NATIONAL REPORT ON
THE CONVENTION ON MIGRATORY SPECIES
OF WILD ANIMALS
Report prepared by:
Dr. B.Lkhagvasuren
CMS Scientific Councilor for Mongolia
WWF Mongolia Programme Office
Institute of Biology, MAS
P.B.O-20а/115, Ulaanbaatar 210620А.
Email: lkhagvasuren@wwf.mn
Ulaanbaatar
2012
1
National Report on
The Convention on Migratory Species
Requested by:
Ministry of Nature, Environment, and Tourism
Funding Agencies:
United Nations Development Programme
WWF Mongolia Programme Office
Partners:
Ministry of Nature, Environment, and Tourism
CMS National Council
Institute of Biology, Mongolian Academy of Sciences
Mongolian Ornithological Society
Ulaanbaatar
2012
2
A Table of Contents
FOREWORD
4-5
BACKGROUND INFORMATION ON MONGOLIA AND ITS NATURAL
STATE
6-9
BRIEF INTRODUCTIONS ON ENVIRONMENTAL CONVENTIONS,
INTERNATIONAL TREATIES AND AGREEMENTS WHICH MONGOLIA HAS
SIGNED
9-11
CONVENTION ON THE CONSERVATION OF MIGRATORY SPECIES OF
WILD ANIMALS/BONN CONVENTION
11-14
The Convention functions
The Convention’s main bodies
The Convention’s Contracting Parties
The Convention’s Standing Committee
The Convention’s Scientific Council
The Convention Secretariat
MONGOLIA AND THE BONN CONVENTION
1526
Brief introductions on conservation efforts undertaken for migratory wild species
before Mongolia adopted the Convention
Brief introductions on conservation efforts undertaken for migratory wild species
after Mongolia adopted the Convention
BRIEF DESCRIPTIONS OF THE SPECIES LISTED IN THE APPENDIX TO
THE BONN CONVENTION
2737
DECISIONS OF MEETINGS OF THE COP TO THE CONVENTION AND
THEIR FOLLOW UP ACTIONS IN MONGOLIA
38-43
SUCCESS, CONSTRAINTS, & LESSONS LEARNT DURING THE FOLLOW UP
ACTIONS OF THE DECISIONS
44-46
FUTURE ACTIONS: COMMENTS & RECOMMENDATIONS
47-49
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
49
REFERENCES
50-54
3
ANNEXES
54-73
4
FOREWORD
The living styles and patterns of the Mongolians are well harmonized with the
harsh continental climate and natural conditions with specific traditions and customs
providing the country’s people with opportunities to keep up appropriate communications
with the nature and environment and share benefits from its abundant but somehow
vulnerable natural resources e.g. wildlife, forests, water, and natural springs.
We did not bypass the humans’ development process. On the contrary, the
development process has intensively taken place in the country during the last half of the
century and considerable scientific and technological progress has been introduced in the
country. During this progress taken in the country, traditional living styles and customs
are likely to be forgotten and seem only as occasional applications in practice. As a
result of these changes, some parts of the biodiversity that seemed to be non-exhaustive
are being threatened with loss and extinction at the present time. In addition to this
human development process, some other natural factors e.g. climate change and climate
warming, are giving additional pressure to nature and the environment, aggravating the
situation.
Recognizing these disadvantages, a number of countries in the world are paying
attention to and taking appropriate measures for environmental conservation, sustainable
use, and the enhancement of natural resources. However, conservation efforts by an
individual country are not totally sufficient enough for tackling the current environmental
concerns. Thus, the countries around the world are endeavoring to cooperate in
environmental conservation. Otherwise, natural conditions are becoming impaired and
extinction is likely to be faced occasionally. The collaborative forms e.g. the international
Conventions, treaties, agreements, and coalitions, have become the most efficient and
prompt tools for tackling the pressing global issues and upgrading cooperation among the
countries around the world. Thus, international communities have initiated a number of
environmental Conventions, where many countries have joined. Having signed these
Conventions, Mongolia has actively taken part in their activities and have been fulfilling
its commitments. Many of the international Conventions are willing to carry out
conservation efforts with conservation of specific biological species or habitats.
Due to a number of reasons e.g. climate change, lack of food and prey, and their
breeding and calving seasons (those are regarded as important, but vulnerable for each
species), many wild species spend certain periods of the year in areas different from their
usual habitat. When some wild species move and migrate into more favorable
conditioned areas, some others move into different areas during their breeding and rutting
seasons. During their migrations and movements, wild animals face a number of
challenges and obstacles with quite a considerable amount of loss to their populations.
Migrations and movements of terrestrial and aquatic vertebrate species into far
distances are the ecological process that has been taking place for several hundreds of
years, not for millions of years. However, our knowledge and understanding on wildlife
migrations and movements is inadequate, and many risks are faced to the conservation of
numerous migratory wildlife species due to the high impact of human activity. For
efficient conservation of migratory wildlife species, the trans-boundary movements and
migrations of wildlife species should be sufficiently supported by scientific and policy
considerations.
, The countries of the world recognized the importance of these efforts and
adopted the Convention of Migratory Species of Wild Animals in 1979,which came into
force on November 1, 1983.
as the convention has become known as the Bonn Convention after the place
where it was first adopted. The Parties to the Convention have the responsibilities to
protect the wild species including migratory birds, terrestrial and aquatic (seas, oceans,
5
rivers, lakes, and wetlands) wild species inhabiting and migrating within and passing
through their territories within their natural habitats and distribution areas. Currently,
116 countries in the world have signed the Convention.
Adopting the Convention on Migratory Species of Wild Animals during the
Parliament session of June 24, 1999, Mongolia first participated in the 6th meeting of the
Conference of Parties (COP) to the Convention.
Since it joined the Bonn Convention, Mongolia has been active in Convention
activities and events. These include some trans-boundary migratory species in the
Convention Appendix, the development of respective document drafts through its
Scientific Council to make contributions and inputs in Decisions of COP, and the
implementation of the actions of the Memorandums of Understanding which Mongolia
has signed. For instance, Mongolia successfully organized the second meeting of Parties
to the Memorandum of Understanding on Saiga Conservation in Ulaanbaatar. It was an
important step to unite conservation efforts of international communities for the species
conservation.
Although Mongolia has been active in the fulfillment of its commitments and
implementation of the Convention COP meetings, decisions in practice (as mentioned
above), public awareness and promotional activities are still inadequate. The Ministry of
Nature, Environment, and Tourism recognized these needs by initiating the
comprehensive national reports on the actions implemented within the framework of the
Bonn and Ramsar Conventions and the task to prepare the national reports has been
completed with support and funding from the UNDP Country Office and WWF
Mongolia Programme office.
We are sure that this report will be an important baseline document for future
research and conservation of migratory wild species in Mongolia. This report may be
missing some other important piece of information, data, facts, and references on
migratory wild species. Therefore, we are cordially inviting all of you, who want to share
their comments and feedback, to contact to D. Batbold, the Chairman of National Council
of Bonn Convention, and B. Lkhagvasuren, Dr.Sc. Advisor to the Convention Scientific
Council.
D. Batbold, Director of International Cooperation Department, MNET & CMS
Focal Point for Mongolia: (dbatbold@mne.gov.mn)
B. Lkhagvasuren, Dr., CMS Scientific Councilor for Mongolia & WWF Mongolia
Programme Office, Programme Coordinator,
Senior scientist, Institute of Biology, Mongolian Academy of Sciences:
(lkhagvasuren@wwf.mn)
6
Background information on Mongolia and its natural state
Mongolia is a landlocked country located in East and Central Asia, situated on
the Mongolian steppe. It borders the Russian Federation in the north and the People’s
Republic of China to the south. It is close to Kazakhstan in the west (the distance
between the countries’ border points is 38 km). About 45 per cent of Mongolia’s total
population resides in Ulaanbaatar, the capital and largest city in the country. In terms of
its political governance, Mongolia is a Republic with a unicameral Parliament. The head
of state is the President of Mongolia, the head of Government is the Prime Minister of
Mongolia, and the legislative body or the Supreme State organization is the State Great
Khural.
The population is 2.75 million, consisting of Mongol (95%), Kazakh (3.9%),
Durvud, and other ethnic groups. Mongolia is a landlocked country and the predominant
religion is Buddhism. Mongolia ranks 17th in its territory size,. Total area is 1,564,116
sq. km and the average elevation is 1,580 m above sea level. it is a sparsely populated
country. The majority of the country’s territory consists of steppe. The Altai, Khangai,
and Khentii mountain ranges stretch through the north and west, while the Gobi is
dominant in the south. The main agricultural sector is pastoral animal husbandry. Wheat
and vegetables are mainly cultivated in rivers basins. Mongolia is rich in mineral
resources such as coal, iron ore, and zinc.
Natural zones:
From the north to the south, there are four zones: forest steppe, steppe, Gobi, and
desert. In high mountainous areas, particularly in forest steppe region, there are boreal
coniferous forest and alpine zones. As per the existing natural zones, Mongolia is
divided into four topographic areas: Khangai, Khentii and Altai mountainous areas,
Eastern steppe, and Gobi.
Natural and climatic conditions:
Situated in the northern Asian mountainous area, Mongolia lies in the middle
latitude of the Northern Hemisphere of the globe. According to the climatic
classifications, it lies in the temperate zone. Mongolia has an extreme continental climate.
In terms of its landscape, it supports uneven landforms e.g. high mountains of different
shapes and locations, flat plains, vast steppe, big lakes and rivers, and landforms with and
without vegetations co-occurring. This diversity shows the country supports specific
natural and climatic states.
The maximum air temperature recorded by a local meteorological station was
+44.80 С in Ekhiin River valley in the territory of Shinejinst Soum of Bayankhongor
Aimag, while the minimum air temperature was -56,60 С in Zuun Gobi Soum of Uvs
Aimag. The difference between the absolute high and low temperatures was 100.40 С in
the country (Institute of Hydrology and Meteorology, 2009).
Soil
Mongolia supports various types of soils e.g. kastanozems, brown, dark brown,
light brown, chernozems, meadow brown, Gobi brown, desert brown gray, meadow,
marshy, and saline. Among these different types of soils, nutritive kastanozems are about
50 per cent. Arable land, suitable for farming or cultivation, is 0.76% of the country’s
total territory. Irrigated land is 840 km².
7
Water
Mongolia has 6,646 rivers and streams running a distance of 67,000 km. Out of
these rivers and streams, 6,095 rivers and streams are running, while 551 rivers and
streams have been lost or dried up. There are over 3,600 lakes occupying an area of 500
m³, about 10,500 natural springs, about 225 glaciers occupying 540 m² area, and over 260
mineral water bodies in the country. There are 139 ground water deposits. Ulaanbaatar
city is one of two Capital Cities in the world supported by mineral water bodies inside the
cities. The largest glacier in Mongolia is “Potanin” located on Altai Tavan Bogd
Mountain and is about 20 km long. Rivers in Mongolia are basically classified as rivers
of the northern Arctic Ocean, rivers of Pacific Ocean, and rivers of the closed Central
Asian drainage basin. The longest river in Mongolia is Orkhon River (length is 1,124 km
and its water catchment area is 133,000 km²). Another major or long river is Kherlen
River. If the part running through the People’s Republic of China is added to the part
running through the territory of Mongolia, the Kherlen River (1,200 km) will be the
longest river in Mongolia. Most of the river (about 1090 km) runs through the Mongolian
territory. The river with the maximum amount of water is Selenge River. Its mean
annual run-off is 300 m3/sec. The largest lake in the country is Uvs Lake (3350 km²),
while the deepest lake is Khovsgul Lake (262.4 m). As per the references, the depth of
Khovsgul Lake differs from 268 meters to 261 meters.
Flora and fauna:
There are 348 woody and shrubbery species and 2,095 herbaceous species
recorded in Mongolia. Among the woody plants recorded, there are 17 tree species, 40
small tree or big shrubbery species, 146 shrubbery species, 48 semi-shrubbery species, 91
semi-shrubs, and 6 liana species . There are 1,765 perennial species, 330 years species
and two years old vascular plants recorded in the country. Among these plants, there are
also 21 species of flat moss, coniferous moss of 38 families, 1,236 lichen species of 53
families, a sub-algae, and over 900 species of fungi recorded in the country.
About 600 species belonging to different families and genera are recorded as
8
pastureland and fodder plants. Out of these plants, over 100 species are regarded as edible
and nutritious for livestock. These species provide for the majority of hay making and
pastureland plant yields in the country.
As Mongolia supports different natural, climatic, and geographic conditions, it
provides a home to diverse representatives of fauna and flora species on the Earth. There
are 138 mammal species, over 490 bird species, 75 fish species, six species of
amphibians, and 22 species of reptiles recorded in Mongolia. From the invertebrates,
there are 13,000 species of insects, other mollusks, and 516 protozoans recorded
(Biodiversity Action Plan of Mongolia, 2009).
Physical-geographical features:
Mongolia is located in the heart of Asia, between two powerful States: the People’s
Republic of China and the Russian Federation. It supports the Siberian boreal coniferous
forests in the northern part, and the edges of Central Asia in the southern part of the
country. Thus, the Mongolian territory provides for a transitional strip zone of these
regions. With a total territory of 1,564,100 km2stretching from the west to the east in an
oval shape, it is situated in the middle latitude of the Northern Hemisphere of the globe.
It belongs to the temperate zone as per the climate classification.
The country’s territory covers 1 percent of land on the Earth. The total border
length is 8158 km including 3,485 km with the Russian Federation and 4,678 km with
China. Mongolia’s territory size ranks 17th in the world and 7th in Asia. The mean
elevation in Mongolia is 1,580 m, the maximum height is 4,374 m (Khuitnii Orgil, Altai
Tavan Bogd Mountain) and the lowest point is 560 m (Khukh Lake depression). The
areas bordering both Russia or China are Khuitnii Orgil in Bayan-Ulgii Aimag and
Tarvagan Dahiin Ovoo in Dornod Aimag. Most part of the country’s territory is elevated
relatively high above the sea level, for instance, 80% of total territory lies at more than
1000 m, the average elevation is 1,580 m. These specific locations e.g. mountainous and
relatively elevated areas make climate more temperate and drier, but hold true desert
conditions.
The splendid Khentii, Khangai, and Sayan Mountains continue in the central and northern
parts of Mongolia. The highest peak of the Khangai Mountains is Enkhtaivan Mountain
(3,900 m), the highest peak of the Khentii Mountains is Asralt Khairkhan Mountain
(2800 m). In the eastern part of Mongolia, there is a continuation of mountains of the
Great Khyangan Mountains. The steppe is abundant in the eastern and southern parts of
Mongolia The largest steppe, the Eastern steppe, covers about 250,000 km2. The steppe
supports the Khukh Lake depression, the lowest point in the country. In addition to the
Eastern steppe, the Great Lakes depression located between Altai and Khangai Mountain
ranges, and the Gobi region known as “Zag Suuj” and “Nomin’s 33 Gobi” in the
southern part of the country are basically steppe regions.
Rivers in the area are divided into three major basins’ (Pacific Ocean, Northern
Arctic, and closed drainage) watersheds. Many of the sources of these three watersheds
lie in Mongolia. In wintertime, the area’s maximum air pressure zone is recorded in Uvs
Lake depression. Thus, extremely high air pressure is accumulated in winter and
gradually sustained in the depression. Supported and covered by different types of natural
zones and regions e.g. high mountains, alpine, boreal coniferous forests, forest steppe,
steppe, Gobi, and desert, Mongolia is situated in a transition zone of the Siberian boreal
coniferous forests in the world’s temperate zone to the Central Asian Gobi and desert.
Thus, a temperate zone cyclone and anti-cyclone predominantly shift throughout the
Mongolian territory.
9
Annual precipitation amount is 200-220 mm, but it is 400-500 mm in the Khangai
region, 200-300 mm in the Eastern steppe, and 100-150 mm or less in the Gobi
depending on their landforms.
Brief Introductions on Environmental Conventions, International
Treaties and Agreements, where which Mongolia has signed:
The Convention on Wetlands of International Importance, especially as
Waterfowl Habitat‘Ramsar Convention’
The first Convention on biodiversity conservation is the Convention on
Wetlands of International Importance, especially as Waterfowl Habitat, that
was established in Ramsar, Iran on February 2, 1971 (Introductions on the
Conventions on biodiversity conservation, 2011). Its 40th anniversary was held
in 2011. A detailed report on the Convention was separately developed.
Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of
Wild Fauna and Flora /CITES
Mongolia signed the Convention on April 4, 1996 and
was listed as the 133 Contracting Party., A total of 14
species of mammals, 71 species of birds, eight species of plants, two species of fish, one
species of insect, and one species of reptile are listed in the Convention Appendices 1 and
2.
To coordinate the implementation of the Convention on International Trade of
Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora, the Managing and Coordinating and
Scientific Councils have been established according to Article 9:1b of the Convention,
Articles 2 & 4 of the Law on Regulation of International Trade in Endangered Species of
Wild Fauna and Flora, Articles 23 & 24 of the Law on Fauna , and Article 17:1 of the
Law on Natural Plants (Introduction on the Conventions on Biodiversity Conservation,
2011).
10
Convention on Biodiversity /CBD
It is the first worldwide Convention that addresses the ecosystem, all
biological species, genetic resources, and their sustainable use and
consumption and conservation. In addition to these, it provides the
global legal framework for action on biodiversity recognizing that conservation is an
indispensible part of the humans’ development and in the common interest of humans.
The Convention is the document linking traditional environmental conservation
practices with the economic purpose addressed at sustainable use of biological resources.
The Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety to the Convention on Biological Diversity aims at
the biotechnological issues e.g. technological advances, technological transfers, and
balancing the share of benefits for those that have rapidly developed in recent years.
The Convention on Biodiversity carries out its functions in accordance with
international legislations under the following three goals:
1. The conservation of biological diversity
2. The sustainable use of the components of biological diversity
3. The fair and equitable sharing of the benefits arising out of the utilization of
genetic resources.
Under the objectives above, it focuses on development of strategic national
planning on biodiversity conservation and sustainable use.
In 1992, the Prime Minister of Mongolia signed the Convention during the
conference of UN Environment and Development held in Rio De Janeiro. The Parliament
of Mongolia adopted the Convention on June 1, 1993.
The Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety to the Convention on Biological Diversity
aims at the biotechnological issues e.g. technological advances, technological transfers,
and balanced share of benefits that have rapidly developed in recent years (Introduction
on the Conventions on Biodiversity Conservation, 2011).
