Appendix. Results for individual clades given 1000 Monte Carlo tests. “OTUs” = number of taxa analyzed, “Chars” = number of
characters, “Poss. CPs” = possible compatible pairs, “Obs. CPs” = observed compatible pairs, “Strat. CPs” = stratigraphically
compatible pairs. E[Bud] and E[Bif] give the expected proportion of stratigraphically compatible pairs given budding or bifurcating
cladogenesis models when simulated matrices under independent change match the compatibility of the observed matrix. P[Bud] and
P[Bif] give the probability of deviating from the expectations of independent change, with numbers approaching 1.0 reflecting
positive deviations and numbers approach 0.0 reflecting negative deviations.
Higher
Poss. Obs. Strat.
Taxon
Taxon
OTUs Chars. CPs CPs CPs Prop. E[Bud] P[Bud] E[Bif] P[Bif]
Brachiopod Anopliidae [107]
28
31
465
166
160 0.964 0.869 0.992 0.925 0.892
Brachiopod Atrypidae [190]
25
27
351
493
438 0.888 0.891 0.474 0.941 0.027
Brachiopod Billingsellida [22]
20
24
276
242
214 0.884 0.893 0.426 0.922 0.182
Brachiopod Echinoconchidae [141]
14
24
276
195
174 0.892 0.855 0.761 0.892 0.504
Brachiopod Floweria [238]
14
28
378
229
180 0.786 0.879 0.082 0.913 0.034
Brachiopod Kutchithyris [174]
12
21
210
201
180 0.896 0.860 0.748 0.924 0.231
Brachiopod Leptestiidae [86]
10
20
190
235
193 0.821 0.814 0.547 0.850 0.336
Brachiopod Linguloidea [68]
23
45
990
951
866 0.911 0.917 0.410 0.948 0.019
Brachiopod Orbirhynchia [170]
16
22
231
179
162 0.905 0.903 0.519 0.915 0.421
Brachiopod Parastrophinidae [124]
26
34
561
574
518 0.902 0.897 0.554 0.921 0.303
Brachiopod Schizophoria [238]
22
36
630
230
214 0.930 0.909 0.748 0.919 0.638
Brachiopod Strophomenoidea [76]
14
13
78
49
33 0.673 0.857 0.044 0.839 0.075
Brachiopod Terebratuloidea [44]
78
42
861
315
309 0.981 0.957 0.934 0.964 0.869
Brachiopod Tritoechiidae [191]
13
24
276
481
394 0.819 0.845 0.328 0.848 0.296
Brachiopod Virgianidae [125]
12
24
276
538
449 0.835 0.859 0.312 0.922 0.010
Rostroconch Conocardioidea [265]
43
53 1378 1044
962 0.921 0.946 0.132 0.958 0.031
Rostroconch Eopteriidae [265]
20
44
946
779
699 0.897 0.874 0.747 0.907 0.393
Rostroconch Pseudobigaleaidae [265]
24
62 1891 1924 1731 0.900 0.921 0.174 0.926 0.142
Rostroconch Ribeiriidae [265]
27
34
561
698
615 0.881 0.889 0.418 0.901 0.295
Rostroconch Technophoridae [265]
14
40
780 1010
869 0.860 0.867 0.424 0.909 0.099
Bivalve
Cardiidae [219]
33
24
276
386
356 0.922 0.949 0.161 0.959 0.091
Bivalve
Chione [204]
19
22
231
144
112 0.778 0.910 0.014 0.906 0.033
Bivalve
Chionopsis [204]
19
23
253
223
164 0.735 0.911 <0.001 0.924 <0.001
Bivalve
Corbulidae [12]
12
70 2415 3425 2828 0.826 0.838 0.359 0.896 0.006
Bivalve
Eucardiidae [218]
20
16
120
197
156 0.792 0.884 0.112 0.911 0.046
Higher
Taxon
Bivalve
Bivalve
Bivalve
Cephalopod
Cephalopod
Cephalopod
Cephalopod
Cephalopod
Cephalopod
Cephalopod
Cephalopod
Tergomyan
Gastropod
Gastropod
Gastropod
Gastropod
Gastropod
Gastropod
Gastropod
Gastropod
Gastropod
Gastropod
Gastropod
Gastropod
Gastropod
Gastropod
Trilobite
Trilobite
Trilobite
Trilobite
Trilobite
Taxon
Hippuritoidea [227]
Leptodesma [200]
Ostreaoidea [115]
Albian Heteromorpha [169]
Ceratitida [160]
Goniatitoidea [135]
Hamitidae [171]
Hammatoceratinae [172]
Hildoceratidae [208]
Scaphitacoidea [170]
Semiformiceras [49]
Cyrtonelloidea [268]
Ancillinae [166]
Bucaniidae [268]
Columbellidae [73]
Eotomarioidea [267]
Harpidae [163]
Hormotomidae [267]
Macluritidae [267]
Muricidae [162]
Nassariidae [106]
Oceanibrinae [161]
Rapaninae [262]
Subulitoidea [177]
Trochonematoidea [264,266]
Tropidodiscidae [268]
Agnostoidea [64]
Agnostoidea [277]
Alokistocaridae [248]
Basal Trilobita [146]
Burlingiidae [84]
Poss.
OTUs Chars. CPs
36
32
496
22
27
351
34
30
435
26
26
325
32
55 1485
13
24
276
27
30
435
11
16
120
17
19
171
13
18
153
11
14
91
21
41
820
30
36
630
40
46 1035
24
30
435
40
69 2346
18
28
378
34
67 2211
18
50 1225
18
36
630
26
25
300
15
22
231
45
34
561
27
17
136
55
43
903
22
33
528
82
117 3160
43
28
378
19
50 1225
17
29
406
16
18
153
Obs.
CPs
439
130
453
317
935
251
668
74
98
196
137
1094
405
1124
325
2621
429
2976
1629
768
210
448
193
145
481
671
1312
242
1454
250
77
Strat.
CPs Prop.
427 0.973
128 0.985
439 0.969
316 0.997
891 0.953
244 0.972
651 0.975
60 0.811
85 0.867
189 0.964
110 0.803
920 0.841
376 0.928
1034 0.920
304 0.935
2363 0.902
357 0.832
2778 0.933
1434 0.880
566 0.737
185 0.881
370 0.826
183 0.948
132 0.910
469 0.975
596 0.888
1117 0.855
231 0.955
1160 0.798
241 0.964
71 0.922
E[Bud] P[Bud] E[Bif] P[Bif]
0.978 0.314 0.985 0.047
0.937 0.965 0.969 0.749
0.972 0.412 0.984 0.060
0.968 0.997 0.985 0.960
0.936 0.831 0.959 0.309
0.952 0.821 0.980 0.272
0.959 0.866 0.982 0.219
0.818 0.478 0.889 0.211
0.867 0.507 0.926 0.163
0.935 0.843 0.968 0.446
0.835 0.329 0.817 0.439
0.878 0.145 0.895 0.045
0.967 0.034 0.973 0.014
0.932 0.287 0.949 0.083
0.867 0.962 0.897 0.830
0.943 0.023 0.957 0.006
0.917 0.020 0.945 0.002
0.937 0.419 0.952 0.115
0.889 0.405 0.917 0.143
0.920 <0.001 0.922 <0.001
0.921 0.145 0.958 0.006
0.928 0.025 0.965 <0.001
0.951 0.461 0.947 0.517
0.890 0.665 0.926 0.360
0.969 0.664 0.978 0.402
0.908 0.263 0.930 0.078
0.863 0.423 0.875 0.315
0.952 0.530 0.963 0.362
0.841 0.176 0.879 0.043
0.857 0.997 0.910 0.884
0.900 0.679 0.904 0.638
Higher
Taxon
Trilobite
Trilobite
Trilobite
Trilobite
Trilobite
Trilobite
Trilobite
Trilobite
Trilobite
Trilobite
Trilobite
Trilobite
Trilobite
Trilobite
Trilobite
Trilobite
Trilobite
Trilobite
Trilobite
Trilobite
Trilobite
Trilobite
Trilobite
Trilobite
Trilobite
Trilobite
Trilobite
Trilobite
Trilobite
Trilobite
Trilobite
Taxon
Emuellidae [184]
Euptychaspidinae [6]
Iwayaspidinae [116]
Kochaspidae [249]
Nevadoidea [145]
Olenelloidea [144]
Oryctocephalidae [251]
Oryctocephalinae [250]
Polymeroidea [19]
Pterocephaliidae [114]
Ptychoparioidea [62]
Wuaniidae [25]
Acanthoparyphinae [2]
Ceratocara [51]
Deiphoninae [61]
Dimeropygidae [7]
Illaenidae [10]
Ovalocephalus [294]
Pseudopetigurus [274]
Reedocalymeninae [261]
Shumardiidae [269]
Stenoblepharum [85]
Tetralichinae [45]
Toernquistiidae [52]
Acanthopgye [83]
Edgecombeaspis [5]
Encrinurinae [4]
Odontopleuridae [195]
Phacopidae [196]
Trochurinae [42]
Asteropyginae [148]
Poss. Obs. Strat.
OTUs Chars. CPs CPs CPs Prop.
