STUDY GUIDE: OBJECTIVES
Chapter 11: Risk, Toxicology, and Human Health
You will be quizzed on information provided on this handout. THIS IS NOT A HOMEWORK
ASSIGNMENT!!
VOCABULARY: see next page
A Word Wall must be made from one of these words (vocabulary list) for this Chapter's Quiz
for 3 points extra credit. Vocab cards can be made for 3 points on your vocab quiz
OBJECTIVES:
1- Be familiar with all material from previous chapters
2- Be able to list and provide at least one example of each of the four major types of
hazards.
3- Be able to list at least three factors that influence the toxicity of a given substance.
4- Explain the difference between an antagonistic interaction and a synergistic one.
5 - Explain the difference between acute effects and chronic effects. Provide examples of
each.
6- List the various categories of chemical hazards and describe the harm they cause.
7- Explain why the incidence of non-transmissible disease is expected to increase over the
next several decades. Explain how this is related to the idea of epidemiological
transition.
8- Explain why the incubation period of AIDS contributes to the spread of the disease. Be
able to compare AIDS to Ebola in this regard.
9- Be able to name the top five risks faced by people in the United States.
10- Explain why TB is considered to be the silent global epidemic.
11- Explain why there is an increasing level of resistance in pathogenic bacteria.
12- Be able to draw and interpret the parts of a dose-response curve.
13- Compare and contrast the terms bioaccumulation and Biomagnification.
Project: Disease Pamphlet
CHAPTER 11: Risk, Toxicology, and Human Health
Vocabulary: You will have a vocabulary quiz on these terms. You may be required to provided
examples for some terms. ALL quizzes and tests are comprehensive (cover material from
throughout the year).
1. poison
2.mutagen
3.teratogen
4.risk
5.risk assessment
6.toxicity
7.dosage
8.persistence
9.bioaccumulation
10.threshold level
11.median lethal dose
12.precautionary principle
13.pathogen
14.vector.
LAWS, FORMULAS, AND CHEMISTRY REVIEW:
1. Calculate percentages. Example: 80/200 = 40/100 = 0.4 = 40%
2. Put very large or very small numbers into scientific notation.
310,000,000 = 310 million = 310 x 106 = 3.1 x 108
0.000 000 000 000 097 = 9.7 x 10-14
3. Work scientific notation problems without a calculator. Multiplication and division
will be common. Multiplying numbers in scientific notation requires the exponents to be
added. Dividing numbers in scientific notation requires exponents to be subtracted.
LEGISLATION
1976 TOXIC SUBSTANCE CONTROL ACT: EPA is given the ability to track the 75,000 industrial
chemicals currently produced or imported into the United States.
APES: Chapter 11
Risk, Toxicology, and Human Health
11-1 Risk and Probability
Risk is defined as____________________________________________________________.
Risk Assessment attempts to ______________a hazard, determine the __________________of it
occurring, and _________________the severity of its impact.
There are four major types of hazards:
1-_____________________________: smoking, poor diet, drinking, driving, poverty.
2-________________________: harmful exposure to chemicals in the air, food, water, soil.
3-________________________: radiation, fire, earthquake, flood, tornadoes.
4-_________________________________: viruses, parasites, bites, stings, allergies.
small pox
(Hippocampus: Human Health: Malaria)
http://www.hippocampus.org/AP%20Environmental%20Science
11-2 Toxicology
Toxicity measures
1. how harmful a substance is and is dependent upon the
2. dosage____________________________________________,
3. how ____________________exposure occurs,
4.________________, health, and
5. _________________________makeup.
Persistence__________________________________________________.
Bioaccumulation occurs when toxins are __________________in specific organs or tissues.
These are then magnified in a food chain (_______________________________).
CALCULATION: How many times has the toxin been magnified from the phytoplankton to the
porpoise?
What is the difference between antagonistic and synergistic effects?
What is the difference between acute and chronic effects?
Although any chemical (even water) can be harmful if ingested in large enough quantities most
have a _______________level below which their effects are insignificant.
____________are defined based upon their median lethal dose LD50 (the amount of a chemical
in one dose that kills exactly _______% of the organisms exposed to it).
How are toxicity levels typically determined?
HW #1: Review Questions page 250: #’s: 2, 5 (all parts).
11-3 Chemical Hazards
Chemical hazards are frequently classified based upon the harm they cause.
