Supplementary material – Van Drunen & Dorken
Appendix 1 - Directionality of correlated evolution between SSS and pollination
mode, clonality and woodiness
To determine the direction of the evolutionary associations between SSS and the three
traits, we examined the individual transition rates between discrete character states as
recommended by Pagel and Meade (2006; e.g. Arbuckle et al 2013). For each of the
traits, we performed additional runs of the dependent model restricting one of the eight
estimated transition rates to zero. If restricting the transition rate decreased the fit of the
model (i.e. the Running Harmonic Mean of the restricted model was significantly higher
than that of the full dependent model), we concluded that the estimated rate was
significantly different from zero and contributed to the association between SSS and the
trait. Figure A1-1 shows the significant transition rates for the dependent models of each
trait averaged over 5000 model iterations.
Inspection of the significant transition rates associated each model indicate patterns of
correlated evolution between pairs of discrete traits. For pollination mode, the transition
rates q24 and q34 indicate a joint shift towards wind pollination and SSS, while q21 and
q31 additionally suggest a tendency for animal pollination to be associated with nonSSS. Transition rates calculated for the clonality model do not indicate clear changes
between discrete states. Instead, the data indicate that transitions between SSS and
non-SSS were similar in both clonal and non-clonal groups (q24 and q42 are
approximately equal, as are q13 and q31), but with a tendency towards transitions
towards SSS in clonal species (q34). Lastly, for woodiness we find an overall association
Supplementary material – Van Drunen & Dorken
between non-SSS and woodiness (q12, q42 > q24), and SSS and herbaceous lineages
(q43, q13 > q31).
References
Arbuckle K, Brockhurst M, Speed MP (2013) Does chemical defence increase niche
space? A phylogenetic comparative analysis of the Musteloidea. Evol Ecol 27:863881
Pagel M, Meade A (2006) Bayesian analysis of correlated evolution of discrete
characters by Reversible-Jump Markov Chain Monte Carlo. Am Nat 167:808-825
Supplementary material – Van Drunen & Dorken
Fig. A1-1: Significant transition rates (± SE) for the dependent models of evolution
between SSS and A) pollination mode, B) clonality, C) woodiness.
Supplementary material – Van Drunen & Dorken
Appendix 2 – Complete R code (given in a separate text file)
Supplementary material – Van Drunen & Dorken
5
Appendix 3 – List of the 68 dioecious species used in the comparative analysis. Included are the traits investigated for
each species. The final column contains the sources used to obtain the trait information.
Species
(APG Family)
Amaranthus cannabinus
(Amaranthaceae)
Spinacia oleracea
(Amaranthaceae)
Schlerocarya birrea
(Anacardiaceae)
Anistome flexuosa
(Apiaceae)
Laretia acaulis
(Apiaceae)
Arisaema triphyllum†
(Araceae)
Aralia nudicaulis
(Araliaceae)
Baccharis concinna
(Asteraceae)
Dacryodes excelsa
(Burseraceae)
SSS
Observed
Pollination