Cartagena Protocol
Mongolia adopted the Protocol on November 25, 2002. The Protocol has been
signed by 160 countries around the world. The Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety to the
Convention on Biological Diversity aims at safe handling of modern biotechnology. The
main purpose of the Protocol is to ensure the biodiversity conservation and sustainable
use, and safe handling, transport and use of living modified organisms (LMOs) resulting
from modern biotechnology that may have adverse effects on biological diversity while
paying special attentions during transporting through State borders.
To support the implementation of the Biodiversity Strategic Plan for 2011-2020
adopted from the 10th meeting of Contracting Parties on the Convention on Biodiversity,
2011-2020 has been announced as the UN Decade for Biodiversity. The Convention
Secretary was assigned to manage the task to celebrate the Decade on behalf of the UN
meeting member countries with support from the Convention Secretariat, other related
Conventions, UN Funds, programmes, and agencies. Meantime, the member countries
were also called up to actively & voluntarily take part in the Decade events as providing
financial and other necessary support to the events.
The Decade announced overlaps with the implementation period of the Biodiversity
Strategic Plan for 2011-2020 adopted on the 10th meeting of the COP held in Nagoya ,
Japan (Introduction on the Conventions on Biodiversity Conservation, 2011).
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Convention on Migratory Species of Wild Animals /Bonn Convention
Justification, scope, and purpose:
Migratory species face a number of pressures and threats e.g. overharvesting, food deficiency, and loss of breeding sites during their
migratory flyways. Identifying and recognizing these pressures and threats
to the species, countries around the world adopted the Convention on
Migratory Species (CMS) in 1979 and it came into force on November 1,
1983 ( Introduction on the Conventions on Biodiversity Conservation,
2011). It was initially called the Bonn Convention, after the place where it was first
convened. The Contracting Parties to the Convention on Migratory Species of Wild
Animals are obliged to conserve terrestrial, aquatic and avian migratory species
throughout their ranges. Currently, 116 countries have signed the Convention.
The following actions are undertaken within the Convention framework:
1.If a migratory species population has faced a threat to become extinct entirely or
partially within its habitat or range, the country or a Party to the Convention will take
special action for conservation of the species population (for the species listed in the
Convention Appendix I);
2. If a migratory species needs more efficient conservation action or it needs to be
protected through international communities’ conservation efforts, the countries will
make an agreement or treaty for efficient conservation management of the migratory
species (for the species listed in Appendix 2);
3.Joint research and monitoring will be conducted;
For the conservation of the species listed in Appendix 2, the Convention manages and
handles conclusion of regional agreements and treaties. Currently, seven agreements and
19 Memorandums of Understanding have been signed.
Contracting Parties to the Convention meet on triennial basis, the Scientific
Council meets once per 1.5 years.
The Contracting Parties send their national reports to the Convention Secretariat
six months in advance from the next COP date. The table below shows the countries
which have organized COPs.
No
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Cities of the countries, where regular COPs Date of regular
were held:
COPs
Bonn, Germany
1985
Geneva, Switzerland
1988
Geneva, Switzerland
1991
Nairobi, Kenya
1994
Geneva, Switzerland
1997
Cape Town, South Africa
1999
Bonn, Germany
2002
Nairobi, Kenya
2005
Rome, Italy
2008
Bergen, Norway
2011
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The COP establishes and keeps the financial regulations of the Convention under review.
Each COP meeting reviews the Convention implementation with focus on the following
actions:
• Identify and assess migratory species’ status;
• Review the progress made in conservation of the migratory species particularly
listed in the Convention Appendices 1 & 2;
• Enable the Scientific Council and Secretariat to run their operations and provide
them with guidance;
• Accept and discuss about reports of Scientific Council, Secretariat, COP, and
other bodies & agencies established as per the agreements;
• Provide the COP with recommendations on improvements of migratory species
conservation status and review the progress made under the agreements;
• In the event where no agreements are made, discuss about the status of
migratory species’ conservation and make recommendations on call for irregular
meetings of COP in the regions where the species habitats and ranges lay;
• Forward recommendations on improved Convention efficiency to the COPs;
• Make decisions on necessary additional actions for adequate implementation of
the Convention;
Standing Committee:
The Standing Committee was established by Resolution 1.1 of the Conference of
the Parties. Its functions are to provide policy and administrative guidance between
regular meetings of the Conference of the Parties. It consists of representatives of every
global region, of the Depositary, and where applicable, of the country which plans to host
the next meeting of the COP.
The table below shows the Standing Committee members (elected on the 10th
meeting of COP held in Bergen) and the current members:
REGIONS
MEMBERS
ALTERNATIVE MEMBERS
Africa
Ghana (chair)
Tunisia
Uganda
Congo
Mali
South Africa
Asia
India
Pakistan
Mongolia
Syria
South & Central America
& Caribbean
Chile
Cuba
Argentina (not elected yet)
Europe
Norway (ViceChair)
Poland
Ukraine
France
Georgia
Switzerland
North America
vacant
vacant
Oceania
New Zealand
Australia
Depositary
Germany
13
(Brazzaville)
Host of COP10
Norway (also representative for Europe)
Host of COP11
to be confirmed
Scientific Council:
The establishment of a Scientific Council to provide advice on scientific matters
is foreseen in Article VIII of the Convention. The Council makes recommendations to
the Conference on such issues as research on migratory species, specific conservation and
management measures, the inclusion of migratory species in the Appendices and
designation of species for Cooperative Actions under the Convention. It also gives advice
on projects' eligibility for funding under the Small Grant Programme of CMS.
Each Party is entitled to appoint a qualified expert as a member of the Scientific
Council. Parties may also nominate an alternate Scientific Councilor, entitled to
participate in meetings of the Council when the regular Councilor cannot attend. In
addition to the members appointed by the individual Parties, the Conference of the Parties
can appoint to the Council other experts to cover fields of particular interest to the
Convention. As of April 2008, the Council included eight Conference-appointed
members to cover the following threats to: marine turtles; birds; aquatic mammals; fish;
neo-tropical fauna; Asiatic fauna; African fauna. At present, there are about 88 members
of the Council.
Secretariat:
The CMS Secretariat is the Convention's coordinating body. It arranges for and
services meetings of the Conference of the Parties (COP), the Scientific Council (ScC)
and the Standing Committee (StC). Its functions are enumerated in Article IX of the
Convention: “The Secretariat promotes and supports the development of Agreements,
supports and supervises research and conservation projects, disseminates information
and co-operates with governments and partner organizations”.
The CMS Secretariat is provided and administered by the United Nations
Environment Programme (UNEP). Since its establishment the Secretariat has been
located in Bonn, Germany. In 1998, the Secretariat, which had been previously colocated with the Federal Agency for Nature Conservation (BfN), relocated to the United
Nations Premises in Bonn, where it has since resided together with other UN Agencies,
such as: UN Volunteers (UNV), the Secretariat of the Framework Convention on Climate
Change (UNFCCC) and the Secretariat of the Convention to Combat Desertification
(UNCCD) (Introduction on the Conventions on Biodiversity Conservation, 2011).
Bonn Convention Appendices I & II
Appendix I – Endangered migratory species: Migratory species that have been
categorized as being in danger of extinction throughout all or a significant proportion of
their range are listed on Appendix I of the Convention. States strive towards strictly
protecting these animals, conserving or restoring the habitats in which they live, and
mitigating obstacles to migration and controlling other factors that might endanger them.
Additional migratory species can be listed on Appendix I if a Party considers that
they are endangered, and submits a proposal which meets the requirements of Resolution
1.5 (Bonn, 1985). Upon the recommendation of the Scientific Council, the Conference of
the Parties (COP) would then decide whether to adopt the proposed in accordance with
Art. XI.
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Migratory species can be removed from Appendix I when the Conference of the
Parties (COP) determines that there is either reliable evidence, including the best
scientific evidence available, that the species is no longer endangered and that it is not
likely to become endangered again.
Appendix II – Migratory species conserved through Agreements: Migratory
species that have an unfavourable conservation status or would benefit significantly from
international co-operation organised by tailored agreements are listed in Appendix II of
the Convention. For this reason, the Convention encourages the Range States to
conclude global or regional Agreements for the conservation and management of
individual species or, as is more often, of a group of species listed on Appendix II. In
this respect, CMS acts as a framework convention from which independent instruments
evolve. The Agreements may range from legally binding treaties to less formal
instruments, such as Memoranda of Understanding, and can be adapted to the
requirements of particular regions. The development of models tailored according to the
conservation needs throughout the migratory range is a unique capacity of CMS. Such
agreements have the great advantage that the Range States themselves decide on a
tailored and structured action plan that includes the organization of joint research,
monitoring activities and harmonisation of legislation (CMS website).
15
Mongolia and the Bonn Convention
Brief introductions on conservation efforts undertaken for migratory wild species
after Mongolia adopted the Convention:
Like flora species, the fauna in Mongolia also includes the assemblages of the
northern Siberian boreal coniferous forest, steppe, and Central Asian wild species. Local
fauna species include at least 138 species of mammals, 495 species of birds, eight species
of amphibians, 22 species of reptiles, 75 species of fish, and numerous species of
invertebrates. Compared to other grasslands in the world, fauna species in the grasslands
of Mongolia are wild and inhabit wilderness areas.
There are 138 mammal species of eight orders of 22 families of 72 genera
recorded in Mongolia. Among these species, there are 13 species of insectivore, 12
species of hymenoptera, six species of lagomorpha/leporidae, 69 species of rodents, 24
species of carnivores, two species of ungulates, one species of wild tylopoda, and 11
species of ungulates recorded (Biodiversity Action Plan of Mongolia, 2009).
Due to human activities, some species have become extinct in the Mongolian
grasslands. The Takhi (Equus przewalski) that was extinct in its natural habitat have been
successfully re-introduced in three areas in the country. From the wild species that used
to inhabit the country’s territory in early times (e.g. 1000 years ago), the red wolf (Cuon
alpinus) and a sub-species of Saiga (Saiga tatarica tatarica) are already extinct.
Currently, several species are threatened with extinction, however their populations are
relatively higher compared to the populations in neighboring countries. For instance, the
species e.g. the Mongolian gazelle (Procapra gutturosa), black-tailed gazelle (Gazella
subgutturosa), Khulan (Equus hemionus), Mongolian saiga (S. borealis), Argali sheep
(Ovis ammon), Bactrian camel (Camelus bactrianus ferus) are recorded in their largest
populations in Mongolia.
Carnivores such as the grey wolf (Canis lupus) are widely spread throughout the
country, while the snow leopard (Uncia uncia) and other species have limited distribution.
In recent years, the research and monitoring on game species abundantly
distributed throughout the country’s vast territory has been intensively carried out for
identification of their population sizes, hunting reserves, establishment of hunting quotas,
and assessing populations of endangered mammals. For instance, in 1996-2010, there
were studies on some game species e.g. the Mongolian gazelle (Procapra gutturosa) and
Mongolian marmot (Marmota sibirica) and the endangered species listed in the
Mongolian Red Book listed e.g. the Bactrian camel (Camelus bactrianus), Mongolian
saiga (Saiga borealis), Argali sheep (Ovis ammon), Khulan (Equus hemionus), and
Black-tailed gazelle (Gazella subgutturosa) and their resources and population sizes
conducted within their natural habitats and distribution ranges with some depth reviews
in some areas. Additionally, studies on over 50 game species in the country were
conducted in 1980-1990 for identification and assessment of the species’ resources,
distributions, populations, and annual quotas and their reports and materials are also
available.
There are some mammal species, whose populations have declined and habitats
and distribution areas have been restricted, due to direct and indirect impacts of human
activities and natural and climate factors. There are also quite many species, whose
occurrence is recorded in few numbers within extremely limited areas or outer edges of
their distributions and habitats are limited to some areas in Mongolia. Thus, the species
in these situations would easily become extinct. The government of Mongolia pays
particular attentions to the conservation of mammals namely endangered and wild game
species.
16
The Mongolian Laws on Environmental Protection and Hunting (1995) provide
legal basis of conservation, sustainable use, and restoration of mammals.
Starting from the 1930s, hunting of about 10 species e.g. Takhi (Equus
przewalskii), Saiga antelope (Saiga tatarica tatarica), Asian beaver (Castor fiber birulai),
and Eurasian otter (Lutra lutra) has been legally banned. The environmental laws
adopted in recent times pay significant considerations to the conservation of wild species.
Moreover, some species e.g. Khulan, Takhi, and Asiatic wild dog (Cuon alpinus), Snow
leopard (Uncia uncia), and Eurasian otter are recorded in the Red List of International
Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN). The species e.g. the Asiatic beaver, Gobi bear
(Ursus arctos gobiensis), brown bear, snow leopard, Takhi (Equus przewalskii), Khulan
(Equus hemionus), and musk deer (Moschus moschiferus) are listed in the Appendix I and
the species e.g. the Asiatic wild dog, Gobi lynx Lynx lynx), Manul (Otocolobus manul),
and European wild cat (Felis lubica) are listed in the Appendix 2 of Convention on
International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES).
The Mongolian Red Book was updated in 1997 and 30 species and sub-species of
mammals were included in the Book under “rare” and “very rare” categories.
Entire habitats and distribution areas of the species listed in the Mongolian Red
Book e.g. Bactrian camel, Gobi bear, Takhi, Mongolian saiga, Siberian moose, wild boar
(Sus scrofa), Asiatic beaver, and forest dormouse and partial or up to 70 per cent of
habitats and distribution areas of the species e.g. the snow leopard, Khulan, Eurasian otter,
musk deer, Argali sheep, and ibex have been included in the national Protected Area
network (Biodiversity Action Plan of Mongolia, 2009).
The Mongolian Laws on Environmental Protection and Hunting (1995) provide
legal basis of conservation, sustainable use, and restoration of mammals.
Starting from the 1930s, hunting of about 10 species e.g. Takhi, Mongolian saiga,
beaver, and Eurasian otter has been legally banned. To date, a set of legislations on
wildlife conservation are in force in the country. Additionally, the species e.g. Takhi,
Khulan, red wolf, snow leopard and Eurasian otter are recorded in the Red List of IUCN,
the species e.g. Takhi and Khulan in the Appendix I of CITES and the species e.g. Argali,
musk deer, red wolf, lynx, saiga, Manul, and European wild cat in the Appendix 2 of
CITES. Takhi and red wolf are extinct in their natural or wilderness habitats.
Tthe Mongolian Red Book (1997) included 30 species and sub-species of
endangered mammals under two categories.
The Protected Area network in the country includes the entire habitats and
distribution areas of the species e.g. Bactrian camel, Gobi bear, brown bear, Eurasian
otter, and Takhi and some parts of the habitats of the migratory species e.g. the
Mongolian gazelle, black-tailed gazelle, Khulan, musk deer, Argali sheep, and ibex.
Conservation of birds within the country is also similar. However, populations of very
many bird species have been reduced due to mortality outside the country. Birdlife
International (2003) included four species of birds: Imperial eagle (Aquila heliaca),
Lesser kestrel (Falco naumanni), Great bustard (Otis tarda), Hodgson’s stonechat
(Saxicola insignis) recorded in the Mongolian grassland into potentially threatened
species category. Breeding populations of these species are possibly found in Mongolia.
In comparing to the neighboring countries, the grasslands in Mongolia provide more
suitable habitats to big sized populations of a number of such bird species. For instance,
the species e.g. the Black vulture (Aegypius monachus), Saker falcon (Falco cherrug),
Henderson’s ground jay (Podicus hendersonii), and Macqueen’s bustard (Chlamedotis
undulata) prefer dry steppe and desert steppe (Birdlife International, 2009).
Riperian zones and swampy areas in Mongolia provide a home to water bird
populations. For instance, there are some species of cranes. Birdlife International (2003)
listed the worldwide bird important areas (seven), where the grasslands of Mongolia was
included. The Dalmatian pelican’s sole breeding population in East Asia is recorded in
17
Lake Airag in the Western Mongolia. The swampy areas’ habitats in the country are
vitally important to breeding populations of the globally endangered and nearly
threatened species. For instance, they are important for the species e.g. the Swan goose
(Anser cygniodеs), White-naped crane (Grus vipio), Relict gull (Larus relictus), Whiteheaded duck (Oxyura leucocephala) and the endangered species e.g. Siberian crane (G.
leucogeranus) non-breeding population and potentially endangered species e.g. Hooded
crane (G. monacha). Potentially endangered species, whose populations are limited (not
so big) commonly occur in the grasslands of Mongolia.
Although Mongolia is a landlocked country, it has several water or aquatic
environments. The river system is blocked by dams and in some rivers support the fish
species e.g. Taimen, whose body weights up to 99,8 kg, salmon, grayling, and pike, occur
in some water bodies. The deep fresh water Lake Khovsgul located in the northern part of
the country contains two per cent of the world’s fresh water. Lake Khovsgul, a home to
the White-tailed sea eagle and Osprey, inflows into Lake Baikal just beyond the Russian
border and also supports a number of interesting endemic species. The western part of
Mongolia supports a depression of Great Lakes that supports several big sized fresh water,
moderately salty, and salty lakes surrounded by high mountains in the basin. These lakes
also provide a home to a number of water and shore birds including Dalmatian pelican,
White spoonbill, Whooper swan, and goose. The north eastern part of Mongolia also
supports some small sized lakes and rivers those are included into three Protected Areas.
These lakes also provide a home to six species (including the White-naped, Hooded, and
Siberian cranes) out of 15 crane species’ populations recorded in the world.
The Mongolian Laws on Environmental Protection and Hunting (1995) provide
basis of conservation, sustainable use, and restoration of mammals.
Starting from the 1930s, hunting of about 10 species e.g. Takhi, Mongolian saiga,
Beaver, and Eurasian otter has been legally banned. To date, the legislations on wildlife
conservation are in force. Moreover, the species e.g. Takhi, Khulan, red dog, snow
leopard, and Eurasian otter are recorded in the Red List of International Union for
Conservation of Nature (IUCN). The species e.g. the Takhi and Khulan, are listed in the
Appendix I and the species e.g. the Argali sheep, musk deer, red dog, lynx, saiga, Manul,
and European wild cat are listed in the Appendix 2 of (CITES). Among these species,
Takhi and red dog have been extinct in their natural habitats.
The edition of Mongolian Red Book was updated in 1997 and 30 species and subspecies of mammals were included in the Book under “rare” and “very rare” categories.
Entire habitats and distribution areas of the species listed in the Mongolian Red Book e.g.
