2014
GPS Data Collection, Transmission, Analysis, And Decision
Making On OSM For Applications Of Practical Interest
Graduation Project II
69589
Supervisor
Dr. Sa'ed Tarapiah
Prepared By:
Abdalaziz Khalaf
11005262
Hekmat Ashqar
11002729
Mohammad Alshaikh 11004441
Naeem Daraghmeh
11003711
Abstract
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The aim of our work is to find the vehicle accident location by means of
sending a message using a system which is placed inside of vehicle system. The
purpose of this work is to find the vehicle where it is. Most of the times we may not
able to find accidents because we don’t know where accident will happen, in order
to give treatment for injured people first we need to know that where that happened
through location tracking and sending to your related one
Indeed, the number of vehicles GPS-enabled On-board Unit has sharply
increased due to their vital and beneficial rules for both the vehicles and the drivers,
this project aims to build an open framework that focuses on traffic and vehicular
data for enhancing Transportation System (TS) efficiency in terms of analysis and
planning. The proposed framework consists of four main phases namely; user data
collection, transmission, data analysis and decision making.
The main objective of the system is to provide security for the vehicle user and
also detects the accident if occurred and informs the respective authority through
wireless technologies such as GSM and GPS. Accident detection system is used to
recognize the location of the accident and easily to reach the location.
Statistics show that most of accidents occur due to violation of speed limit, so
we are interested of reducing this phenomena by implementing a system based on
GPS/GSM with wireless controlling system that track the vehicles by plotting the
vehicle current location in terms of longitude and latitude coordinates which based
on open street maps (OSM) that have flexibility in dealing with road limitation and
are not digitized contrary of Google maps which don't have the authority to do so.
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Introduction
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1.1 Overview:
According to Ministry of Transportation, the seriousness of traffic accidents
every day in the West Bank, as the number of injured and dead in our country as a
result of traffic accidents have become times of what is happening in some
developed country.
The first half of this year shows a lot of traffic accidents in the West Bank
that killed dozens of victims and hundreds wounded. The statistics recorded about
27 deaths caused by the violation of the law and non-compliance with the rules of
public safety on the roads.
Traffic police also recorded approximately 46569 traffic violation, in all the
provinces of the West, was the largest share of the province of Ramallah and Al
Bireh in terms of the number of violations, which reached 12654 violation,
followed by Nablus logged 9000 violation, then Hebron won the 7177 traffic
violation.
The report attributes for communication and transport in the West over the
causes of traffic accidents to the deviation from the behavior of traffic as the main
reason for the occurrence of accidents between vehicles, which is confirmed by
video clips is spread across social networking sites demonstrate how to increase the
occurrence of traffic accidents.
The absence of caution and lack of due distances and the right priority and
follow the traffic signs and traffic lights, as well as the wrong overtaking and
speeding traffic and reverse the route accounted for more reasons for the accident,
and the high number of victims there.
The thing that makes us not surprising, if we return one year ago, the number
of road traffic accidents in each province in West Bank in 2013 was totally 7,827
traffic accidents, the figure below shows the distribution of road traffic accidents.
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Since road traffic crash results from a combination of factors related to the
components of the system comprising roads, the environment, vehicles and road
users, and the way they interact . As a result, we chose this issue to provide
frameworks that can be used to identify and analyze risk factors to minimize it as
possible as it can, since it was noted that "rollovers" recorded the highest
percentage of accidents during 2013, reaching about 49.6% of the total accidents,
we take into account this type of accident in consideration in our controlling system
In order to get eventually a safe environment free of cars outside the law.
Figure 1: Number of registered road traffic accidents in West Bank
1.2Motivation for carrying out this Project:
We decided to choose this project for many reasons, firstly, we have
sufficient skills that we gained them from courses that we have taught ,and to gain
programming skills such that PHP, MySql, Arduino C. Moreover, when we finish
this project, we will be able to build individual systems in different fields of
community.
In our project, we defined clearly the problem that we have to deal with, so far,
huge amounts of money spent on research that work for a radical solution to the
problem of traffic accidents and congestion.
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our project model can be implemented and utilized in many areas for different
applications for example, it can be applied in public transportation, social tracking,
renting company, etc .
1.3Report Organization:
This report is organized as follows; the first chapter gives an overview about
the problem, motivation, the second chapter, gives glimpse of ITS and GSM, third
addressed to system main components and the used technology, the fourth chapter
illustrates the methodology and the maps used, the project description is proposed
in the fourth chapter, while results and discussion are elaborated in chapter five, the
sixth chapter presents the current achievements, and the things that talked about
maps used was addressed in the next chapters. Finally, conclusion are introduced in
the final chapter.
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Literature Review:
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Several GPS and GPRS based models have been designed for managing and
organizing transportation systems. Patinge and Kolhare developed a GPS based
urban transportation management system in which the fleet tracking using GPS and
GSM/GPRS technology and public information system unit mounted at bus. Kumar
and Prasad attempted to enhance public transportation management services based
on GPS and GSM .
Optimizing the traffic and passenger flows and improving system management,
integrated real-time information on the traffic situation in the urban area (e.g.
concerning parking spaces, congestion, and public transport) can be provided by
CIVITAS.
Location-based digital information often originating from mobile phone data has
gained much popularity in recent years as a real-time operational vehicle for urban,
environmental and transport management. Interesting applications are inter alia the
use of private or public spaces by individuals The concentration of people in a city
, the activity spaces of commuters, non-recurrent mass events such as a popfestivals , the entry of tourists in a certain area of attraction , or the estimation of
spatial friendship network structures.
Especially in the transportation sector, the potential applications are vast, and
consequently, the use of cell phone data has shown a rapid increase in urban
transport applications. These data offer a rich source of information on continuous
space–time geography in urban areas.