27
45
990
661
592 0.896
12
25
300
320
273 0.853
14
23
253
154
137 0.890
66
70 2415 1432 1344 0.939
26
57 1596
623
546 0.876
26
79 3081 1029
921 0.895
22
36
630
619
493 0.796
24
20
190
219
189 0.863
19
26
325
461
438 0.950
36
45
990
671
625 0.931
48
72 2556 2351 2144 0.912
37
14
91
13
13 1.000
24
39
741
688
644 0.936
10
29
406
223
141 0.632
21
27
351
137
115 0.839
18
25
300
320
306 0.956
28
20
190
276
214 0.775
10
17
136
232
215 0.927
17
25
300
281
210 0.747
32
25
300
160
146 0.912
33
52 1326
602
584 0.970
10
18
153
193
169 0.876
11
17
136
112
104 0.929
38
55 1485
801
756 0.944
25
15
105
49
40 0.816
9
16
120
95
88 0.926
32
40
780
670
596 0.890
62
35
595
420
352 0.838
47
32
496
368
290 0.788
19
21
210
168
163 0.970
38
66 2145
925
855 0.924
E[Bud] P[Bud] E[Bif] P[Bif]
0.891 0.566 0.915 0.289
0.881 0.269 0.927 0.085
0.868 0.672 0.880 0.564
0.924 0.789 0.943 0.419
0.815 0.933 0.851 0.743
0.884 0.623 0.888 0.571
0.856 0.102 0.886 0.025
0.890 0.274 0.914 0.156
0.939 0.708 0.963 0.225
0.931 0.505 0.949 0.211
0.904 0.652 0.922 0.317
1.000 >0.999 1.000 >0.999
0.935 0.510 0.948 0.319
0.830 0.018 0.864 0.028
0.907 0.103 0.919 0.056
0.905 0.958 0.906 0.928
0.909 0.007 0.935 0.002
0.898 0.706 0.897 0.749
0.866 0.022 0.887 0.006
0.939 0.234 0.962 0.047
0.876 0.999 0.923 0.950
0.854 0.657 0.909 0.296
0.866 0.852 0.869 0.819
0.934 0.672 0.950 0.381
0.862 0.308 0.900 0.181
0.880 0.800 0.880 0.817
0.950 0.007 0.963 0.001
0.947 <0.001 0.961 <0.001
0.913 0.002 0.930 <0.001
0.903 0.978 0.912 0.958
0.914 0.636 0.936 0.351
Higher
Taxon
Trilobite
Trilobite
Trilobite
Trilobite
Trilobite
Trilobite
Trilobite
Trilobite
Trilobite
Trilobite
Chelicerate
Chelicerate
Chelicerate
Chelicerate
Chelicerate
Crustacean
Crustacean
Crustacean
Crustacean
Crustacean
Crustacean
Stylophoran
Stylophoran
Stylophoran
Stylophoran
Stylophoran
Stylophoran
Stylophoran
Stylophoran
Stylophoran
Stylophoran
Taxon
Basidechenella [143]
Calmoniidae [147]
Calmoniidae [142]
Dechenella [143]
Koneprusiinae [3]
Proetidae [143]
Trimerocephalus [66]
Kaskia [35]
Phillipsidae [33,34]
Lichoidea [188]
Adelophthalmoidea [257]
Cambrian Arachnomorpha [63]
Eurypetriidae [256]
Eurypterus [255]
Stylonurina [137]
Astacidae [201]
Astacidae [11]
Beyrichiocopa [260]
Phyllocarida [202]
Thylacocephala [223]
Xanthoidea [132]
Anomalocystitidae [210]
Chauvelicystinae [139]
Cincta [235]
Cornuta [65]
Cornuta [69]
Cornuta [140]
Dendrocystitidae [183]
Mitrata [211]
Mitrata [209]
Stylophora [182]
Poss.
OTUs Chars. CPs
16
25
300
14
51 1275
17
38
703
17
47 1081
39
23
253
21
52 1326
14
23
253
19
30
435
21
25
300
36
48 1128
12
24
276
26
38
703
23
33
528
13
20
190
23
45
990
47
31
465
31
21
210
34
39
741
41
54 1431
18
15
105
21
62 1891
20
97 4656
12
15
105
21
58 1653
32
72 2556
22
34
561
28
18
153
15
16
120
13
38
703
13
38
703
42
42
861
Obs.
CPs
253
955
575
760
140
755
328
207
137
925
174
852
779
207
691
393
386
492
1421
132
1371
2487
102
1865
1867
414
262
121
631
712
2020
Strat.
CPs Prop.
186 0.735
817 0.855
525 0.913
598 0.787
116 0.829
696 0.922
294 0.896
146 0.705
108 0.788
804 0.869
155 0.891
786 0.923
660 0.847
144 0.696
631 0.913
366 0.931
352 0.912
464 0.943
1288 0.906
125 0.947
1255 0.915
2267 0.912
73 0.716
1702 0.913
1662 0.890
383 0.925
226 0.863
107 0.884
496 0.786
577 0.810
1966 0.973
E[Bud]
0.901
0.807
0.831
0.857
0.858
0.915
0.945
0.889
0.898
0.887
0.871
0.934
0.865
0.892
0.907
0.965
0.943
0.949
0.949
0.871
0.955
0.911
0.866
0.930
0.954
0.952
0.944
0.899
0.882
0.914
0.938
P[Bud] E[Bif] P[Bif]
0.003 0.917 0.003
0.852 0.849 0.545
0.970 0.859 0.932
0.108 0.893 0.016
0.305 0.881 0.167
0.600 0.945 0.127
0.097 0.958 0.052
0.012 0.917 0.002
0.073 0.946 0.001
0.292 0.922 0.020
0.610 0.873 0.626
0.300 0.944 0.180
0.307 0.888 0.118
0.007 0.876 0.014
0.619 0.945 0.058
0.055 0.973 0.017
0.159 0.945 0.178
0.362 0.965 0.096
0.022 0.965 0.004
0.910 0.897 0.853
0.031 0.967 0.023
0.500 0.916 0.430
0.038 0.868 0.041
0.224 0.937 0.140
0.006 0.961 <0.001
0.127 0.959 0.042
0.042 0.938 0.068
0.410 0.899 0.385
0.076 0.880 0.051
0.019 0.915 0.009
0.994 0.950 0.948
Higher
Taxon
Taxon
Edrioasteroid Agelacrinitinae [232]
Edrioasteroid Edrioasteroidea [245]
Edrioasteroid Isorophida [247]
Asterozoan Asterozoa [74]
Asterozoan Goniasteridae [28]
Blastozoan Blastoidea [30]
Blastozoan Glyptocystitidae [244]
Blastozoan Pleurocystitidae [246]
Crinoid
Basal Crinoidea [17]
Crinoid
Botryocrinidae [95]
Crinoid
Calceocrinidae [109]
Crinoid
Camerata [17]
Crinoid
Cladida [17]
Crinoid
Cupulocrinidae [37]
Crinoid
Cyathocrinites [130]
Crinoid
Disparida [17]
Crinoid
Mespilocrinus [129]
Crinoid
Pereichocrinidae [18]
Echinoid
Arbacoidea [234]
Echinoid
Arbacoidea [228]
Echinoid
Cassiduloidea [252]
Echinoid
Cassiduloidea [229]
Echinoid
Cassiduloidea [217]
Echinoid
Disasteroidea [20]
Echinoid
Holasteroidea [230]
Echinoid
Hypsaleniinae [234]
Echinoid
Irregularia [216]
Echinoid
Loveniidae [136]
Echinoid
Mesozoic Echinoidea [231]
Echinoid
Ordovician Echinoidea [233]
Echinoid
Somaliasteridae [120]
OTUs
10
15
11
36
21
68
11
12
33
13
22
28
27
13
14
45
10
20
21
21
69
43
49
26
43
10
27
32
46
11
19
Poss.
Chars. CPs
10
45
24
276
20
190
148 10878
68 2278
93 4278
19
171
23
253
25
300
14
91
17
136
27
351
21
210
19
171
14
91
31
465
11
55
32
496
40
780
26
325
38
703
42
861
31
465
19
171
34
561
11
55
37
666
42
861
54 1431
27
351
24
276
Obs.
CPs
37
199
135
8103
1255
2983
121
172
175
104
104
525
341
288
79
684
46
288
817
312
636
734
439
199
507
46
483
895
1546
289
225
Strat.
CPs Prop.
30 0.811
192 0.965
42 0.311
7458 0.920
1151 0.917
2863 0.960
109 0.901
147 0.855
143 0.817
88 0.846
99 0.952
439 0.836
308 0.903
237 0.823
74 0.937
648 0.947
40 0.870
258 0.896
749 0.917
305 0.978
620 0.975
695 0.947
382 0.870
189 0.950
478 0.943
44 0.957
401 0.830
741 0.828
1471 0.951
206 0.713
190 0.844
E[Bud] P[Bud] E[Bif] P[Bif]
0.824 0.470 0.895 0.201
0.852 0.983 0.864 0.987
0.882 <0.001 0.946 <0.001
0.936 0.141 0.945 0.026
0.878 0.912 0.885 0.872
0.938 0.977 0.949 0.845
0.879 0.688 0.869 0.714
0.817 0.693 0.852 0.512
0.873 0.176 0.876 0.156
0.882 0.261 0.885 0.262
0.887 0.909 0.891 0.894
0.896 0.082 0.887 0.135
0.929 0.205 0.923 0.289
0.926 0.020 0.950 0.015
0.933 0.530 0.961 0.300
0.942 0.597 0.950 0.457
0.930 0.183 0.915 0.240
0.857 0.828 0.848 0.851
0.940 0.160 0.940 0.209
0.947 0.975 0.951 0.974
0.981 0.284 0.988 0.093
0.969 0.052 0.977 0.003
0.972 <0.001 0.978 <0.001
0.919 0.832 0.942 0.583
0.962 0.160 0.974 0.017
0.917 0.762 0.893 0.869
0.940 0.002 0.932 0.004
0.917 0.023 0.926 0.006
0.952 0.492 0.963 0.162
0.847 0.010 0.866 0.007
0.935 0.012 0.955 <0.001
Higher
Taxon
Echinoid
Echinoid
Echinoid
Echinoid
Conodont
Conodont
Conodont
Fish
Fish
Fish
Fish
Fish
Fish
Fish
Fish
Fish
Fish
Fish
Fish
Fish
Fish
Fish
Fish
Fish
Fish
Fish
Fish
Fish
Fish
Fish
Fish
Taxon
OTUs
Spatangoidea [239]
50
Spatangoidea [67]
37
Temnopleuridae [121]
16
Toxasteridae [263]
35
Hindeodus–Isarcicella [122]
21
Kockelella [279]
17
Palmatolepis [79]
15
Actinolepidae [127]
18
Amblypteridae [77]
50
Amiidae [102]
39
Arthrodira [81]
31
Basal Sarcopterygia [60]
32
Basal Sarcopterygia [295]
25
Bothriolepidae [154]
12
Clupeomorpha [50]
9
Coelocanthiformes [59]
30
Coelocanthiformes [91]
31
Coelocanthiformes [58]
24
Devonian Palaeonisciformes [253] 15
Dipnoi [48]
16
Dipnoi [92]
26
Eubrachythoraci [46]
19
Osteoglossomorphes [283]
18
Perleidiformes [152]
14
Phyllolepidae [82]
38
Pteraspidiformes [186]
26
Rhizodontidae [126]
30
Scanalepiformes [287]
13
Selenosteidae [207]
10
Tetradontiformes [215]
36
Thyestidae [214]
18
Poss.
