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KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA SANGATHAN
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1.TEACHER ORIENTATION
A. TOPIC: DRAINAGE SYSTEM
B.CONCEPTS
1.Drainage system and related terms
2.Drainage pattern
3. Classification of drainage system in India
4.The Himalayan Drainage
5.The Peninsular drainage
6.River regime
CONCEPT1 .DRAINAGE SYSTEM AND RELATED TERMS
a) -- Drainage system-The flow of water through well-defined channels is called as drainage and
the network of such channels is called as drainage system.
b) CATCHMENT AREA-The specific area from where a river collects the water
c) DRAINAGE BASIN-An area drained by a river and its tributaries
d) WATERSHED-The boundary line separating basin from the other
CONCEPT 2 . Drainage pattern
Drainage pattern refers to the layout of the drainage system (rivers, streams)of an area /
region. Some important drainage patterns areSub-concept : 2.1 Dendritic pattern –when the drainage pattern ressembles the branches of
trees.Such patterns are found in the northern plains
Sub-concept:2.2 Radial pattern-when the rivers originate from a hill and flow in all the directions
,the drainage pattern being formed is known as radial pattern
Sub-concept:2.3 Trellis pattern-when the primary tributaries of rivers flow parallel to each other
and the secondary tributaries join them at right angles ,the pattern is called as trellis.
Sub-concept:2.4 Centripetal pattern-when the rivers discharge their waters from all the directions in
a lake or depression,the pattern is called as centripetal.
CONCEPT.3 CLASSIFICATION OF INDIAN DRAINAGE SYSTEM
It can be divided on various basis –
A.ON THE BASIS OF DISCHARGE OF WATER(Orientations to the sea)
1.The Arabian sea drainage
2.The Bay of Bengal drainage
B.ON THE BASIS OF THE SIZE
1.Major river basins with more than 20000 sq.km catchment area
2. Medium river basins with 2000-20000 sq. km catchment area
3.Minor river basins with less than 2000 sq.km catchment area
C. ON THE BASIS OF MODE OF ORIGIN,NATURE AND CHARACTERISTICS
1.Himalayan drainage system
2.Peninsular drainage system
Although several classification of indian drainage is given but the most acceptable and
comprehensive classification is the last one .Hence it is discussed in detailCONCEPT 4 THE HIMALAYAN DRAINAGE SYSTEM
The Himalayan drainage system has evolved through a long geological history.
SUB-CONCEPT 4.1:FEATURES OF THE HIMALAYAN DRAINAGE
1.It includes the Ganga,the Indus and the Brahmputra river basins
2.These are perennial rivers since they get water from both rainfall as well as snow melting
3.Landforms associated with Himalayan rivers are-gorges,v-shaped valleys,rapids,waterfalls in the
mountainous region and flat valleys,ox-bow lakes,flood plains deltas in the plain
SUB-CONCEPT 4.2 EVOLUTION OF THE HIMALAYAN DRAINAGE
There are difference of opinion regarding their origin.Geologists believe that there was a syncline
earlier where Himalayas exist today and called as shiwalik or Indo-Brahm. This syncline gradually
filled with sediments brought by the rivers from the edges which succumbed under pressure and
ultimately led to the formation of the Himalayas.It is also opined that this Indo-Brahm syncline or
river dismembered into three main drainage systems namely-Indus,Ganga and the Brahmputra.
SUB-CONCEPT 4.3 MAJOR RIVERS OF THE HIMALAYAN DRAINAGE
1.THE INDUS SYSTEM (Features)
a)Major river basins of the world covering an area of 11,65000 sq.km (In India-321,289sq.km)
b)It is also known as Sindhu river
c) In Tibet river Indus is known by Singi Khamban (Lion’s mouth)
d)Major tributaries Jhelum,Chenab,Ravi,BEAS,and Satluj.
d)Other tributaries-Shyok,Gilgit,Zaskar,Hunza,Nubra,Dras,Khurram,Tochi,Gomal,Sangar etc.
e) Finally it discharges into the Arabian sea,east of Karachi.
