Italiano V
La Primavera 2015
la grammatica
I Pronomi
A direct object is the direct recipient of the action
of a verb.
I invite the boys. Whom do I invite? The boys.
He reads the book. What does he read? The book.
The nouns boys and books are direct objects. They
answer the question what? or whom? Verbs that take a
direct object are called transitive verbs. Verbs that do not
take a direct object (she walks, I sleep) are intransitive.
Direct object pronouns replace direct object nouns.
I invite the boys. I invite them.
He reads the book. He reads it.
In Italian the forms of the direct object pronouns (i
pronomi diretti) are as follows:
SINGULAR
PLURAL
mi me
ci us
ti you (informal)
vi you (informal)
La you (formal m. and f.) Li you (form., m.)
Le you (form., f.)
lo him, it
li them (m. and f.)
la her, it
le them (f.)
A direct object pronoun is placed immediately before a
conjugated verb.
Se vedo i ragazzi, li invito. (If I see the boys, I’ll invite
them.)
Compra la frutta e la mangia. (He buys the fruit and eats
it.)
In a negative sentence, the word non must come before
the object pronoun.
Non la mangia. (He doesn’t eat it.)
Perchè non li inviti? (Why don’t you invite them?)
While direct object pronouns answer the
question what? or whom?
Indirect object pronouns
answer the question to
whom?
or for whom?
Also, they're the same as the Direct
Object Pronouns except for the pronouns
in the Third Person (i.e. to him; to her; to
them).
Singolare Singular
mi
ti
gli
le
Le
Plurale Plural
(to/for)
(to/for) me ci
us
(to/for)
(to/for) you
vi
you
(informal)
(informal)
(to/for)
(to/for)
loro
them (m.
him, it
& f.)
(to/for) her,
it
(to/for)
(to/for) you
you
(formal f. & Loro
(formal f.
m.)
& m.)
The direct object is governed directly by
the verb, for example, in the following
statement: Romeo loved her.
The Indirect Object in an English
sentence often stands where you would
expect the direct object but common
sense will tell you that the direct object is
later in the sentence, e.g.: Romeo bought
her a bunch of flowers.
The direct object — i.e. the thing that
Romeo bought is “a bunch of flowers”;
Romeo didn't buy “her” as if she were a
slave. So the pronoun her in the sentence
actually means "for her" and is the
Indirect Object.
Examples:
» Qulacuno mi ha mandato una cartolina
dalla Spagna
Someone (has) sent me a postcard
from Spain.
» Il professore le ha spiegato il problema
The teacher (has) explained the
problem to her.
» Gli hai detto di comprare un regalo per
sua madre?
Did you tell him/them to buy a
present for (his/their) mother.
» Voglio telefonargli
I want to phone him.
» Il signor Brambilla ci ha insegnato
l'italiano
Mr Brambilla taught us Italian.
» Cosa gli dici?
What are you saying to him/to
them?
» Lucia,tuo padre vuole parlarti!
Lucia, your father wants to speak
to you!
» Non gli ho mai chiesto di aiutarmi
I (have) never asked him to help
me.
» Non oserei consigliarti
I would not dare to advise you
» Le ho regalato un paio di orecchini
I gave her a present of a pair of
earrings.
Disjunctive Pronouns
I Pronomi Tonici
Disjunctive or stressed pronouns are
used after prepositions and verbs to
show emphasis. They are used after
the preposition di when used with the
following prepositions: senza, dopo,
sotto, and su. When disjunctive
pronouns are used, the adverbs
anche, proprio, and solamente are
often used.
Vengo con te.
I'll come with
you.
Amo te, non lei.
I love you, not
her.
Ho un regalo
per te.
I have a gift for
you.
Disjunctive Pronouns
Italian
English
me
me, myself
te
you, yourself
Lei
you (formal)
lui, lei
him, her
sé
yourself (formal), oneself,