Chars. CPs
68 2278
42
861
36
630
35
595
20
190
36
630
25
300
37
666
57 1596
69 2346
55 1485
140 9730
147 10731
18
153
27
351
72 2556
56 1540
101 5050
45
990
14
91
70 2415
48 1128
57 1596
27
351
63 1953
59 1711
99 4851
50 1225
14
91
58 1653
35
595
Obs.
CPs
1950
650
472
519
118
358
251
476
805
2297
907
7710
7826
105
274
1742
1064
3490
933
123
1431
933
1735
285
1046
1100
3682
1016
64
1798
342
Strat.
CPs Prop.
1910 0.979
635 0.977
400 0.847
474 0.913
113 0.958
311 0.869
233 0.928
446 0.937
771 0.958
2159 0.940
810 0.893
6829 0.886
6580 0.841
100 0.952
263 0.960
1535 0.881
999 0.939
3201 0.917
841 0.901
100 0.813
1164 0.813
799 0.856
1392 0.802
240 0.842
940 0.899
902 0.820
3196 0.868
1014 0.998
62 0.969
1688 0.939
274 0.801
E[Bud] P[Bud] E[Bif] P[Bif]
0.966 0.970 0.960 0.987
0.943 0.989 0.941 0.981
0.882 0.253 0.915 0.074
0.943 0.118 0.957 0.021
0.944 0.628 0.966 0.367
0.833 0.790 0.847 0.722
0.944 0.281 0.940 0.312
0.915 0.776 0.928 0.665
0.944 0.753 0.960 0.452
0.967 0.016 0.967 0.002
0.917 0.196 0.934 0.057
0.909 0.149 0.930 0.026
0.881 0.115 0.934 <0.001
0.935 0.682 0.940 0.671
0.900 0.948 0.884 0.977
0.895 0.293 0.900 0.227
0.915 0.914 0.929 0.716
0.889 0.895 0.913 0.561
0.914 0.331 0.936 0.142
0.846 0.307 0.854 0.247
0.872 0.093 0.897 0.018
0.837 0.708 0.865 0.427
0.836 0.219 0.903 <0.001
0.892 0.162 0.899 0.132
0.934 0.093 0.949 0.015
0.883 0.079 0.907 0.021
0.906 0.072 0.927 0.010
0.934 >0.999 0.929 >0.999
0.897 0.915 0.889 0.915
0.934 0.605 0.945 0.355
0.822 0.379 0.857 0.189
Higher
Taxon
Amphibian
Amphibian
Amphibian
Amphibian
Amphibian
Amphibian
Amphibian
Amphibian
Amphibian
Amphibian
Amphibian
Amphibian
Synapsid
Synapsid
Synapsid
Synapsid
Synapsid
Synapsid
Synapsid
Synapsid
Synapsid
Synapsid
Synapsid
Synapsid
Synapsid
Synapsid
Synapsid
Synapsid
Synapsid
Synapsid
Synapsid
Taxon
Basal Temnospondyli [56]
Brachyopoidea [71,271]
Branchiosauridae [222]
Capitosauria [221]
Capitosauridae [236]
Dvinosauridae [87]
Early Tetrapoda [8]
Edopoidea [226,237]
Mastodonsauroidea [70]
Rhytidosteoidea [168]
Stegoceophalia [138]
Stereospondylia [220]
Anomodontia [93]
Cynodontia [32]
Dicynodontia [14]
Eutheriodontia [1]
Gomphodontia [242]
Traversodontidae [131]
Traversodontidae [197]
Varanopidae [156]
Amphilestidae [205]
Anthracotheriidae [149]
Arctoidea [270]
Basal Ctenodactyloidea [72]
Basal Ruminantia [99]
Basal Ruminantia [105]
Borhyaenoidea [173]
Brontotheriidae [167]
Carnivoramorpha [276]
Carpolestidae [29]
Ceratomorpha [111]
Poss.
OTUs Chars. CPs
10
53 1378
21
50 1225
19
40
780
22
42
861
12
39
741
10
57 1596
21
115 6555
15
42
861
21
38
703
11
18
153
16
59 1711
15
83 3403
30
69 2346
16
56 1540
29
60 1770
23
79 3081
16
33
528
16
39
741
16
28
378
10
16
120
20
56 1540
9
18
153
20
32
496
14
21
210
12
20
190
10
31
465
10
35
595
47
73 2628
24
78 3003
13
25
300
22
24
276
Obs.
CPs
1305
883
596
712
455
1069
5402
406
367
82
931
2384
2521
1391
1822
2844
313
585
235
104
1606
108
412
197
112
458
535
3248
2423
453
310
Strat.
CPs Prop.
1047 0.802
797 0.903
484 0.812
648 0.910
331 0.727
858 0.803
4646 0.860
304 0.749
292 0.796
52 0.634
818 0.879
1965 0.824
2241 0.889
1155 0.830
1620 0.889
2648 0.931
260 0.831
511 0.874
201 0.855
50 0.481
1381 0.860
95 0.880
375 0.910
185 0.939
93 0.830
292 0.638
493 0.921
3113 0.958
2210 0.912
392 0.865
273 0.881
E[Bud] P[Bud] E[Bif] P[Bif]
0.897 0.018 0.887 0.050
0.873 0.855 0.880 0.783
0.910 0.022 0.937 0.003
0.944 0.096 0.950 0.050
0.838 0.049 0.816 0.102
0.793 0.566 0.825 0.358
0.880 0.266 0.882 0.198
0.815 0.167 0.811 0.145
0.877 0.087 0.903 0.034
0.929 <0.001 0.943 0.001
0.844 0.794 0.858 0.711
0.869 0.169 0.872 0.142
0.934 0.027 0.939 0.009
0.865 0.210 0.886 0.061
0.907 0.255 0.928 0.060
0.921 0.705 0.930 0.521
0.827 0.542 0.865 0.285
0.872 0.511 0.910 0.189
0.855 0.500 0.889 0.245
0.839 0.004 0.842 0.005
0.913 0.031 0.939 0.006
0.883 0.476 0.955 0.042
0.902 0.624 0.916 0.438
0.872 0.962 0.906 0.788
0.887 0.172 0.888 0.206
0.838 0.003 0.916 <0.001
0.891 0.761 0.963 0.076
0.941 0.943 0.955 0.603
0.899 0.727 0.936 0.046
0.873 0.431 0.899 0.249
0.896 0.360 0.931 0.080
Higher
Taxon
Synapsid
Synapsid
Synapsid
Synapsid
Synapsid
Synapsid
Synapsid
Synapsid
Synapsid
Synapsid
Synapsid
Synapsid
Synapsid
Synapsid
Synapsid
Synapsid
Synapsid
Synapsid
Synapsid
Synapsid
Synapsid
Synapsid
Synapsid
Synapsid
Synapsid
Synapsid
Synapsid
Synapsid
Synapsid
Synapsid
Synapsid
Taxon
Chalicotheriidae [113]
Cormohipparion [284]
Cretaceous Eutheria [16]
Dichobunidae [165]
Elephantiformes [225]
Eocene Equidae [94]
Eotheria [206]
Equidae [9]
Equini [192]
Hathliacynidae [90]
Hippopotamidae [31]
Hippotragini [100]
Hominidae [240]
Hominoidea [89]
Hyaenidae [275]
Hyaenodontidae [189]
Hypsodontidae [112]
Megalochinidae [194]
Megalonychidae [43]
Mioclaenidae [281]
Multituberculata [134]
Mustellidae [88]
Mysticetiidae [27]
Nimravinae [185]
Notohippidae [224]
Paucituberculata [101]
Perissodactyla [112]
Protoselendonta [103]
Selenodonta [164]
Splacotheriidae [254]
Taeniodonta [203]
OTUs
17
12
23
23
31
18
21
17
14
10
16
15
14
14
18
14
11
14
14
31
32
9
32
11
17
21
10
23
22
11
10
Poss. Obs.
Chars. CPs CPs
43
903
880
36
630 1537
69 2346 2524
26
325
206
54 1431 1219
58 1653 1438
55 1485 1480
52 1326 1266
18
153
169
47 1081
865
31
465
443
22
231
234
87 3741 4963
125 7750 6110
19
171
122
53 1378 1221
22
231
262
41
820
931
17
136
117
50 1225
921
60 1770 1538
48 1128
777
149 11026 11652
33
528
544
28
378
330
42
861
789
29
406
524
26
325
206
57 1596 1209
21
210
141
33
528
863
Strat.