2. THE GANGA SYSTEM (Features)
a)It is a significant river from the point of view of its large basin and cultural influence
b)It rises from the Gaumukh (3900 m)glacier in Uttranchal
c)It cuts through the central and the lesser Himalayas in narrow gorges.
d) At Devprayag,the Bhagirathi meets the Alaknanda and hereafter known as river Ganga.
e)It has a total length of 2525 km,flowing through the states of Uttranchal,U.P,Bihar and W.B.
f)Imp. Tributeries of river Ganga areRamganga,Gomti,Ghaghra,Gandak,Kosi,Mahananda,Yamuna,Son,Senger and Varuna.
g)In W.B the river bifurcates into-Bhagirathi and Hughli,finally discharging intoBay of Bengal sea.
3. THE BRAHMPUTRA SYSTEM (Features)
a)It originates in Chemayungdung glacier near Mansarover lake in Tibet
b)It is known as river Tsangpo in Tibet
c)Flows for about 750 km in India after taking a southward turn at Namcha Barwa
d)Its imp. Tributaries are-Rangpo Tsangpo,Dibang,Lohit,Burhi
Dihing,Dhansiri,Kalang,Subansiri,Kameng,Manas,Sankosh etc.
e)At Sadiya it enters Assam and thereafter it isa known as river Brahmputra
f)It finally enters Bangladesh and merges in the Bay of Bengal sea.
CONCEPT 5 THE PENINSULAR DRAINAGE SYSTEM
The peninsular drainage system is older than the Himalayan drainage
SUB-CONCEPT 5.1:FEATURES OF THE PENINSULAR DRAINAGE SYSTEM
1.The western Ghats as the water divide between the east flowing and the west flowing rivers of
peninsular India
2. River Narmada and river Tapi flows westwards and merges in the Arabian sea
3.River Mahanadi,Godavari,Krishna,and Kaveri and their tributaries flows eastwards merging in the
Bay of Bengal sea
4. River Chambal,Ken,Betwa,Son flow northwards and merges in river Yamuna and Ganga
SUB-CONCEPT 5.2:EVOLUTION OF PENINSULAR DRAINAGE
Three major geological events in the distant past have shaped the present drainage pattern of
peninsular India.These area)subsidence of the western flank of the peninsula
b)upheaval of the Himalayas
c)slight tilt in south east direction
SUB-CONCEPT 5.3 MAJOR RIVERS OF PENINSULAR INDIA
1.THE MAHANADI SYSTEM-RISES NEAR Sihawa in Raipur district of Chhatisgarh.It flows for 851 km
2.THE GODAVERI SYSTEM-Rises in Nasik district of Maharashtra.It is the longest of south India.It
flows for 1465 km.Its main branches are-Penganga,Indravati,Pranhita,Manjra
3.THE KRISHNA SYSTEM-Rises near Mahabaleshwar in Sahyadri hills.Its total length is 1401 km.Its
tributaries are Koyana,Tungbhadra,and Bhima
4.THE KAVERI SYSTEM-Rises in Brahmagiri hills of Kodagu dist in Karnataka.It flows for about 800 km.
Its important tributaries are Kabini,Bhavani and Amravati
5.THE NARMADA SYSTEM –Originates in Amarkantak plateau.It flows in a rift valley for a distance of
1312 km.T he Sardar sarovar project is constructed on this river.
6.THE TAPI RIVER SYSTEM-Originates in Multai in the Betul dist . of M P.It flows for a distance of 724
km
CONCEPT.6 RIVER REGIMES
The pattern of flow of water in a river channel over a year is known as its regime .The river regimes
of both the Himalayan/north and the peninsular /south Indian rivers varies considerably.the north
Indian rivers are fed by both rainfall as well as snow melting whereas South Indian rives get water
from rainfall only.
STUDENT ORIENTATION
CLASS:XI
SUBJECT:GEOGRAPHY
TOPIC:DRAINGE
NO.OF PERIODS REQUIRED:
DATE OF BEGINNING OF CHAPTER:
A1.CONCEPTS
1.Drainage system and related terms
2.Drainage pattern
3. Classification of drainage system in India
4.The Himalayan Drainage
5.The Peninsular drainage
6.River regime
A 2.BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE CONCEPTS
CONCEPT1 .DRAINAGE SYSTEM AND RELATED TERMS
The drainage of an area is the outcome of the geological time period,nature and structure of
rocks,topography,slope,amount of water flow etc In simple words drainage is a flow of river in an
area.
SUB CONCEPT 1(a)-- Drainage system-The flow of water through well-defined channels is called as
drainage and the network of such channels is called as drainage system.
