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Biotechnology – technology to biology. Using biology to give us
technology (nanobox), which leads to genetic engineering
Recombinant DNA – DNA that is being recombined. Like DNA being
chopped or cut, but its put back together
To put genes into the human body, you have to do it during the zygote
phase
Recombine DNA by operons
Humans tend to use prokaryote’s DNA, plasmids (a ring of DNA)
Bacteria protects itself by having circular rings (plasmids) – easier to
isolate, easier to be manipulated, and less likely to be degraded
Shot gun approach: Which of the many options (heat shock it)
Group of enzymes:
o Restriction enzymes – cuts DNA,
Human DNA can be copyrighted by an organization
Cloning vector – DNA molecule that can carry foreign DNA into a host cell
and replicate there
Genomic library means the complete set of plasmid-containing cell clones,
each carrying copies of a particular segment from the initial genome– 1)
bacteria (replicate and feed), 2) phage (need to infect it and it doesn’t
have to be fed), 3) BAC – bacterial artificial chromosome
Complementary DNA - DNA that matches up (double stranded to not be
degraded)
Why we use mRNA – RNA processing
Nucleic acid hybridization – sticking two nucleic acids together (
Nucleic acid probe – using nucleic acids to examine other
information/find out how things work
Expression vector – using vector to do sth and it's the one giving the
expression
Electroporation – electrocute the bacteria to make holes (more
dangerous)
Polymerase chain reaction – amplifying the gene/replicate the gene (heat
-> cool -> primase -> primer -> polymerase 3)
Anile – stick on primers
Gel electrophoresis (DNA fingerprinting) – the more charged, the further
it’ll travel
Haplotype – little sequence of DNA that is usually found in a certain type
of population
Southern blotting – using DNA (finding the murderer)
Northern blot – using mRNA (investigating proteins)
o mRNA that makes proteins
o mRNA first, reverse transcriptase -> DNA, then
Dideoxy Chain termination:
o Have bunch of polymerase and normal nucleotide bases
o Also get broken bases
o Dideoxy bases are the ones that will stop transcription
o Shortest to longest
o The dideoxy have colors so we can know which is the dideoxy
chains
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o There’s a sequence
DNA Microarray Assay of Gene Expression Levels:
o Isolate mRNA
Cloning organization:
o Want to make stem cells
Cloning plants:
Totipotent – a cell that can be many cells (plant cells) a zygote
Nuclear cell transplantation –
Reproductive cloning of animals –
Pluripotent – a myoblast can become one (determined and maybe
differentiated)
sNYPS – single nucleotides . restriction enzymes will cut very differently
RFLIP –
Gene therapy – inject genes into various tissues.
PHARM –
Animals that are transgenic (genes from one species to another)
Genetic profile – genetic make up (southern blots and RFLIP
Short tandent repeat – short repeating of the bases
Messing with introns more than exons
Environmental
Marrying animals
Ti plasmid – first plasmids to use in genetic engineering
Genetically modified (GM) organisms