They can be used for daily traffic management, but also for incident management,
for instance, in case of big fatalities, terrorist attacks, or mass social events such as
festivals or demonstrations. In the present paper we will analyze in particular the
use of cell phone data for incident and traffic management in urban areas.
The main question to be addressed is how to anticipate and control unexpected
events in a transportation system, either on road segments or entire networks.
Effective and timely control measures call for real-time detailed data on traffic
movements.
The possibility offered by micro-electronic devices to identify the geographic
positions and flows of people opens unprecedented ways of addressing several
policy issues such as urban security, incident control, organization of services for
citizens, traffic management, risk management and so on.
In particular, the opportunity to gather real-time data about location and
movements by means of mobile (or cell) phone activities may have an enormous
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impact on traffic management, given also the interests
telecommunication companies might have in this market.
that
private
Moreover, it immediately calls for real-time applications to city management,
especially concerning the optimization and the regulation of the transportation
system. Intelligent Transportation Systems are based on the concept of a dynamic
equilibrium between traffic demand and transportation supply. This might be
achieved by means of a system able to orient its performance to the request that
people have to move, in order to maximize the capacity of the system and to
minimize the waste of energy and resources (Cascetta 2009).
Consequently, a system able to forecast the demand and to anticipate its
evolution is needed. Presently, many efforts have been made to obtain models
capable of forecasting traffic demand (econometric demand forecasting models,
neural and Bayesian networks, stochastic processes, etc.) and to understand the way
it moves on transportation networks (traffic flow models, etc.).
The problem is that all these efforts have been only marginally tested on real
and complex sites, since the cost needed to gather the huge amount of data required
is, in most cases, unaffordable. As an example, the US Government has recently
funded the very big NGSIM project (US Department of Transportation 2008))
aimed at providing, to the world’s research community, data to test and to develop
all possible traffic-related models.
Albeit invaluable for very specific transportation applications, these data are
collected by cameras only on short stretches (few hundreds of meters) of a set of
roads in North America. There are different techniques to collect traffic data:
vehicles’ trajectories are mostly collected by means of remote-sensing and objecttracking from video or photo cameras; positions of vehicles are obtained by
applying Global Positioning System (GPS) technology, whose advantages are the
high accuracy, the precise timing of the system and the high sampling frequency of
the measures (Punzo et al.2009), while the shortcomings are due to the fact that
only a limited number of vehicles, equipped with GPS device, can be tracked. Loop
detectors are the most widely used technique for traffic volume detection.
The system is constituted by one or more magnetic loop detectors put in the
road infrastructure, connected to a device able to pick data, located at one side of
the road. To have detailed information about how loop detectors use magnetic
properties to count traffic volume, we refer to Papageorgiou (1991).
In recent years, a new typology of data deriving from mobile phones, and in
particular from the GSM network, has attracted the attention of researchers, due to
the huge amount data that may be collected at the individual level, and to the
possibility to obtain high levels of accuracy in time and space. These features make
mobile phone data ideal candidates for a large range of applications, in particular in
the transportation field.
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The history of GSM network is rather recent: in 1982, the European Commission
on Postal and Telecommunication Administrations created the GSM (Groupe
Special Mobile) to develop Second Generation Standards for digital wireless
telephone technology (GSM Association 2009).
In 1987 a memorandum of understanding was signed among 13 countries
to develop the cellular system. The GSM (Global System for Mobile
Communications) network was launched for the first time in 1991 and already in
1993 there were over a million of subscribers in 48 countries operated by 70
carriers (Emory University2009).
At present, 80% of the mobile market makes use of GSM technology in more
than 212 countries, reaching over 3 billion people, (PR NewsWire2009). Recent
market surveys show that in various countries cellular phone penetration attains
and, in some cases, exceeds 100% (Caceres et al.2008). Since mobile phones move
with people and vehicles, the big market penetration is one of the advantages of the
use of mobile technology for estimating traffic related parameters, once known the
location of the device.
The first occasion leading to seriously consider the location potentialities of
the mobile network stems from European and American regulations regarding
electronic communications networks and services, according to which public
telephone network operators receiving calls for the emergency calls number should
make a caller’s location information available to authorities in charge of handling
emergencies (European Commission2002a). These regulations motivated
telecommunication companies to investigate the network capabilities of
determining the location of fixed and mobile users.
Therefore, from the middle of the 1990s, several studies and projects have been
carried out, and, in particular, over the past decade a number of research studies
and operational tests have attempted to develop wireless location services in sectors
like tourism, energy distribution, public transportation, urban planning, disaster
management, traffic management, etc. Indeed, many fields nowadays require the
use of location technology, and in several cases this need is inducted by the
increasing speed of the technology growth. The motivation for this paper is the
need to systematize the literature regarding the use of mobile phone data in the field
of the estimation of traffic parameters.
More specifically, against this background the aim of this contribution is to
provide a review of past studies, projects and applications on wireless location
technology, by highlighting the advantages and limitations of the process of
retrieving location information and transportation parameters from cellular phones,
and by trying to clarify: (a) which data types can be retrieved from the GSM
network and how they are currently used; (b) which are the main research issues
connected with the use of telecom data in transportation applications.
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The remainder of the paper is organized as follows: in the next section a short
description of the most used mobile phone location methods is provided, while the
literature review is presented in a subsequent section. Next, an illustrative
application to the city of Amsterdam is offered. Various unsolved research issues
and conclusions are discussed in the last two sections.