Bactrian camel, Gobi bear, Takhi, Mongolian saiga, Siberian moose, wild boar (Sus
scrofa), Asiatic beaver, and forest dormouse or partial/up to 70 per cent of habitats and
distribution areas of the species e.g. the snow leopard, Khulan, Eurasian otter, musk deer,
Argali sheep, and ibex have been included in the national Protected Area network
(Biodiversity Action Plan of Mongolia, 2009).
National programmes on conservation and sustainable use of rare wildlife (plants
and animals) in Mongolia e.g. a national programme on conservation of Saker falcon, a
national programme on conservation of Snow leopard, and national programme on
conservation of Argali sheep have been completed and implementation of some of them
is underway.
Brief introductions on conservation efforts undertaken for migratory wild species after
Mongolia adopted the Convention
а/ Actions and participation
18
The Parliament of Mongolia adopted the Convention on Migratory Species of
Wild Animals on June 24, 1999.Upon signing the Convention, Mongolia first took part in
the 6th meeting of its Contracting Parties.
Wildlife in the country requires adequate conservation because 21 species
including the Snow leopard, Bactrian camel, and Siberian crane, are recorded in
Appendix I. Moreover, 177 out of 450 migratory species recorded in Mongolia are also
recorded in the Appendix 2 to the Convention.
Mongolia also signed three Memorandums of Understanding on the Siberian
crane, Saiga antelope, and predator birds migrating and passing through the country on
their migrations. In international practice, the countries not signed the Memorandum of
Understanding and agreements are also allowed to join and take part the their
interventions.
The Mongolian Laws on Environmental Protection, Fauna, and Special Protected
Areas, national programmes on conservation of Mongolian Saiga, Red Deer, Snow
Leopard, and Argali sheep, and Biodiversity Action Plan of Mongolia are all being
implemented in close integration with the Convention to fulfill the country’s
commitments.
On the 9th meeting of Contracting Parties to the Convention (held in Rome, Italy,
December 1-5, 2008), the participants had a long discussion & disagreement over a
proposal to include the Saker falcon in Appendix I and at the end of the long discussions
they reached an agreement to make the decision to include the species in the Appendix I
as its protection status is not changed ;however, the proposal was rejected at this meeting.
The second regular meeting of the Parties signed the Memorandum of
Understanding on Sustainable Use, Conservation, and Restoration of Saiga Antelope
under the Bonn Convention framework was successfully organized in cooperation with
the
Participants of the meeting of the Parties signed the Memorandum of Understanding on Saiga Conservation,
Ulaanbaatar, 2009
World Wide Fund for Nature in Ulaanbaatar on 7-10 September, 2010. The main output
of this meeting was the development and approval of a midterm Saiga conservation
programme for (2011-2015).
The 10th meeting of COP was held in Bergen of Norway on 20-25 November,
2011. At the meeting, the focused areas related to Mongolia was a proposal by the
European Union to include the Falcon saker in the Convention Appendix I and a proposal
by Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan to include Argali sheep in Appendix 2, as well as a
presentation of results of a research project on hurdles & obstacles to wildlife migration
completed by the WWF Mongolia Programme office.
As the discussion of proposal to include the Falcon saker in Appendix I faced big
disagreements among the Parties, working group was established. At the end of seven
meetings, the proposal was supported with an exception “to include all the species’
populations except for the population in Mongolia in the Appendix 1”. For the proposal
to include Argali sheep in Appendix 2 was fully supported by the Parties.
The research project on hurdles & obstacles to wildlife migration completed by
the WWF Mongolia Programme office upgraded the reputation of Mongolia among the
Parties. Acknowledged with the research efforts, the Parties recommended other Parties
to conduct such research for migratory species e.g. tiger populations in India to fulfill
commitments to the Convention.
On the 10th meeting of COP, the Standing Committee to serve for the next three
years were selected. From Asia, India and Pakistan were selected as its members and
Mongolia and Iran were selected as alternative members.
b/ Management and institutional structure:
19
In 2000, the Convention’s National Committee and scientific council were
respectively established by the Directive of Minister of Nature and Environment and
since then, representatives of the committee & council have been actively taking place in
annual meetings of COP and Scientists Council.
In 2010, the Steering Committee was re-appointed by the Directive А-88 of
Minister of Nature & Environment as follows: D. Batbold, the Director of Foreign
Relations & Cooperation department, was appointed as the Committee Chair, B.
Sarantsetseg, the department officer, as the Committee Secretary, and B. Lkhagvasuren,
N. Tseveenmyadag, D. Enkhbileg, & N. Batsaikhan as the Committee members.
в/Projects and Programmes:
The Government of Mongolia adopted the national programmes: e.g. national
programme on Argali sheep conservation in 2002, national programme on conservation
of Saker Falcon population in Mongolia in 2003, national programme on conservation
and breeding of hunting or game fish species in 2008, national programme on Snow
leopard in Mongolia approved by the Nature, Environment, and Tourism Minister’s
Directive in 2005, and national programme on Mongolian Saiga conservation and
national programme on Taimen conservation in 2007.
Additionally, the State policy on ecology, Biodiversity Conservation Action Plan,
national programmes on Protected Areas, Saker falcon, Argali sheep, Snow leopard, and
Game fish species, and Saiga conservation have been developed and are being
implemented.
The national programme on conservation of Saker falcon population in Mongolia
was implemented in 2003-2006 and 2006-2010. Under the national programme,
distribution and resource of Saker falcon were identified in 2010. As per its findings, a
total of 6,830 individuals were recorded in Mongolia. It provides for about 45 per cent of
total Saker falcon populations in the world. Additionally, a project entitled “Building
artificial nests for Saker Falcon” has been implemented for the last three years to improve
nesting conditions, reduce the species mortality, and increase its population. Under this
project, a total 5,000 nests were built and placed within distribution areas of the species
in territories of 26 Soums of five Aimags in the steppe and Gobi regions. Supported this
effort, the Ministry of Nature, Environment, and Tourism has been managing the
monitoring on artificial nests, fledglings, and population size of the species starting from
this year. As per the preliminary findings, a pair has 4-5 eggs in its naturally built nest
and their fledging survival rate is 40-50%, but it would be improved to 70-80% as the
artificial nests are built (Munkhtungalag, 2011).
The Ministry of Nature, Environment, and Tourism and Environmental Agency in
Abu Dhabi of United Arab Emirates signed a Memorandum of Understanding on
Conservation of Predator Birds in Mongolia, as a part of the international programme, in
2007 to support the Saker falcon conservation and research, which is regarded as a
important part of Saker falcon studies in Arabia.
Under the Memorandum of Understanding, the project “Building artificial nests
for Saker Falcon” has been successfully implemented for the last three years. By 2010, a
total of 5,000 nests were built for the species. It was helpful to monitor the species
population. Additionally, a documentary was produced to show the public the sustainable
use of Saker Falcon and its evidences under the project interventions.
The project “Building artificial nests for Saker Falcon” was supported by the
MNET. The Minister of Nature, Environment, and Tourism, L. Gansukh, visited the
United Arab Emirates at an invitation by Mr. Majiid Ali Mansuuri, the Director of
Environmental Agency in Abu Dhabi of United Arab Emirates. During the visit, the
parties agreed on the joint efforts to mobilize local communities into conservation
20
activities in the areas, where 5,000 artificial nests were built, provide them with rewards
for their efforts, conduct public awareness on conservation, and train Mongolian junior
specialists, officers, and biologists in order to make contributions in conservation of
predator bird populations. The agreement will be implemented for five years with total
funding equal to USD 2.4 million.
The national programme on Snow leopards in Mongolia was implemented in 2005-2010.
Under this programme, a project “Enterprise” was implemented to mobilize local
communities into conservation of Snow leopard and its prey species. The project was
jointly implemented by the International Snow Leopard Conservation Fund and 35 herder
communities from 19 Soums of Uvs, Bayan-Ulgii, Khovd, Gobi-Altai, Umnugovi,
Bayankhongor, and Uvurkhangai Aimags. A total of 450 female residents were involved
into the project of making wool and cashmere products and living conditions of the
project beneficiaries have improved by 80 per cent. It was one of the project’s success
stories.
The Institute of Biology under the Mongolian Academy of Sciences, and the
International Snow Leopard Conservation jointly captured and put a satellite transmitter
to a 5-6 year old snow leopard on Baga Bogd Mountain in Uvurkhangai Aimag. They
also identified locations of the species every 7 hours with over 1100 points from August
21 to September 22, 2008. As per the data reported to the GPS and satellite images on
locations of the captured individual (named Tuguldur), it was 87.6% (1080 records/ 1234
attempts) on GPS memory and only 13.6% (168/1234) on the satellite image. These
findings show that the Snow leopard individuals wander throughout the mountain looking
for their prey. It shows the species occur within huge areas so that the distribution areas
and habitats to be conserved are quite big.
32 herder households of Tost Bagh of Gurvantes Soum of Umnugovi Aimag were
involved in the livestock insurance project. In 2011, a total of 235 heads of livestock
were caught by snow leopards and wolves (30 heads of livestock were killed by snow
leopards and 205 heads by wolves). Under the project, the herder households lost their
livestock were paid with MNT 11 million as compensation.
WWF Mongolia Programme office implemented a programme “Buy sheep”
among herder households residing nearby Turgen and Tsagaan Shuvuut Strictly Protected
Areas and namely Jargalant and Bumbat Mountains in Altai Sayan region. Under the
programme, three members of herder community “Umnud-Otor” were issued with six
sheep. As informed by the herders, the negative (revengeful) attitude of local people to
the Snow leopard has been reduced and eliminated as the programme was implemented.
Although the herders, who lost their livestock due to attacks of predators, were
compensated by sheep, the herders have well understood that they have to live in
harmony with wild species namely the snow leopard inhabiting the mountains nearby as
much as possible while taking preventive measures (Panda newsletter, 2011).
d/Research
Researches on migratory wild species are mainly carried out by the National
Research Institution e.g. the Institute of Biology under the MAS in cooperation with the
National University of Mongolia. In addition to these institutions, the WWF Mongolia
Programme office, Snow Leopard Conservation Fund, hunting study center “Argali”,
Wildlife Conservation Society and other research institutions (non-governmental
organizations) also carry out their specific researches and studies on the species in their
focus areas.
21
The Institute of Biology in cooperation with international researchers and
explorers from other countries e.g. the USA, Japan, Germany, and Austria has been
conducting research and monitoring on seasonal and annual migrations, breeding, and
calving sites of the species e.g. Mongolian gazelle, Khulan, Bactrian camel, Argali sheep
for collection of comprehensive ecological data for recent years by putting satellite image
transmitting colors on selected individuals and using on-site monitoring devices.
©B.Lkhagvasuren
Studies on Mongolian gazelle migrations were conducted in cooperation with researchers
and experts from the USA within territories of Dornod and Sukhbaatar Aimags in 19982009. During the studies, satellite data transmitters were put on young and adult
individuals for monitoring their migrations and movements. According to the research
data, annual distribution and movement areas for adult individuals of Mongolian gazelle
is 36,000 km2. It is the same as that in Serengeti National Park in Tanzania in Africa.
This finding shows how big areas are needed for the species’ annual movements and
migrations.
The Institute of Biology in cooperation with researchers and scientists from the
Universities of Tokyo and Tottori in Japan have been conducting monitoring on the
Mongolian gazelle movements and migrations since 2002 as satellite image transmitters
were put on 18 individuals in territories of Dornogovi and Umnugovi Aimags. As per
their findings, the fences and mesh built along railways and State border are blocking the
species seasonal movements and migrations and quite many individuals were lost or
killed because of wire strands.
16 Khulan individuals in Khatanbulag Soum of Dornogovi Aimag were put with
collars. According to the data on movements of four individuals, their active movements
were recorded in August –September, January, and March with 30-45 km a week and 70
km the maximum. It was also recorded
the railway and State border fences with
wire strands blocked the species movements
©Kaczensky
and migrations.
From February 20 to March 15, 2010,a study on Snow leopards was conducted on
Tsagaan Shuvuut Mountain located in the western part of Uvs Lake depression in
People’s Republic of Tuva in the Russian Federation by the Mongolian-Russian joint
expedition with supports of WWF Mongolia and Russian Programme offices in
accordance with the agreement made between the Protected Area Administrations.
During the field work, Tsagaan Shuvuut Mountain in Russia was almost entirely studied
and 14 tracks, nine pieces of scrapes on trees, and 11 pieces of odornal SHUUREL were
recorded and analyzed for genetic and DNA tests.
Researchers also collected 46 pieces of waste for identification of individuals and
sexes.
©Rodney J
Based on the study and analysis findings, the core areas of Snow leopard were
identified. As automatic photo cameras are placed in the areas for studying the species
population compositions and biological and ecological characteristics. According to the
preliminary findings, it has identified 8-10 individuals were inhabiting Tsagaan Shuvuut
Mountain in Tuva.
A long term monitoring programme on Snow leopard conservation is
implemented on Tost Mountain range in Gurvantes Soum of Umnugovi Aimag. Under
the programme, a total of 15 individuals were fitted with collars. As per the preliminary
findings, the occupied areas of Snow leopard individuals are overlapped and male and
female individuals occupy 60-400 sq.km area. An automatic photo camera was placed
22
and the individuals photographed were counted with their spots. As per its figures, there
were about 20 individuals counted. According to the collared individuals’ prey analysis,
64 % fed on ibex, 25% on goats, 7 % on Argali, 2% on sheep, 1% on horse, 1% on camel.
As per the waste analysis, 79% fed on ibex and 19.7% on domestic animals.
Uvs Nuur Basin Special Protected Areas’ administration placed six automatic
photo cameras (Bushnel, Reconyx) in Tsagaan Shuvuut SPA under the cooperation
agreement with the Institute of Biology. The cameras were placed from May 20 to June
5, 2011 on Tsagaan Shuvuut SPA. Moreover, fresh wastes of Snow leopard were
collected for genetic analysis and 50 Sherman traps were placed along the vertical zone
of the mountain to identify species of small mammals. During the field works, collection
and analysis of the samples needed for studies on Snow leopard ecology are still being
continued.
In 2011, the Russian and Mongolian researchers and scientists jointly produced a
book on ecology, biology, and conservation of Bactrian camel listed in Appendix I to the
Bonn Convention with a title “Two humped wild camel of Central Asia: habitats,
biological characteristics, and conservation problems”. It is the first monograph work on
the Bactrian Camel, the Central Asian’ endemic and very rare species in Mongolia
(Jirnov et .al., 2011).
WWF Mongolia Programme office implemented a research project “Hurdles in
the migrations of ungulates in Mongolia” in 2011 with funding from Bonn Convention
Secretariat. On the 10th meeting of the Convention Parties, Mongolia presented findings
and results of a research project on Mongolian Saiga migration and impacts of
infrastructural development on the species populations, a part of migratory ungulates in
Mongolia. The research covered the migrations of four species: Khulan, Saiga antelope,
and Mongolian and black-tailed gazelles. The research has also upgraded Mongolia’s
reputation among the Parties.
As a signing member of the Bonn Convention, Mongolia has its detailed national
report developed and published by a non-governmental organization (as data and
information necessary for development of the national report is collected). The
development and publishing of the national report on the actions was supported by the
UNDP Mongolia Country and WWF Mongolia Programme office.
г/Training, meetings, & conferences:
An international scientific research conference “Current state and future
conservation” was organized by the Wildlife Conservation Society in 2003 for discussion
of the migratory species that has remained in the largest populations in Central Asia. One
of the decisions & recommendations from the conference was to develop the Mongolian
gazelle conservation programme.
International conference “Mongolian wildlife: conservation challenges and
opportunities in 2010 and beyond” was organized by the MNET, WWF Mongolia
Programme office, Institute of Biology, UNDP Mongolia, and Wildlife Conservation
Society in Ulaanbaatar on 23-24 September. It was an important event addressed at
wildlife research, conservation, and their current status and constraints as well as future
actions. The recommendations from the conference were reflected in the national
programme on conservation of rare and very rare wildlife species of Mongolia.
IUCN/Equid specialist group’s meeting was held in Ulaanbaatar on September 26,
2009. The group meeting participants discussed the current status of Khulan and Takhi
and constraints to their populations including the last winter’s dzud (heavy snow fall)
impact on Takhi populations, and future actions. The meeting was chaired by Ms. Patricia
Moelman (Tanzania), the Equid specialist group leader. The meeting recommendations
23
were also a part of the aforementioned conference. The second regular meeting of the
Parties signed the Memorandum of Understanding on sustainable use, restoration, and
conservation of Saiga antelope. It was held on 7-10 September, 2010 with support of
WWF Mongolia. At the meeting, a midterm species conservation programme for 20112015 addressed the species conservation throughout its distribution areas was approved.
The implementation of the midterm programme is monitored by the Saiga Conservation
Alliance. The countries where the Saiga is distributed have to biannually report on the
progress of conservation activities undertaken within the programme to the Saiga
Conservation Alliance. As per its commitment, Mongolia reports on the species
conservation efforts to the Alliance.
International conference for development of strategic plan for Bactrian camel
conservation was held in Khustai National Park in August, 2010. During the meeting, the
current status and conservation of Bactrian camel populations were presented by
representatives from each country, where the species occurs, for discussion and future
strategic conservation action plans. At present the action plan is being translated into
English and Mongolian. The action plan should be adopted by the Government of
Mongolia and put into practice. Some of the activities proposed in the action plan are
also reflected in the national programme on conservation of rare and very rare wildlife
species in Mongolia.
The conference on Siberian crane conservation was attended by P. Tsogtsaikhan,
officer of Environmental and Natural Resource department of MNET in 2010.
The conference on Saiga conservation held in Urumchi , People’ Republic of
China, was attended by Enkhtuul, the CITES Secretary, in 2010.
At initiative of WWF Mongolia Programme office, a meeting for improved conservation
of Snow leopard was held in September, 2011 and it was attended by representatives of
Mongolia, China, Russian Federation, Nepal, and India. On the meeting, the researchers
and explorers from the “Pantera”, the Snow Leopard Conservancy, and the Institute of
Biology, and representatives of Snow Leopard Conservation Foundation of Mongolia,
and Khovd, Uvs, and Govi-Altai provinces. Following the meeting, the participants
visited Tost Mountain in Umnugovi province, a site of Snow leopard conservation project
for experience sharing.
The 10th meeting of COP to the Bonn Convention was attended by D. Batbold,
Chair of the Convention Board and Director of Foreign Relations department of MNET,
and its Scientific Council meeting was attended by Dr. B. Lkhagvasuren, WWF
Mongolia Programme office and the CMS Scientific Councilor for Mongolia.