CPs Prop.
814 0.925
1356 0.882
2170 0.860
186 0.903
1101 0.903
1325 0.921
1341 0.906
1151 0.909
163 0.964
657 0.760
366 0.826
181 0.774
4309 0.868
4783 0.783
77 0.631
1117 0.915
239 0.912
770 0.827
106 0.906
831 0.902
1424 0.926
743 0.956
9722 0.834
428 0.787
309 0.936
713 0.904
467 0.891
186 0.903
1107 0.916
132 0.936
723 0.838
E[Bud] P[Bud] E[Bif] P[Bif]
0.845 0.992 0.909 0.728
0.894 0.381 0.873 0.592
0.852 0.560 0.885 0.231
0.906 0.461 0.913 0.379
0.939 0.041 0.961 <0.001
0.902 0.780 0.928 0.411
0.910 0.435 0.951 <0.001
0.884 0.799 0.891 0.761
0.907 0.917 0.953 0.650
0.840 0.096 0.926 <0.001
0.875 0.179 0.892 0.102
0.904 0.008 0.950 <0.001
0.844 0.715 0.839 0.753
0.803 0.337 0.822 0.167
0.894 <0.001 0.938 <0.001
0.868 0.930 0.870 0.890
0.902 0.593 0.890 0.697
0.833 0.445 0.871 0.188
0.857 0.761 0.852 0.810
0.925 0.209 0.942 0.071
0.827 >0.999 0.851 0.977
0.890 0.952 0.890 0.902
0.913 0.008 0.933 <0.001
0.813 0.327 0.814 0.311
0.927 0.624 0.927 0.624
0.874 0.790 0.895 0.598
0.843 0.894 0.902 0.385
0.907 0.445 0.918 0.338
0.845 0.994 0.880 0.880
0.833 0.937 0.831 0.926
0.805 0.751 0.811 0.703
Synapsid
Synapsid
Synapsid
Anapsid
Anapsid
Anapsid
Anapsid
Anapsid
Anapsid
Lepidosaur
Lepidosaur
Lepidosaur
Lepidosaur
Lepidosaur
Lepidosaur
Lepidosaur
Lepidosaur
Lepidosaur
Lepidosaur
Archosaur
Archosaur
Archosaur
Archosaur
Archosaur
Archosaur
Archosaur
Archosaur
Archosaur
Archosaur
Archosaur
Archosaur
Archosaur
Archosaur
Toxodontidae [176]
Xenungulata [98]
Zapodidae [151]
Baenidae [155]
Leptopleuroninae [243]
Millerettidae [55]
Nanhsiungchelyidae [128]
Procolophonidae [75]
Procolophonoidea [54]
Cryptocleidoidea [180]
Ichthyosauria [259]
Mosasauridae [21,53,80]
Nothosaurus [123]
Placodontia [199]
Plesiosauridae [104]
Plesiosauroidea [178]
Polycotylidae [179]
Sphenodontia [198]
Sphenodontia [15]
Archosauromorpha [78]
Basal Crocodilia [57]
Basal Crocodyliformes [212]
Basal Crurotarsia [38]
Chroniosuchia [41]
Crocodylia [36]
Diplocynodontinae [187]
Dyrosauridae [110]
Mesoeucrocodylia [96]
Metriorhynchidae [291]
Metriorhynchinae [280]
Phytosauridae [117]
Prolacertiformes [119]
Protosauridae [24]
20
22
25
14
10
10
10
10
21
11
32
33
11
10
11
32
10
16
14
20
11
33
20
12
48
35
10
14
34
18
10
16
17
56
20
28
51
39
35
28
49
50
61
105
89
18
67
33
132
40
43
57
133
17
128
125
19
138
114
20
110
63
42
47
39
45
1540
190
378
1275
741
595
378
1176
1225
1830
5460
3916
153
2211
528
8646
780
903
1596
8778
136
8128
7750
171
9453
6441
190
5995
1953
861
1081
741
990
1442
155
252
942
543
490
160
902
931
1466
6352
2558
170
1753
397
6549
485
793
1520
7134
103
7051
5355
140
7512
5385
182
4822
2442
1175
1201
517
538
1275
128
223
802
455
422
154
671
865
1174
5670
2183
138
1436
300
5881
433
672
1208
6644
95
5966
4607
121
6662
4718
153
4202
2335
1138
1045
434
445
0.884
0.826
0.885
0.851
0.838
0.861
0.963
0.744
0.929
0.801
0.893
0.853
0.812
0.819
0.756
0.898
0.893
0.847
0.795
0.931
0.922
0.846
0.860
0.864
0.887
0.876
0.841
0.871
0.956
0.969
0.870
0.839
0.827
0.856 0.813 0.880 0.553
0.864 0.264 0.899 0.106
0.893 0.416 0.909 0.250
0.825 0.726 0.862 0.407
0.850 0.412 0.860 0.315
0.831 0.714 0.818 0.765
0.928 0.793 0.933 0.751
0.864 0.019 0.866 0.004
0.886 0.936 0.899 0.868
0.826 0.297 0.878 0.054
0.902 0.323 0.920 0.092
0.910 0.013 0.924 0.004
0.896 0.086 0.886 0.118
0.806 0.617 0.891 0.019
0.868 0.035 0.876 0.016
0.888 0.670 0.908 0.308
0.806 0.904 0.866 0.676
0.899 0.105 0.895 0.108
0.863 0.083 0.853 0.091
0.903 0.921 0.910 0.856
0.853 0.899 0.931 0.422
0.920 0.001 0.924 0.001
0.880 0.296 0.888 0.240
0.865 0.495 0.883 0.392
0.918 0.067 0.931 0.004
0.939 0.004 0.944 <0.001
0.876 0.272 0.870 0.302
0.865 0.592 0.863 0.594
0.926 0.982 0.937 0.890
0.887 >0.999 0.898 0.999
0.895 0.276 0.906 0.231
0.845 0.456 0.862 0.266
0.796 0.737 0.806 0.656
Higher
Taxon
Archosaur
Archosaur
Archosaur
Archosaur
Archosaur
Archosaur
Archosaur
Archosaur
Archosaur
Archosaur
Archosaur
Archosaur
Archosaur
Archosaur
Archosaur
Archosaur
Archosaur
Archosaur
Archosaur
Archosaur
Archosaur
Archosaur
Archosaur
Archosaur
Archosaur
Archosaur
Archosaur
Archosaur
Archosaur
Archosaur
Taxon
OTUs
Protosuchidae [96]
14
Thalattosauriformes [150]
12
Thalattosauriformes [175]
10
Basal Pterosauria [13]
18
Pterosauria [133]
39
Pterosauria [153]
56
Allosauroidea [39]
12
Ankylosauria [258]
45
Ankylosauroidea [181]
16
Carcharodontosauria [23]
14
Ceratopsidae [285]
13
Ceratosauria [47]
18
Chasmosaurinae [213]
18
Deinonychosauria [118,159,288]
17
Diplodocoidea [278]
20
Dromaeosauridae [293]
17
Euornithopoda [272]
10
Hadrosaurinae [97]
10
Hadrosauroidea [241]
29
Megalosauroidea [23]
19
Neoceratopsia [158,292]
18
Ornithopoda [273]
14
Oviraptosauria [288,289],
13
Prosauropoda [26]
12
Prosauropoda [290]
15
Saurolophidae [193]
28
Sauropoda [282]
33
Sauropoda [108]
28
Stegosauridae [157]
12
Tyranosauroidea [38]
19
Poss. Obs.
Chars. CPs CPs
134 8911 6801
20
190
139
12
66
48
71 2485 2096
74 2701 4782
117 6786 6599
36
630
398
140 9730 4557
54 1431
899
43
903
423
17
136
118
95 4465 2015
61 1830 1650
75 2775 1605
106 5565 4052
108 5778 3079
37
666
376
74 2701 2251
126 7875 6728
100 4950 3019
110 5995 5145
72 2556 1755
39
741
354
40
780
406
110 5995 3199
210 21945 20370
215 23005 14261
270 36315 31058
67 2211 1213
284 40186 28482
Strat.
CPs Prop.
5979 0.879
87 0.626
27 0.562
1878 0.896
4172 0.872
6076 0.921
367 0.922
3872 0.850
741 0.824
384 0.908
109 0.924
1441 0.715
1491 0.904
1391 0.867
3632 0.896
2385 0.775
121 0.322
2031 0.902
5866 0.872
2757 0.913
4413 0.858
1203 0.685
249 0.703
379 0.933
2786 0.871
18063 0.887
13350 0.936
28844 0.929
943 0.777
25404 0.892
E[Bud] P[Bud] E[Bif] P[Bif]
0.859 0.744 0.856 0.777
0.860 0.004 0.856 0.008
0.891 0.001 0.891 0.003
0.897 0.483 0.893 0.529
0.918 0.045 0.929 0.011
0.945 0.050 0.956 0.006
0.849 0.956 0.848 0.929
0.857 0.385 0.879 0.140
0.772 0.893 0.821 0.523
0.809 0.962 0.818 0.953
0.930 0.466 0.940 0.396
0.842 0.036 0.834 0.019
0.880 0.802 0.910 0.406
0.827 0.882 0.849 0.687
0.873 0.771 0.931 0.043
0.849 0.055 0.895 0.002
0.772 <0.001 0.797 <0.001
0.842 0.929 0.890 0.616
0.937 0.005 0.950 0.001
0.862 0.953 0.862 0.943
0.862 0.449 0.900 0.120
0.848 0.004 0.920 <0.001
0.860 0.007 0.935 <0.001
0.845 0.989 0.883 0.883
0.858 0.628 0.937 0.001
0.918 0.066 0.931 0.021
0.912 0.938 0.910 0.939
0.891 0.981 0.894 0.974
0.774 0.532 0.830 0.194
0.883 0.608 0.888 0.545
References and Notes
1. Abdala F (2007) Redescription of Platycraniellus elegans (Therapsida, Cynodontia) from the Lower Triassic of South Africa, and
the cladistic relationships of eutheriodonts. Palaeontology 50: 591 - 618.