himself, herself
noi
us, ourselves
voi
you, yourselves
Loro
you (formal)
loro
them
sé
yourselves (formal),
themselves
Double object pronouns
There are many times when the same verb
has both a direct object pronoun and indirect
object pronoun. Usually, the indirect object
pronoun precedes the direct object pronoun
and the indirect object pronouns mi, ti, ci,
and vi change to me, te, ce, and ve:
Renato porta il libro a me. (Renato brings the
book to me.)
Renato me lo porta. (Renato brings it to me.)
Il professore insegna la lezione a voi. (The
professor teaches the lesson to you.)
Il professore ve l'insegna. (The professor
teaches you the lesson.)
For a complete chart of all the double object
pronouns, see the table below.
DOUBLE OBJECT PRONOUNS
INDIRECT
OBJECT
PRONOUN
LO
LA
LI
LE
NE
mi
me lo me la me li me le me ne
ti
te lo
gli, le, Le
te la
te li
te le
te ne
glielo gliela glieli gliele gliene
ci
ce lo
ce la
ce li
ce le ce ne
vi
ve lo ve la
ve li
ve le ve ne
...loro
lo...loro la...loro li...loro le...loro ne...loro
DOUBLE OBJECT PRONOUNS
INDIRECT
OBJECT
PRONOUN
LO
LA
LI
LE
NE
Note the economy in words: gli, le, and Le
become glie- before direct object pronouns
and before ne, and combine with them to
become one word.
It is possible to use a direct object with a
reflexive verb as well. Let's look at the
sentence Mi metto una cravatta.
This sentence is reflexive, since I am
putting something on myself, and it also
has a direct object — una cravatta
(necktie).
It is possible to use both a reflexive
pronoun and a direct object pronoun in
the same sentence.
If we were to substitute a direct object
pronoun for this sentence, we would have
Me la metto (I put it on.) The following
table shows the reflexive/direct double
object pronoun combinations.
Table 10-9
When using the verbs dovere,
potere, volere, and sapere in a
double verb construction with a
double object pronoun, you have the
choice of either putting the double
object pronouns before the
conjugated verb or attaching them to
the end of the
1.Riportiamo il libro a lei. Glielo riportiamo.
(We bring the books back to her. We bring
them back to her.)
2.Restituisci il quaderno a lui. Glielo restituisci.
(You return the notebook to him. You return it
to him.)
3.Presto la macchina a Paolo. Gliela presto. (I
lend the car to Paolo. I lend it to him.)
4.Mandate i regali ai bambini. Glieli mandate.
(Or alternately Li mandate loro but dated)
(You give the gifts to the children. You give
them to them.)
5.Mio zio porta i documenti ai signori. Mio zio
glieli porta. (Or alternately Mio zio li porta
loro but dated) (My uncle carries the
documents to the men. My uncle brings them
to them.)
6.Date la palla alle ragazze. Gliela date. (Or
alternately La date loro but dated) (You give
the ball to the girls. You give it to them.)
7.Do il libro agli studenti. Glielo do. (Or
alternately Lo do loro but dated) (I give the
book to the students. I give it to them.)
8.Inviano i pacchi a lui. Glieli inviano. (They
send the packages to him. They send them to
him.)
9.Prestiamo le fotografie a Luisa. Gliele
prestiamo. (We lend the photos to Luisa. We
lend them to her.)
10. Do la penna a Martina. Gliela do. (I give
the pen to Martina. I give it to her.)
Italian relative pronouns
(pronomi relativi) are called as such
because, in addition to substituting for
the noun, connect (relate) two clauses.
The clause introduced by the pronoun is
subordinate and is dependent on the main
clause.
È molto bello il vestito che hai
acquistato.
The dress that you bought is very nice.
The relative pronouns
are: chi, che, cui, and
il quale.