Fig;drainage basin map of India
SUB-CONCEPT 1(b)CATCHMENT AREA-The specific area from where a river collects the water
Fig: catchment area of river Ganga
SUB-CONCEPT 1.(c)DRAINAGE BASIN-An area drained by a river and its tributaries
Fig:basin area and catchment area of river Brahmputra
SUB-CONCEPT 1.(d)WATERSHED-The boundary line separating one river basin from the other
EVALUATION TOOLS
1. INFORMAL
i)Name any two rivers flowing in your (local) area/region.
ii)which city or town is located on that particular river?
iii)Have you ever been to a river bank?If so what landscape you see over there?
2. FORMAL
i)Identify any five rivers from the above given map of India and name them
ii)mention two branches of river Ganga,Brahmputra,Indus and river Kaveri
iii)Mention one river flowing towards west in the peninsular India.
HOME WORK
Q1.Define the words-drainagesystem,drainage basin,catchment and watershed.
Q2.compare the drainage basin of river Ganga and the river Brahmputra.
Q3.Why do the Himalayan rivers are called as perennial rivers?
ASSIGNMENT
LOW LEVEL-Mention the place of origin of river Indus,river Brahmputra and river Ganga.
AVERAGE LEVEL-Which landform feature acts as the watershed of east flowing and west flowing
rivers of south India?
HIGH LEVEL-Write any five points of difference between Himalayan and peninsular rivers?
PROJECT WORK
Locate five major rivers of India along with their two tributaries each on a outline map of India
.
CONCEPT 2 . Drainage pattern
Drainage pattern refers to the layout of the drainage system (rivers, streams)of an area /
region. Some important drainage patterns areSub-concept : 2.1 Dendritic pattern –when the drainage pattern ressembles the branches of
trees.Such patterns are found in the northern plains
Sub-concept:2.2 Radial pattern-when the rivers originate from a hill and flow in all the directions
,the drainage pattern being formed is known as radial pattern
Sub-concept:2.3 Trellis pattern-when the primary tributaries of rivers flow parallel to each other
and the secondary tributaries join them at right angles ,the pattern is called as trellis.
Sub-concept:2.4 Centripetal pattern-when the rivers discharge their waters from all the directions in
a lake or depression,the pattern is called as centripetal.
FIGURE :Examples of some drainage patterns
EVALUATION TOOLS
INFORMAL
1 What is shown in the above figure?
2.What is the name of the pattern shown in the third figure?
3.Look at the map of indian rivers above and write which river is having is having dendritic pattern?
FORMAL
1.Give one example each of these pattern dendritic,rectangular,and radial pattern.
2.write any two differences betweendendritic and trellised pattern.
3.what factors are responsible for the variation of drainage patterns?
HOME WORK
1.What do you mean by drainage pattern?
2.compare the drainage pattern of river Indus and river Brahmputra
3.Why do most of the rivers in South India flow towards eastern coastal plain?
ASSIGNMENT
LOW LEVEL-Give one example of a river having a radial pattern of drainage.
AVERAGE LEVEL-Why most of the Himalayan rivers are having dendritic or trellis pattern of
drainage?
HIGH LEVEL-Differentiate between rectangular and parallel pattern of drainage.
PROJECT
Take any five major rivers of India and draw a sketch of their drainage pattern
CONCEPT.3 CLASSIFICATION OF INDIAN DRAINAGE SYSTEM
It can be divided on various basis –
A.ON THE BASIS OF DISCHARGE OF WATER(Orientations to the sea)
1.The Arabian sea drainage
2.The Bay of Bengal drainage
B.ON THE BASIS OF THE SIZE
1.Major river basins with more than 20000 sq.km catchment area
2. Medium river basins with 2000-20000 sq. km catchment area
3.Minor river basins with less than 2000 sq.km catchment area
C. ON THE BASIS OF MODE OF ORIGIN,NATURE AND CHARACTERISTICS
1.Himalayan drainage system
2.Peninsular drainage system
Fig:drainage and river basins of India
EVALUATION TOOLS
INFORMAL
1.Name one river basin from eastern part of India.
2.Mention the three main basis on which Indian rivers are classified.
3.What is the min.catchment area for a river to be called a major river?
FORMAL
1.Mention the two groups in which the rivers of India are grouped on the basis of origin,nature and
characteristics
2.Write the origin and length of river Narmada and river Tapi.
3.Why Ganga river basin is having large catchment area?