2. Adrain JM (1998) Systematics of the Acanthoparyphinae (Trilobita), with species from the Silurian of Arctic Canada. Journal of
Paleontology 72: 698 - 718.
3. Adrain JM, Chatterton BDE, Kloc GJ (2008) Systematics of the Koneprusiine trilobites, with new taxa from the Silurian and
Devonian of Laurentia. Journal of Paleontology 82: 657-675.
4. Adrain JM, Edgecombe GD (1997) Silurian (Wenlock) calymenid trilobites from the Cape Phillips Formation, Central Canadian
Arctic. Journal of Paleontology 71: 657 - 682.
5. Adrain JM, Ramsköld L (1997) Silurian Odontopleurinae (Trilobita) from the Cape Phillips Formation, Arctic Canada. Journal of
Paleontology 71: 237 - 261.
6. Adrain JM, Westrop SR (2001) Stratigraphy, phylogeny, and species sampling in time and space. In: Adrain JM, Edgecombe GD,
Lieberman BS, editors. Fossils, phylogeny and form An analytical approach. New York: Topics in Geobiology. pp. 291 - 322.
7. Adrain JM, Westrop SR, Landing E, Fortey RA (2001) Systematics of the Ordovician trilobites Ischyrotoma and Dimeropygiella,
with species from the type Ibexian area, western U.S.A. Journal of Paleontology 75: 947 – 971.
8. Ahlberg PE, Clack JA, Luksevics E, Blom H, Zupins I (2008) Ventastega curonica and the origin of tetrapod morphology. Nature
453: 1199-1204.
9. Alroy J (1995) Continuous track analysis: a new phylogenetic and biogeographic method. Systematic Biology 44: 152 - 178.
10. Amati L, Feldmann RM, Zonneveld J-P (2004) A new family of Triassic lobsters (Decapoda: Astacidea) from British Columbia
and its phylogenetic context. Journal of Paleontology 78: 150-168.
11. Amati L, Westrop SR (2004) A systematic revision of Thaleops (Trilobita: Illaenidae) with new species from the Middle and Late
Ordovician of Oklahoma and New York. Journal of Systematic Palaeontology 2: 207-256.
12. Anderson LC, Roopnarine PD (2003) Evolution and phylogenetic relationships of Neogene Corbulidae (Bivalvia; Myoidea) of
tropical America. Journal of Paleontology 77: 1086 - 1102.
13. Andres B, Clark JM, Xing X (2010) A new rhamphorhynchid pterosaur from the Upper Jurassic of Xinjiang, China, and the
phylogenetic relationships of basal pterosaurs. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 30: 163 - 187.
14. Angielczyk KD (2007) New specimens of the Tanzanian dicynodont “Cryptocynodon parringtoni” von Huene, 1942 (Therapsida,
Anomodontia), with an expanded analysis of Permian dicynodont phylogeny. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 27: 116 131.
15. Apesteguia S, Novas FE (2003) Large Cretaceous sphenodontian from Patagonia provides insight into lepidosaur evolution in
Gondwana. Nature 425: 609-612.
16. Archibald JD, Averianov AO, Ekdale EG (2001) Late Cretaceous relatives of rabbits, rodents, and other extant eutherian
mammals. Nature 414: 62-65.
17. Ausich WI (1998) Phylogeny of Arenig to Caradoc crinoids (Phylum Echinodermata) and suprageneric classification of the
Crinoidea. The University of Kansas Paleontological Contributions 9: 1 - 36.
18. Ausich WI, Kammer TW (2008) Evolution and extinction of a Paleozoic crinoid clade: phylogenetics, paleogeography, and
environmental districtuion of the periechocrinids. In: Ausich WI, Webster GD, editors. Echinoderm paleobiology.
Bloomington: Indiana University Press. pp. 145 - 171.
19. Babcock LE (1994) Systematics and phylogenetics of polymeroid trilobites from the Henson Gletscher and Kap Stanton
Formations (Middle Cambrian), North Greenland. Grønlands Geologiske Undersøgelse Bulletin 169: 79 - 127.
20. Barras CG (2007) Phylogeny of the Jurassic to Early Cretaceous ‘disasteroid’ echinoids (Echinoidea; Echinodermata) and the
origins of spatangoids and holasteroids. Journal of Systematic Palaeontology 5: 133 - 161.
21. Bell GL, Jr. (1997) A phylogenetic revision of North American and Adriatic Mosasauroidea. In: Callaway JM, Nicholls EL,
editors. Ancient marine reptiles. San Diego: Academic Press. pp. 293 - 332.
22. Benedetto J (2009) Chaniella a new lower Tremadocian (Ordovician) brachiopod from northwestern Argentina and its
phylogenetic relationships within basal rhynchonelliforms. Paläontologische Zeitschrift 83: 393-405.
23. Benson R, Carrano M, Brusatte S (2010) A new clade of archaic large-bodied predatory dinosaurs (Theropoda: Allosauroidea) that
survived to the latest Mesozoic. Naturwissenschaften 97: 71-78.
24. Benton MJ, Allen JL (1997) Boreopricea from the Lower Triassic of Russia, and the relationships of the prolacertiform reptiles.
Palaeontology 40: 931 - 953.
25. Bentley CJ, Jago JB (2004) Wuaniid trilobites of Australia. Memoirs of the Association of Australasian Palaeontologists 30: 179 191.
26. Benton MJ, Juul L, Storrs GW, Galton PM (2000) Anatomy and systematics of the prosauropod dinosaur Thecodontosaurus
antiquus from the Upper Triassic of southwest England. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 20: 77 - 108.
27. Bisconti M (2007) A new basal balaenopterid whale from the Pliocene of northern Italy. Palaeontology 50: 1103 - 1122.
28. Blake DB (2010) Comptoniaster adamsi nov. sp. (Echinodermata, Asteroidea) from the middle Cretaceous of Texas and its
phylogenetic position. Geobios 43: 179-190.
29. Bloch JI, Fisher DC, Rose KD, Gingerich PD (2001) Stratocladistic analysis of Paleocene Carpolestidae (Mammalia,
Plesiadapiformes) with description of a new late Tiffanian genus. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 21: 119–131.
30. Bodenbender BE (1995) Morphological, crystallographic, and stratigraphic data in cladistic analyses of blastoid phylogeny.
Contributions from the Museum of Paleontology, the University of Michigan 29: 201 - 257.
31. Boisserie J-R (2005) The phylogeny and taxonomy of Hippopotamidae (Mammalia: Artiodactyla): a review based on morphology
and cladistic analysis. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 143: 1 - 26.
32. Botha J, Abdala F, Smith R (2007) The oldest cynodont: new clues on the origin and early diversification of the Cynodontia.
Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 149: 477-492.
33. Brezinski DK (2003) Evolutionary and biogeographical implications of phylogenetic analysis of the Late Palaeozoic trilobite
Paladin. Special Papers in Palaeontology 70: 363 - 375.
34. Brezinski DK (2005) Paleobiogeographic patterns in Late Mississippian trilobites of the United States with new species from
Montana. Annals of the Carnegie Museum 74: 77 - 89.
35. Brezinski DK (2008) Phylogenetics, systematics, paleoecology, and evolution of the trilobite genera Paladin and Kaskia from the
United States. Journal of Paleontology 82: 511-527.
36. Brochu CA (1997) Morphology, fossils, divergence timing, and the phylogenetic relationships of Gavialis. Systematic Biology 46:
479 - 522.
37. Brower JC (2001) Flexible crinoids from the Upper Ordovician Maquoketa formation of the northern midcontinent and the
evolution of early flexible crinoids. Journal of Paleontology 75: 370 - 382.
38. Brusatte SL, Benton MJ, Desojo JB, Langer MC (2010) The higher-level phylogeny of Archosauria (Tetrapoda: Diapsida). Journal
of Systematic Palaeontology 8: 3 - 47.
39. Brusatte SL, Sereno PC (2008) Phylogeny of Allosauroidea (Dinosauria: Theropoda): comparative analysis and resolution. Journal
of Systematic Palaeontology 6: 155-182.
40. Buscalioni AD, Ortega F, Weishampel DB, Jianu CM (2001) A revision of the crocodyliform Allodaposuchus precedens from the
Upper Cretaceous of the Hateg Basin, Romania. Its relevance in the phylogeny of Eusuchia. Journal of Vertebrate
Paleontology 21: 74-86.
41. Buchwitz M, Foth C, Kogan I, Voigt S (2012) On the use of osteoderm features in a phylogenetic approach on the internal
relationships of the Chroniosuchia (Tetrapoda: Reptiliomorpha). Palaeontology 55: 623 - 640.
42. Campbell MJ, Chatterton BDE (2007) Late Ordovician and Silurian lichid trilobites from Northwestern Canada: Hemiarges,
Borealarges, and Richterarges. Journal of Paleontology 81: 1348 - 1364.
43. Carlini AA, Ciancio MR, Flynn JJ, Scillato-Yané GJ, Wyss AR (2009) The phylogenetic and biostratigraphic significance of new
armadillos (Mammalia, Xenarthra, Dasypodidae, Euphractinae) from the Tinguirirican (Early Oligocene) of Chile. Journal of
Systematic Palaeontology 7: 489-503.