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System Main Components:
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3.1Arduino Uno R3:
Figure 2 :Arduino Uno (Arduino Compatible)
This is the new Arduino Uno R3. In addition to all the features of the previous
board, the Uno now uses an ATmega16U2 instead of the 8U2 found on the Uno (or
the FTDI found on previous generations). This allows for faster transfer rates and
more memory. No drivers needed for Linux or Mac (inf file for Windows is needed
and included in the Arduino IDE), and the ability to have the Uno show up as a
keyboard, mouse, joystick, etc.
Arduino is an open-source physical computing platform based on a simple i/o
board and a development environment that implements the Processing/Wiring
language. Arduino can be used to develop stand-alone interactive objects or can be
connected to software on your computer (e.g. Flash, Processing). The open-source
IDE can be downloaded for free (currently for Mac OS X, Windows, and Linux).
The Arduino Uno is a microcontroller board, which has 14 digital input/output
pins (of which 6 can be used as PWM outputs), 6 analog inputs, a 16 MHz ceramic
resonator, a USB connection, a power jack, and a reset button. It contains
everything needed to support the microcontroller; simply connect it to a computer
with a USB cable or power it with an AC to DC adapter or battery to get started.
The Uno R3 also adds SDA and SCL pins next to the AREF. In addition, there
are two new pins placed near the RESET pin. One is the IOREF that allow the
shields to adapt to the voltage provided from the board. The other is a not
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connected and is reserved for future purposes. The Uno R3 works with all existing
shields but can adapt to new shields which use these additional pins.
Figure3: Arduino Uno R3
Features:
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ATmega328 microcontroller
Input voltage - 7-12V
14 Digital I/O Pins (6 PWM outputs)
6 Analog Inputs
32k Flash Memory
16Mhz Clock Speed
3.2Arduino WiFi Shield:
The Arduino WiFi Shield connects your Arduino to the internet wirelessly,
Connect it to your wireless network by following a few simple instructions to start
controlling your world through the internet. As always with Arduino, every element
of the platform – hardware, software and documentation – is freely available and
open-source. This means you can learn exactly how it's made and use its design as
the starting point for your own circuits.
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Figure4:Arduino WiFi Shield
This means you can learn exactly how it's made and use its design as the
starting point for your own circuits. Requires and Arduino board (not included)
Operating voltage 5V (supplied from the Arduino Board) Connection via:
802.11b/g networks Encryption types: WEP and WPA2 Personal Connection with
Arduino on SPI port on-board micro SD slot ICSP headers FTDI connection for
serial debugging of WiFi shield Mini-USB for updating WiFi shield firmware
Description The Arduino WiFi Shield allows an Arduino board to connect to the
internet using the 802.11 wireless specification (WiFi ).
It is based on the HDG104 Wireless LAN 802.11b/g System in-Package. An
Atmega 32UC3 provides a network (IP) stack capable of both TCP and UDP. Use
the WiFI library to write sketches which connect to the internet using the shield.
The WiFI shield connects to an Arduino board using long wire-wrap headers
which extend through the shield. This keeps the pin layout intact and allows
another shield to be stacked on top. The WiFi Shield can connect to wireless
networks which operate according to the 802.11b and 802.11g specifications.
There is an onboard micro-SD card slot, which can be used to store files for serving
over the network. It is compatible with the Arduino Uno and Mega. The onboard
microSD card reader is accessible through the SD Library. When working with this
library, SS is on Pin 4. Arduino communicates with both the Wifi shield's processor
and SD card using the SPI bus (through the ICSP header).
This is on digital pins 11, 12, and 13 on the Uno and pins 50, 51, and 52 on the
Mega. On both boards, pin 10 is used to select the HDG104 and pin 4 for the SD
card. These pins cannot be used for general I/O. On the Mega, the hardware SS pin,
53, is not used to select either the HDG104 or the SD card, but it must be kept as
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an output or the SPI interface won't work. Digital pin 7 is used as a handshake pin
between the WiFi shield and the Arduino, and should not be used.
The shield contains a number of informational LEDs:
L9 (yellow) : this is tied to digital pin 9
LINK (green) : indicates a connection to a network
ERROR (red) : indicates when there is a communication error
DATA (blue) : indicates data being transmitted/received
Features:
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Connection via: 802.11b/g networks
Encryption types: WEP and WPA2 Personal
on-board micro SD slot
FTDI-style connection for serial debugging of WiFi shield
Micro-USB for updating the WiFi shield firmware
open source firmware making it possible to add new protocols directly on
the shield.
If you are familiar with C and the AVR32 family you can even use this
shield as a standalone wifi connected microcontroller
3.3GPS/GPRS/GSM Shield V3.0
GPS/GPRS/GSM shield from DFRobot, This shield with a Quad-band
GSM/GPRS engine works on frequencies EGSM 900MHz/DCS 1800MHz and
GSM850 MHz/PCS 1900MHz. It also supports GPS technology for satellite
navigation. It's possible for your robot and control system to send messages and use
the GSM network, the design of this shield allows you to drive the GSM & GPS
function directly with the computer and the Arduino Board. It includes a high-gain
SMD antenna for GPS & GSM.
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Figure5: GPS/GPRS/GSM Shield V3.0
It is controlled via AT commands(GSM07.07 ,07.05 and SIMCOM enhanced
AT Commands). And the design of this shield allows you to drive the GSM & GPS
function directly with the computer and the Arduino Board. It includes a high-gain
SMD antenna for GPS & GSM.
This GPS/GPRS/GSM shield uses an embedded SIM908 chip from SIMCom,
featuring an industry-standard interface and GPS function, the combination of both
technologies allows goods, vehicles and people to be tracked seamlessly at any
location and anytime with signal coverage.
