Native Peoples of Canada
Socials 9
Name: Quinn, Christina & Jenna Paige
Complete the following Chart using point form notes with the information found in Crossroads 9 pages 185-209.
Inuit of the Arctic
Food
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People who lived inland
hunted caribou muskox, especially in the
fall, costal groups
depended primarily on
sea mammals.
(Seal, walrus, and
whales.)
All Inuit ate fish.
What they didn’t eat
they used for other
materials.
Iroquois of the
Eastern Woodlands
 Grew large fields of
maize, beans,
squash, and
sunflowers.
 Staple crop was
corn.
Peoples of the Plains
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Bison meat was
main staple.
Women collected
berries that were
eaten dried and
fresh.
Deer, moose, and
elk, along with
wolves, coyotes,
lynx, rabbits,
gophers, an prairie
chickens were
haunted for food.
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Peoples of the
Peoples of the
Plateau
Northwest Coast
Relied heavily on
 Had to constantly
salmon as a dietary
move around the
staple.
Northwest Coast to
get a variety of
Plants were
food, this
another staple
movement was
food, they collected
known as the
berries during the
“seasonal round”.
winter months
 During winter they
and, edible roots
including wild
would eat shellfish
onion, wild lily
including mussels,
bolds, and balsam
clams, oysters and
root during late
middens.
summer.
 During early
They hunted deer
summer people eat
which also played
salmon, shellfish,
an important role
birds, and early
in there diet.
ripening plant
foods such as
salmonberries and
huckleberries.
 During late
autumn people
also collected the
Indian potato.
Inuit of the Arctic
Clothing
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In Ingenious clothing
also provided warmth
in the winter.
Inuit clothing was
primarily made of
caribou skin.
Double boots of
sealskin and caribou
hide and mittens of
caribou hide completed
the winter gear.
During the brief
summer of the artic,
the outer suit of clothes
was discarded
Iroquois of the
Eastern Woodlands
 Clothing was made
from fur and hides,
along with
cornhusks and
plant and tree
fibre.
Peoples of the Plains
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Deerskin was used 
for tunics, leggings,
skirts,
breethcloths, and

moccasins.
Bison hide that
was not stripped of
it’s fur was used
for winter coats,
the fur was warn
facing inward for
natural insulation.
Peoples of the
Peoples of the
Plateau
Northwest Coast
Deer hide was used  The people of the
for all types of
Northwest Coast
manner clothing.
wore very little
clothing, except
People of higher
when it was cold.
status wore
moccasins made of  In the warmer
deer hide, ordinary
months, men
people wore
would often go
footwear made of
naked, and women
salmon skin.
would only wear
bark skirts.
 The women made
most of the
clothing out of
softened cedar
wood or bark,
animal leather, and
wool.
Inuit of the Arctic
Shelter
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In the winter they used
snow to build houses
called igloos.
Igloos took two people
to build, using knives
as tools, could build an
igloo in less than and
hour.
Snow makes an
excellent insulator.
Igloos are warmed by
bodies, and seal oil
lamp.
During the summer,
the Inuit built tents out
of driftwood or poles
covered with animal
skins, mostly caribou
or sealskin. These tents
were not unlike the
Plains tipis.
Iroquois of the
Eastern Woodlands
 Each extended
family lived in a
longhouse, which
was divided into
several
compartments, or
hearth, one for
each nuclear
family.
 Among the Eastern
Woodland farmers,
60 villages were
identified, that
provided shelter for
60,000 people and
50,000 acres of
cultivation.
Peoples of the Plains
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The common
shelter for the
People of the plains
was a Tipi.
The Tipi was made
out of 3 or 4
support poles
made out of wood.
The poles are set
up in a pyramid
shape. It is then
covered with
stitched bison
hide.
The Tipi was warm
in the winter and
cool in the
summer.
The hearth fire was
built just behind
the centre of tipi,
towards the back.
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Transportation
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Traveled by foot (Snow
shoe) or dog sled.
In the summer they
also traveled by foot or
canoe.

Traveled mainly by
foot or canoe.
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Walked mostly on
foot.
Used snowshoes or
dog sled in the
winter.