44. Carlson SJ, Fitzgerald PC (2007) Sampling taxa, estimating phylogeny and inferring macroevolution: an example from Devonian
terebratulide brachiopods. Earth and Environmental Science Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh 98: 311-325.
45. Carlucci JR, Westrop SR, Amati L (2010) Tetralichine Trilobites from the Upper Ordovician of Oklahoma and Virginia and
Phylogenetic Systematics of the Tetralichini. Journal of Paleontology 84: 1099-1120.
46. Carr RK, Hlavin WJ (2010) Two new species of Dunkleosteus Lehman, 1956, from the Ohio Shale Formation (USA, Famennian)
and the Kettle Point Formation (Canada, Upper Devonian), and a cladistic analysis of the Eubrachythoraci (Placodermi,
Arthrodira). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 159: 195 - 222.
47. Carrano MT, Sampson SD (2008) The phylogeny of Ceratosauria (Dinosauria). Journal of Systematic Palaeontology 6: 183-236.
48. Cavin L, Suteethorn V, Buffetaut E, Tong H (2007) A new Thai Mesozoic lungfish (Sarcopterygii, Dipnoi) with an insight into
post-Palaeozoic dipnoan evolution. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 149: 141-177.
49. Cecca F, Rouget I (2006) Anagenetic evolution of the early Tithonian ammonite genus Semiformiceras tested with cladistic
analysis. Palaeontology 49: 1069 - 1080.
50. Chang M-M, Maisey JG (2003) Redescription of †Ellimma branneri and †Diplomystus shengliensis, and relationships of some
basal Clupeomorphs. American Museum Novitates 404: 1 - 35.
51. Chatterton BDE, Edgecombe GD, Vaccari NE, Waisfeld BG (1997) Ontogeny and relationships of the Ordovician odontopleurid
trilobite Ceratocara, with new species from Argentina and New York. Journal of Paleontology 71: 108 - 125.
52. Chatterton BDE, Edgecombe GD, Waisfeld BG, Vaccari NE (1998) Ontogeny and systematics of Toernquiestiidae (Trilobita,
Proetida) from the Ordovician of the Argentine Precordillera. Journal of Paleontology 72: 273 - 303.
53. Christiansen P, Bonde N (2002) A new species of gigantic mosasaur from the Late Cretaceous of Israel. Journal of Vertebrate
Paleontology 22: 629 - 644.
54. Cisneros JC (2008) Phylogenetic relationships of procolophonid parareptiles with remarks on their geological record. Journal of
Systematic Palaeontology 6: 345-366
55. Cisneros JC, Rubidge BS, Mason RD, Dube C (2008) Analysis of millerettid parareptile relationships in the light of new material
of Broomia perplexa Watson, 1914, from the Permian of South Africa. Journal of Systematic Palaeontology 6: 453 - 462.
56. Clack JA (2001) Eucritta melanolimnetes from the Early Carboniferous of Scotland, a stem tetrapod showing a mosaic of
characteristics. Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh: Earth Sciences: 75 – 95.
57. Clark JM, Sues H-D (2002) Two new basal crocodylomorph archosaurs from the Lower Jurassic and the monophyly of the
Sphenosuchia. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 136: 77 - 95.
58. Clement G (2005) A new coelacanth (Actinistia, Sarcopterygii) from the Jurassic of France, and the question of the closest fossil
relative to Latimeria. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 25: 481 - 491.
59. Cloutier R (1991) Patterns, trends and rates of evolution within the Actinistia. Environmental Biology of Fishes 32: 23 - 58.
60. Cloutier R, Ahlberg PE (1995) Morphology, characters, and the interrelationships of basal sarcopterygians. In: Siassny MLJ,
Parenti L, editors. Interrelationships of fishes, II. London: Academic Press. pp. 445 - 479.
61. Congreve CR, Lieberman BS (2010) Phylogenetic and biogeographic analysis of deiphonine trilobites. Journal of Paleontology 84:
128 – 136.
62. Cotton TJ (2001) The phylogeny and systematics of blind Cambrian ptychoparioid trilobites. Palaeontology 44: 167 - 207.
63. Cotton TJ, Braddy SJ (2003) The phylogeny of arachnomorph arthropods and the origin of the Chelicerata. Earth and
Environmental Science Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh 94: 169-193.
64. Cotton TJ, Fortey RA (2005) Comparative morphology and relationships of the Agnostida. In Koenemann, S. and Jenner, R. A
(ed).Crustacea and artropod relationships. Crustacean Issues 1: 95-136.
65. Cripps AP (1991) A cladistic analysis of the cornutes (stem chordates). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 102: 333 - 366.
66. Crônier C (2003) Systematic relationships of the blind phacopine trilobite Trimerocephalus, with a new species from Causses-etVeyran, Montagne Noire. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 48: 55 - 70.
67. Cunningham JA, Jeffery Abt CH (2009) Coordinated shifts to non-planktotrophic development in spatangoid echinoids during the
Late Cretaceous. Biology Letters 5: 647-650.
68. Cusack M, Williams A, Buckman JO (1999) Chemico-structural evolution of linguloid brachiopod shells. Palaeontology 42: 799 840.
69. Daley PEJ (1992) The anatomy of the solute Girvanicystis batheri (?Chordata) from the Upper Ordovician of Scotland and a new
species of Girvanicystis from the Upper Ordovician of South Wales. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 105: 353 - 375.
70. Damiani RJ (2001) A systematic revision and phylogenetic analysis of Triassic mastodonsauroids (Temnospondyli:
Stereospondyli). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 133: 379 – 482.
71. Damiani RJ, Vasconcelos C, Renaut A, Hancox J, Yates A (2007) Dolichuranus primaevus (Therapsida: Anomodontia) from the
Middle Triassic of Namibia and its phylogenetic relationships. Palaeontology 50: 1531 - 1546.
72. Dashzeveg D, Meng J (1998) New Eocene ctenodactyloid rodents from the Eastern Gobi Desert of Mongolia and a phylogenetic
analysis of ctenodactyloids based on dental features. American Museum Novitates 3246: 1 - 20.
73. de Maintenon MJ (2005) Phylogenetic relationships of the tropical American columbellid taxa Conella, Eurypyrene, and
Parametaria (Gastropoda: Neogastropoda). Journal of Paleontology 79: 497 - 508.
74. Dean Shackleton J (2005) Skeletal homologies, phylogeny and classification of the earliest asterozoan echinoderms. Journal of
Systematic Palaeontology 3: 29-114.
75. deBraga M (2003) The postcranial skeleton, phylogenetic position, and probable lifestyle of the Early Triassic reptile Procolophon
trigoniceps. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 40: 527 - 556.
76. Dewing K (2004) Shell structure and its bearing on the phylogeny of Late Ordovician-Early Silurian strophomenoid brachiopods
from Anticosti Island, Quebec. Journal of Paleontology 78: 275 - 286.
77. Dietze K (2000) A revision of paramblyterid and amblypterid actinopterygians from Upper Carboniferous - Lower Permian
lacustrine deposites of Central Europe. Palaeontology 43: 927 - 966.
78. Dilkes DW (1998) The early Triassic rhynchosaur Mesosuchus browni and the interrelationships of basal archosauromorph
reptiles. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society (Series B) 353: 501 - 541.
79. Donoghue PCJ (2001) Conodonts meet cladistics: recovering relationships and assessing the completeness of the fossil record.
Palaeontology 44: 65 - 93.
80. Dortangs RW, Schulp AS, Mulder EWA, Jagt JWM, Peeters HHG, et al. (2002) A large new mosasaur from the Upper Cretaceous
of the Netherlands. Netherlands Journal of Geosciences 81: 1 - 8.
81. Dupret V (2004) The phylogenetic relationships between actinolepids (Placodermi: Arthrodira) and other arthrodires
(phlyctaeniids and brachythoracids). Fossils and Strata 50: 44 - 55.
82. Dupret V, Zhu M (2007) The earliest phyllolepid (Placodermi, Arthrodira) from the Late Lochkovian (Early Devonian) of Yunnan
(South China). Geological Magazine 145: 257 - 278.
83. Ebach MC, Ahyong ST (2001) Phylogeny of the trilobite subgenus Acanthopyge (Lobopyge). Cladistics 17: 1 - 10.
84. Ebbestad JOR, Budd GE (2002) Burlingiid trilobites from Norway, with a discussion of their affinities and relationships.
Palaeontology 45: 1171 - 1195.
85. Edgecombe GD, Chatterton BDE, Vaccari NE, Waisfeld BG (1997) Ontogeny of the proetoid trilobite Stenoblepharum, and
relationships of a new species from the Upper Ordovician of Argentina. Journal of Paleontology 71: 419-433.
86. Egerquist E (1999) Revision of the Ordovician plectambonitoid brachiopod Ujukella Andreev and related genera. Geologiska
Föreningens i Stockholm Förhandlingar 121: 325 - 332.
87. Englehorn J, Small BJ, Huttenlocker A (2008) A redescription of Acroplous vorax (Temnospondyli: Dvinosauria) based on new
specimens from the Early Permian of Nebraska and Kansas, U.S.A. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 28: 291-305.
88. Finarelli JA (2008) A total evidence phylogeny of the Arctoidea (Carnivora: Mammalia): relationships among basal taxa. Journal
of Mammalian Evolution 15: 231 - 259.
89. Finarelli JA, Clyde WC (2004) Reassessing hominoid phylogeny: evaluating congruence in the morphological and temporal data.
Paleobiology 30: 614 - 651.