Features:
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Power supply: 6-12v
Low power consumption (100mA@7v - GSM mode)
Quad-Band 850/900/18001900MHz
GPRS multi-slot class 10
GPRS mobile station class B
Compliant to GSM phase 2/2+
Class 4 (2 W @ 850/900 MHz)
Class 1 (1 W @ 1800/1900MHz)
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Control via AT commands(GSM07.07 ,07.05 and SIMCOM
enhanced AT Commands)
Support GPS technology for satellite navigation
Embedded high-gain SMD antennas for GPS & GSM
Directly support 4*4 button pad
USB/Arduino control switch
Programmable switch for Arduino
LED indicators for power supply, network states and working status
Board Surface: Immersion Gold
Switches:
o S1 -- Programming mode / Communication mode
o S2 -- Controlling interface: USB / Arduino
Interfaces:
o Embedded SIM card holder
o Speaker & Mic Jack socket
Size: 81x70mm

Specifications for SMS via GSM / GPRS
o Point-to-point MO and MT
o SMS cell broadcast
o Text and PDU mode

Specification for GPS
o Receiver 42 channels, GPS L1 C/A code, High-performance
STE engine
o Sensitivity:
 Tracking: -160 dBm
 Cold starts: -143 dBm
o Time-To-First-Fix:
 Cold starts: 30s (typ.)
 Hot starts: 1s (typ.)
o Accuracy: horizontal position: <2.5m CEP
o Power consumption (GSM engine in idle mode):Acquisition
77mA,Tracking 76mA
Pin Out:
Figure6: Components of GPS/GPRS/GSM Shield V3.0
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Methodology:
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4.1 System Module:
Figure (7) describe the flow chart of our project, starting with measuring the
speed and location of a vehicle as latitude and longitude points by GPS module,
and these reading will be saved in a memory by Arduino Uno to compare them
with standard specified value after sending the data to a base station ,then the server
will take the necessary action if the speed at a certain points exceeds a certain level.
If there is a need for tracking, coordinates will be transmitted to our web page to be
plotted over OSM.
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Start
Read From
GPS
Read Position and
store it into SD card
Transmit The Data from
the system to a server
Check The Speed
No
Speed Allowed
Yes
Ticketing
Take Action
End
Figure7:Project Flow Chart
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4.2 Proposed System And Implementation:
The tracking management system is an open system that uses free and open
source software and is composed of commodity hardware that is easy-to find. This
system is composed of three components, a GPS Tracking Device, a server and a
database as shown in Figure 1. The GPS tracking device is an embedded system
that transmits location information to the server through GPRS networks. The
server is a personal computer that receives the information and put it in the
database. The database formats the information in a special form that can search
and display using open street map software or Google Map.
Figure8: GPS Tracking Module
4.3 GPS/GSM/GPRS Tracking Module:
The most basic function in all tracking & public information system is the
vehicle tracking component. This component is usually GPS-based, or a cellular
triangulation platform. Once vehicle location, direction and speed are determined
from the GPS components, additional tracking capabilities transmit this information
to a fleet management software application. Methods for data transmission include
both terrestrial and satellite. Satellite tracking communications, while more
expensive, are critical if vehicle tracking is to work in remote environments
without interruption. Users can see actual, real-time locations of their fleet on a
map. This is often used to quickly respond on events in the field. In this system we
use the GSM/GPRS module for data transmission between central command and
moving cars.
The module has two functions, the GPS function locates device’s position and the
GPRS function transmits the device’s location and other information such as speed
along with journey time to the server.
Here we review some of its application, features, and the functionality of this
tracking:
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Application:
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Trailer Tracking
Individual car tracking
Management of vehicles for rent
Fleet management
Features:
 Enforced GPRS report update
 Multiple inputs and outputs
 GPS storage when GPRS disconnected , and upload to the server when
connection regains
 Back up positioning by GSM base station when GPS is not available
 Over the air configuration on power up and firmware upgrades
Functions:
 Single Tracking upon request
 Time and Speed report
 Tracking at fixed distance by GPRS
 Tracking at programmable interval by GPRS
 Vehicle status report such as still and running
 Remote monitoring
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Appropriate Engineering Standards
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5.1 WiFi and the IEEE 802.11 b Standard:
The IEEE 802.11b standard is a specification for Wireless Local Area Networks
(WLAN). The Wireless Ethernet Compatibility Alliance (WECA) acts as a certification
organization for products that interoperate with one another via the IEEE 802.11b
standard. Products that achieve certification are deemed Wi-Fi compliant.
Wi-Fi systems transmit data in the unlicensed 2.4GHz ISM band. Data is transmitted on
BPSK and QPSK constellations at 11Msps. A square-root raised cosine pulse-shaping
filter may be used in Wi-Fi systems to conform to the spectral mask requirements of the
IEEE 802.11b standard. A relatively large excess bandwidth (or bandwidth expansion
factor) is used for the pulse-shaping filter.
Wi-Fi products transmit at data rates up to 11Mbps. Typically, Wi-Fi devices operate at
distances up to 100 meters, however, range varies as a function of transmit power and
environment, e.g. indoors versus outdoors.
5.1.1 WiFi Alliance:
Wi-Fi Alliance, founded in 1999, is a global non-profit organization with the goal
of driving adoption of high-speed wireless local area networking (WLAN). The
main task is to ensure the compatibility between various IEEE 802.11 products
and to promote Wi-Fi become the benchmark of the global WLAN. Learn more
about Wi-Fi Alliance and its latest developments.
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5.1.2 What Allion Can Do
Professional experience
Allion is the Wi-Fi Alliance (WFA) Accredited Testing Lab for Wi-Fi
Certification Program. Complying with Wi-Fi Alliance standard requirements for
testing laboratories Allion is ready to perform official Wi-Fi Alliance testing
services for all Wi-Fi Alliance members. With our superior testing facilities,
dedicated engineers and over twenty years of experience in IT testing, Allion is
your number-one choice as we are determined to provide our clients efficient
services in the most supportive way.