Red List of Mongolia’s Birds and Action Plan for Conservation of Birds in
Mongolia were published in 2011. The Red List includes the birds recorded in Mongolia
and the conservation action plan specified the status and future conservation actions for
36 bird species out of 476 bird species endemic to Mongolia.
e/ Public awareness & promotional activities:
Translations of 11 environmental Conventions and three Protocols, which
Mongolia signed, were edited by the Ministry of Foreign Relations and Affairs and
officially translated. The edited versions of the Conventions and Protocols were
published in edition No: 9 of “Turiin Medeelel” (“State Information”) periodical dated
March 31, 2010 and their copies were handed in to the respective agencies and
institutions.
One of the important awareness raising materials for the public is the publication
of the Red List of mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians, and fish in Mongolia and their
conservation action plans that are helpful to raise public awareness on biodiversity in the
24
country. These publications specify categories of rare endemic (to Mongolia) species in
regions within the country according to the IUCN categories, characteristics of each
species listed, reasons of their rarities, distributions and population sizes in the world and
regional levels, their protection status, and future conservation actions. These
publications are an important reference on the species for decision makers and other
relevant institutions and organizations.
Introduction on international Conventions on biodiversity has been produced with
the support of WWF Mongolia Programme office for the public.
A pamphlet “Gobi King” on globally endangered transboundary Bactrian camel
written in English for children was translated by Dr. B. Lkhagvasuren into Mongolian
and distributed to the MNET and the public.
The Mongolian Snow Leopard Conservation Foundation and the International
Snow Leopard Conservation Foundation jointly implemented a public awareness
programme of Frankenberg for local herders in 2011–2012. Under the programme,
lectures and discussions on the species conservation and ecological importance were
organized for local residents of the areas where Snow leopards inhabit. With the
cooperation of the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC), the foundations prepared a
10 minute programme on Snow Leopard conservation (“Irves Enterprise”) in November,
2011. It was sent to the BBC “World Challenge“ documentary contest and won the first
place in the contest, where 12 documentaries and programmes were shortlisted out of the
documentaries and programmes sent by many countries in the world. It shows that the
Snow Leopard conservation in the country is being highly appreciated by international
communities.
25
BRIEF DESCRIPTIONS OF THE WILDLIFE SPECIES LISTED IN APPENDIX
TO THE BONN CONVENTION
Mammals in Appendix I:
Bactrian Camel (Camelus bactrianus ferus)
Two humped camel or Bactrian Camel, whose occurrence is only recorded in
Mongolia and China in the world, has a populationofs about 450-500 individuals in
Mongolia in four areas according to the recent researches and studies (Adiya et.al., 2010).
The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) included the species into the
category ”critically endangered” or A3de and À4ade. As per the regional assessment, the
species is listed in the category “nearly endangered” С1 (Clark et al., 2005).
Hunting of Bactrian Camel has been legally banned since the 1930s. It was
protected in 1958 and its core distribution area was included in Great Gobi Strictly
Protected Area (SPA) in 1975. From Great Gobi SPA, 22 calves were captured and
raised them in Bayan-tooroi area in Govi-Altai province in 1987-1992. However, only
13 individuals are left because of inadequate understanding and skills in taking care of
the species and management.
National researchers consider that one of the reasons to become rare is crossbreeding with domestic camels. There are no comprehensive studies on cross-bred
individuals, but local herders inform that their camels have become conciliatory with the
wild camels. It was often seen that domestic camels moved and grazed in part “A” of
Great Gobi SPA. It provides a basis of outbreak of contractible diseases and crossbreeding (Walzer, Kaczensky, 2005). Distributions and locations of Bactrian camel are
likely to be influenced by human activities and natural resource extractions (e.g. gold
mining) and environmental deterioration in the future. In China, rivers are getting
polluted with cyanide as sodium cyanide is used for iron ore concentrates in gold mines
(Hare, 2006).
Fences along the Chinese and Mongolian border also hinder migration and
movements of Bactrian camel and hold back potential genetic cross-breeding with the
species populations in China. It is indefinite whether the changes to oasis environment
e.g. increasing dryness are being resulted from human activities and whether water bodies
are lost due to natural phenomena. One of the causes reducing the Bactrian camel’ small
populations is that of wolf attacks on the wild camel herds, particularly on young
individuals or calves (M. Stubbe, personal commentary).
The species is legally protected as it is included in the list of very rare wild
species in Article 7.1 of the Mongolian Law on Fauna (2000) (Badam, Ariunzul, 2005).
Hunting of Bactrian camel has been legally banned since the 1930s and the species is
included in the list of very rare wild species in the Law on Hunting (1995) (Ministry of
Nature and Environment, 1996). The species is also recorded in the category of very rare
species in the second edition of the Mongolian Red Book (Shagdarsuren et.al., 1987;
Shiirevdamba et.al., 1997). The species is listed in Appendix I to the Bonn Convention.
Distribution areas of Bactrian camel are entirely included in the Protected Area network
in the country.
The national programme on Bactrian Camel Conservation has been developed and
its discussion is underway. As the programme is approved and put in practice, the
conservation status and management will be radically improved. At the initiative of the
26
Government of Mongolia, a project for Bactrian camel was successfully implemented
with UNDP/GEF funding in 2004-2007.
Snow leopard (Uncia uncia)
The Snow leopard (Uncia uncia Schreber, 1776) occurs in 12 countries (e.g.
Afghanistan, Bhutan, China, Mongolia, India, Kazakhstan, Kyrgystan, Nepal, Pakistan,
Russian Federation, Tajikistan, and Uzbekistan) with limited distribution. it’s the
populations are 4500- 7000.
The snow leopard is recorded in the Red Book of Mongolia, Red List of IUCN,
Appendix to the CITES, and Appendix I to the Bonn Convention and its hunting is
banned.
The species is listed in category of “endangered” or C2a(i) of IUCN (Clark et al.,
2005). To protect the species, the countries cooperate through establishment of transboundary Protected Areas. The species populations are commonly found in the areas that
are in natural or untouched conditions.
There are approximately 700-1200 individuals recorded within 80.0-100.0
thousand sq. km areas of Mongol Altai, Govi-Altai, Khangai, Khan Khukhii, Khovsgul,
Kharkhiraa, Turgen, and Tsagaan Shuvuut Mountain ranges and continued low
mountains of South Altai Gobi located in 107 Soums of 10 provinces in the country.
About 20 per cent of habitats of Snow leopard populations in Mongolia are included in
the national Protected Area network. According to the Snow leopard researchers, 13.022.0 per cent of world populations of Snow leopard occurs in Mongolia (McCarty, 2000).
There were 500-1,000 individuals in the Snow leopard populations in Mongolia in 2000
(McCarthy, Chapron, 2003).
Habitats and distribution areas of Snow Leopards overlap with habitats of Ibex,
one of its main prey species. The species also feeds on Argali sheep, marmot, rabbit,
rodents, and birds such as Snow cock and rock partridge. When these prey species
become rare within its habitat, the Snow leopard often attack domestic livestock.
The snow leopard is recorded in the list of very rare wildlife species in Mongolia.
Individuals who illegally hunt the species are imposed with criminal liabilities. The
Mongolian Law prohibits to sell and buy the items made of snow leopard skin and other
parts.
However, the species is illegally hunted for smuggling its skin and bones for
traditional medicine to China. Additionally, its meat is used for traditional medicine. One
meter of snow leopard skin traded in Mongolia and China is at least USD 250 (Wingard,
Zahler, 2006). One of the causes reducing the species populations in the country is the
lack of prey species (particularly, ungulates) within their habitats. Some individuals that
attack livestock are shot by herders. The species population is getting reduced due to
illegal hunting for smuggling to other countries.
National and international research institutions jointly carry out studies, analysis,
and conservation efforts of Snow leopard in the country. WWF Mongolia Programme
office implemented a project of Snow leopard conservation in Western Mongolia. Under
the project, some heads of livestock were provided to the herders, who lost their livestock
because of snow leopard attacks and campaigns on the species conservation were
conducted. The similar projects and programmes were implemented by the Institute of
Biology and International Snow Leopard Conservation Foundation on Small Bogd
27
Mountain in Uvurkhangai province and by the Mongolian center for Snow Leopard
Conservation jointly with the US Pantera International on Tost Mountain in Umnugovi
province. Under the projects and programmes, collars were put on snow leopard
individuals and their seasonal movements were monitored. In addition to data on seasonal
movements, they collected data on the species habitats and distribution areas that are
important for future conservation management.
Birds
There are 21 bird species included in Appendix I to the Bonn Convention. As an
example, we have cited below a brief description on the Oriental white stork in this report.
Oriental white stork (Ciconia boyciana)
The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) has included the
species in the category “endangered” or C2a(i) as per its assessment. No regional
assessment has been made for the species (Gombobaatar et al., 2011)
The species occurs in Ulz River, Buir Lake and Khalkh River valleys in Mongolia during
its spring and autumn migrations. There were 1000-2,499 individuals recorded within
474,000 sq.km area, but its population size in Mongolia has not defined (Gombobaatar et
al., 2011).
Gombobaatar ©
The species is recorded as a “rare” species in the Mongolian Red Book (1997)
and its hunting has been banned since 1995. The species is also listed in Appendix I to
the CITES and Appendix I to the Bonn Convention It is also recorded in the list of rare
birds in Mongolia.
22.4 per cent of its habitats and distribution areas have been included in the
current Protected Area network (Gombobaatar et al., 2011).
Mammals in Appendix II:
Mongolian gazelle (Procapra gutturosa)
The ungulate that remains at its largest numbers in Central Asia is the Mongolian
gazelle. (B. Lkhagvasuren, 2000). The Mongolian gazelle used to migrate within
750,000 km2 of all steppes, desert steppe, and mountain steppe in Mongolia in the 1950s
(Bannikov, 1954). Currently, its distribution areas have been reduced to 500,000km2.
Migration of the large herds from the east to the west within the country has been
blocked by Ulaanbaatar- Zamyn Uud.
Ito T. ©
As the species populations were fragmented by the railway, the populations to the
west of railway have been badly affected by droughts and dzud (heavy snow falls) and
hunting and consequently most of the population has been lost and seen in few numbers
in some places (Lkhagvasuren, Milner-Gulland, 1998).
One of the factors reducing its populations is that numbers of individuals illegally
hunting who always override the annual quotas for hunting.The species is illegally
harvested in large numbers (Lkhagvasuren, Milner-Gulland, 1998).
Milner-Gulland, Lkhagvasuren (1998) presumed hunting quota a year would be
60,000 individuals from the population with one million individuals. However, the
individuals hunted has been exceeded by over 300 per cent (Wingard, Zahler, 2006).
In Eastern Mongolia, about 70,000 Mongolian gazelles were harvested in the
winter of 1977(Sokolov, Lushchekina, 1997), but 250,000 individuals were illegally
harvested in 2004 (Wingard, Zahler, 2006). Binary fence along Ulaanbaatar- Beijing
28
railway has divided the core populations in Eastern Mongolia. It makes the population
status worse and fragmented. Wire mesh along the Russian-Mongolian and ChinaMongolian borders hold back access to better rangeland during their annual and seasonal
migrations (Ito et al., 2005). One of the causes reducing the species populations is the
increasing hunting of Mongolian gazelle in some areas (particularly in the areas, where
oil is extracted)as a meat supply. In addition to this, the causes of the species decline is
competition with herders and outbreak of contagious diseases such as hoof and mouth
disease especially risky in the areas where human and livestock are highly concentrated
(Schaller, Lkhagvasuren, 1998; Campos-Arceiz et.al., 2004). In some winters with dzud
(heavy snow fall) the species is lost in large numbers. The species hunting has been
handled under control and annual hunting quotas for business purposes have been set at a
regional level since 1932. Its hunting season has been set from September 1 to December
1. The Ministry of Nature and Environment has banned the species hunting for
commercial purposes since 2000 (MNE, 2000). The Law on Hunting (1995) banned
hunting of Mongolian gazelle by using guns and chasing by vehicle. In the event of
illegal hunting, the violators will be fined with the domestic currency equal to USD 30-40
per head hunted. Approximately, eight per cent of the species habitats and distribution
areas are included in the current Protected Area network.
Mongolian Saiga (Saiga borealis)
There are two fragmented populations of the species in only 20 per cent of the
former distribution areas of the species in the western region of the country. The majority
(90%) of one population occurs in a 2,000 km2 of distributed areas in Shargiin Gobi, the
desert valley in the north of Govi-Altai Mountain range. Located at 200 km distance
from Shargiin population, other population occurs in about 200 km2 in sand dunes located
in the south of Khar Us Lake (Dulamtseren, Amgalan, 1995). Few individuals used to
occur in Khuisiin Gobi and Khuren steppe in the Great Lakes’ depression, but the species
occur permanently in these aforementioned areas (WWF, 2010). Total distribution area of
the species is approximately 130,00 km2.
At the initiative of the WWF Mongolia Programme office to re-introduce and
increase populations of Saiga within its natural habitats and distribution areas, a project
“Conservation of Saiga in Great Lakes’ Depression” was implemented with funding of
Euro 500,000 from MABA Foundation in Switzerland in 2007-2010. As the project was
implemented, the Saiga population was increased as per the project data. Under the
project intervention, community based organizations were established within the project
sites, anti-poaching unit “Irves-3” was established in Govi-Altai province, 3-year public
awareness programme on prevention from illegal hunting and trade was developed and
implemented, and collars were put on six adults and 40 baby individuals for monitoring
their movements and migrations.
WWF Mongolia Programme office is implementing the programme “BioFund”, a
database on rare and endangered wildlife (including Saiga) distributions, locations,
populations, and other relevant data and the “Irves” database, where illegal hunting
related data and evidences are collected.
The species populations are quite limited and vulnerable to natural disasters
(Lkhagvasuren et.al., 2001). Compared to other species, its hunting is relatively lower in
Mongolia, but hunting is a threat to the populations with few individuals. Illegal hunting
29
takes place for males’ horns as they are used for traditional medicine. It affects not only
overall populations, but also the gender balance among the populations (WWF, 2010).
Some researchers regard the reduction in species populations has indirectly resulted from
habitat loss and deterioration by the drastic increase in domestic livestock. Domestic
livestock creates competition for grazing and water within the species habitat, but it
necessary to conduct comprehensive studies on this concern. Another threat to the
species populations are the contagious diseases and parasites (e.g. Pallasiomyia
antilopum) from domestic livestock (Dulamtseren, Amgalan, 1995; Zahler et.al., 2004).
The species is recorded in the CITES Appendix II (UNEP-WCMC, 2006). Two
sub-species are recorded in a category “very rare” in Article 7.1 of the Mongolian Law on
Fauna (2000) (Badam, Ariunzul, 2005). Since 1930, its hunting has been banned and the
species is included in a category “very rare” species in the Mongolian Law on Hunting
(1995) (MNE, 1996). Two sub-species are included in the category “very rare” species in
the second edition of the Mongolian Red Book (Shagdarsuren et.al., 1987; Shiirevdamba
et.al., 1997). Approximately 24 per cent of Mongolian saiga habitats and distribution
areas are included in the current Protected Area network in the country.
Khulan (Equus hemionus)
Khulan is recorded in limited numbers in few countries of Arabia and Asia
Ito ©
including Israel [re-introduced], Saudi Arabia [re-introduced], Iran, Kazakhstan [reintroduced], Turkmenistan [the population being re-introduced], Uzbekistan [reintroduced], China (the northern part of Xinjiang province), India, and Mongolia (Feh
íàð, 2002). However, the species has been extinct in the Near East, namely in the Arabian
peninsula, Asia Minor, and the northern part of India.
The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) includes the E.
hemionus in the category “vulnerable, A3bcd and C1 and the E. h. hemionus, E. h. luteus
in the category “vulnerable”, C1. Its population had 19,000-20,000 individuals in 2003
(Lkhagvasuren, 2007) and its populations have been reduced due to uncontrolled hunting,
environmental degradation, and reduced breeding rates among herds. Over 3,000
individuals were illegally hunted a year (Wingard, Zahler, 2006). As per this finding, the
species populations were reduced by five per cent a year and by over 60 per cent within
last two decades. According to the inventories on ungulates in the steppe region (2009),
about 13,000-15,000 individuals were recorded (Institute of Biology, 2009). It shows that
the intensive mining operations taking place in the southern Gobi region in recent years
lead to a drastic loss of the species population and their habitats.
In some areas, the species is illegally hunted for smuggling of its skin and meat
(Duncan, 1992; Stubbe íàð, 2005b). The species habitats are getting lost and deteriorated
due to overgrazing (specific data is required) as domestic livestock is increased, extensive
use of natural resources (e.g. mining), human settlements (near oasis and water bodies).
Wire mesh fences along Ulaanbaatar-Beijing railway and Chinese-Mongolian border
have fragmented the species habitats and hold movements and migration within its
natural habitats (Kaczensky et al., 2009).
The species was included the Appendix II to the Bonn Convention in 2002. The
E. hemionus is included in the CITES Appendix II and the E. h. hemionus, E. h.luteus is
in Appendix I. Khulan is included in the category “rare” species in the revised Mongolian
Law on Fauna (2000) (by the Government Resolution No: 264, 2001) (Badam,
Ariunzull, 2005) and in the category of “rare” in the Mongolian Law on Hunting (1995)
30
(MNE, 1996). Its hunting has been banned since 1953 (Shiirevdamba et.al., 1997). The
Khulan was included in the category of “rare” in the second edition of Mongolian Red
Bool (Shagdarsuren et.al., 1987; Shiirevdamba et.al., 1997). Approximately 29 per cent
of Khulan distribution area is included in the current Protected Area network. To protect
the species, the Government established part “B” of Small Gobi Strictly Protected Area
(Zuungaryn Gobi) and Zagiin Us (Saxual stand) Nature Reserve (Northern Gobi) in 1999
(Feh et.al., 2002).
Black-tailed gazelle (Gazella subgutturosa)
The species is distributed in 20 countries of Central Asia and Arabia. Mongolia
supports relatively bigger and healthier populations distributed within vast areas, but
with low density. Currently, it abundantly occurs in the Great Lakes Depression, The
Valley of the Lakes, .Zuungaryn Gobi, Altai Uvur Gobi, Eastern Gobi, and Alshani Gobi
(Bannikov, 1954; Sokolov, Orlov, 1980; Amgalan, 1984, 1986; Lkhagvasuren et,al.,
B. Lkhagvasuren©
1999; Lhagvasuren et al., 2001). As per the International Union for Conservation of
Nature (IUCN) assessment, the species is in the category “vulnerable” and A2ad and as
per the regional assessment, it is in a category “vulnerable”, A3cde (Clark et al., 2005).