90. Forasiepi AM, Sánchez-Villagra MR, Goin FJ, Takai M, Shigehara N, et al. (2006) A new species of Hathliacynidae (Metatheria,
Sparassodonta) from the Middle Miocene of Quebrada Honda, Bolivia. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 26: 670 - 684.
91. Forey PL (1991) Latimeria chalumnae and its pedigree. Environmental Biology of Fishes 32: 75 - 97.
92. Friedman M (2007) The interrelationships of Devonian lungfishes (Sarcopterygii: Dipnoi) as inferred from neurocranial evidence
and new data from the genus Soederberghia Lehman, 1959. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 151: 115-171.
93. Fröbisch J (2007) The cranial anatomy of Kombuisia frerensis Hotton (Synapsida, Dicynodontia) and a new phylogeny of
anomodont therapsids. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 150: 117-144.
94. Froehlich DJ (2002) Quo vadis eohippus? The systematics and taxonomy of the early Eocene equids (Perissodactyla). Zoological
Journal of the Linnean Society 134: 141 - 256.
95. Gahn FJ, Kammer TW (2002) The cladid crinoid Barycrinus from the Burlington Limestone (Early Osagean) and the
phylogenetics of Mississippian botyrocrinids. Journal of Paleontology 76: 123 – 133.
96. Gasparini Z, Pol D, Spalletti LA (2006) An unusual marine crocodyliform from the Jurassic-Cretaceous boundary of Patagonia.
Science 311: 70-73.
97. Gates TA, Sampson SD (2007) A new species of Gryposaurus (Dinosauria: Hadrosauridae) from the late Campanian Kaiparowits
Formation, southern Utah, USA. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 151: 351 – 376.
98. Gelfo JN, Lopez GM, Bond M (2008) A new Xenungulata (Mammalia) from the Paleocene of Patagonia, Argentina. Journal of
Paleontology 82: 329 – 335.
99. Gentry AW (1994) The Miocene differentiation of old world Pecora (Mammalia). Historical Biology 7: 115-158.
100. Geraads D, Blondel C, Likius A, Mackaye HT, Vignaud P, et al. (2008) New Hippotragini (Bovidae, Mammalia) from the Late
Miocene of Toros-Menalla (Chad). Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 28: 231-242.
101. Goin FJ, Candela AM, Abello MA, Oliveira EV (2009) Earliest South American paucituberculatans and their significance in the
understanding of ‘pseudodiprotodont’ marsupial radiations. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 155: 867-884.
102. Grande L, Bemis WE (1998) A comprehensive phylogenetic study of Amiid fishes (Amiidae) based on comparative skeletal
anatomy. An empirical search for interconnected patterns of natural history. Memoirs of the Society of Vertebrate
Paleontology 4: 1 - 690.
103. Grégoire M, Guo J, Beard KC (2004) A new small dichobunid artiodactyl from Shanghuang (Middle Eocene, eastern China):
implications for the early evolution of proto-selenodonts in Asia. Bulletin of Carnegie Museum of Natural History: 177-197.
104. Großmann F (2007) The taxonomic and phylogenetic position of the Plesiosauroidea from the Lower Jurassic Posidonia Shale of
south-west Germany. Palaeontology 50: 545 - 564.
105. Guo J, Dawson MR, Beard KC (2000) Zhailimeryx, a new lophiomerycid artiodactyl (Mammalia) from the Late Middle Eocene
of Central China and the early evolution of ruminants. Journal of Mammalian Evolution 7: 239-258.
106. Haasl DM (2000) Phylogenetic relationships among nassariid gastropods. Journal of Paleontology 74: 839 - 852.
107. Hanger RA, Strong EE (2000) Phylogeny of the Anopliidae (Brachiopoda: Chonetidina). Historical Biology 14: 285 - 298.
108. Harris JD (2006) The significance of Suuwassea emilieae (Dinosauria: Sauropoda) for flagellicaudatan intrarelationships and
evolution. Journal of Systematic Palaeontology 4: 185 - 198.
109. Harvey EW, Ausich WI (1997) Phylogeny of calceocrinid crinoids (Paleozoic: Echinodermata): biogeography and mosaic
evolution. Journal of Paleontology 71: 299 - 305.
110. Hill RV, McCartney JA, Roberts E, Bouaré M, Sissoko F, et al. (2008) Dyrosaurid (Crocodyliformes: Mesoeucrocodylia) fossils
from the Upper Cretaceous and Paleogene of Mali: implications for phylogeny and survivorship across the K/T Boundary.
American Museum Novitates 3631: 1-19.
111. Holbrook LT (2001) Comparative osteology of early Tertiary tapiromorphs (Mammalia, Perissodactyla). Zoological Journal of
the Linnean Society 132: 1 - 54.
112. Hooker JJ, Dashzeveg D (2003) Evidence for direct mammalian faunal interchange between Europe and Asia near the PaleoceneEocene boundary. Geological Society of America Special Paper 369: 479 – 500.
113. Hooker JJ, Dashzeveg D (2004) The origin of chalicotheres (Perissodactyla, Mammalia). Palaeontology 47: 1363 – 1386.
114. Hopkins MJ (2011) How species longevity, intraspecific morphological variation, and geographic range size are related: a
comparison using Late Cambrian trilobites. Evolution 65: 3253-3273.
115. Huelsenbeck JP (1994) Comparing the stratigraphic record to estimates of phylogeny. Paleobiology 20: 470 - 483.
116. Hughes NC, Rushton AWA (1990) Computer-aided restoration of a Late Cambrian ceratopygid trilobite from Wales, and its
phylogenetic implications. Palaeontology 33: 429-445.
117. Hungerbühler A (2002) The Late Triassic phytosaur Mystriosuchus westphali, with a revision of the genus. Palaeontology 45:
377 - 418.
118. Hwang SH, Norell MA, Qiang JI, Keqin GAO (2002) New specimens of Microraptor zhaoianus (Theropoda: Dromaeosauridae)
from northeastern China. American Museum Novitates 381: 1 - 44.
119. Jalil N-E (1997) A new prolacertiform diapsid from the Triassic of North Africa and the interrelationships of the
Prolacertiformes. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 17: 506 - 525.
120. Jeffery CH (1999) A reappraisal of the phylogenetic relationships of somaliasterid echinoids. Palaeontology 42: 1027 - 1042.
121. Jeffery CH, Emlet RB (2003) Macroevolutionary consequences of developmental mode in temnopleurid echinoids from the
Tertiary of Southern Australia. Evolution 57: 1031-1048.
122. Jiang H, Aldridge RJ, Lai X, Yan C, Sun Y (2011) Phylogeny of the conodont genera Hindeodus and Isarcicella across the
Permian–Triassic boundary. Lethaia 44: 374 - 382.
123. Jiang D-Y, Maisch MW, Hao W-C, Sun YO, Sun Z-Y (2006) Nothosaurus yangyuanensis n. sp (Reptlia, Sauropterygia,
Nothosauridae) from the middle Anisian (Middle Triassic) of Guizhou, southwestern China. Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und
Paläontologie Monatschefte 2006: 257 - 276.
124. Jin J, Popov LE (2008) A new genus of Late Ordovician-Early Silurian pentameride brachiopods and its phylogenetic
relationships. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 53: 221-236.
125. Jin J, Zhan R-B, Rong J-Y (2006) Taxonomic reassessment of two virgianid brachiopod genera from the Upper Ordovician and
Lower Silurian of South China. Journal of Paleontology 80: 72 - 82.
126. Johanson Z, Long JA, Talent JA, Janvier P, Warren JW (2006) Oldest coelacanth, from the Early Devonian of Australia. Biology
Letters 2: 443-446.
127. Johnson HG, Elliott DK, Wittke JH (2000) A new actinolepid arthrodire (Class Placodermi) from the Lower Devonian Sevy
Dolomite, east-central Nevada. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 129: 241 – 266.
128. Joyce WG, Norell MA (2005) Zangerlia ukhaachelys, new species, a nanhsiungchelyid turtle from the Late Cretaceous of Ukhaa
Tolgod, Mongolia. American Museum Novitates 3481: 1 - 20.
129. Kammer TW, Ausich WI (2007) New cladid and flexible crinoids from the Mississippian (Tournaisian, Ivorian) of England and
Wales. Palaeontology 50: 1039-1050.
130. Kammer TW, Gahn FJ (2003) Primitive cladid crinoids from the early Osagean Burlington Limestone and the phylogenetics of
Mississippian species of Cyathocrinites. Journal of Paleontology 77: 121 - 138.
131. Kammerer CF, Flynn JJ, Ranivoharimanana L, Wyss RR (2008) New material of Menadon besairiei (Cynodontia:
Traversodontidae) from the Triassic of Madagascar. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 28: 445-462.
132. Karasawa H, Schweitzer CE (2006) A new classification of the Xanthoidea sensu lato (Crustacea: Decapoda: Brachyura) based
on phylogenetic analysis and traditional systematics and evaluation of all fossil Xanthoidea sensu lato. Contributions to
Zoology 75: 23 - 73.
133. Kellner AWA (2003) Pterosaur phylogeny and comments on the evolutionary history of the group. Geological Society, London,
Special Publications 217: 105-137.
134. Kielan-Jaworowska Z, Hurum JH (2001) Phylogeny and systematics of multituberculate mammals. Palaeontology 44: 389-429.
135. Korn D (1997) Evolution of the Goniatitaceae and Viséan-Namurian biogeography. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 42: 177 - 199.
136. Kroh A (2007) Hemipatagus, a misinterpreted loveniid (Echinodermata: Echinoidea). Journal of Systematic Palaeontology 5: 163
- 192.
137. Lamsdell JC, Braddy SJ, Tetlie OE (2010) The systematics and phylogeny of the Stylonurina (Arthropoda: Chelicerata:
Eurypterida). Journal of Systematic Palaeontology 8: 49 - 61.