5.2 GPS Standard
GPS Technology
Global Positioning System (GPS) is a system composed of a network of 24
satellites of the United States, which are originally used in military services, and
later allowed for commercial use. The satellites periodically emit radio signal of
short pulses to GPS receivers. A GPS receiver receives the signal from at least
three satellites to calculate distance and uses a triangulation technique to compute
its two-dimension (latitude and longitude) position or at least four satellites to
compute its three-dimension (latitude, longitude, and altitude) position. Once a
location is computed, it can calculate an average speed and direction of traveling.
Therefore, GPS is a key technology for giving device its position
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GPS SPECIFICATIONS:
Navigation Features
Waypoints/Icons: Minimum of 500 with name and graphic symbol
Tracks: Automatic track log
Route: At least 1 reversible route with up to 50 waypoints
Map datum’s: Must have WGS84 and Cape
Position format: Lat/Lon – DD°MM’SS.ssss”
Performance
Receiver: Differential-ready, 12 parallel channel GPS receiver continuously tracks
and uses up to 12 satellites to
compute and update the position
Acquisition Times:
Warm: approx. 15 seconds
Cold: approx. 45 seconds
Auto Locate: approx. 2 minutes
Update Rate: 1 second, continuous
Accuracy:
Position: 15 meters RMS*
Interfaces: RS232 with NMEA 0183, RTCM 104 DGPS data format
Physical:
Antenna: Built-in patch
Case: Waterproof to IEC 529 IPX7 standards
Temperature range: -15°C to 70°C
Data storage: Indefinite; no memory battery required
Power:
Source: 2 AA batteries
Battery Life: Minimum 22 hours
5.3 GPRS/GSM Standards
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5.3.1 GPRS/GSM Technology
General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) is an enhancement of GSM networks
to support packet switched data services such as email and web browser in addition
to existing GSM data services such as Short Message Service (SMS) and Circuit
Switched Data (CSD) for fax transmission. GPRS operates on the existing GSM
network infrastructure that it utilizes available time slots during each frame
transmission. Thus, it does not overload the existing GSM network traffic and can
efficiently provide data services. The GPRS can transfer data at the maximum rate
of 115.2 kbps (with the eight available slots of each frame). Due to a very large
coverage area of GSM networks around the world, GPRS becomes the largest data
service network available and always-on; thus, it is most suitable for a real-time
tracking management system.
5.3.2 GSM Specifications:
Specifications for different personal communication services (PCS) systems vary among
the different PCS networks. Listed below is a description of the specifications and
characteristics for GSM.





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frequency band —The frequency range specified for GSM is 1,850 to 1,990 MHz (mobile
station to base station).
duplex distance —The duplex distance is 80 MHz. Duplex distance is the distance
between the uplink and downlink frequencies. A channel has two frequencies, 80 MHz
apart.
channel separation —The separation between adjacent carrier frequencies. In GSM, this is
200 kHz.
modulation —Modulation is the process of sending a signal by changing the
characteristics of a carrier frequency. This is done in GSM via Gaussian minimum shift
keying (GMSK).
transmission rate —GSM is a digital system with an over-the-air bit rate of 270 kbps.
access method —GSM utilizes the time division multiple access (TDMA) concept. TDMA
is a technique in which several different calls may share the same carrier. Each call is
assigned a particular time slot.
speech coder —GSM uses linear predictive coding (LPC). The purpose of LPC is to
reduce the bit rate. The LPC provides parameters for a filter that mimics the vocal tract.
The signal passes through this filter, leaving behind a residual signal. Speech is encoded at
13 kbps.
5.3.3 GPRS Specifications:
The GPRS specifications are written by the European Telecommunications
Standard Institute (ETSI), the European counterpart of the American National
Standard Institute (ANSI).
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Key Features
Following three key features describe wireless packet data:


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The always online feature - Removes the dial-up process, making
applications only one click away.
An upgrade to existing systems - Operators do not have to replace their
equipment; rather, GPRS is added on top of the existing infrastructure.
An integral part of future 3G systems - GPRS is the packet data core
network for 3G systems EDGE and WCDMA.
Goals of GPRS
GPRS is the first step toward an end-to-end wireless infrastructure and has the
following goals:
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


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Open architecture
Consistent IP services
Same infrastructure for different air interfaces
Integrated telephony and Internet infrastructure
Leverage industry investment in IP
Service innovation independent of infrastructure
Benefits of GPRS
Higher Data Rate
GPRS benefits the users in many ways, one of which is higher data rates in turn
of shorter access times. In the typical GSM mobile, setup alone is a lengthy process
and equally, rates for data permission are restrained to 9.6 kbit/s. The session
establishment time offered while GPRS is in practice is lower than one second and
ISDN-line data rates are up to many 10 kbit/s.
Easy Billing
GPRS packet transmission offers a more user-friendly billing than that offered
by circuit switched services. In circuit switched services, billing is based on the
duration of the connection. This is unsuitable for applications with bursty traffic.
The user must pay for the entire airtime, even for idle periods when no packets are
sent (e.g., when the user reads a Web page).
In contrast to this, with packet switched services, billing can be based on the
amount of transmitted data. The advantage for the user is that he or she can be
"online" over a long period of time but will be billed based on the transmitted data
volume.
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5.4 AT Command:
AT an abbreviation for Attention are the commands used to control MODEMs.
These commands come from Hayes commands that were used by the Hayes smart
modems. The Hayes commands started with AT to indicate the attention from the
MODEM. The dial up and wireless MODEMs (devices that involve machine to
machine communication) need AT commands to interact with a computer. These
include the Hayes command set as a subset, along with other extended AT
commands.
