P2X3 knock-out mice reveal a major sensory role for urothelially released ATP. The Journal of Neuroscience, 21(15), 5670-5677. Vulker, R. (1998). International Group Seeks to Dispel Incontinence “Taboo”. JAMA,, 11, 951-953. Walczak, J. S., Price, T. J., & Cervero, F. (2009). Cannabinoid CB1 receptors are expressed in the mouse urinary bladder and their activation modulates afferent bladder activity. Neuroscience, 159, 1154-1163. Wang, P., Luthin, G. R., & Ruggieri, M. R. (1995). Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor subtypes mediating urinary bladder contractility and coupling to GTP binding proteins. Journal of Pharmacology Exp. Ther., 273, 959-966. Warren, J. W., Meyer, W. A., Greenberg, P., Horne, L., Diggs, C., & Tracy, K. (2006). Using the International Continence Society’s Definition of Painful Bladder Syndrome. Urology, 67(6), 1138-1143. Webb, R. C. (2003). Smooth muscle contraction and relaxation. Advances in Physiology Education, 27, 201-206. Wegener, J. W., Schulla, V., Lee, T. S., Koller, A., Feil, S., Feil, R., Kleppisch, T., Klugbauer, N., Moosmang, S., Welling, A., & Hofmann, F. (2004). An essential role of Cav1.2 L-type calcium channel for urinary bladder function. FASEB Journal, 18(10), 1159-1161. Wein, A. J., & Rovner, E. S. (2002). Definition and epidemiology of overactive bladder. Urology, 60(5), 7-12. Werkstrom, V., & Andersson, K. (2005). ATP- and adenosine-induced relaxation of the smooth muscle of the pig urethra. British Journal Of Urology International, 96, 13861391. Westfall, D. P., Kennedy, C., & Sneddon, P. (1997). The ecto-ATPase inhibitor ARL 67156 enhances parasympathetic neurotransmission in the guinea-pig urinary bladder. European Journal of Pharmacology, 329, 169-173. Westfall, T. D., Sarkar, S., Westfall, D. P., Sneddon, P., & Kennedy, C. (2000). Characterization of the ATPase released during sympathetic nerve stimulation of the guinea-pig isolated vas-deferens. British Journal of Pharmacology, 129, 1684-1688. 413 Wibberley, A. (2005). Overactive Bladder: Targeting prostaglandins in sensory pathways. Drug Discovery Today:Therapeutic Strategies, 2(1), 7-13. Wiseman, O. J., Brady, C. M., Hussain, I. F., DasGupta, P., Watt, H., & Fowler, C. J. (2002). The ultrastructure of bladder lamina propria nerves in healthy subjects and patients with detrusor hyperreflexia. Journal of Urology, 2040-2045. Wolf, H., Haeckel, C., & Roessner, A. (2000). Inducible nitric oxide synthase expression in human urinary bladder cancer. Virchows Archive: The European Journal of Pathology, 437, 662-666. Wray, S., & Burdyga, T. (2010). Sarcoplasmic Reticulum Function in Smooth Muscle. American Journal of Physiology, 90, 113-178. Wu, C., Bayliss, M., Newgreen, D., Mundy, A. R., & Fry, C. H. (1999). A comparison of the mode of action of ATP and carbachol on isolated human detrusor smooth muscle. The Journal of Urology, 162, 1840-1847. Wu, C., Gui, G. P., & Fry, C. H. (2011). Intracellular Ca2+ regulation and electrophysiological properties of bladder urothelium subjected to stretch and exogenous agonists. Cell Calcium, 49, 395-399. Wu, C., Sui, G., & Fry, C. H. (2002). The role of the L-type Ca2+ channel in refilling functional intracellular Ca2+ stores in guinea-pig detrusor smooth muscle. Journal of Physiology, 538(2), 357-369. Wu, G., & Morris, S. M. (1998). Arginine metabolism: nitric oxide and beyond. Biochemical Journal, 336, 1-17. Wuest, M., Hiller, N., Braeter, M., Hakenberg, O. W., Wirth, M. P., & Ravens, U. (2007). Contribution of Ca2+ influx to carbachol-induced detrusor