Method
Clonal
Reproduction
Woody
no
abiotic
no
herbaceous
Bram and Quinn 2000
yes
abiotic
no
herbaceous
Bierzychudek and Eckhart 1988
Freeman et al., 1997
no
biotic
no
woody
yes
biotic
no
herbaceous
yes
biotic
yes
herbaceous
yes
biotic
yes
herbaceous
yes
biotic
yes
herbaceous
no
biotic
no
woody
Marques et al., 2002
Gomes et al., 2004
no
biotic
no
woody
Forero-Montana et al., 2010
Simmondsia chinensis
(Buxaceae)
yes
abiotic
no
woody
Waser 1984
Niklas and Buchmann 1985
Bierzychudek and Eckhart 1988
Honckenya peploides
(Caryophyllaceae)
yes
biotic
yes
herbaceous
Silene latifolia
(Caryophyllaceae)
no
biotic
no
herbaceous
Atriplex confertifolia
(Chenopodiaceae)
yes
abiotic
no
woody
Source(s)
Gouwakinnou et al., 2012
Bierzychudek and Eckhart 1988
Museum of New Zealand (2012)
Hoffman and Alliende 1984
Bierzychudek and Eckhart 1988
Lovett-Doust and Caver 1982
Bieraychudek and Eckhar 1988
Barrett and Thomson 1982
Sanchez-Vilas and Retuerto 2009
Lovett-Doust et al., 1987
Bierzychudek and Eckhart 1988
Taylor et al., 1999
Bierzychudek and Eckhart 1988
Sanderson 2011
Supplementary material – Van Drunen & Dorken
Species
(APG Family)
Nyssa aquatica
(Cornaceae)
Austrocedrus chilensis
(Cupressaceae)
Juniperus communis subsp. alpina
(Cupressaceae)
6
SSS
Observed
Pollination
Method
Clonal
Reproduction
Woody
yes
abiotic
no
woody
Shea et al., 1993
yes
abiotic
no
woody
Aizen and Rovere 1995
Nunez et al., 2008
yes
abiotic
no
woody
Ortiz et al., 2002
J. communis var. depressa
no
abiotic
no
woody
J. virginiana
Dioscorea japonica
(Dioscoreaceae)
Ephedra viridis
(Ephedraceae)
Ceratiola ericoides
(Ericaceae)
Corema conradii
(Ericaceae)
no
abiotic
no
woody
no
biotic
yes
herbaceous
yes
abiotic
no
woody
Bierzychudek and Eckhart 1988
Hollander et al., 2010
no
abiotic
no
woody
Schmidt 2008
no
abiotic
no
woody
Rocheleau and Houle 2001
yes
abiotic
yes
herbaceous
no
biotic
no
woody
yes
abiotic*
yes
herbaceous
Lovett-Doust and LaPorte 1991
Lokker et al., 1994
yes
biotic
no
woody
Wheelwright and Bruneau 1992
yes
biotic
no
herbaceous
no
biotic
no
woody
no
biotic
no
woody
Morellato 2004
no
no
biotic
biotic
no
no
woody
woody
Morellato 2004
Morellato 2004
Mercurialis perennis
(Euphorbiaceae)
Uapaca kirkiana
(Euphorbiaceae)
Vallisneria americana
(Hydrocharitaceae)
Ocotea tenera
(Lauraceae)
Chamaelirium luteum
(Melanthiaceae)
Guarea luxii
(Meliaceae)
Trichilia catigua
(Meliaceae)
T. clausseni
T. pallida
Source(s)
Marion and Houle 1996
Houle and Duchesne 1999
Vasiliauskas and Aarssen 1992
Mizuki et al., 2010
Wade et al., 1981
Bierzychudek and Eckhart 1988
Cvetkovic and Jovanovic 2007
Ngulube et al., 1998
Meagher 1980
Bierzychudek and Eckhart 1988
Bawa and Opler 1977
Bierzychudek and Eckhart 1988
Supplementary material – Van Drunen & Dorken
Species
(APG Family)
Peumus boldus
(Monimiaceae)
Trophis involucrata
(Moraceae)
Compsoneura sprucei
(Myristicaceae)
Fraxinus mandshurica
(Oleaceae)
Catasetum viridiflavum
(Orchidaceae)
Buchloe dactyloides
(Poaceae)
7
SSS
Observed
Pollination
Method
Clonal
Reproduction
Woody
yes
biotic
no
woody
yes
abiotic
no
woody
no
biotic
no
woody
yes
abiotic
no
woody
yes
biotic
yes