AT commands with a GSM/GPRS MODEM or mobile phone can be used to
access following information and services:
1. Information and configuration pertaining to mobile device or MODEM and
SIM card.
2. SMS services.
3. MMS services.
4. Fax services.
5. Data and Voice link over mobile network.
Central Monitoring & Database Server:
Once the GPS Tracking Module is connected to GPRS networks, it transmits
position information to the main Server which is a commodity personal computer
running a any operating system with an open source software such as Apache web
server, PHP, and MySQL program. The server has three functions to receive the
information, to store information in a database, and to display the information in a
map.
As well as the authorities can execute infraction to speed violation and can
track the journey in terms of time and can make necessary changes for optimal
utilization of available fleet resources and maximizing the load handling capacity
by effectively planning the routes within the city area & real-time monitoring
system is also tool analyze the effectiveness and performance of the planning at
central location & accordingly make the necessary changes if needed.
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Current Achievement
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Data Collection
At the beginning, we start collecting data to show the behavior of the drivers in
different tracks by calculating the latitude(in deg.), longitude(in deg.), time needed
at each segment, and the accuracy of the position at single time, so we took these
measurements in specific tracks (Tubas, Qalqilya, Tulkarem, and Jenin) ,and we
took one specific track as a module for our graduation project, so that these
calculation obtained by (Arduino C) code which depends on GPS module and
Arduino Uno. As a result, when we uploaded the code and make the components
being matched, it starts work and get the values we needed as shown in the figure
below:
Figure 9: get Longitude & Latitude of the road
But the point is we want to store every coordinate in a table so that we can
calculate other specifications such as speed , so we add the third component which
is WiFi Shield that has an SD card to store the coordinates on it automatically once
we get it form the satellites. To illustrate these steps, look at the figures below:
Start the system
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Receive GPS Coordinates
from Satellites to GPS
module
Transfer data from GPS
module to WiFi shield and
store it into SD card
Figure 10:Saving coordinates into SD card
After that we calculate the speed of the driver at each segment by take into
consideration the current and the previous coordinates (Long. & Lat.), So the speed
will be added also as a parameter into the database.
Now, our system start searching for a pre-defined Network (e.g
:Najah_Wireless) and automatically connect with this network which is already
connected with the server, so that we can transfer the data from the system to the
database on the server.
The figures below illustrate our steps in this stage:
Keep the system
On
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Connect automatically to
a Pre-defined network
Start sending the data from
the system to a Server
Figure 11: Connect to Pre-defined Network& upload the data to the server
Figure12: Sample of uploaded data
First, we uploaded a sample of data which contain the specifications that
appeared in the figure above and we put it in a table called model for testing. As a
result, all information of the system was uploaded automatically to a table called
Track with all needed specifications:
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Segment, point, longitude, latitude, bearing accuracy, and speed as illustrated
below:
Figure 13: the data uploaded in each column
Now, we will move to the sever side which has that database that we created:
The first step, when the server receive the data and store it in a database called
Palestine-road contains two tables which are:
1-roads: this table contains all Maps that related to West Bank and Gaza.
2-Track: which contains three columns (Long, Lat., speed, and time stamp) that
given from the SD card.
The figures below illustrate these tables:
Figure 14: Table (Track) in the database
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Figure 15: Table (road) in the database
Now we defined a User to access the database (Palestine-roads) as shown in the
figure below:
Figure 16: defined user to upload the data
Now, when data receive to the server from the system, a PHP code will take
each value from the system and put it in one of three columns (Long., Lat., Speed)
as it should be in the Track table.
Figure 17: PHP code to get the values to the table
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After we had got all the values that registered from the system, an SQL code in
the app Server made a compression between the maximum allowed speed which is
already saved in the database and the speed that we have got from the driver as
shown below:
Figure 18: SQL code to compare with max. allowed speed
The figure shows if the maximum speed in any segment was greater than allowed
speed in a given street, the code will return these specifications:
Longitude, Latitude, speed of the driver in a specific point, maximum allowed
speed, the point geometry (position of Overtaking point) as shown below:
Figure 19: overtaking points at a given segments
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Geographic Information System
‫ــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ‬
GIS is used to have the necessary information in order to perform ticketing and
tracking, since The maps shown in GIS are intelligent – the features know their
own identity. Since geographical information can be loaded into a computer and
analyzed to be displayed in proper way.
GIS can work with this descriptive attribute information to create intelligent way
in advance of what can be achieved by placing text on a paper map, the output of
the analyzed information will be mainly in the form of shape files (.sh) and
database files (.dbf) .
•.shp - the file that stores the feature geometry.
•.dbf - the dBASE file that stores the attribute information of features.
7.1 Maps Used:
We used in our project Open Street Maps (OSM), like Google Maps, where the
primary purpose is to display search results and make money for their respective
business. Unlike these other systems, Open Street Map's primary purpose is to
provide the user with the underlying map data. This allows anyone to use that data
in any way they want. In addition, we can modify the parameters for each segment
of the roads (such as maximum limited speed, name of the street) and that was the
main reason for using this type of maps.
7.2 QGIS:
QGIS (previously known as "Quantum GIS") is a cross-platform free and open
source desktop geographic information systems (GIS) application that provides
data viewing, editing, and analysis capabilities.
Similar to other software GIS systems QGIS allows users to create maps with
many layers using different map projections. Maps can be assembled in different
formats and for different uses.[ QGIS allows maps to be composed of raster or
Vector layers. Typical for this kind of software the vector data is stored as either
point, line, or polygon-feature. Different kinds of raster images are supported and
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the software can perform geo-referencing (associate something with locations) of
images.