HOME WORK
1.Mention the two groups of rivers which are divided by the western ghats as a watershed?
2.Why are river Narmada and river Tapi called as rift valleys?
3.Differentiate between estuaries and delta?
ASSIGNMENT
LOW LEVEL-What is the term used for the place where two or more rivers meet?
AVERAGE LEVEL-Why rivers in Punjab are known as panjnad?
HIGH LEVEL-How deltas are considered to be very fertile?
CONCEPT 4 THE HIMALAYAN DRAINAGE SYSTEM
The Himalayan drainage system has evolved through a long geological history.
SUB-CONCEPT 4.1:FEATURES OF THE HIMALAYAN DRAINAGE
1.It includes the Ganga,the Indus and the Brahmputra river basins
2.These are perennial rivers since they get water from both rainfall as well as snow melting
3.Landforms associated with Himalayan rivers are-gorges,v-shaped valleys,rapids,waterfalls in the
mountainous region and flat valleys,ox-bow lakes,flood plains deltas in the plain
SUB-CONCEPT 4.2 EVOLUTION OF THE HIMALAYAN DRAINAGE
There are difference of opinion regarding their origin.Geologists believe that there was a syncline
earlier where Himalayas exist today and called as shiwalik or Indo-Brahm. This syncline gradually
filled with sediments brought by the rivers from the edges which succumbed under pressure and
ultimately led to the formation of the Himalayas.It is also opined that this Indo-Brahm syncline or
river dismembered into three main drainage systems namely-Indus,Ganga and the Brahmputra.
SUB-CONCEPT 4.3 MAJOR RIVERS OF THE HIMALAYAN DRAINAGE
1.THE INDUS SYSTEM (Features)
a)Major river basins of the world covering an area of 11,65000 sq.km (In India-321,289sq.km)
b)It is also known as Sindhu river
c) In Tibet river Indus is known by Singi Khamban (Lion’s mouth)
d)Major tributaries Jhelum,Chenab,Ravi,BEAS,and Satluj.
d)Other tributaries-Shyok,Gilgit,Zaskar,Hunza,Nubra,Dras,Khurram,Tochi,Gomal,Sangar etc.
e) Finally it discharges into the Arabian sea,east of Karachi.
Fig:tributaries of river Indus
2. THE GANGA SYSTEM (Features)
a)It is a significant river from the point of view of its large basin and cultural influence
b)It rises from the Gaumukh (3900 m)glacier in Uttranchal
c)It cuts through the central and the lesser Himalayas in narrow gorges.
d) At Devprayag,the Bhagirathi meets the Alaknanda and hereafter known as river Ganga.
e)It has a total length of 2525 km,flowing through the states of Uttranchal,U.P,Bihar and W.B.
f)Imp. Tributeries of river Ganga areRamganga,Gomti,Ghaghra,Gandak,Kosi,Mahananda,Yamuna,Son,Senger and Varuna.
g)In W.B the river bifurcates into-Bhagirathi and Hughli,finally discharging intoBay of Bengal sea
Fig:longitudinal extent of river Ganga
3. THE BRAHMPUTRA SYSTEM (Features)
a)It originates in Chemayungdung glacier near Mansarover lake in Tibet
b)It is known as river Tsangpo in Tibet
c)Flows for about 750 km in India after taking a southward turn at Namcha Barwa
d)Its imp. Tributaries are-Rangpo Tsangpo,Dibang,Lohit,Burhi
Dihing,Dhansiri,Kalang,Subansiri,Kameng,Manas,Sankosh etc.
e)At Sadiya it enters Assam and thereafter it isa known as river Brahmputra
f)It finally enters Bangladesh and merges in the Bay of Bengal sea.
Fig:longitudinal extent of river Brahmputra
EVALUATION TOOLS
INFORMAL
1 What is the old name of river Indus?
2.Name the river on which DELHI is situated.
3.What are the uses of river water?
FORMAL
1.Mention the three river systems of Himalayan river system.
2.Why do river Brahmputra causes flood every year in Assam/
3.What do you mean by antecedent drainage?
HOME WORK
1.Mention any three longest rivers of India.
2.Why peninsular rivers are less voluminous than the Himalayan rivers?
3.Explain the theory of Indo-Brahm theory on the evolution of North Indian rivers.
ASSIGNMENT
LOW LEVEL-Name any five cities located on the bank of river Ganga.