herbaceous
no
abiotic
yes
herbaceous
yes
abiotic
yes
herbaceous
yes
abiotic
yes
herbaceous
yes
abiotic
yes
herbaceous
yes
abiotic
no
woody
yes
abiotic
yes
herbaceous
Korpelainen 1991
yes
abiotic
yes
herbaceous
no
biotic
no
woody
yes
abiotic
yes
herbaceous
T. fendleri
yes
abiotic
yes
herbaceous
T. polygamum
yes
abiotic
yes
herbaceous
Korpelainen 1991
Melampy and Howe 1977
Bierzychudek and Eckhart 1988
Melampy 1981
Bierzychudek and Eckhart 1988
Bierzychudek and Eckhart 1988
Steven and Waller 2007
Melampy 1981
Bierzychudek and Eckhart 1988
Rhamnus alaternus
(Rhamnaceae)
no
biotic
no
woody
Distichlis spicata
(Poaceae)
Hesperochloa kingii
(Poaceae)
Poa ligularis
(Poaceae)
Podocarpus nagi
(Podocarpaceae)
Rumex acetosa
(Polygonaceae)
R. acetosella
Triplaris americana
(Polygonaceae)
Thalictrum dioicum
(Ranunculaceae)
Source(s)
Hoffman and Alliende 1984
Bierzychudek and Eckhart 1988
Cox 1981
Bierzychudek and Eckhart 1988
Bullock 1982
Freeman et al., 1997
Goto et al., 2006
Zhang et al., 2010
Bierzychudek and Eckhart 1988
Murren 2003
Quinn 1991
Eppley et al., 1998
Mercer and Eppley 2010
Rogers and Eppley 2012
Fox and Harrison 1981
Bierzychudek and Eckhart 1988
Bertiller et al., 2000
Bertiller et a., 2002
Nanami et al., 2005
Guitan 1995
Supplementary material – Van Drunen & Dorken
Species
(APG Family)
Fragaria chiloensis
(Rosaceae)
Oemleria cerasiformis
(Rosaceae)
Rubus chamaemorus
(Rosaceae)
Randia spinosa
(Rubiaceae)
Zanthoxylem setulosum
(Rutaceae)
Populus deltoides var. Wislizenii
(Salicaeae)
P. nigra
8
SSS
Observed
Pollination
Method
Clonal
Reproduction
Woody
no
biotic
yes
herbaceous
no
biotic
yes
woody
no
biotic
yes
herbaceous
no
biotic
no
woody
no
biotic
no
woody
no
abiotic
no
woody
Rowland and Johnson 2001
yes
abiotic
yes
woody
P. tremuloides
yes
abiotic
yes
woody
Salix arctica
(Salicaeae)
yes
biotic
yes
woody
S. cinerea
no
biotic
yes
woody
S. glauca
yes
mixed
yes
woody
S. herbacea
no
abiotic
yes
woody
S. lapponun
no
mixed
yes
woody
S. polaris
no
abiotic
yes
woody
S. sachalinensis
Osyris quadripartita
(Santalaceae)
no
mixed
yes
woody
no
biotic
no
woody
Acer negundo
(Sapindaceae)
yes
abiotic
no
woody
Hughes et al., 2000
Grant and Mitton 1979
Bierzychudek and Eckhart 1988
Bierzychudek and Eckhart 1988
Dawson and Bliss 1993
Alliende and Harper 1989
Tollsten and Knudsen 1992
Dudley 2006
Bierzychudek and Eckhart 1988
Crawford and Belfour 1983
Totland and Sottocornola 2001
Hughes et al., 2010
Bierzychudek and Eckhart 1988
Crawford and Belfour 1983
Ueno et al., 2007
Herrera 1984
Bierzychudek and Eckhart 1988
Bierzychudek and Eckhart 1988
Dawson and Ehleringer 1993
Molina et al., 1996
Eurycorymbus cavaleriei
(Sapindaceae)
no
biotic
no
woody
Source(s)
Hancock and Bringhurst 1980
Bierzychudek and Eckhart 1988
Allen and Antos 1993
Karst et al., 2008
Brown and McNeil 2009
Bawa and Opler 1977
Bierzychudek and Eckhart 1988
Bawa and Opler 1977
Bierzychudek and Eckhart 1988
Gao et al., 2009
Supplementary material – Van Drunen & Dorken
Species
(APG Family)
Siparuna grandiflora
(Siparunaceae)
Cecropia schreberiana
(Urticacaea)
Phyllospadix torreyi
(Zosteraceae)
* -- aquatic pollination.