The species population in Mongolia was reduced by 30 per cent from 1940 to 1960
(Lkhagvasuren et.al., 2001). In the 1990s, the population size was about 60,000
individuals (Amgalan, 1995) as per the steppe ungulate inventories in 2009 (Institute of
Biology, 2009) it was reduced by 5 times at about 12,000 individuals.
The main causes of reduced population were unregulated and uncontrolled
hunting and other factors e.g. environmental degradation, competition for resources, and
other intentional human activities. In addition to the permitted hunting, the species is
illegally hunted for its meat. Many researchers identify the mining operations intensively
undertaken in the South Gobi directly and indirectly lead to the species habitat
fragmentation and reduced population (Lkhagvasuren et al., 2011).
The species was recorded in the Bonn Convention Appendix II in 2002. The
species was recorded in a category “rare” species in the Mongolian Law on Hunting
(1995) (MNE, 1996). The species was also recorded in a category of “rare” as per the
Mongolian Law on Fauna (2000) and Government Resolution (¹264, 2001) (Badam,
Ariunzul, 2005). The species is also recorded in the category of “rare” species in the
second edition of Mongolian Red Book (Shagdarsuren et.al., 1987; Shiirevdamba et.al.,
1997). Approximately 15 of Black-tailed gazelle habitats and distribution areas is
included in the current Protected Area network (Amgalan, 2000).
Argali sheep (Ovis ammon)
Argali sheep, which is well recognized with its big body and horns, occurs in 12
countries in Asia in the world. There were two sub-species: Altai Argali sheep (Ovis
ammom ammon) and Gobi Argali sheep (Ovis ammom darwini) occurring in Mongolia.
However, researchers identify there is one species of Argali sheep (Ovis ammom ammon)
in Mongolia based on genetic analysis (Tserenbataa 2003; Tserenbataa et al., 2004). As
per the IUCN assessment, it is included in a category “vulnerable” or А2cde. It also
includes Altai Argali sheep in a category “vulnerable” or A2cde and C1 and the Gobi
Argali sheep in a category “endangered” С1 (Clark et al., 2005).
23.4 per cent of the species habitats and distribution areas is in the current Protected Area
network in the country.
31
A national programme on Argali sheep conservation was approved by the
Government Resolution in 2002. To protect the species population growth and habitats,
11.3 thousand sq.km area of Myangan Ugalz Mountain in Uvs Aimag was designated
under the State protection by the Parliament Resolution No: 39 in 2002. To improve
conservation management of Khukh Serkh Nuruu SPA including efficient biotechnical
measures, a park administration was set up in Deluun Soum of Bayan-Ulgii province.
The main constraint and threat to Argali sheep is illegal hunting including hunting
of the species by foreign hunters with special permits (Amgalanbaatar et al., 2002b). The
main causes of the population decrease include the droughts and dzud (heavy snow falls)
that frequently occur, overlapped grazing areas with domestic animals, habitat restriction
and even loss of some parts of its historical distribution areas (Reading et al., 1997; 2003;
2005; Wingard, 2005).
Its hunting has been legally banned since 1953. The species was included in a
category “rare” in the Mongolian Law on Hunting (1995) and the CITES Appendix II. It
was included in the Appendix II to the Bonn Convention on the 10th meeting of COP to
the Convention held in Bergen of Norway in November, 2012. The species is recorded
in a category “rare” in the Mongolian Red Book. (Shagdarsuren et.al., 1987;
Shiirevdamba et.al., 1997). Approximately 14% of the species habitat and distribution
area is included in the current Protected Area network.
The population in Mongolia was 60,000 individuals in the middle of 1980
(Institute of Biology, 1985), but it was 18,000-20,000 individuals in 2009 (Institute of
Biology, 2010). The species population in the country has been reduced by three times
during the last two decades.
National and international research institutions jointly conduct studies on the
species. For instance, researchers of Biological Institute in cooperation with researchers
from the USA are implementing projects in Ikh Nart Nature Reserve in Dornogovi
province and Altai mountain range a site of WWF Programme office.
Birds:
177 bird species in Mongolia are listed in the Appendix II to the Bonn Convention.
As an example, we have cited below a brief description on Greylag goose in this report.
Greylag goose (Anser anser)
It is a migratory bird occurring in most major rivers and lakes in the country. The
species annually arrives in the country in mid April and the beginning of May and build
their nests in rivers’ and lakes’ valleys for nesting and summering.
The species occurs in a number of countries in the world its world population is about
one million individuals, but the population size in the country has not yet been defined.
(Gombobaatar, 2011).
S. Gombobaatar©
Traditionally, Mongolians do not hunt birds while respecting and revering them.
Thus, direct human impacts on the species population are relatively less, but other factors
e.g. environmental degradation, farming or cultivation, infrastructural development, and
particularly mining operations lead to the species habitat fragmentation and decreased
populations (Gombobaatar, 2011).
Approximately eight per cent of its habitats and distribution areas is in the current
Protected Area network (Gombobaatar, 2011) and the wetlands, where the species occurs,
are recorded in the RAMSAR Convention Appendix.
32
Fish
Two species of fish in Mongolia are recorded in the Bonn Convention Appendix
II. We have cited below a brief description on Siberian sturgeons in this report.
Siberian sturgeons (Acipenser baerii)
As per the IUCN assessment, the species is recorded in the category
“endangered”A2bcd+ 4bcd ver 3.1 and as per the regional assessment, it is included in a
category “near threatened” B2ab (iii,v). Its distribution area is less than 10 km. It spawns
in three areas (two in Selenge River and one is in Orkhon River). Its distribution area is
limited so illegal fishing is a main threat to the population.
Lucas Jurek©
Its habitats are polluted with sediments and other waste materials produced by
gold mining and the species population has been drastically reduced because of illegal
fishing of its breeding individuals.
Main threats are illegal fishing for trading and habitat pollutions resulted from
non-organic waste from urban or settlement areas and different sized (small and big
mining company operations) mining operations. Due to adverse impacts of gold mining
operations, changes are made to its habitats e.g. river regimes and shapes are changed and
sludge or thick clay accumulates at the river bottoms and. Consequently, the species
faces and has faced a lack of pollution free environment and habitat.
The species is included in the CITES Appendix II in 1998 and Bonn Convention
Appendix II. The species is under a category “rare” in both the Mongolian Law on Fauna
or the Mongolian Red Book.
33
DECISIONS OF MEETINGS OF THE COP TO THE CONVENTION AND
THEIR FOLLOW UP ACTIONS IN MONGOLIA
Since 1999, when Mongolia signed the Convention:
Decisions those are pertinent to Mongolia:
Follow-up
actions
decisions:
of
the
Decision 6.5. Cape As per decision 4.1 of the meeting Report was sent in a timely manner;
held in Nairobi in 1994, to remind the
Town, 1999
COP to timely submit their reports to
National Report
the Convention before the meetings
of COP to contribute conclusions;
Bonn, To carry out joint actions necessary
for the conservation of the species: a
mammal species of terrestrial land:
Snow leopard
A broad range of joint efforts
including projects and programmes
for Snow leopard conservation are
being
undertaken,
National
programme on Snow leopard was
successfully implemented in 20042010.
Decision 7.2. Bonn, Recommend the COP compliance to
the instructions to reflect the
2002
biodiversity related issues in the
Impact assessment
Environmental impact assessment
legislation and the Environmental
strategic assessment approved by the
meeting VI/7 of the COP to the
Convention on Biodiversity;
A statement on Environmental
impact assessment is specifically
included
in
the
Law
on
Environmental Protection;
Mobilize the COP to the Convention,
non-member and observer countries,
and other partners into cooperative
actions to support sustainable
management of predator birds and
owls; for instance,
(a) Protect important breeding sites
and take mitigation measures to
reduce and eliminate the hurdles
& obstacles to their migrations
and movements;
(c) Monitor & track on shooting,
poisoning, and the taking away of
their eggs;
(d) Conduct promotions & public
awareness on behaviors, living
patterns, constraints & challenges to
the bird populations and their
conservation;
(e) Conduct monitoring & assessment
A database on over 10 predator
birds and their movements and
conservation in Mongolia was
established;
Breeding sites of most of the
predator birds are included in the
national Protected Area network to
certain extents;
A project on reduction of mortality
of steppe predator birds hit on high
tension lines in Mongolia was
implemented in 2008-2011;
Laws on Fauna and Hunting bans to
shoot and take away eggs of
predator birds and monitoring is
conducted through a network of
Protected Area administrations,
Aimag and Soum environmental
institutions’ cooperation;
Research institutions and non-
Decision 7.1.
2002
Cooperation
Decision
8.12. Nairobi, 2005
Predator birds
34
at regional level to identify governmental organizations actively
population trends and conduct carry out awareness activities on
necessary studies on the species;
conservation of some predator birds
and better understanding on
constraints and threats to the birds
for the public;
To identify and analyze predator
birds’ population trends, monitoring
and assessment on populations were
conducted at regional level and
conservation action plan for birds
recorded in the Red List was
developed in 2011.
Decision 8.27. Nairobi, Develop a comprehensive action plan
2005 Avian influenza for combating with HPAI and other
animal contagious diseases at
national and international levels
through participation of researchers
of wetland birds and other wildlife
species, public health, specialists and
experts studying contagious diseases
from animals to humans e.g. the
specialist
&
experts
from
veterinarian, agricultural, bacterial
studies, and medical sectors;
Analyze and share database and
analysis findings on migratory routes,
flyways, and dynamics of predator
bird populations with stakeholders
and partners in order to improve
conservation efforts;
Necessary emergency actions are
timely undertaken in the events of
the discovery of contagious disease
symptoms through participation of
researchers of wetland birds and
other wildlife species, public health,
specialists and experts studying
contagious diseases from animals to
humans e.g. the specialist & experts
from veterinarian, agricultural,
bacterial studies, and medical
sectors as per the comprehensive
action plan;
National ornithologists and other
researchers jointly do analysis in
database findings to identify and
assess migratory routes, flyways,
and dynamics of predator bird
populations with the partners e.g.
FAO;
Put in force a Memorandum of
Understanding on Saiga conservation,
re-introduction, and sustainable use
as it has been signed by respective
countries (three);
Encourage non-member countries to
actively take part in enforcement of
proposed actions as inviting them to
join the agreements & negations;
Mammals
of
Central
Asian
terrestrial land:
(ii) Call for observers-countries and
other parties interested to take part in
As
Mongolia
signed
the
Memorandum of Understanding in
2010.
Efforts
for
Saiga
conservation efforts are being
undertaken with a broad range;
Decision 9.2. Rome,
2008
Prioritized issues of
the Bonn Convention
agreed by its COP
35
Since its start, Mongolia has been
taking place actively in the
cooperation. It initiated to conduct
the assessment of constraints and
hurdles to the Mongolian gazelle
and other migratory ungulates with
funding from the Convention
the Convention activities and support
in
drafting
&
signing
of
memorandums of understanding and
other direct and indirect documents;
(iii) Support and cooperate with nonmember countries in terms of
conservation of Mongolian gazelle as
per the 14th Scientific Council
meeting of the Convention;
(iv) Advise and assist the countries,
where the Mongolian gazelle is
distributed, in development of their
action plans for the species
conservation and improvement of
cooperative efforts for conservation
of the threatened species;
Decision 9.4.
National reports
their future
Secretariat and reported about the
assessment
findings
to
the
Convention Scientific Council and
the 10th meeting of the COP.
The Parties that have not submitted Reports were
& their national reports for 2005-2008 deadline;
need to send them by December 31,
2008;
sent
within
the
Integrate the wildlife (animals &
plants), domestic animal, human, and
ecosystem health issues into the
following aspects:
А. Action plans for emergency
situations;
B. Monitoring, assessments, &
observations;
C. Responsive actions to be
undertaken during outbreaks of
pandemic and contagious diseases
and mortalities;
D. Capacity building actions;
Decision X.21 of Ramsar Convention
and its recommendations to the COP
following up the instructions
addressed
at
reduction
and
elimination of H5N1 avian influenza
outbreaks;
Responsive actions are timely taken
in accordance with the action plans
for emergency situations and
outbreaks of wildlife contagious
diseases (e.g. outbreak of foot and
mouth in 2010) and the instructions
of Ramsar Decision and H5N1
avian flu outbreak mitigation are
followed up;
3. Recommend the Parties identifying
Decision 9.12.
Strategy for capacity the prioritized areas of researches
based on the most reliable evidences
building
and data and improving capacities
while focusing on the prioritized
concerns to migratory wildlife;
National
and
international
researchers cooperate in analysis of
seasonal movements of migratory
species e.g. Mongolian gazelle,
Khulan, and Argali sheep through
putting satellite image transmitters
(collars) on individuals and
Decision 9.8.
Take preventive actions
against the contagious
diseases such as H5N1
avian
influenza
frequently
outbreak
among migratory birds;
36
identifying and assessing the
hurdles
to
their
seasonal
movements, migrations, and habitat
conservation and reflection of
analysis
findings
in
future
management plans;
As per the clause 4 of section VII of Mongolia pays its contributions in a
Decision 9.14.
Finance
& the Convention, The Conference of timely manner;
administrative issues
the Parties shall make their
contributions to the Convention by
the end of March of each year. If
necessary, the Parties may claim from
the Secretariat an invoice of three
year’s contributions;
7. If agreed, the Parties may pay their
contributions in three equal portions;
Decision 9.20
Saker falcon
Require the Parties to provide their
supports to the seminar on the
conservation and needs of Saker
falcon conservation to be held in the
United Arab Emirate in 2009;
Request the Parties to accept and
support the research programme
initiated by the Saud Arab to reassess the species conservation status;
Recommend the Parties proposing to
list the species in the Appendix I
other than the species, whose
conservation is apparently upgraded
and those are no longer regarded as
vulnerable,
endangered,
and
threatened species;
Under the task, a project to put
radio and satellite transmitters on
Saker falcon individuals for
monitoring their migrations and
build
artificial
nests
was
implemented in Mongolia. A total
of 150 artificial nests were built.
Monitored migration of
10
individuals, it identified that the
individuals leave from Mongolia
and spend their winters in the north
west of China and on mountains of
Khukh Lake and some adult
individuals spend their winter in
Mongolia. Monitoring on their food
& prey, habitats and breeding was
conducted;
Decision 10.03 Bergen,
2011
Role of ecological
chain in conservation of
migratory species
Call for the COP and the Parties
signed
Memorandum
of
Understanding to use and apply a
network
or
chain
tool
for
implementation of the Convention
document, proposals, and initiatives
on migratory wild species;
Identify migratory terrestrial and
water bird important areas that
include the ecologically important
areas e.g. breeding sites and nonbreeding areas e.g. stopover sites (for
resting & feeding) and mobilize the
COP and observers-Parties to
produce the map and patterns
The
Memorandum
of
Understanding
on
Saiga
Conservation was signed and
Mongolian Saiga movement and
migration routes were designated
into a Nature Reserve (Sharga
Mankhan NR).
Breeding and
calving sites of migratory species
e.g. Bactrian camel, Mongolian
gazelle, and Khulan have been
entirely and partially designated
under protection and included in the
national Protected Area network.
Joint studies on trans-boundary
migratory species e.g. Bactrian
37
systematically
relationships;
Decision 10.07
Activity outputs
communications
(Expected outputs
the
actions
communications
2012-2014)
showing
their camel, Mongolian gazelle, and
Argali sheep were conducted with
neighboring countries (China and
Russia) and a trans-boundary
Protected area was established;
Recommend the Parties raising and
and donating financial and other physical
contributions to implement efficient
of campaigns;
and Set the frequency of the campaign in
for accordance
with
the
recommendations in CMS/StC37/20;
Maintain records and support the
activities organized by the envoys of
the Convention on Migratory
Species;
Report to the Secretariat if an
envoy(s) took part in the activities
and events for migratory species
conservation;
Mongolia actively takes place in the
activities
and
events
for
conservation of Siberian crane and
Saiga as it signed the Memorandum
of Understanding on the species’
conservation
and
sends
it
representatives to international
workshops and conferences on
Saker falcon conservation for
making inputs into their decisions
and recommendations;
Decision
10.10.
Instructions and policy
coordinations
with
regard to conservation
of migratory flyways;
6. Recommend the Parties dealing
with the issues to designate birds’
stopover points under protection and
carry out necessary coordination
tasks;
7. Call for the Parties to support the
development of internationally bird
important areas, implementation of
management plans for the areas, and
expand trans-boundary cooperation
on migratory flyway route networks;
11.Request the Parties to support the
applications of advanced tools and
devices e.g. GPS, radio and satellite
transmitters, and remote controllers
for identification & monitoring of
migratory strategy and provide
assistance in analysis of data and
findings from database on migratory
birds;
Mongolia successfully implemented
the project to build artificial nests
for Saker falcon through its
cooperation with the Arabian
Emirate.
In 2009 and 2010, when drought
and dzud (heavy snow fall)
occurred, mesh of the border
between Russia and Mongolia was
taken away for a certain period of
time in order to release the
Mongolian gazelle migration;
Some individuals of migratory birds
had radio and satellite image
transmitters put on and remote
controllers and data on migratory
routes and seasons was received.
The findings and analysis data are
being used for conservation
management
planning
and
development of proposals for their
conservation;
Resolution 10.11.
High tension power
lines and migratory
birds
2.2 Government agencies, scientific
institutions, and non-governmental
organizations should conduct joint
assessment of impacts of power wire
lines on bird populations and
cooperate with the energy sector in
order to discuss policies;
2.3 Identify grounds of distributions,
Government agencies, scientific
institutions, and non-governmental
organizations discuss and cooperate
with the energy sector to reduce
impacts of power wire lines on bird
populations;
they
provide
recommendations e.g. changing
designs of power line facilities and
38
herd and population sizes, migration
routes, stopover points and breeding
sites of migratory birds at regional
level and consider the assessment
findings for planning of power line
construction in order prevent from
potential accidents; if such accidents
and mortalities are recorded during
the studies, it needs to take
preventive and remedial actions;
2.5 Identify parts of the power lines
that are highly risky for birds or the
parts, where injuries and mortalities
of birds are found;
3. Call for the Parties, non-member
countries, and inter-governmental
agencies, and other related parties to
reflect the actions recommended by
this Decision in their national
strategic programmes and action
plans for biodiversity conservation
and related legislations;
Call for the Parties to reflect and
discuss the Decision with their
national reports and present their
findings to respective Parties;
Decision 10.28
Saker falcon
placing fans on line poles to push
away birds based on assessment and
monitoring findings;
The research institutions and
researchers identify the risky parts
of power line facilities, where birds
might fall in injuries and
mortalities, and deliver respective
parties the recommendations for
changing their designs and taking
other necessary preventive and
remedial actions;
Include Saker falcon populations Supported the proposal to include
except for the population in the Saker falcon in the Appendix I
Mongolia, in the Appendix I to the to the Convention;
Convention on Migratory Species and
immediately coordinate cooperation
among the Parties;
39
SUCCESS, CONSTRAINTS, & LESSONS LEARNT DURING THE FOLLOW UP
ACTIONS OF THE DECISIONS
Success & lessons learned:
To summarize and conclude the actions implemented and being implemented, the
National Council authorized by the Convention on Migratory Species of Wild Animals
have been successfully fulfilling its commitments in consistency with international
requirements and practices and are constantly taking place in the activities and events
organized by the Convention since Mongolia signed the Convention. It is praiseworthy
that it has been carrying out many quite reasonable activities when compared to those
completed by specific professional institutions and organizations.