contraction is different in human urinary bladder compared to pig and mouse. European Journal of Pharmacology, 565, 180-189. Wyndaele, J., Gammie, A., Bruschini, H., de Wachter, S., Fry, C. H., Jabr, R. I., KirschnerHermanns, R., & Madersbacher, H. (2011). Bladder Compliance What Does it Represent: Can We Measure it, and is it Clinically Relevant? . Neurourology and Urodynamics, 30, 714-722. Wyndaele, J. J. (2001). The overactive bladder. British Journal Of Urology International, 88, 135-140. Xu, L., & Gebhart, G. F. (2008). Characterization of Mouse Lumbar Splanchnic and Pelvic Nerve Urinary Bladder Mechanosensory Afferents. Journal of Neurophysiology, 99(1), 244-253. Yanai, Y., Hashitani, H., Kubota, Y., Sasaki, S., Kohri, K., & Suzuki, H., 2006. . (2006). The role of Ni2+-sensitive T-type Ca2+ channels in the regulation of spontaneous excitation in detrusor smooth muscles of the guinea-pig bladder. . British Journal Of Urology International, 97, 182-189. Yegutkin, G. G., & Burnstock, G. (2000). Inhibitory effects of some purinergic agents on ecto-ATPase activity and pattern of stepwise ATP hydrolysis in rat liver plasma membranes. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta., 1466, 234-244. Yokoyama, M., Nagano, K., Kjawaguchi, K., & Hisazumi, H. (1991). The response of the detrusor muscle to acetylcholine in patients with intravesical obstruction. . Urological Research, 19, 117-121. Yoshida, M., Inadome, A., Maeeda, Y., Satoji, Y., Masunaga, K., Sugiyama, Y., & Murakami, S. (2006). Non-neuronal cholinergic system in human bladder urothelium. Urology, 67, 425-430. Yoshida, M., Masunaga, K., Satoji, Y., Maeda, Y., & Nagata, T. (2008). Basic and Clinical Aspects of Non-neuronal Acetylcholine: Expression of Non-neuronal Acetylcholine 414 in Urothelium and Its Clinical Significance. Journal of Pharmacological Sciences, 106, 193-198. Yoshida, M., Miyamae, K., Iwashita, H., Otani, M., & Inadome, A. (2004). Management of detrusor dysfunction in the elderly: changes in acetylcholine and adenosine triphosphate release during aging. Urology, 63, 17-23. Yoshikawa, A., Breemen, C. V., & Isenberg, G. (1996). Buffering of plasmalemmal Ca2+ current by sarcoplasmic reticulum of guinea pig urinary bladder myocytes. American Journal of Physiology, 271, 833-841. Yoshimura, N., & de Groat, W. C. (1997). Neural Control of the Lower Urinary Tract. International Journal of Urology, 4, 111-125. Yoshimura, N., Mizuta, E., Kuno, S., Sasa, M., & Yoshida, O. (1993). The dopamine D, receptor agonist SKF 38393 suppresses detrusor hyperreflexia in the monkey with parkinsonism Neuropharmacology, 32(4), 315-321. Yoshimura, N., Seki, S., & de Groat, W. C. (2001). Nitric Oxide Modulates Ca2+ Channels in Dorsal Root Ganglion Neurons Innervating Rat Urinary Bladder. Journal of Neurophysiology, 86, 304-311. Yoshimura, Y., & Yamaguchi, O. (1997). Calcium Independent Contraction of Bladder Smooth Muscle. International Journal of Urology, 4, 62-67. Young, J. S., Matharu, R., Carew, M. A., & Fry, C. H. (2012). Inhibition of stretching-evoked ATP release from bladder mucosa by anticholinergic agents. British Journal Of Urology International. Young, J. S., Meng, E., Cunnane, T. C., & Brain, K. L. (2008). Spontaneous purinergic transmission in the mouse urinary bladder. The Journal of Physiology, 586(23), 57435755. Yu, W., Robson, S. C., & Hill, W. G. (2011). Expression and Distribution of Ectonucleotidases in Mouse Urinary Bladder. PLoS ONE, 6(4). Yu, W., Zacharia, L. C., Jackson, E. K., & Apodaca, G. (2006). Adenosine receptor expression and function in bladder uroepithelium. 