1- Mutagens: cause ___________mutations
Thalidomide
2- teratogens: cause __________defects
3- carcinogens: cause cancer
Because it is difficult to accurately measure the effects of all chemicals, the
______________________principle should be applied when dealing with any chemical.
Briefly state the Precautionary Principle:
11-4 Biological Hazards
Nontransmissable diseases (__________________, ________________, ______________) are
not caused by living organisms and cannot be passed from one person to another. As the
population ages it is expected there will be more deaths from nontransmissable causes.
Transmissable diseases are caused by __________________(bacteria, viruses, protozoa, or
parasites) and are frequently spread by_______________________.
Most deaths due to infectious agents are in developing countries due to the inaccessibility of
antibiotics and vaccines (______________________transition).
Viral diseases that get most of the attention from news organization (bird flu, Ebola) cause
relatively ___________deaths. The greatest threat would be the emergence of a new strain of a
very virulent strain of influenza.
Sexually transmitted disease (STD) will be contracted by 1/3 of sexually active individuals by the
time they are 24.
AIDS continues to spread because infected people continue to spread the disease before they know they
are infected (7-10 year _______________________period).
AIDS/HIV, Tuberculosis (TB), and malnutrition act synergistically within the world’s
________________populations. Vaccines, the only effective treatment for viral infections, are
typically not available to the poor.
1.
3.
5.
Many factors contribute to the spread of infectious disease including:
2.
4.
6.
Increased funding, research, and education are needed to reduce the rates of infectious disease in
developing countries.
11-5 Risk Analysis
Risk analysis involves (1) ________________________hazards, (2) __________them, (3)
making decisions concerning their reduction, and (4) __________________findings.
Most people have a poor understanding of the risks they face.
The greatest hazards faced by people in the United States in terms of how they affect life span are:
Your Guess
Actual
1- ______________________
__________________ 7-10 years
2- ______________________
__________________ 7.5 years
3- ______________________
__________________ 6 years
4- ______________________
__________________ (35%)- 6 years
5- ______________________
__________________ (5 years)
Globally________________________, tobacco use, _____________________ infections, air
pollution, and ____________________are the top killers.
Risk analysis remains an uncertain science and much of it involves frontier science. Until better
alternatives are developed it will continue to be an important tool in the field of epidemiology.
HW #2: Review Questions page 250-251 #’s: 8, 10, 13, 16.
APES: Homework Assignment
Chapter 11
Name:_________________________________
Due Date: ___________
Directions: complete each of the following questions by the due date. Your answer must be hand
written. You will be held responsible for them in class on the due date and on future tests and
quizzes. Any questions left unanswered may also cost you extra credit points.
READ THE ENTIRE CHAPTER!!!!
Chapter Introduction (page 228)
1. Name 4 illnesses associated with cigarette use that may lead to premature death.
1.
2.
3.
4.
2. Briefly describe 4 areas smoking “costs” the United States $158 billion dollars.
1.
2.
3.
4.
3. Briefly describe the user-pays approach recommended by many health experts concerning
cigarette purchases.
11-1
4. Define the following terms
a. risk:
b. probability:
5. What are the three components of risk assessment?
1.
2.
3.
6. What are the four major types of hazard and examples of each?
hazard
a.
b.
c.
d.
11.2 Toxicology
examples
7. What does toxicity measure?
8. Compare and contrast each of the following terms:
a. biomagnification and bioaccumulation
b. antagonistic and synergistic interactions
c. acute and chronic effects
9. What is the legal definition of a poison?
11-3 Chemical hazards
10. What are mutagens?
11. What are teratogens?
12. What are carcinogens?
13. Briefly describe the Precautionary Principle?
11-4 Biological Hazards
14. Define and give examples of each of the following:
Definition
non-transmissible disease
transmissible disease
15. What is an epidemiological transition?
examples
]
16. Look at the map on page 240 (Figure 11-10).
a. what part of the world has had the greatest number of deaths as a result of HIV-AIDS?
b. What percentage of the number of people infected with HIV-AIDS have died in (Show
all work):
- The United States
- Western Europe
17. Read the case study on Malaria that begins on page 243.
a. What is the scientific name of the protozoan species that causes malaria?
b. What is the scientific name of the vector that carries malaria?
c. TRUE/FALSE: deaths from malaria exceed the number of deaths caused by war.
d. What is the major reason pesticide use has proven to be ineffective against malaria?
e. Name three methods recommended by health experts to slow the spread of malaria.
11-5 Risk Analysis
18. Look at Figure 11-13 (page 246)
Make a list of four High Risk Problems identified by scientists that are not identified by
citizens.
1.
2.
3.
4.