QGIS provides integration with other open source GIS packages, including
PostGIS, GRASS, and Map Server to give users extensive functionality; Plugins,
written in Python or C++, extend the capabilities of QGIS. There are plugins to
geocode using the Google Geocoding API, perform geo-processing (fTools) similar
to the standard tools found in ArcGIS, interface with PostgreSQL/PostGIS,
SpatiaLite and MySQL databases, and use Mapnik as a map renderer.
Figure20.a : roads of Palestine
Figure20.b: road presentation by two layersopen street maps
7.3 Postgriss:
PostgreSQL, often simply "Postgriss", is an object-relational database
management system (ORDBMS) with an emphasis on extensibility and standardscompliance. As a database server, its primary function is to store data, securely and
supporting best practices, and retrieve it later, as requested by other software
applications, be it those on the same computer or those running on another
computer across a network (including the Internet). It can handle workloads
ranging from small single-machine applications to large Internet-facing
applications with many concurrent users. Recent versions also provide replication
of the database itself for security and scalability.
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7.4 PgAdmin:
The pgAdmin package is a free and open source graphical user interface
administration tool for PostgreSQL, which is supported on many computer
platforms. The program is available in more than a dozen languages. The first
prototype, named pgManager, was written for PostgreSQL 6.3.2 from 1998, and
rewritten and released as pgAdmin under the GNU General Public License (GPL)
in later months. The second incarnation (named pgAdmin II) was a complete
rewrite, first released on January 16, 2002.
The third version, pgAdmin III, was originally released under the Artistic
License and then released under the same license as PostgreSQL. Unlike prior
versions that were written in Visual Basic, pgAdmin III is written in C++, using the
wxWidgets framework allowing it to run on most common operating systems .
7.5 Postgis:
Postgis is an open source software program that adds support for geographic
objects to the PostgreSQL object-relational database. PostGIS follows the Simple
Features for SQL, and it used to connect QGIS with PgAdminIII, and mapping
between them .
For our project its more convenient to use posgresql data base, since it fits our
work and compatible with existing shape files and open layers maps, but at first we
used to program and deal with ordinary mysql since we have good knowledge on it,
for this converting to this type was needed.
By looking for way to do that and migrate databases we had two options whether
use postgres migration toolkit or using another program like mysql workbench:
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By this we can use now mysql database with php and web navigation:
Figure21: mysql database with php and web navigation
but still we have some problems since we need to write queries and other specific
features, so migration tools is not effective to do queries any more.
Figure22:make a query by SQL code
Due to some issue we start notice is ineffective way to keep going with
migration, since we are running out of time for this part we convert to deal with
something take us for further work with posgresql databases, despite
incompatibility with free host websites, our aim now to figure this issue locally
than publish it, since of course this is not a big deal for us right now.
The Postgres query language is a variant of the SQL standard. It has many
extensions to SQL such as an extensible type system, inheritance, functions and
production rules. These are features carried over from the original Postgres query
language, hence we use phppgadmin instead of phpmyadmin since we can connect
it directly to data base and make queries and connect it directly with php and make
user interface to deal with user navigation and exploring.
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Figure23:Tables & columns in second database
Now since we use postgres directly we can interface this data base directly using
web languages to do user navigation.
Transmission Analysis:
We create our Database by Wamp server (Php my Admin) to put our statistics
within it, so we represent our tracks in Quantum GIS program that deals with an
OSM. Furthermore, we made a link to upload this database in a website that
represent the data at OSM and drawing the tracks that the driver made with some
specification which can be shown in the following map:
Figure24: specific track with limited speed
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Results and Discussion:
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Regarding the distribution of road traffic accidents by type of incident and the
province, noted that "rollovers" accounted for the highest percentage in Ramallah
where it reached 69.7% of the total accidents in the province has a higher
proportion among the provinces. The "vehicle accident with Vehicle "has the
highest percentage in Nablus ,where amounted to about 24.2% of the total accidents
in the province, while the form of "an accident with a transient by" the highest
proportion of accidents in the province of Hebron, where amounted to about 27.5%
of the total (Accidents in this province have formed the highest percentage among
the provinces, see the figure below:
Figure 25: The number of traffic accidents in the West Bank by type of incident
and during the quarter in 2013
Results of traffic accidents in the West Bank during the year
2013:
8.1 Injures :
The number of road traffic injuries in 2013 was 7,602 injured, and the following
figure shows the number of cases in the West Bank in 2013, where it appears that
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94.% Of the injuries that occurred are minor injuries constituted "medium injuries"
and "Severe injuries" 10.1% and 2.6% each respectively.
Figure26: The number of injuries in the West Bank by type of injury in 2013
8.2 Mortality:
The number of deaths is 136 deaths in 2013, 75 deaths have been recorded at the
scene and 61 deaths have been recorded in hospitals also. The following table
shows the distribution of deaths and injuries in the West Bank by the province and
place of death:
Table1: Numbers of mortality and injuries in West Bank in the year 2013
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Upon these results, we can understand the importance of reducing traffic
accidents on the roads, so The work that we have done so far is as follows:
The reason of using open street map (OSM) ,not google map is because OSM is
an free open source ,and we can edit ,and control the attribute table, which has
different variable ,like maximum speed, and the name of street that we need them
in our project.
Why OSM ?
First we use QGIS to view the maps of Palestine road and use open street map
for Palestine as background layer to show us where the roads in cities is and focus
on West Bank and Gaza road map, it helps us to edit and manipulate the layer and
the feature in the street as we want and add some feature .
In Our Project we collected data by Arduino Uno, GPS module, and WiFi
shield, so we focused on 4 tracks :Nablus - Tulkarem , Nablus - Jenin , Nablus Tubas , Nablus - Qalqilya, We took these data and insert it in excel file as we
mentioned in the previous, The following figures summarize what we have already
done.