Peoples of the
Plateau
People had
dugouts.
Most native people
lived in Pit houses,
because they were
structure for their
climate.
The pit house was
made out of soil
near a water
supply; rafters
were built up over
the pit (the rafters
were covered in
bark, followed by
earth and sod).
The finish house
was insulated
against winter
cold.
Pit houses were
warm, but they
were also rather
dark and smoky.
People tend to
leave them once
spring arrives.
In spring and
summer, people
lived in tents.
Traveled by canoe.
Peoples of the
Northwest Coast
 Cedar was used in
the construction of
the houses.
 Northwest Coast
big houses were
extremely large,
and lasted for
years.
 Due to the fact that
the people of the
Northwest Coast
had access to food
year-round, they
were able to live
sedentary lives in
permanent
settlements.

Traveled by
canoes.
Inuit of the Arctic
Social
Organization
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Iroquois of the
Peoples of the Plains
Eastern Woodlands
Because of the
 All societies were
 A basic social
importance of hunting,
matrineal and
organization unit is
the society was
matrilocal.
based on how
organized based on
many people
 Women owned
hunting groups and
needed to operate a
their own fields
trading partnerships.
bison drive which
and were
normally are 50Some Inuit emphasized
responsible for
100 people.
patrilineal bonds,
them
which means a newly
 Mostly believed in
 When the couple
married couple would
the Sundance
marries they go to
live with the husbands
which was a
live with the bride’s
family and the children
ceremony of people
family
would inherit his family  Each clan has a
constantly (without
tree. Although the
stopping) dancing
civil chief that
couple will spend at
without food or
directed normal
least a year at the
drink
activities, and a
wife’s relatives, so the
military chief that
husband could work
settled conflicts.
alongside the father
Both chiefs were
Shared a belief of spirit
chosen by women
force of the universe
and could dethrone
and the need to behave
a chief if he did not
in a certain way in
fulfill his duties
order to ensure
existence with nature.
Illness or misfortune
was a signal to others
that they hadn’t
conducted themselves
properly.
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Peoples of the
Plateau
People constructed
pit houses in the
winter that were 68 metres long
Smaller covered
pits for food
storage were near
the pit house.
People lived in
tents as they
travelled around
collecting food
resources
After a few winters,
pit houses were
abandoned due to
rotting, insects,
and rodents which
were unsafe
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Peoples of the
Northwest Coast
Deeply concerned
with inherited
ranking and
privilege.
They had chiefs
and nobles who
had the right to
high ranking family
names who
controlled resource
access
Wealth depended
on control of
resources and
managing them
effectively. Things
like housing,
fishing stations,
berry patches, and
cedar stands (area
covering
something) could
only be passed
down by family
Commoners
worked to develop
the village’s wealth.
Slaves were bought
or captured. They
were sold at
potlatches or killed
to show the chief
barely cared about
his great amount of
wealth.
Inuit of the Arctic
Contact with
Other Groups
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Traded with groups
that had different
goods to offer like, seal,
oil, walrus hide, or
caribou hide
Trading partnerships
were so important that
they were expected to
lasts lifetime.
Iroquois of the
Eastern Woodlands
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Normally all the
towns would
cooperate.
Matters concerning
the entire nation
were discussed at a
confederacy
council and each
tribe would send
representatives to
the council.
Decisions were
made
democratically
Peoples of the Plains
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Interior salish
people shared
many cultural
attributed to the
coast salish and
always traded
with them
A common thing
to be traded was
shells and
soapstone
Ktunaya people
were culturally
closer to the
people of the
plains. They
both used the
Sundance as a
ceremonial
activity and
hunted bison.
Peoples of the
Plateau

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
Peoples of the
Northwest Coast
Interior salish

people shared
many cultural
attributed to the
coast salish and
always traded
with them
A common thing
to be traded was
shells and
soapstone
Ktunaya people 
were culturally
closer to the
people of the
plains. They
both used the
Sundance as a
ceremonial
activity and
hunted bison.

Status was very
important to the
People of the North
West Coast. They
would invite other
people from other
villages to
potlatches and
showed off
expensive
belongings
They had to get
their food by the
season. They were
constantly
adjusting to the
weather for their
food. Some family’s
(Squamish) would
go south to go to
other villages to get
resources when
food was running
out.
Despite the fact
that certain people
belonged to
different villages,
they cooperated
with each other
because they all
need to adapt.