AVERAGE LEVEL-Why does the river Brahmputra shifts its channel?
HIGH LEVEL-How does the north Indian plains were formed?
CONCEPT 5 THE PENINSULAR DRAINAGE SYSTEM
The peninsular drainage system is older than the Himalayan drainage
SUB-CONCEPT 5.1:FEATURES OF THE PENINSULAR DRAINAGE SYSTEM
1.The western Ghats as the water divide between the east flowing and the west flowing rivers of
peninsular India
2. River Narmada and river Tapi flows westwards and merges in the Arabian sea
3.River Mahanadi,Godavari,Krishna,and Kaveri and their tributaries flows eastwards merging in the
Bay of Bengal sea
4. River Chambal,Ken,Betwa,Son flow northwards and merges in river Yamuna and Ganga
Fig:major rivers of south India
SUB-CONCEPT 5.2:EVOLUTION OF PENINSULAR DRAINAGE
Three major geological events in the distant past have shaped the present drainage pattern of
peninsular India.These area)subsidence of the western flank of the peninsula
b)upheaval of the Himalayas
c)slight tilt in south east direction
SUB-CONCEPT 5.3 MAJOR RIVERS OF PENINSULAR INDIA
1.THE MAHANADI SYSTEM-RISES NEAR Sihawa in Raipur district of Chhatisgarh.It flows for 851 km
2.THE GODAVERI SYSTEM-Rises in Nasik district of Maharashtra.It is the longest of south India.It
flows for 1465 km.Its main branches are-Penganga,Indravati,Pranhita,Manjra
3.THE KRISHNA SYSTEM-Rises near Mahabaleshwar in Sahyadri hills.Its total length is 1401 km.Its
tributaries are Koyana,Tungbhadra,and Bhima
4.THE KAVERI SYSTEM-Rises in Brahmagiri hills of Kodagu dist in Karnataka.It flows for about 800 km.
Its important tributaries are Kabini,Bhavani and Amravati
5.THE NARMADA SYSTEM –Originates in Amarkantak plateau.It flows in a rift valley for a distance of
1312 km.T he Sardar sarovar project is constructed on this river.
6.THE TAPI RIVER SYSTEM-Originates in Multai in the Betul dist . of M P.It flows for a distance of 724
km
EVALUATION TOOLS
INFORMAL
1.Name any five peninsular rivers.
2.Which is the longest river of south India?
3.On which river Mullaperiyar dam is located?
FORMAL
1.Name the originating places of river Godavari and river Kaveri.
2.Which states share the water ofriver Kaveri?
3.which river of south India is referred to as ‘Dakshin Ganga’ and why?
HOME WORK
1.Which rivers drain the eastern coastal plain?
2.compare the river periyar with that of river Kaveri.
ASSIGNMENT
LOW LEVEL-Name the two major rivers flowing in Goa.
AVERAGE LEVEL-Write a brief description of river Luni.
HIGH LEVEL-Differentiate between east flowing and west flowing rivers of south India.
PROJECT
On a outline map of India locate two tributaries of these riversa)Mahanadi
bGodavari
c)Krishna
d)kaveri
e)Narmada
CONCEPT.6 RIVER REGIMES
The pattern of flow of water in a river channel over a year is known as its regime .The river regimes
of both the Himalayan/north and the peninsular /south Indian rivers varies considerably.the north
Indian rivers are fed by both rainfall as well as snow melting whereas South Indian rives get water
from rainfall only.
Fig:a model of some river regimes
EVALUATION TOOLS
3. INFORMAL
i)Look at the above figures and write the names of rivers whose regime is given.
ii)In which season you will find more water flow in river Indus?
iii)Name any two rivers which cause recurrent flood ?
4. FORMAL
i)Define the term river regime
ii)What factor controls the regime of south Indian rivers?
HOME WORK
Q1.Name the river on which Gersoppa (Jog fall )is found?
Q2.What is the unit of measurement of river water?
Q3.What is the reason for max.flow of water in river Ganga?
ASSIGNMENT
LOW LEVEL-Name the months during which India receives its max. rainfall.
AVERAGE LEVEL-What is the mean and maximum discharge of river Ganga at Farraka?
HIGH LEVEL-Compare the river regimes of north and the south Indian rivers.
PROJECT WORK
Draw a sketch of any one river regime.
I D SONI
PGT GEOGRAPHY
KV SEC -5,DWARKA (II SHIFT)