As a member of the Convention, Mongolia paid its membership fees in a timely
manner and has been actively participating at regular meetings of COP and Scientific
Council since joining. As seen from the initiatives and comments shared on the meetings
of COP, the impressions and feedback of the Convention Secretariat, Mongolia has a
high reputation and motivation among other members countries. The Convention Board
members were renewed in 2010 and its performances e.g. archiving of previous reports
and other related materials have been intensified.
Mongolia regularly sent its representatives to the Convention activities and events
e.g. Memorandum of Understanding, where Mongolia signed, and related meetings,
workshops, and conferences. This active participation in convention activities and events
has been very helpful in follow up actions and implementation of the Convention
activities and fulfillment of commitments.
Governmental and non-governmental organizations of Mongolia have been
actively taking place in conservation of the wild species recorded in the Convention
Appendices as well being recognized by international communities. It is seen from the
proceedings and other materials including reports of the meetings, researches, awareness
events, and conservation activities on the species, as well as publications and articles on
internationally recognized journals and editions. All these efforts are the cooperative
inputs of national researchers, experts, and scientists to the conservation of rare and very
rare wild species.
Constraints:
Management and organizational matters:
According to the analysis and assessment findings on national programmes and
projects being implemented in the environmental field, the non-compliance or
unsatisfactory performances against the expected outputs resulted from inadequate
relations and cooperation among respective Ministries and agencies and lack of action
plans and performance indicators in most of the programmes as well as indefinite funding
sources (National Audit Report, 2010).
Awareness and promotions on the Convention and its activities and what
importance Mongolia is giving to the Convention, and how Mongolia has been taking
place in the Convention activities are missing.
A database on the wild species from Mongolia recorded in the Bonn Convention
Appendices has not been established yet. It brings about a difficulty in accessing to the
data on the wild species and their conservation, research and uses.
Decisions of the COP meetings and documents and papers issued from the Convention
Scientific Council have been inadequately filed and maintained into file. Access to these
materials is limited to the Convention website.
A specific feature of the Convention is that conservation and research and
monitoring is designed and implemented at the entire habitat level of each species or at
40
regional level. With this regard, Mongolia provided insufficient performances and
creativeness to allocate and spend funding.
Promotions on the Convention, its goal and objectives, importance and proposed
actions are missing at a local level, they are inadequately linked to local development
action plans and taking wild species under protection is inadequately managed.
Funding is inadequately allocated and spent for conservation and research on
some migratory wild species particularly at decision making levels; no specific policy on
retaining skilled personal (e.g. managers and officers) at Protected Area administrations;
due to a shortage of professional and qualified human resource in local areas, the
specialists, officers, and rangers working have inadequate knowledge, skills, education,
and experiences; and public awareness activities on the biodiversity importance is
insufficiently conducted;
When planning in economic and other development sectors, the biodiversity
importance, particularly the importance, values, dependence, and biological needs of
migratory wild species moving through several provinces’ territories and trans-boundary
areas is less considered. Mostly, the issues are addressed after relevant decisions are
made. These disadvantages are proven with many examples of wrong planning
mechanisms. For instance, mining licenses were issued to 70 per cent of the total
country’s territory; when identifying carrying capacities of pastureland, the grassland use
by wild animals (herbivores) is not considered, as a result the heads of livestock have
been automatically increased and exceeding the pastureland carrying capacities etc.
Conservation of migratory wild animals in trans-boundary areas is mostly
managed “on paper” through few agreements with the neighboring two countries.
However, some physical work e.g. biotechnical measures and actions during unexpected
natural disasters e.g. droughts and dzud (heavy snow falls) or during breeding and
calving periods, and opening border wire meshes during migrations through transboundary areas are missing and inadequately managed according to the findings of
studies and analysis.
For migratory birds, a number of individuals are hit on high tension lines and are
wounded, injured, and even killed. Thus, it needs to carry out the studies to identify
which parts of high tension lines are unprotected or risky for birds and to recommend
respective agencies and organizations changing the current design of the electricity lines
and their connections in order to make them safer for birds.
The Government’s Action Plan for 2008-2012 states: “improve the conservation
and preservation of very rare and rare wild species within their natural habitats..., capture
and rear some species e.g. Bactrian camel, Saiga, Amur sturgeon within their habitats in
order to increase their populations, and use biotechnological benefits for improving their
genetic funds”. To implement these objectives, the Ministry of Nature, Environment, and
Tourism approved the General Action Plan for Conservation of Very Rare Wild Species
by its Resolution No: 329 in 2007. However, the planned actions were too generic, had
no specific actions for designated areas, and performances of some actions take time
(National Audit Report, 2010).
Conservation of migratory wild animals:
Border, railway, and other line facilities were designed and built without any
crossing areas and gates through which migratory wild animals freely move in and out.
Consequently, the migrations, intuitions, and biological and ecological needs of these
species are directly held back by these border, railway and other line facilities particularly
during their seasonal movements.
41
Among other negative impacts, the intensive development of mining and its
associated infrastructure namely railways and auto roads show the most severe impacts
on the migratory wild species has provided a basis to reduced habitats and populations.
A part “A” of Great Gobi Strictly Protected Area, a main distribution area of
Bactrian camel, is inhabited by artisanal or “ninja” miners for their businesses. It
provides the most severe pressure to the habitats and distribution areas of the wild species
e.g. Bactrian camel, Gobi bear, Khulan, Black–tailed gazelle, and others.
As habitats and distribution areas of Snow leopard are occupied and overlapped
with grazing of domestic livestock, its prey species e.g. ibex and marmot have run away
from their habitats. Thus, attacks by Snow leopard are getting increased and local
herders have had revengeful attitude to the species because of their lost livestock. It also
causes a reduced population.
It is seen illegal & uncontrolled hunting is widely taken as per the reports by local
rangers and anti-poaching unit members. Similarly, illegal hunting of other species e.g.
Khulan, Black tailed gazelle, and Argali particularly in Umnugovi and Dornogovi
provinces is increased and consequently the species’ populations are getting reduced
(Institute of Biology, 2009).
Continued and increasing illegal hunting of Mongolian saiga would be somehow
relevant that the supply of saiga antlers from Kazakhstan to China for traditional
medicine has been stopped. It also shows there is a potential latent chain of illegal trade
& smuggling of the saiga antlers in the country. Another pressure to the species is
overlapping of grazing areas of Saiga and domestic livestock due to drastic increase in
livestock heads. Thus, the saiga is disturbed and pushed away from their habitats.
Export of the Saker falcon is managed by licenses. However, it is unclear & not
disclosed about some issues e.g. how many & what companies and agencies are involved
in the licensing, what is the license perspective, how the Saker falcons capture is
managed and monitored on the ground, how many individuals of the species have been
actually caught in their natural habitats, how many of them were released to the nature,
how many have died, what were their reasons, how many individuals have been exported
and smuggled through customs, and many other types of relevant information is still
missing. There is definitely a lack of information on many issues, but it is not open. All
these disadvantages hinder adequate monitoring on Saker falcon population in Mongolia.
Considerable amounts of incomes are annually earned from trophy hunting of
some species e.g. Saker falcon, Argali, and male Argali and ibex, but the portions of
incomes legally stated in legislations are not annually spent for conservation and research
on species’ populations and their growth. It leads to impediment to long term sustainable
use of the species populations and gradually to their extinction (National Audit Office
Report, 2010).
42
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
We would like to thank to Dr. N. Tseveenmaydag, Head of Ornithological
Laboratory of the Institute of Biology, MAS; Dr. S. Gombobaatar, Lecturer of Wildlife
Department of School of Biology and Biotechnology, National University of Mongolia;
colleagues from Mammalian Ecological Laboratory of the Institute of Biology, MAS; the
Snow Leopard Conservation Center; the Wildlife Study and Conservation Center; the
WWF Mongolia Programme Office team; the Nature, Environment, and Tourism
departments in the provinces, and Protected Area administrations for sharing their reports
and reference materials for the report preparation; the Team of International Cooperation
Department of MNET for their initiatives to produce the report, and the UNDP Country
Office and WWF Mongolia for funding necessary for the report preparation.
43
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Mongolia: Implications for conservation. M.Sc. Thesis, Department of Biology,
University of Denver, Denver.
Tserenbataa, T., Ramey II, R.R., Ryder, O.A., Quinn, T.W. and Reading, R.P. (2004). A
genetic comparison of populations of argali sheep (Ovis ammon) in Mongolia using the
ND5 gene of mtDNA: Implications for conservation. Molecular Ecology 13: 1333-1339.
Walzer, C. and Kaczensky, P. (2005). Wild camel training and collaring mission for the
Great Gobi A Strictly Protected Area in Mongolia. Report to the United Nations
Development Programme (UNDP), Ulaanbaatar.
Wingard, G. (2005). Seasonal food habits of argali and dietary overlap with domestic
livestock in Mongolia. M.Sc. Thesis, University of Montana, Missoula.
Wingard J.R. and Zahler, P. (2006). Silent Steppe: The Illegal Wildlife Trade Crisis in
Mongolia. Mongolia Discussion Papers, East Asia and Pacific Environment and Social
Development Department. Washington D.C.: World Bank.
WWF Mongolia Programme Office, 2010. Saiga conservation project report to MAVA
foundation.
47
Zahler, P., Lkhagvasuren, B., Reading, R.P., Wingard, G.J., Amgalanbaatar, S.,
Gombobaatar, S., Barton, N. and Onon, Yo. (2004). Illegal and unsustainable wildlife
hunting and trade in Mongolia. Mongolian Journal of Biological Sciences 2(1): 23-31. (In
English with a Mongolian summary)
48
Annex 1
List of species included from Mongolia in Appendix I and II of the Bonn convention
№
Анги/Class
Баг/Order
Овог/Family
Зүйл/Specie Аль
s
популяци/P
opulations
Хэзээ
оруул
сан/W
hen
added
Appendix I
Хуурай газрын хөхтөн/Terrestrial mammals
1
2
Mammalia
Carnivora
Artiodactyla
Felidae
Camelidae
Uncia uncia
Camelus
bactrianus
Formerly
listed
Panthera
uncia
All
COP I
as
COP 7
Шувуу/Birds
Dalmatian
Pelican
Oriental Stork
Lesser Whitefronted
Goose
Swan Goose
Baikal Teal
Ferruginous
Pochard
Baer's
Pochard
White-headed
Duck
Greater
Spotted
Eagle
Imperial
Eagle
Pallas's SeaEagle
White-tailed
Eagle
Egyptian
Vulture
Lesser
Kestrel
Red-Crowned
Crane
Siberian
Crane
White-naped
Crane
Hooded
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
49
COP-1
COP-5
COP-7
COP-7
COP-5
COP-9
COP-4
COP-5
COP-5
COP-7
COP-1
COP-9
COP-5
COP-7
COP-7
Crane
Sociable
Lapwing