291, 291, 254-265. Yu, Y., & de Groat, W. C. (2010). Effects of stimulation of muscarinic receptors on bladder afferent nerves in the in vitro bladder-pelvic afferent nerve preparation of the rat. Brain Research, 1361, 43-53. Zagorodnyuk, V. P., Brookes, S. J. H., & Spencer, N. J. (2010). Structure-function relationship of sensory endings in the gut and bladder. Autonomic Neuroscience: Basic and Clinical, 153, 3-11. Zagorodnyuk, V. P., Brookes, S. J. H., Spencer, N. J., & Gregory, S. (2009). Mechanotransduction and chemosensitivity of two major classes of bladder afferents with endings in the vicinity to the urothelium. The Journal of Physiology, 587, 35233538. Zagorodnyuk, V. P., Costa, M., & Brookes, S. J. H. (2006). Major classes of sensory neurons to the urinary bladder. Autonomic neuroscience, 126, 390-397. Zagorodnyuk, V. P., Gibbins, I. L., Costa, M., Brookes, S. J. H., & Gregory, S. (2007). Properties of the major classes of mechanoreceptors in the guinea pig bladder. Journal of Physiology, 585, 147-163. Zagorodnyuk, V. P., Gregory, S., Costa, M., Brookes, S. J. H., Tramontana, M., Giuliani, S., & Maggi, C. A. (2009). Spontaneous release of acetylcholine from autonomic nerves in the bladder. British Journal of Pharmacology, 157, 607-619. Zagorodnyuk, V. P., Lynn, P., Costa, M., & Brookes, S. J. H. (2005). Mechanisms of mechanotransduction by specialized low-threshold mechanoreceptors in the guinea pig rectum. American Journal of Physiology, 289(3), 397-406. 415 Zarghooni, S., Wunsch, J., Bodenbenner, M., Bruggmann, D., Grando, S. A., Schwantes, U., Wess, J., Kummer, W., & Lips, K. S. (2007). Expression of muscarinic and nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in the mouse urothelium. Life Sciences, 80, 2308-2313. Zeidel, M. L. (1996). Low permeabilities of apical membranes of barrier epithelia: what makes watertight membranes watertight? American Journal of Physiology, 271, 243245. Zeybek, A., Saglam, B., Cikler, E., Cetinel, S., Ercan, F., & Sener, G. (2006). Protective effects of taurine on protamine sulfate induced bladder damage. World Journal of Urology, 24, 438-444. Zhou, Y., & Ling, E. (1998). Colocalization of Nitric Oxide Synthase and Some Neurotransmitters in the Intramural Ganglia of the Guinea Pig Urinary Bladder. The Journal of Comparative Neurology, 394, 496-505. Ziganshin A.U., Ziganshina L. E., Hoyle C. H. V., & G., B. (1995). Effects of divalent cations and La3+ on contractility and ecto-ATPase activity in the guinea-pig urinary bladder. British Journal of Pharmacology, 114, 632-639. Ziganshin, A. U., Hoyle, C. H. V., Ziganshina, L. E., & Burnstock, G. (1994). Effects of cyclopiazonic acid on contractility and ecto-ATPase activity in guinea-pig urinary bladder and vas deferens. British Journal of Pharmacology, 113, 669-674. Zimmermann, H. (2000). Extracellular metabolism of ATP and other nucleotidases. NaunynSchmiedeberg's Arch. Pharmacol., 362, 299-309. Zocher, F., Zeidel, M. L., Missner, A., Sun, T., Zhou, G., Liao, Y., von Bodungen, M., Hill, W. G., Meyers, S., Pohl, P., & Mathai, J. C. (2012). Uroplakins Do Not Restrict CO2 Transport through Urothelium. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 287, 11011-11017. Zvara, P., Folsom, J. B., Kliment, J., Dattilio, A. L., Moravcikova, A., Plante, M. K., & Vizzard, M. A. (2004). Increased expression of neuronal nitric oxide synthase in bladder afferent cells in the lumbosacral dorsal root ganglia after chronic bladder outflow obstruction. Brain Research, 1002(35-42). 416