Figure27: roads between Nablus, Jenin, Tubas, and Qalqilya.
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Economical feasibility
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we will study and analyze the economical part of our project. These prices are
according to the local market, but in the case of manufacturing it would be cheaper.
9.1 Model total cost:
Arduino Uno R3 : 170 NIS
Arduino WiFi Shield : 600 NIS
GSM/GPS/GPRS Module V.3 : 750 NIS
Capital investment: 1520 NIS
9.2 Assumed Operating Cost:
Running cost : 100Kbyte GPRS packet costs 0.5 NIS
Packet transmitted is about 4 byte length.
The cost of sending the packet is calculated to be 0.02 NIS.
Assuming that each vehicle has three speed violation per day, so the cost of
operating the model is equal 0.0036 daily.
For a year operation it will cost around 1.314 ≈ 2NIS.
9.3 Accidents cost:
In Palestine there are 10 insurance companies. Each company has a minimum
traffic accidents cost around 200,000 NIS yearly, so the total cost will be around 2
million NIS and more.
Applying this model for large number of vehicles is expected to decrease the
chances of traffic accidents by 70%, so speed accidents cost will be decreased by
the same percentage. Even though the total model implementation expenses for
every licensed vehicle in West Bank are high, it is not necessary to get paid by a
specific organization; there would be somehow to force drivers to install the model
in their vehicles as a condition to renew their license.
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On-going and Future Work:
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After we have achieved the proposed goals of the current project, in the future we
wish to be able to create Ad-hoc network between Neighboring vehicles that show
broadcast traffic in ad hoc networks and compared its performance against simpler
solutions, based on flooding and deferred broadcast.
We will be able to connect both the GSM and GPS modules to the Arduino
send and receive voice calls and SMS via GSM module, also we will be able to
have GPS readings and display these readings on hyper-terminal (Hardware
Implementation). In addition, we will build the system that monitor the vehicles to
do the necessary analysis based on the information which the system will provide it
to the station.
We are going to make geo-cast network that depends on Localization of areas to
send required information
for all vehicles that are within the range.
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Realistic constrains and SWOT analysis:
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SWOT Analysis
Strengths
–––––
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Conducted by well organized
and trained team.
Utilize existing technologies and
integrating them with each
others.
Access to maps using open
street maps.
Specific goal to accomplish.
Not performed before.
Weaknesses




Political and occupational
restrictions.
Unavailable recourses to
perform project.
Lack of infrastructure for
transportation system.
Irregularity in roads.
Opportunities Threats




Ease to implement and integrated
in cars.
Help people to take best tracks
and guide them.
Reduce accident on streets.
Help authorities to manage traffic
flow in streets.
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


Charged services.
Occupation.
Handling project by drivers.
Strengths:
a. Project was conducted by the students who have solid background in
communication, web programming, data analysis and technical progress. In
addition, the project is supervised by doctors specialized in relevant fields having
done researches about reducing traffic in developing countries
b. We implement a reliable database for car tracks, according to our knowledge in
web programming and this make the analysis more enhanced, since we sort the data
and then compare and use it according to our needs.
c. We are using the existing technology to test and support our needs like GPS
technology, android Google services, open street maps APIs.
d. Using powerful programming software such as a Matlab to analyze our data.
e. Ability to use OSM maps and adjust them using geographical information system
(GIS), to apply government or safely rules on road to be followed by people.
Weakness
a. Limitation to use Google earth maps, due to Zionist movement restriction to
access these maps and use it even in transportation needs.
b. On the phase of system implementation and construction, we expect to face
problems importing the equipment and system parts, since these parts not available
in west bank, thus we need to import them from another companies, in despite of
occupation’s restrictions.
c. Restrictions in roads while collecting data for many reasons related to car drivers
themselves, such they take different paths frequently. And another related to
temporarily and permanently borders along set of tracks and junctions.
d. Lack of infrastructure and funds, and depending in only existing mobile
technology GSM, and this make system supported by poor recourses.
Opportunities
a. Hopes to utilize project for support transportation, especially in highways to
control driver's speeds, traffic violation and fined the drivers if they exceed limits.
b. Since the ministry of transportation has no supervision on street due to lack of
technology and dependence only on officers to control the traffic is not sufficient in
many regions. This applicable model can be applied for existing technology and
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this happen by working with telecom operators to support hierarchy process for
wireless technology.
c. Similar to every country, Palestine has future plans to move to the 3G; which
will provide an extra bandwidth for broadcasting and geo casting; which will
exploit internet for retrieving data and integrate more services.
d. Help locate and recover stolen vehicles.
Threats
a. it’s hard to convince drivers to handle this project in their cars, for many reasons
; firstly ,they will consider this trivial to implement for existing infrastructure,
secondly they think it’s hard to be handled without restrictions by Jewish, last but
not least they consider this is a violation of privacy since this make us always
observed.
b. Limited authorities for ministry to apply this in streets due to occupation and
fund reasons.
c. Occupation is the biggest threat to our project, starting from importing
equipment, mobility restrictions, and regulation. Also there are never ending
harassing made by the Israeli side just to make the Palestinian existence harder.
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Conclusion:
‫ــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ‬
Most safety studies come to the conclusion that needs both government and
drivers corporation, so our goal was to design a GPS/GPRS based wireless
controlling model, due to the wide spread of GSM network increasing the chance
for applying this
model in many areas around the
world.
So the purpose is first to bring a comprehensive and understandable definition
of accident causation which goes further and deeper than the usual statements. It is
also to provide the scientific community, the stakeholders, the suppliers, the vehicle
industry and the other Integrated Safety program participants with a global
overview of the road accident causation issues in Palestine and promising solutions
based on technology.
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References:
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