chi is invariable, is used in the
masculine and feminine singular, and
refers only to a person:
Chi rompe, paga.
He who breaks (it), pays (for it).
Chi tra voi ragazze vuole partecipare
alla gara, si iscriva.
Those of you girls who want to
participate in the competition, sign up.
In general, chi functions as subject and
object; in fact, it corresponds to a
relative pronoun preceded by a
demonstrative.
Non mi piace chi non lavora seriamente.
I do not like those that do not work
seriously.
Sometimes chi functions as an indirect
complement if preceded by a preposition.
Mi rivolge a chi parla senza pensare.
I was referring to those who speak
without thinking.
1. Come si chiamano le
ragazze la cui che
avete incontrate?
2. I libri con cui che
mia madre mi ha
regalato sono molto
belli.
3. Come si chiamano i
professori la cui con
cui hai avuto tanti
problemi?
4. L´appartamento per
cui in cui abitano i
Rossi è piuttosto
antico.
5. Torno nel villaggio
chi in cui sono nato.
6. il cui chi parla
molto, pensa poco.
7. Gino è un operaio la
cui che lavora poco.
8. I programmi con cui
che abbiamo visto
erano abbastanza
interessanti.
9. Ieri ho incontrato
una bella signorina il
cui nome non mi
ricordo.
10. L´anno che in cui
mi sono sposato è nata
mia figlia.
11. Nel momento in
cui ci siamo visti mi
sono innamorato.
12. Chi è la ragazza in
cui con cui hai ballato
ieri sera ?
13. Questo è il paese
chi in cui sono nato.
14. Chi conosce il
motivo la cui per cui
ha ucciso il suo gatto?
15. La signora, la cui
macchina è stata
rubata, ha comprato
una Mercedes.
16. Il turista che la cui
valigia è molto
pesante, parte oggi.
17. per cui chi tace
acconsente.
18. Roma è una città
per cui che mi piace
molto
.
Pronomi personali -Forme combinate
I. Le Opere ed
II.
I COMPITI
un ripassino in breve
quick review
1. uses of Avere and expressiones with AVERE
2. L´ imperfetto in ripasso un’po -What was the
imperfect tense?
3. IL PASSATO PROSSIMO
a.AVERE The verb to have
AVERE
ho hai ha
abbiamo
avete
hanno
b. using avere with the past
participles
c. Exploring the past participles: What are these
past participles?
How do they
work?
How do we form
them?
d. Putting the verb AVERE with the past participles
to create \
the Pasato Prossimo!
e. Passato Prossimo POWER POINT
f. Attivita’ -Activities and practice in pairs and
groups
Writing sentences in the Passato
Prossimo PP II
g. Conclusion-Resume-Putting it all together
take home practice
Homework to be used to measure understanding of the
Lesson Passato
Prossimno
L’ imperfetto
a past tense Ripassi
imperfect tense
We use the
to describe past tense events that are
ongoing or have no definite end. This tense many times corresponds to the
English expressions "was" "were" and "used to". When we use these
expressions we are talking about an event in the past that never really stopped.
Here are some examples:
When I was young I used to go to the movies all the time.
They were listening to the radio when...
My mother always used to make frittata for me as a child.
In the above situations, the action doesn't have a definite end. If I were to say,
"Yesterday, I made a frittata" that sentence would NOT be in the imperfect
because the action clearly stopped at some point in time.
The imperfect is used to describe many different things in the past such as:
your age (when I was 12)
the weather (it was raining)
describing a scene (It was a cold and dark night)
what you were doing ( I was eating when)
what you used to do ( I used to go there all the time)
what time it was (It was 5:00 when.......)
what somebody looked like (he was short and mean looking)
The formation of the imperfect is simple:
here is the entire conjugation for:
I verbi regolari
in imperfetto
verbo -ARE regolare
-AVO
parlare:
Parlavo = I used to talk,
Parlavi = You (informal) used to talk
Parlava = He/she used to talk
Parlavamo = We used to talk
Parlavate = You (plural) used to talk
Parlavano = They used to talk