† -- sex changing hermaphrodite.
9
SSS
Observed
Pollination
Method
Clonal
Reproduction
Woody
no
biotic
no
woody
Nicotra 1998
no
abiotic
no
woody
Brokaw 1998
Forero-Montana et al., 2010
yes
abiotic*
yes
herbaceous
Source(s)
Williams 1995
Supplementary material – Van Drunen & Dorken
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Supplementary material – Van Drunen & Dorken
17
Appendix 4 – Parameter values and models for fitting fitness via female and male function vs. distance to the
nearest mates (i.e. the lines presented in Figure 2)
Female
A
Male
B
C
D
a
b
c
10:1 Pollen-Ovule Ratio
Isotropic
Narrow
Broad
1.080 ± 0.001
1.002 ± 0.000
0.038 ± 0.015
0.591 ± 0.014
15.947 ± 0.023
42.781 ± 0.424
4.408 ± 0.020
6.258 ± 0.113
0.005 ± 0.001
0.067 ± 0.003
0.752 ± 0.015
0.644 ± 0.009
-1.987 ± 0.005
-3.165 ± 0.016
Anisotropic
Narrow
Broad*
1.020 ± 0.000
0
0.086 ± 0.001
1.000 ± 0.000
28.215 ± 0.049
-
4.100 ± 0.034
-
0.000 ± 0.000
-0.009 ± 0.013
0.731 ± 0.079
0.598 ± 0.011
-2.243 ± 0.004
-3.157 ± 0.040
100:1 Pollen-Ovule Ratio
Isotropic
Narrow
Broad*
1.008 ± 0.000
0
0.141 ± 0.003
1.000 ± 0.000
35.472 ± 0.051
-
3.273 ± 0.031
-
0.005 ± 0.000
0.073 ± 0.002
0.819 ± 0.010
0.612 ± 0.010
-2.069 ± 0.004
-3.127 ± 0.013
Anisotropic
Narrow†
Broad*
1.003 ± 0.000
0
50.220 ± 0.082
1.000 ± 0.000
-2.449 ± 0.642
-
-
0.000 ± 0.000
0.009 ± 0.008
0.801 ± 0.011
0.579 ± 0.007
-2.257 ± 0.005
-3.869 ± 0.023
An asymptotic exponential function was fitted to all male fitness curves, while model fitting for female fitness varied based
on AIC scores. A four parameter logistic function was fitted to most female fitness curves (exceptions are noted below the
table). A list of models and parameter explanations follow the table. Parameter values (± SE) were averaged over 10
simulation runs.
* Indicates use of linear model
† Indicates use of three-parameter logistic model
Supplementary material – Van Drunen & Dorken
Fitted Models and Their Parameters:
Four Parameter Logistic:
𝑦=𝐴+
𝐵−𝐴
1+ 𝑒 𝐶𝐷−𝐷𝑥
A = Left hand horizontal asymptote
B = Right hand horizontal asymptote
C = Inflection Point
D = Scaling factor
Three Parameter Logistic:
𝑦=
𝐴
1+ 𝑒 (𝐵−𝑥)/𝐶
A = Left hand horizontal asymptote
B = Inflection Point
C = Scaling factor
Linear:
𝑦 = 𝐴𝑥 + 𝐵
a= slope
b= intercept
Asymptotic Exponential:
𝑦 = 𝑎 − 𝑏𝑒 −𝑐𝑥
a = Right hand horizontal asymptote
b = a – [Intercept at the y-axis]
c = Rate constant