Relict Gull
Yellowbreasted
Bunting
Saker falcon
19
20
21
22
COP-5
COP-9
COP-10
Мөлхөгчид/Reptilia
1
Загас/Pisces
1
Appendix II
Хуурай газрын хөхтөн/Terrestrial mammals
1
Mammalia
2
Perissodactyla
Equidae
Artiodactyla
Bovidae
3
4
5
Equus
hemionus
Gazella
subgutturos
a
Procapra
gutturosa
Saiga
borealis
mongolica
All
COP 7
All
COP 7
All
COP 7
Ovis ammon
All
COP 10
all
COP 6
all
COP 6
All
Шувуу/Birds (тусад нь жагсаалт гаргасан болно)
Мөлхөгчид/Reptilia
1
Actinopterygii
Acipenseriformes
Загас/Pisces
Acipenseridae
50
Acipenser
baerii
baicalensis
Acipenser
schrenckii
Монгол нэр/Current names
Àíãëè нэр/English names
0
1
2
3
GAVIIFORMES
Gaviidae
Gavia
Gavia arctica
PODICIPEDIFORMES
Podicipididae
Podiceps
Podiceps grisegena
PELECANIFORMES
Pelecanidae
Pelecanus
ÀÕÓÓÍÒÀÍÛ ÁÀÃ
Àõóóíûõàíû îâîã
Àõóóíà
Õèëýí îìðóóò àõóóíà
ØÓÍÃÓÓÐÒÀÍÛ ÁÀÃ
Øóíãóóðûíõàíû îâîã
Øóíãóóð
Áóóðàë øóíãóóð
ÕÎÒÎÍÒÎÍÛ ÁÀÃ
Õîòîíãèéíõîíû îâîã
Õîòîí
ÃÀÕÓÓÍÒÀÍ
Ãàõóóíûõàí
Ãàõóóí
Õèëýíã¿åý ãàõóóí
ØÓÍÃÓÓÐÒÀÍ
Øóíãóóðûíõàí
Øóíãóóð
Áóóðàë øóíãóóð
ÕÎÒÎÍÒÎÍ
Õîòîíãèéíõîí
Õîòîí
Pelecanus crispus
CICONIIFORMES
Threskiornithidae
Platalea
Áîðöãîð õîòîí
ªÐÂÈÒªÍÈÉ ÁÀÃ
Áèë¿¿ñèéíõýíèé îâîã
Áîðöãîð õîòîí
ªÐÂÈÉÒªÍ
Áèë¿¿ñèéíõýí
Õàëáàãàíò
51
CMS-II хавсралт
Õóó÷èí íýð/Old Mongolian names
CMS-I хавсралт
Латин нэр/Latin name
Монгол орны шувууны орших хэлбэр
2007 оны 1-р сарын байдлаар/type of
occurence
Монгол орны шувуу (Болд,Болдбаатар
нар, 2002)
LIST OF BIRD SPECIES INCLUDED IN CMS APPENIX I AND II AND TYPE OF THEIR OCCURENCE
Black -throated Loon
НӨ
НӨ
COP-4
Red-necked Grebe
НӨ
ДӨ
COP-4
НӨ
НӨ
Dalmatian Pelican
COP1
COP-4
4
Õàëáàãàí õóøóóò
ªðâèéõºíèé îâîã
8
9
Platalea leucorodia
Ciconiidae
Ciconia
Ciconia boyciana
Ciconia nigra
PHOENICOPTERIFORMES
Phoenicopteridae
Phoenicopterus
Phoenicopterus roseus
ANSERIFORMES
Anatidae
Anser
Anser anser
Anser fabalis
Íàë äýãëèé
ÃÀËÓÓÒÀÍÛ ÁÀÃ
Íóãàñíûõàíû îâîã
Ãàëóó
Áîð ãàëóó
Áóóðàë ãàëóó
Öàãààí õàëáàãàíò
ªðâèéíõºí
ªðºâòàñ
Äîðíûí ºðºâòàñ
Õàð ºðºâòàñ
ÍÀËÒÀÍ
Íàëûíõàí
Íàë
ßãààí íàë
ÃÀËÓÓÒÀÍ
Íóãàñíûõàí
Ãàëóó
Áîð ãàëóó
Áóóðàë ãàëóó
10
Anser albifrons
Ìàíõèí ãàëóó
Ìàíõèí ãàëóó
5
6
7
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
Anser erythropus
Anser indica
Anser cygnoides
Cygnus
Cygnus cygnus
Cygnus olor
Cygnus bewickii
Dendrocygna
Dendrocygna javanica
Tadorna
Tadorna ferruginea
Tadorna tadorna
Anas
Anas platyrhynchos
Õàð õóøóóò ºðºâòàñ
Õàð ºðºâòàñ
Íàë äýãëèéíõýíèé îâîã
Îäîé ãàëóó
Õýýðèéí ãàëóó
Õîøóó ãàëóó
Õóí
Ãàíãàð õóí
Õóðóóò õóí
Ãóíãàð õóí
Àíãèð
Àíãèð
Àíõèäàë
Íóãàñ
çýðëýã íóãàñ
52
Îäîé ãàëóó
Õýýðèéí ãàëóó
Õîøóó ãàëóó
Õóí
Ãàíãàð õóí
Õóðóóò õóí
Ãóíãàð õóí
Àíõèð
Ìîäíû àíõèð
Àíãèð
Õîíäîí àíãèð
Àíõèäàë àíãèð
Íóãàñ
Çýðëýã íóãàñ
Eurasian Spoonbill
НӨ
НӨ
Oriental Stork
Black Stork
Т
НӨ
Т
НӨ
Т
Т
+
НӨ
ДӨ
НӨ
ДӨ
+
+
ДӨ
ДӨ
Greater Flamingo
Greylag Goose
Bean Goose
Greater
White-fronted
Goose
Lesser
White-fronted
Goose
Bar-headed Goose
ДӨ
ДӨ
НӨ
НӨ
+
+
+
+
COP5
+
COP7
НӨ
НӨ
НӨ
НӨ
ДӨ
НӨ
НӨ
ДӨ
+
+
+
Т
Т
+
Ruddy Shelduck
Common Shelduck
НӨ
НӨ
НӨ
НӨ
+
+
Mallard
НӨ
НӨ
+
Swan Goose
Whooper Swan
Mute Swan
Bewick's Swan
Lesser Whistling-Duck
НӨ
НӨ
НӨ
НӨ
ДӨ
ДӨ
НӨ
НӨ
НӨ
НӨ
НӨ
НӨ
НӨ
НӨ
НӨ
НӨ
НӨ
НӨ
+
+
+
+
+
+
Т
Т
+
Red -crested Pochard
НӨ
НӨ
+
Common Pochard
НӨ
НӨ
21
22
Anas poecilorhynchos
Anas crecca
çýðëýãøèð íóãàñ
Íîãîîõîí íóãàñ
Çýðëýãøèð íóãàñ
Íîãîîõîí íóãàñ
Spot-billed Duck
Common Teal
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
Anas formosa
Anas falcata
Anas strepera
Anas penelope
Anas acuta
Anas guerguedula
Anas clypeata
Aix
Aix galericulata
Netta
Netta rufina
Aythya
Aythya ferina
Áàéãàëèéí íóãàñ
Ãýçýãò íóãàñ
Áîð íóãàñ
Çýýðä àëàã íóãàñ
Øîâòãîð àëàã íóãàñ
Öàãààí õºìñºãò íóãàñ
Õàëáàãà íóãàñ
Áàéãàëèéí íóãàñ
Ãýçýãò íóãàñ
Áîð íóãàñ
Çýýðä íóãàñ
Øîâòãîðàëàã íóãàñ
Öàãààíõºìñºãò íóãàñ
Õàëáàãà íóãàñ
Óðàíõàæèí
Ìàíäèð óðàíõàæèí
Áèâààí
Óëààíõóøóó áèâààí
Øóìáóóð
Óëààíõ¿ç¿¿ øóìáóóð
Baikal Teal
Falcated Duck
Gadwall
Eurasian Wigeon
Northern Pintail
Garganey
Northern Shoveler
30
31
32
Õàëçàí àíãèð
Óëààí õóøóóò øóìáóóð
Øóìáóóð
Óëààí õ¿ç¿¿ò øóìáóóð
Mandarin Duck
ДӨ
ДӨ
НӨ
НӨ
НӨ
Т
+
+
Harlequin Duck
Т
Т
Long-tailed Duck
Т
+
+
+
Óíäàð í¿äýí øóìáóóð
Óíäàð øóìáóóð
Ferruginous Pochard
34
35
36
Aythya baeri
Aythya fuligula
Aythya marila
Histrionicus
Histrionicus histrionicus
Clangula
Clangula hyemalis
Bucephala
Bucephala clangula
Melanitta
Melanitta deglandi
Oxyura
Óõàà øóìáóóð
Ãýçýãò øóìáóóð
Òýíãèñèéí øóìáóóð
Óõàà øóìáóóð
Ãýçýãò øóìáóóð
Òýíãèñèéí øóìáóóð
׺ðõ
Õîòãóóæèí ÷ºðõ
Øóíãààõàé
̺íãºëºã øóíãààõàé
Øóíãàà÷
Àëàã øóíãàà÷
Ìîíõäîé
Òîëüò ìîíõäîé
ßìààíñ¿¿ëò
Baer's Pochard
Tufted Pochard
Greater Scaup
Oxyura leucocephala
ßìààí ñ¿¿ëò
Öàãààíòîëãîé ÿìààíñ¿¿ëò
White-headed Duck
38
39
40
41
Àëàã øóíãàà÷
ĺðò íóãàñ
53
+
COP5
COP9
НӨ
Aythya nyroca
Õîòãóóæèí íóãàñ
COP7
НӨ
33
37
+
+
Common Goldeneye
НӨ
НӨ
+
White-winged Scoter
НӨ
НӨ
+
НӨ
НӨ
COP4
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
Mergus
Mergus albellus
Mergus serrator
Mergus merganser
FALCONIFORMES
Pandionidae
Pandion
Pandion haliaetus
Accipitridae
Pernis
Pernis apivorus
Pernis ptilorhyncus
Milvus
Milvus migrans
Circus
Circus cyaneus
Circus macrourus
Circus pygargus
Circus melanoleucus
Circus aeruginosus
Circus spilonotus
Accipiter
Accipiter gentilis
Accipiter nisus
Accipiter badius
Accipiter gularis
Buteo
Buteo lagopus
Buteo hemilasius
Buteo rufinus
Buteo buteo
Butastur
Öàõèóð íóãàñ
Ñýâãýð íóãàñ
Õóìõèí íóãàñ
ÌÀÕ×ÈÍ ØÓÂÓÓÄÒÀÍÛ ÁÀÃ
ßâëàãûõàíû îâîã
ßâëàã ñàð
Õàðöãàéíõàíû îâîã
Ãîîðáèñ
Ñîãñîîò çºãèé÷ ñàð
Ñîõîð ýëýý
Ñàõèà
Öàãààí ýëýãò
Õýýðèéí öàãààí ýëýãò
Íóãûí öàãààí ýëýãò
Ñààðàë öàãààí ýëýãò
Íàìãèéí öàãààí ýëýãò
Õàðöãàé
¯ëýã õàðöãàé
Ìîðèí õàðöãàé
¯¿ðñýý õàðöãàé
Øóíãàà÷ õàðöãàé
Ñàð
Òàðëàí ñàð
Øèëèéí ñàð
Òàëûí ñàð
Ñàð
54
Áîõèî
Öàõèóð áîõèî
Ñýâãýð áîõèî
Õóìõèí áîõèî
ØÎÍÕÎÐÒÎÍ
ßâëàãèéíõàí
ßâëàã
Çàãàñ÷ ÿâëàã
Õàðöàãûíõàí
Ãîîðáèñ
Áàë÷ ãîîðáèñ
Ñîãñîîò ãîîðáèñ
Ýëýý
Ñîõîð ýëýý
Õóëä
Ñààðàë õóëä
Õýýðèéí õóëä
Íóãûí õóëä
Àëàã õóëä
Íàìãèéí õóëä
Äîðíûí õóëä
Õàðöàãà
¯ëýã õàðöàãà
Ìîðèí õàðöàãà
¯¿ðñýý õàðöàãà
Øóíãàà÷ õàðöàãà
Ñàð
Òàðëàí ñàð
Øèëèéí ñàð
Òàëûí ñàð
Îéí ñàð
Õàðöãàé
Smew
Red -breasted Merganser
Common Merganser
ДӨ
ДӨ
НӨ
ДӨ
ДӨ
НӨ
+
+
+
Osprey
НӨ
НӨ
+
European Honey-Buzzard
Oriental Honey-Buzzard
ДӨ
НӨ
ДӨ
НӨ
+
+
Black Kite
НӨ
НӨ
+
Northern Harrier
Pallid Harrier
Montagu 's Harrier
Pied Harrier
Western Marsh Harrier
Eastern Marsh-Herrier
НӨ
ДӨ
НӨ
НӨ
НӨ
НӨ
НӨ
ДӨ
НӨ
НӨ
НӨ
+
+
+
+
+
+
Northern Goshawk
Eurasian Sparrowhawk
Shikra
Japanese Sparrow Hawk
НӨ
НӨ
Т
НӨ
НӨ
НӨ
Т
НӨ
+
+
+
+
Rough-legged Buzzard
Upland Buzzard
Long -legged Buzzard
Common Buzzard
ӨИ
С
ДӨ
НӨ
НӨ
НӨ
ДӨ
ӨИ
+
+
+
+
63
64
65
66
67
68
Butastur indicus
Circaetus
Circaetus gallicus
Spizaetus
Spizaetus nipalensis
Hieraaetus
Hieraaetus pennatus
Hieraaetus fasciatus
Aquila
Aquila nipalensis
Ëóñ÷ ñàð
Áàõèì á¿ðãýä
Õàðñóí á¿ðãýä
Á¿ðãýä
Òàðâàæè á¿ðãýä
Ñàðæóó õàðöãàé
Çàãàëàé
Ìîãîé÷ çàãàëàé
Ñîãñîîòá¿ðãýä
Óóëûí ñîãñîîòá¿ðãýä
Á¿ðãýäýé
Áàõèì á¿ðãýäýé
Õàðñóí á¿ðãýäýé
Á¿ðãýä
Òàðâàæè á¿ðãýä
Grey-faced Buzzard
НӨ
НӨ
+
Mountian Hawk-Eagle
Т
Т
+
Booted Eagle
Bonelli's Eagle
НӨ
Т
НӨ
Т
+
+
Steppe Eagle
НӨ
НӨ
НӨ
НӨ
НӨ
С
С
НӨ
З
НӨ
НӨ
С
С
Т
Т
Cinereous Vulture
С
С
+
Eurasian Griffon
Himalayan Griffon
Т
НӨ
Т
Т
+
+
Gyrfalcon
ӨИ
ӨИ
+
Áîð á¿ðãýä
Áîð á¿ðãýä
Greater Spotted Eagle
70
71
Aquila heliaca
Aquila chrysaetos
Haliaeetus
Õàí á¿ðãýä
Öàðìûí á¿ðãýä
ͺìðºã
Õàí á¿ðãýä
Öàðìûí á¿ðãýä
ͺìðºãá¿ðãýä
Imperial Eagle
Golden Eagle
72
Haliaeetus leucoryphus
Óñíû íºìðºã á¿ðãýä
Óñíû íºìðºãá¿ðãýä
Pallas's Sea-Eagle
73
Haliaeetus albicilla
Gypaetus
Gypaetus barbatus
Neophron
Óñíû öàãààí ñ¿¿ëò á¿ðãýä
Öàãààíñ¿¿ë íºìðºãá¿ðãýä
¨ë
Îî÷ ¸ë
¨ëîí
White-tailed Eagle
Neophron percnopterus
Aegypius
Aegypius monachus
Gyps
Gyps fulvus
Gyps himalayensis
Falconidae
Falco
Falco rusticolus
Äýëò á¿ðãýä
Òàñ
Íîõîé òàñ
Õàæèð
Óõàà õàæèð á¿ðãýä
Öàñòíû õàæèð á¿ðãýä
Øîíõîðûíõîíû îâîã
Øîíõîð
Æàäàí øîíõîð
Äýëò ¸ëîí
Òàñ
ͺìðºã òàñ
Õàæèð
Óõàà õàæèð
Õèìàëàéí õàæèð
Øîíõîðûíõîí
Øîíõîð
Öàãààí øîíõîð
Egyptai Vulture
75
76
77
78
79
55
+
COP5
COP5
НӨ
Aquila clanga
¨ë
+
Short-toed Snake-Eagle
69
74
Т
Lammergeier
+
COP7
COP1
+
COP9
НӨ
НӨ
Т
НӨ
НӨ
НӨ
НӨ
НӨ
НӨ
Т
НӨ
НӨ
НӨ
НӨ
НӨ
НӨ
НӨ
НӨ
+
Common Quail
НӨ
НӨ
+
Red-Crowned Crane
Siberian Crane
Common Crane
Т
ДӨ
НӨ
Т
ДӨ
НӨ
+
+
НӨ
НӨ
ДӨ
ДӨ
COP7
COP7
Demoiselle Crane
НӨ
НӨ
+
Corn Crake
НӨ
НӨ
+
Great Bustard
НӨ
НӨ
COP-1
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
Falco cherrug
Falco pelegrinoides
Falco peregrinus
Falco subbuteo
Falco columbarius
Falco vespertinus
Falco amurensis
Èäëýã øîíõîð
Øèëèéí øîíõîð
Ýãýë øîíõîð
Øóóìàí øîíõîð
Õàéðãóóíà øîíõîð
Òóðàìòàé øîíõîð
Àìàðûí òóðàìòàé øîíõîð
Èäëýã øîíõîð
Øèëèéí øîíõîð
Ýãýë øîíõîð
Øóóìàí øîíõîð
Õàéðãóóíà øîíõîð
Òóðàìòàé øîíõîð
Àìàðûí øîíõîð
Saker Falcon
Barbary Falcon
Peregrine Falcon
Eurasian Hobby
Merlin
Red-footed Falcon
Amur Falcon
87
88
Çýýðä øîíõîð
Íà÷èí øîíõîð
ÒÀÕÈÀÒÀÍÛ ÁÀÃ
Ãóðãóóëèéíõàíû îâîã
Á¿äíýý
Á¿äíýý
ÒÎÃÎÐÓÓÒÀÍÛ ÁÀÃ
Òîãîðóóíûõàíû îâîã
Òîãîðóó
Àëàã òîãîðóó
Öàãààí òîãîðóó
Õàðõèðàà òîãîðóó
Çýýðä øîíõîð
Íà÷èí øîíõîð
ÒÀÕÈÀÒÀÍ
Ãóðãóóëûíõàí
Áºäíº
Ýãýë áºäíº
ÒÎÃÎÐÓÓÒÀÍ
Òîãîðóóíûõàí
Òîãîðóó
Àëàã òîãîðóó
Öàãààí òîãîðóó
Õàðõèðàà òîãîðóó
Lesser Kestrel
Common Kestrel
90
91
92
Falco naumanni
Falco tinnunculus
GALLIFORMES
Phasianidae
Coturnix
Coturnix coturnix
GRUIFORMES
Gruidae
Grus
Grus japonensis
Grus leucogeranus
Grus grus
93
Grus vipio
Öýí òîãîðóó
Öýí òîãîðóó
White-naped Crane
94
Grus monacha
Anthropoides
Anthropoides virgo
Rallidae
Crex
Crex crex
Otididae
Otis
Otis tarda
Õàð òîãîðóó
Õàð òîãîðóó
Òîãèðóó
ªâºãò òîãèðóó
Ò¿íæ¿¿ðèéíõýí
Ò¿íæèí
ßâãàí ò¿íæèí
Òîîäîãèéíõîí
Òîîäîã
Õîíèí òîîäîã
Hooded Crane
89
95
96
97
ªâºãò òîãîðóó
Ò¿íæ¿¿ðèéíõýíèé îâîã
Òàðèàí ò¿íæ¿¿ð
Òîîäãèéíõîíû îâîã
Òîîäîã
Òîîäîã
56
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
COP5
+
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
Chlamydotis
Chlamydotis undulata
CHARADRIIFORMES
Rostratulidae
Rostratula
Rostratula benghalensis
Charadriidae
Pluvialis
Pluvialis squatarola
Pluvialis fulva
Charadrius
Charadrius hiaticula
Charadrius dubius
Charadrius leschenaultii
Charadrius mongolus
Charadrius veredus
Charadrius alexandrinus
Eudromias
Eudromias morinellus
Chettusia
Chettusia gregaria
Vanellus
Vanellus vanellus
Microsarcops
Microsarcops cinereus
Arenaria
Arenaria interpres
Recurvirostridae
Himantopus
Himantopus himantopus
Recurvirostra
Æîðîî òîîäîã
ÕªÃׯ¯ÒÍÛ ÁÀÃ
ªíãºò õàðààëæèéíõàíû îâîã
ªíãºò õàðààëæ
Õèàçèéíõàíû îâîã
Ñ¿âýý öàãààí
Áóóðàë ñ¿âýý öàãààí
Àçèéí ñ¿âýý öàãààí
Õèàçàò
Õ¿ç¿¿â÷èò õèàçàò
Íàðèéí õèàçàò
Çýâýí õèàçàò
Ìîíãîë õèàçàò
Äîðíîäûí õèàçàò
Òýíãèñèéí õèàçàò
Óðèàíõàéí ñ¿âýý öàãààí
Õàâòãààëæ
Õàâòãààëæ
Ñààðàë õàâòãààëæ
ªíäãºí àëàã
Ýýòýíãèéíõýíèé îâîã
Õèëýí æèã¿¿ðò
57
Òîîäãîé
Æîðîî òîîäãîé
ÕÈÀÇÒÀÍ
Õàðààëæèðûíõàí
Õàðààëæèð
ªíãºò õàðààëæèð
Õèàçàòûíõàí
Ñ¿âýýöàãààí
Áóóðàë ñ¿âýýöàãààí
Àçèéí ñ¿âýýöàãààí
Õèàçàò
Õ¿ç¿¿â÷èò õèàçàò
Íàðèéí õèàçàò
Çýâýí õèàçàò
Ìîíãîë õèàçàò
Äîðíûí õèàçàò
Òýíãèñèéí õèàçàò
Öàãààíõèàçàò
Óðèàíõàéí öàãààíõèàçàò
Õàâòãàëæ
Õýýðèéí õàâòãàëæ
Õàâòãààëæ
Óìàðäûí õàâòãààëæ
Çóóíõóðãà
Ñààðàë çóóíõóðãà
Õàéðãà÷
Àëàã õàéðãà÷
Ýýòýíãèéíõýí
Õèëýíæèã¿¿ð
Ýãýë õèëýíæèã¿¿ð
Ýýòýí
НӨ
НӨ
+
Greater Painted Snipe
Т
Т
+
Grey Plover
Pacific Golden-Plover
ДӨ
ДӨ
ДӨ
ДӨ
+
+
Common Ringed Plover
Little Ringed Plover
Greater Sand plover
Mongolian Plover
Oriental Plover
Kentish Plover
ДӨ
НӨ
НӨ
НӨ?
НӨ
НӨ
ДӨ
НӨ
НӨ
НӨ?
НӨ
НӨ
+
+
+
+
+
+
Eurasian Dotterel
НӨ
НӨ
+
Т
Т
Northern Lapwing
НӨ
НӨ
+
Grey-headet Lapwing
ДӨ
ДӨ
+
Ruddy Turnstone
ДӨ
ДӨ
+
Black-winged Stilt
НӨ
НӨ
+
Houbara Bustard
Sociable Lapwing
COP5
+
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
Recurvirostra avosetta
Scolopacidae
Tringa
Tringa ochropus
Tringa glareola
Tringa nebularia
Tringa totanus
Tringa erythropus
Tringa stagnatilis
Heteroscelus
Heteroscelus brevipes
Heteroscelus incana
Actitis
Actitis hypoleucos
Xenus
Xenus cinereus
Phalaropus
Phalaropus lobatus
Phalaropus fulicarius
Phylomachus
Phylomachus pugnax
Calidris
Calidris minuta
Calidris ruficollis
Calidris subminuta
Calidris temminckii
Calidris ferruginea
Calidris alpina
Calidris acuminata
Calidris alba
Calidris canutus
Limicola
Ýýòýí
Õàðààëæèéíõàíû îâîã
Õºã÷¿¿
Ñ¿¿ë öàãààí õºã÷¿¿
Øóãóéí õºã÷¿¿
¯õýð õºã÷¿¿
Óëààí õºëò õºã÷¿¿
Õàð õºã÷¿¿
Á¿ðäíèé õºã÷¿¿
Áóóðàë õºã÷¿¿
Öýëäýí õºã÷¿¿
Õàéðãûí õºã÷¿¿
Ìàòèãàð õºã÷¿¿
Íàðèéí ñýëýýõýé
Íîîëîëäîé
Ýëñýã
Îäîé ýëñýã
Øàð ò¿ð¿¿ò ýëñýã
Ñàâàð ýëñýã
Òåììèíñêèéí ýëñýã
Õàäóóð ýëñýã
Õàð ýëñýã
Ñ¿¿ë ýëñýã
Ãóðâàëæ ýëñýã
Øàðìàã ýëñýã
58
Àëàã ýýòýí
Õîìíîîòûíõîí
Õºã÷¿¿
Ñ¿¿ëöàãààí õºã÷¿¿
Øóãóéí õºã÷¿¿
¯õýð õºã÷¿¿
Óëààíõºëò õºã÷¿¿
Õàð õºã÷¿¿
Á¿ðäíèé õºã÷¿¿
Õºã÷¿¿õýé
Áóóðàë õºã÷¿¿õýé
Öýëäýí õºã÷¿¿õýé
Õàéðãûíõºã÷¿¿
Ýãýë õàéðãûíõºã÷¿¿
Õºã÷¿¿ëýã
Ìàòèãàð õºã÷¿¿ëýã
Ñýëýýõýé
Íàðèéí ñýëýýõýé
Улаан сэлээхэй
Íîîëîëäîé
Íîöîî íîîëîëäîé
Ýëñýã
Îäîé ýëñýã
Øàðò¿ð¿¿ò ýëñýã
Ñàâàð ýëñýã
Òåììèíñêèéí ýëñýã
Õàäóóð ýëñýã
Õàð ýëñýã
Ñ¿¿ë ýëñýã
Ãóðâàëæ ýëñýã
Øàðìàã ýëñýã
Øàë÷èã
Pied Avocet
НӨ
НӨ
+
Green Sandpiper
Wood Sandpiper
Common Greenshank
Common Redshank
Spotted Redshank
Marsh Sandpiper
НӨ
НӨ
НӨ?