Vedere
I Verbi –ERE regolare
Vedevo
Vedevi
Vedeva
Vedevamo
Vedevate
Vedevano
DORMIRE
I Verbi –ire regolare
Dormivo
Dormivi
Dormiva
Dormivano
Dormivate
Dormivano
There are some verbs that are irregular in the
imperfect
ESSERE = to be
ero (I was)
eri
era
eravamo
eravate
erano
fare = to do
facevo
facevi
faceva
facevamo
fecevate
facevano
Bere = to drink
bevevo
bevevi
beveva
bevevamo
bevevate
bevevano
dire = to say
dicevo
dicevi
diceva
dicevamo
dicevate
dicevano
ATTIVITA’ PRACTICE
writing sentences together
OGGI in ITALIA
Pagina 208 a 209
La pagina
STRUTTURA ed USO:
209 a leggere
B. IL PASSATO PROSSIMO
1. a domandare alla classe in Inglese: ask the students:
Write down two things that you did last evening.
Examples:
I went to the supermarket.
I called a friend.
I studied math and Italian.
I washed the dished after dinner.
I finished my homework!
All of these actions were completed. They are finished!
Note that we are talking about things that have been
completed.
Remember that the imperfect tense is used to indicate
something that was taking place in your description.
-Something was happening or happened repeatedly
-something used to happen often….
I was talking on the phone when….
They were going to the shore every weekend!
We used to live there.
We were touring every day!
I was writing in my journal every night throughout the
winter months.
He was swimming every day in the ocean.
All of these examples are describing actions that were taking
place and so they are examples of the IMPERFETTO
(Imperfect Tense)
The Passato Prossimo is used to indicate a completed action.
Something was finished (or completed) in your description.
We ate late last night.
She arrived on time.
They bought the car last Tuesday.
In Italian Passato Prossimo is
used to describe what has
happened or what happened.
Qui - Here POWER POINT Presentation on website
Fanno Gli Attivita’ Students will complete activities on the
power point in pairs and groups
COMMON ADVERBIAL EXPRESSIONS OFTEN
USED WITH THE PASSATO PROSSIMO
wordsthat make you use the Passato
Prossimo……
ieri
yesterday
ieri pomeriggio
yesterday afternoon
ieri sera
last night
il mese scorso
last month
l'altro giorno
the other day
stamani
this morning
tre giorni fa
three days ago
To create the Passato Prossimo in Italian, you use the verb
AVERE in the PRESENT INDICATICE tense, and then use the
past participle:
HO
HAI
HA
ABBIAMO
AVETE
HANNO
AVERE + the Past Participle
Past participles
Regular past participles are easy to form. You
remove the infinitive ending and apply the
past participle ending as shown below;
Verbs ending in ARE use ATO, for example;
mangiare - are = mangi + ato = mangiato
Verbs ending in ERE use UTO, for example;
credere - ere = cred + uto = creduto
Verbs ending in IRE use ITO, for example;
finire - ire = fin + ito = finito
More regular endings as examples….
Chiamare-chiamato
Vendere – venduto
Partire - partito
REGULAR
-IRE VERBS
ITO
Esempio...
Parlare parlato-
- spoken
Mangiare mangiato- - eaten
HO
HAI
HA
ABBIAMO
AVETE
HANNO
parlato
Ho parlato = I spoke, I have spoken
Hai parlato = you spoke, you have spoken familiar
Ha parlato= You spoke, you have spoken
formal
He spoke, He has spoken
She spoke, She has spoken
Abbiamo parlato= We spoke, We have spoken
Avete parlato
= You (all) Spoke, You (all) have spoken
Hanno Parlato = (All of) You spoke, (All of ) you have spoken
formal, they spoke, they have spoken
More examples of –ere verbs and –ire verbs regular in Passato
Sentire conjugated in the passato prossimo
Io
Tu
Lui/L
ei
Noi
Voi
Loro
Ho sentito
Hai sentito
Ha sentito
Abbiamo sentito
Avete sentito
Hanno sentito
I heard
or have
heard
You
heard or
have
heard
He/She/
It heard
or has
heard
We
heard or
The passato prossimo is
have
one of several past tenses in heard
Italian and is probably the
Y'all
one you will use most. It is
heard or
used to describe actions that
have
were completed in the past, heard
such as:
All of