НӨ
З
НӨ
НӨ
НӨ
ДӨ
НӨ
З
НӨ
+
+
+
+
+
+
Asian Wandering Tattler
Wandering Tattler
ДӨ
Т
ДӨ
Т
+
+
Common Sandpiper
НӨ
НӨ
+
Terek Sandpiper
НӨ?
ДӨ
+
З
Т
З
+
+
Ruff
ДӨ
ДӨ
+
Little Stint
Rufous-necked Stint
Long-toed Stint
Temminck's Stint
Curlew Sandpiper
Dunlin
Sharp-tailed Sandpiper
Sanderling
Red Knot
ДӨ
ДӨ
ДӨ
З
З
ДӨ
З
ДӨ
Т
ДӨ
ДӨ
ДӨ
З
З
ДӨ
З
ДӨ
Т
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
Red-necked Phalarope
Red Phalarope
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
149
150
151
152
153
154
155
Limicola falcinellus
Lymnocryptes
Lymnocryptes minimus
Gallinago
Gallinago gallinago
Gallinago megala
Gallinago stenura
Gallinago solitaria
Scolopax
Scolopax rusticola
Numenius
Numenius minutus
Numenius arquata
Numenius madagascariensis
Numenius phaeopus
Limosa
Limosa limosa
Limosa lapponica
Limnodromus
Limnodromus scolopaceus
Limnodromus semipalmatus
Laridae
Larus
Larus relictus
Larus genei
Chilidonias
Chlidonias niger
Sterna
Sterna albifrons
COLUMBIFORMES
Columbidae
Ñÿìáè ýëñýã
Õºã÷¿¿õýé
Õàðààëæ
غâãºí õàðààëæ
Øóãóéí õàðààëæ
Çàìáûí õàðààëæ
ªí÷èí õàðààëæ
Õîìíîîò
Òóòãàëæèí
Áè÷èëõýí òóòãàëæèí
Ìîðèí òóòãàëæèí
Ìàäàãàñêàð òóòãàëæèí
Áýñðýã òóòãàëæèí
Öóóöàëü
Ìîðèí öóóöàëü
Õóðãàí öóóöàëü
Õàðààëæèí öóóöàëü
Àçèéí öóóöàëü
Öàõëàéíõàíû îâîã
öàõëàé
Ðåëèêò öàõëàé
غâãºð öàõëàé
Õèëýí õàðààëàé
Õóðãàí õàðààëàé
ÒÀÃÒÀÀÒÍÛ ÁÀÃ
Òàãòààíûõàíû îâîã
59
Ñÿìáè øàë÷èã
Ñàëàëæ
Áè÷èë ñàëàëæ
Õàðààëæ
غâãºí õàðààëæ
Øóãóéí õàðààëæ
Çàìáûí õàðààëæ
ªí÷èí õàðààëæ
Õîìíîîò
Áóóðàë õîìíîîò
Òóòãàëæèí
Áè÷èëõýí òóòãàëæèí
Ìîðèí òóòãàëæèí
Ìàäàãàñêàð òóòãàëæèí
Áýñðýã òóòãàëæèí
Öóóöàë
Ìîðèí öóóöàë
Õóðãàí öóóöàë
Öóóöèë
Õàðààëæèí öóóöèë
Àçèéí öóóöèë
Öàõëàéíõàí
Öàõëàé
Ðåëèêò öàõëàé
غâãºð öàõëàé
Õàðààëçàé
Õèëýí õàðààëçàé
Õàðààëàé
Õóðãàí õàðààëàé
ÒÀÃÒÀÀÒÀÍ
Òàãòààíûõàí
Broad-billed Sandpiper
ДӨ
ДӨ
+
Jack Snipe
ДӨ
ДӨ
+
Common Snipe
Swinhoe's Snipe
Pintail Snipe
Solitary Snipe
НӨ
НӨ
НӨ
НӨ
НӨ
НӨ
НӨ
НӨ
+
+
+
+
Eurasian Woodcock
НӨ
НӨ
+
Little Curlew
Eurasian Curlew
Far Eastern Curlew
Whimbrel
ДӨ
НӨ
З
ДӨ
ДӨ
НӨ
З
ДӨ
+
+
+
+
Black-tailed Godwit
Bar-tailed Godwit
НӨ
З
З
+
+
Long-billed Dowitcher
Asian Dowitcher
Т
НӨ
Т
НӨ
+
+
Relict Gull
Slender-billed Gull
НӨ
Т
НӨ
Т
Black Tern
НӨ
НӨ
COP-4
Little Tern
НӨ
НӨ
COP-4
+
+
156
157
158
159
160
161
162
163
164
165
166
167
168
169
170
171
172
173
174
Streptopelia
Streptopelia turtur
PASSERIFORMES
Õ¿¿ðçãýíý
Õ¿¿ðçãýíý
ÁÎÐ ØÓÂÓÓÒÀÍÛ ÁÀÃ
Õ¿¿ðçãýíý
ªðíèéí õ¿¿ðçãýíý
ÁÎÐØÓÂÓÓÒÀÍ
Muscicapidae
Ficedula
Íàìíààõàéíûõàíû îâîã
Íàìíààõàé
Íàìíààõàéíõàí
Íàìíàà
Ficedula zanthopygia
Ficedula narsissina
Ficedula mugimaki
Ficedula parva
Muscicapa
Muscicapa striata
Muscicapa sibirica
Muscicapa latirostris
Muscicapa griseisticta
Saxicola
Saxicola torquata
Saxicola insignis
Oenanthe
Oenanthe oenanthe
Oenanthe pleschanka
Oenanthe isabellina
Oenanthe deserti
Monticola
Ãóóëèí õîíäëîé íàìíààõàé
Ãóóëèí íàìíàà
Íàðàí íàìíàà
Òàéãûí íàìíàà
Õóðãàí íàìíàà
Íàìíààõàé
Áºðòºò íàìíààõàé
Øèâýð íàìíààõàé
Äàãóóðûí íàìíààõàé
Ñýâõýò íàìíààõàé
Øóëãàíàà
Ýãýë øóëãàíàà
ªãººëýé øóëãàíàà
×îã÷èãî
Àäóó÷ ÷îã÷èãî
Ìÿðààí ÷îã÷èãî
Á¿æèì÷ ÷îã÷èãî
Öºëèéí ÷îã÷èãî
Æèæèð
Monticola saxatilis
Monticola solitarius
Petrophila
Petrophila gularis
Phoenicurus
Phoenicurus phoenicurus
Öîõèîíû õººíäýé
Öàðìûí õººíäýé
Òàéãûí íàìíààõàé
Õóðãàí íàìíààõàé
Áºðòºò íàìíààõàé
Øèâýð íàìíààõàé
Äàãóóðûí íàìíààõàé
Ñýâõýò íàìíààõàé
Øóëãàíàà
Õàð ýðõýò øóëãàíàà
ªãººëýé øóëãàíàà
×îã÷îîõîé
Àäóó÷ ÷îã÷îîõîé
Ìÿðààí ÷îã÷îîõîé
Á¿æèì÷ ÷îã÷îîõîé
Öºëèéí ÷îã÷îîõîé
Öàãààí ã¿åýò õººíäýé
Ãàë ñ¿¿ëò
Ãàë ñ¿¿ëò
60
Õàäíû æèæèð
Öýíõýð æèæèð
Äîíãîð
Öàãààíã¿åý äîíãîð
Ãàëñ¿¿ëò
Ýãýë ãàëñ¿¿ëò
Eurasian Turtle-Dove
НӨ
НӨ
COP-7
Miscicapidae
M.(s.l.) spp
Yellow-rumped
Flycatcher
Narcissus Flycatcher
Mugimaki Flycatcher
Red-breasted Flycatcher
НӨ
НӨ
НӨ
НӨ
НӨ
НӨ
НӨ
+
+
+
+
Spotted Flycatcher
Dark-sided Flycatcher
Asian Brown Flycatcher
Grey-streaked Flycatcher
НӨ
НӨ
НӨ
Т
НӨ
НӨ
НӨ
Т
+
+
+
+
Common Stonechat
White-throated Bushchat
НӨ
НӨ
НӨ
НӨ
+
+
Northern Wheatear
Pied Wheatear
Isabelline Wheatear
Desert Wheatear
НӨ
НӨ
НӨ
НӨ
НӨ
НӨ
НӨ
НӨ
+
+
+
+
Rufous-tailed
RockThrush
Blue Rock-Thrush
НӨ
НӨ
НӨ
НӨ
+
+
Guyanan Solitaire
НӨ
НӨ
+
Common Redstart
НӨ
НӨ
+
175
176
177
178
179
180
181
182
183
184
185
186
187
188
189
190
191
192
193
194
195
196
197
198
Phoenicurus ochruros
Phoenicurus erythronotus
Phoenicurus auroreus
Phoenicurus erythrogaster
Luscinia
Luscinia megarhynchos
Luscinia calliope
Luscinia svecica
Luscinia cyana
Luscinia sibilans
Tarsiger
Ìîéëîí ãàë ñ¿¿ëò
Óëáàð ãàë ñ¿¿ëò
Õºõ çàðëàãàò ãàë ñ¿¿ëò
Öýýæìýãò ãàë ñ¿¿ëò
Ãóðãàëäàé
Çóëáàðàí ãóðãàëäàé
Õóíäàí ºíãºë¿¿ðò ãóðãàëäàé
Ñîíäîðò ãóðãàëäàé
Íîìèí çàí÷èò ãóðãàëäàé
Øèéãíýý ãóðãàëäàé
Ìîéëîí ãàëñ¿¿ëò
Óëáàð ãàëñ¿¿ëò
Äàãóóð ãàëñ¿¿ëò
Öýýæìýã ãàëñ¿¿ëò
Ãóðãàëäàé
Çóëáàðàí ãóðãàëäàé
ªíãºë¿¿ðò ãóðãàëäàé
Ñîíäîðò ãóðãàëäàé
Íîìèí ãóðãàëäàé
Øèéãíýý ãóðãàëäàé
Õºõçîîò
Tarsiger cyanurus
Turdus
Turdus obscurus
Turdus pallidus
Turdus ruficollis
Turdus atrogularis
Turdus naumanni
Turdus eunomus
Turdus pilaris
Turdus viscivorus
Turdus iliacus
Turdus philomelos
Turdus merula
Turdus sibiricus
Zoothera
Zoothera dauma
Emberizidae
Emberiza
Õºõ çîîò
Õººíäýé
Õàëèóí õººíäýé
Á¿ãýýí õººíäýé
Óëààí ã¿åýò õººíäýé
Õàð ã¿åýò õººíäýé
Íàóìàííû õººíäýé
Õ¿ðýí õººíäýé
Äóóëãàò õººíäýé
Áóæìàã õººíäýé
Öàãààí õºìñºãò õººíäýé
Äóó÷ õººíäýé
Õàð õººíäýé
Øèâýð õººíäýé
Àëàã õººíäýé
Õºìðºãèéíõºíèé îâîã
Õºìðºã
Ãóðãàëäàé õºõçîîò
Õººíäýé
Õàëèóí õººíäýé
Á¿ãýýí õººíäýé
Óëààíã¿åý õººíäýé
Õàðã¿åý õººíäýé
Íàóìàííû õººíäýé
Õ¿ðýí õººíäýé
Äóóëãàò õººíäýé
Áóæìàã õººíäýé
Öàãààíõºìñºã õººíäýé
Äóó÷ õººíäýé
Õàð õººíäýé
Øèâýð õººíäýé
Õººíäèé
Àëàã õººíäèé
Õºìðºãèéíõºí
Õºìðºã
Emberiza aureola
Øàð ýëýãò õºìðºã
Øàð-ýëýãò õºìðºã
61
Black Redstart
Rufous-backed Redstart
Daurian Redstart
White-winged Redstart
НӨ
НӨ
НӨ
НӨ
НӨ
НӨ
НӨ
С
+
+
+
+
Common Nightingale
Siberian Rubythroat
Bluethroat
Siberian Blue Robin
Rufous-tailed Robin
НӨ
НӨ
НӨ
ДӨ
ДӨ
НӨ
НӨ
НӨ
ДӨ
ДӨ
+
+
+
+
+
Orange-flanked
Robin
НӨ
НӨ
Eyebrowed Thrush
Pale Thrush
Red-throated Thrush
Black- throated Thrush
Naumann's Thrush
Dusky Thrush
Fieldfare Thrush
Mistle Thrush
Redwing
Song Thrush
Eurasian Blackbird
Siberian Thrush
НӨ
НӨ
НӨ
НӨ
НӨ
ДӨ
НӨ
НӨ
НӨ
НӨ
Т
НӨ
НӨ
НӨ
НӨ
НӨ
НӨ
ДӨ
НӨ
НӨ
НӨ
НӨ
Т
НӨ
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
Scaly Thrush
НӨ
НӨ
+
НӨ
НӨ
Bush-
Yellow-breasted Bunting
+
COP9
21
244
10
52
81
60
1
9
457
62
НӨ - Нүүдлийн өндөглөдөг
ӨИ - Өвөл ирдэг
ДӨ - Дайрч өнгөрдөг
С - Суурин
Т - тохиолдлын
НӨ? - Өндөглөдөг нь бүрэн батлагдаагүй
З - Зун тааралддаг, өндөглөдөгүй
Нийт
127
2
32
4
23
3
7
198
120
2
35
4
22
1
8
192
177
Annex 2
CMS COP Resolutions links
1-9 List of All COP Resolutions and Recommendations (extract from COP10 Info doc)
10 Bergen, Norway, 2011 - List of Draft Resolutions and Recommendations
9 Rome, Italy, 2008 - List of Resolutions and Recommendations adopted at the COP
8 Nairobi, Kenya, 2005 - List of Resolutions and Recommendations adopted at the COP
7 Bonn, Germany, 2002 - List of Resolutions and Recommendations adopted at the COP
6 Cape Town, South Africa, 1999 - List of Resolutions and Recommendations adopted at
the COP
5 Geneva, Switzerland, 1997- List of Resolutions and Recommendations adopted at the
COP
4 Nairobi, Kenya, 1994 - List of Resolutions and Recommendations adopted at the COP
3 Geneva, Switzerland, 1991- List of Resolutions and Recommendations adopted at the
COP
2 Geneva, Switzerland, 1988- List of Resolutions and Recommendations adopted at the
COP
1 Bonn, Germany, 1985 - List of Resolutions and Recommendations adopted at the COP
63
Annex 3
CMS Scientific Council meeting reports links (PDF)
English Français Español
16th Scientific Council Meeting
Bonn, Germany, 28-30
June 2010
Report of the 16th Meeting of
the CMS Scientific Council
Activity Planning Meeting
Bonn, Germany, 13 June
2009
Report of the Activity
Planning Meeting of the CMS
Scientific Council
15th Scientific Council Meeting
Rome, Italy, 27-28
November 2008
Report of the Fifteenth
Meeting of the CMS Scientific
Council
(Annex VI to COP9 Report)
14th Scientific Council Meeting
Bonn, Germany, 14-17
March 2007
Report of the Fourteenth
Meeting of the CMS Scientific
Council
13th Scientific Council Meeting
Nairobi, Kenya, 16-18
November 2005
Report of the Thirteenth
Meeting of the CMS Scientific
Council
12th Scientific Council Meeting
Glasgow, United
Kingdom, 31 March - 3
April 2004
Report of the Twelfth Meeting
of the CMS Scientific Council
11th Scientific Council Meeting
Bonn, Germany, 14-17
September 2002
Report of the Eleventh
Meeting of the CMS Scientific
Council
64
-x-
-x-
10th Scientific Council Meeting
Edinburgh, Scotland,
Report of the Tenth Meeting of
United Kingdom, 2-4 May
the CMS Scientific Council
2001
9th Scientific Council Meeting
Cape Town, South Africa, Report of the Ninth Meeting of
4-6 November 1999
the CMS Scientific Council
8th Scientific Council Meeting
Wageningen, The
Report of the Eighth Meeting
Netherlands, 3-5 June 1998 of the CMS Scientific Council
7th Scientific Council Meeting
Geneva, Switzerland, 1016 April 1997
Report of the Seventh Meeting
of the CMS Scientific Council
6th Scientific Council Meeting
Bonn, Germany, 1-3
November 1995
Report of the Sixth Meeting of
the CMS Scientific Council
5th Scientific Council Meeting
Nairobi, Kenya, 4-5 June
1994
Report of the fifth Meeting of
the CMS Scientific Council
4th Scientific Council Meeting
Bonn, Germany, 17-19
May 1993
Report of the fourth Meeting
of the CMS Scientific Council
3rd Scientific Council Meeting
Geneva, Switzerland, 9-13 Report of the third Meeting of
September 1991
the CMS Scientific Council
2nd Scientific Council Meeting
Bonn, Germany, 14-15
March 1991
Report of the second Meeting
of the CMS Scientific Council
65
1st Scientific Council Meeting
Geneva, Switzerland, 1114 October 1988
Report of the first Meeting of
the CMS Scientific Council
66