I took the exam last Friday. youThey

We went to Italy two
heard or
months ago.
have
heard
It can also be used to
describe an action that began
in the past but continues to
apply to the present, such as:
Passato Prossimo

I have been to Italy three
times in my life.

We have not finished the
exam yet.
The passato prossimo is a
compound tense, meaning it
is made up of two verbs.
The first verb is a conjugated
form of essere or avere; the
second is the past participle
of the main verb. Let's get on
to an example that will help
you understand the tense and
the terminology used to
describe its components:
Mario ha
Mario
mangiato la
ate the
pizza.
pizza.
In this example, ha is the
conjugated form of avere.
Conjugated just means that
the verb has a particular
ending that goes with the
subject, in this case the lui/lei
form of the verb to agree
with Mario. Following,
mangiato is called the past
participle of the main verb
mangiare (to eat).
Past participles are formed
from the infinitive of the main
verb by dropping the –are, –
ere, or –ire and adding –
ato, –uto, and –ito,
respectively. For example:
infinitive
past
participle
parlare
parlato
credere
creduto
finire
finito
The chart below lists forms of
verbs in the passato
prossimo, conjugated with
avere and essere. Consider
the forms and the questions
that follow.
parlare
io
tu
ho
parlato
hai
parlato
lui,lei,L
ha
ei
parlato
andare
sono
andato/
a
sei
andato/
a
e'
andato/
a
credere
metter
e
capire
ho
ho
ho
creduto
messo
capito
hai
hai
hai
creduto
messo
capito
ha
ha
ha
creduto
messo
capito
noi
voi
loro
abbiam
siamo
abbiam
abbiam
abbiam
o
andati/
o
o
o
parlato
e
creduto
messo
capito
avete
avete
avete
creduto
messo
capito
hanno
hanno
hanno
creduto
messo
capito
avete
parlato
hanno
parlato
siete
andati/
e
sono
andati/
e

Essere vs.
Avere
When verbs are used in the
passato prossimo, some go
with essere and some with
avere.
The choice often appears
more difficult than it really is.
Keep the following points in
mind:

All transitive verbs (verbs
that have objects, like
mangiare - to eat, scrivere to write, suonare - to play,
telefonare - to call) go with
avere.

Many verbs that indicate
movement (e.g. andare - to
go, venire - to come, uscire
- to go out, partire - to
depart), go with essere.

Many verbs that indicate
stasis or immobility (e.g.
stare - to stay, essere - to
be, restare - to stay,
rimanere - to remain), go
with essere.

Many verbs that indicate a
change of state (e.g.
cambiare - to change,
diventare - to become,
nascere - to be born, morire
- to die, ingrandire - to get
bigger) go with essere.

All reflexive verbs (e.g.
arrabbiarsi - to get angry,
lavarsi - to wash oneself,
chiamarsi - to be called) go
with essere.
While it is a good idea to
keep these rules in mind, it
may also be helpful to
memorize common verbs
that go with essere.
When you learn new verbs in
your textbook or from your
dictionary, those verbs that
go with essere in the
passato prossimo will be
flagged for you. Put these on
notecards!
Past Participles
Many verbs have irregular
past participles. Examples
include the following:
infinitive
past
participle
bere
bevuto
decidere
deciso
dire
detto
essere
stato
fare
fatto
leggere
letto
mettere
messo
morire
morto
nascere
nato
perdere
perso
prendere preso
rimanere rimasto
scrivere
scritto
vedere
visto
venire
venuto