138. Laurin M, Soler-Gijón R (2006) The oldest known stegocephalian (Sarcopterygii: Temnospondyli) from Spain. Journal of
Vertebrate Paleontology 26: 284 - 299.
139. Lee S-B, Lefebvre B, Choi DK (2005) Latest Cambrian cornutes (Echinodermata: Stylophora) from the Taebaeksan Basin,
Korea. Journal of Paleontology 79: 139 - 151.
140. Lefebvre B (2001) A critical comment on ‘ankyroids’ (Echinodermata, Stylophora). Geobios 34: 597 - 627.
141. Leighton LR, Maples CG (2002) Evaluating internal versus external characters: phylogenetic analyses of the Echinoconchidae,
Buxtoniinae, and Juresaniinae (Phylum: Brachiopoda). Journal of Paleontology 76: 659 - 671.
142. Lieberman BS (1993) Systematics and biogeography of the “Metacryphaeus group” Calmoniidae (Trilobita, Devonian), with
comments on adaptive radiations and the geological history of the Malvinokaffric Realm. Journal of Paleontology 67: 549 570.
143. Lieberman BS (1994) Evolution of the trilobite subfamily Proetinae Salter, 1864, and the origin, diversification, evolutionary
affinity, and extinction of the Middle Devonian proetid fauna of eastern North America. Bulletin of the American Museum of
Natural History 223: 1 - 176.
144. Lieberman BS (1999) Testing the Darwinian legacy of the Cambrian radiation using trilobite phylogeny and biogeography.
Journal of Paleontology 73: 176 - 181.
145. Lieberman BS (2001) Phylogenetic analysis of the Olenellina Walcott, 1890 (Trilobita, Cambrian). Journal of Paleontology 75:
96 - 115.
146. Lieberman BS (2002) Phylogenetic analysis of some basal Early Cambrian trilobites, the biogeographic origins of the Eutrilobita,
and the timing of the Cambrian radiation. Journal of Paleontology 76: 692-708.
147. Lieberman BS, Edgecombe GD, Eldredge N (1991) Systematics and biogeography of the “Malvinella group,” Calmoniidae
(Trilobita, Devonian). Journal of Paleontology 65: 824 - 843.
148. Lieberman BS, Kloc GJ (1997) Evolutionary and biogeographic patterns in the Asteropyginae (Trilobita, Devonian) Delo, 1935.
Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 232: 1 - 127.
149. Lihoreau F, Blondel C, Barry J, Brunet M (2004) A new species of the genus Microbunodon (Anthracotheriidae, Artiodactyla)
from the Miocene of Pakistan: genus revision, phylogenetic relationships and palaeobiogeography. Zoologica Scripta 33: 97 115.
150. Liu J, Rieppel O (2005) Restudy of Anshunsaurus huangguoshuensis (Reptilia: Thalattosauria) from the Middle Triassic of
Guizhou, China. American Museum Novitates 3488: 1 - 34.
151. López-Antoñanzas R, Sen S (2006) New Saudi Arabian Miocene jumping mouse (Zapodidae): systematics and phylogeny.
Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 26: 170-181.
152. López-Arbarello A, Zavattieri AM (2008) Systematic revision of Pseudobeaconia Bordas, 1944, and Mendocinichthys Whitley,
1953 (Actinopterygii: 'Perleidiformes') from the Triassic of Argentina. Palaeontology 51: 1025 - 1052.
153. Lü J, Unwin DM, Jin X, Liu Y, Ji Q (2010) Evidence for modular evolution in a long-tailed pterosaur with a pterodactyloid skull.
Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 277: 383 - 389.
154. Lukševičs E (2001) Bothriolepid antiarchs (Vertebrata, Placodermi) from the Devonian of the north-western part of the East
European platform. Geodiversitas 23: 489 - 609.
155. Lyson TR, Joyce WG (2009) A new species of Palatobaena (Testudines: Baenidae) and a Maximum Parsimony and Bayesian
phylogenetic analysis of Baenidae. Journal of Paleontology 83: 457 - 470.
156. Maddin HC, Evans DC, Reisz RR (2006) An Early Permian varanodontine varanopid (Synapsida: Eupelycosauria) from the
Richards Spur locality, Oklahoma. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 26: 957-966.
157. Maidment SCR, Norman DB, Barrett PM, Upchurch P (2008) Systematics and phylogeny of Stegosauria (Dinosauria:
Ornithischia). Journal of Systematic Palaeontology 6: 367 - 407.
158. Makovicky PJ, Norell MA (2006) Yamaceratops dorngobiensis, a new primitive ceratopsian (Dinosauria: Ornithischia) from the
Cretaceous of Mongolia. American Museum Novitates 3530: 1 - 42.
159. Makovicky PJ, Sues H-D (1998) Anatomy and phylogenetic relationships of the theropod dinosaur Microvenator celer from the
Lower Cretaceous of Montana. American Museum Novitates 3240: 1 - 27.
160. McGowan AJ, Smith AB (2007) Ammonoids across the Permian/Triassic boundary: a cladistic perspective. Palaeontology 50:
573-590.
161. Merle D (2005) Nucellopsis (Gastropoda, Muricidae), a new genus from the paralic domain of the European Palaeogene.
Comptes Rendus Palevol 4: 177-189.
162. Merle D (2005) Jsowerbya, new genus of Muricidae (Mollusca: Gastropoda) from the Eocene of the Paris (France) and
Hampshire (England) basins with a phylogenetic assessment of its Ocenebrine versus Ergalataxine affinities. Geobios 38: 505517.
163. Merle D, Pacaud J-M (2003) New species of Eocithara Fischer, 1883 (Mollusca, Gastropoda, Harpidae) from the Early
Paleogene with phylogenetic analysis of the Harpidae. Geodiversitas 26: 61 - 87.
164. Métais G (2006) New basal selenodont artiodactyls from the Pondaung Formation (Late Middle Eocene, Myanmar and the
phylogenetic relationships of early ruminants. Annals of Carnegie Museum 75: 51 - 67.
165. Métais G, Guo J, Beard KC (2004) A new small dichobunid artiodactyl from Shanghuang (Middle Eocene, Eastern China):
Implications for the early evolution of proto-selenodonts in Asia. Bulletin of Carnegie Museum of Natural History 36: 177197.
166. Michaux B (1989) Cladograms can reconstruct phylogenies: an example from the fossil record. Alcheringa 13: 21 - 36.
167. Mihlbachler MC (2008) Species taxonomy, phylogeny, and biogeography of the Brontotheriidae (Mammalia: Perissodactyla).
Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 311: 1 - 475.
168. Milner AR (1994) Late Triassic and Jurassic amphibians: fossil record and phylogeny. In: Fraser NC, Sues H-D, editors. In the
Shadow of the Dinosaurs. New York: Cambridge University Press. pp. 5 - 23.
169. Monks N (1999) Cladistic analysis of Albian heteromorph ammonites. Palaeontology 42: 907 - 925.
170. Monks N (2000) Functional morphology, ecology, and evolution of the Scaphitaceae Gill, 1871 (Cephalopoda). Journal of
Molluscan Studies 66: 205-216.
171. Monks N (2002) Cladistic analysis of a problematic ammonite group: the Hamitidae (Cretaceous, Albian-Turonian) and
proposals for new cladistic terms. Palaeontology 45: 689 - 707.
172. Moyne S, Neige P (2004) Cladistic analysis of the Middle Jurassic ammonite radiation. Geological Magazine 141: 115 - 123.
173. Muizon Cd (1999) Marsupial skulls from the Deseadan (late Oligocene) of Bolivia and phylogenetic analysis of the
Borhyaenoidea (Marsupialia, Mammalia). Geobios 32: 483 - 509.
174. Mukherjee D (2007) A taxonomic and phylogenetic study of Kutchithyris – a Jurassic terebratulide from Kutch, India. Journal of
Asian Earth Sciences 30: 213-237.
175. Müller J (2005) The anatomy of Askeptosaurus italicus from the Middle Triassic of Monte San Giorgio and the interrelationships
of thalattosaurs (Reptilia, Diapsida). Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 42: 1347 – 1367.
176. Nasif NL, Musalem S, Cerdeño E (2000) A new toxodont from the Late Miocene of Catamarca, Argentina, and a phylogenetic
analysis of the Toxodontidae. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 20: 591-600.
177. Nützel A, Erwin DH, Mapes RH (2000) Identity and phylogeny of the Late Paleozoic Subulitoidea (Gastropoda). Journal of
Paleontology 74: 575 - 598.
178. O'Keefe FR (2001) A cladistic analysis and taxonomic revision of the Plesiosauria (Reptilia: Sauropterygia). Acta Zoologica
Fennica 213: 1 - 63.
179. O'Keefe FR (2008) Cranial anatomy and taxonomy of Dolichorhynchops bonneri new combination, a polycotylid (Sauropterygia:
Plesiosauria) from the Piere Shale of Wyoming and South Dakota. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 28: 664 - 676.
180. O'Keefe FR, Street HP (2009) Osteology of the cryptocleidoid plesiosaur Tatenectes laramiensis, with comments on the
taxonomic status of the Cimoliasauridae. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 29: 48-57.
181. Ösi A (2005) Hungarosaurus tormai, a new ankylosaur (Dinosauria) from the Upper Cretaceous of Hungary. Journal of
Vertebrate Paleontology 25: 370-383.
182. Parsley RL (1997) The echinoderm classes Stylophora and Homoiostelea: non Calcichordata. In: Waters JA, Maples CG, editors.
Geobiology of echinoderms. Knoxville: The Paleontological Society. pp. 225 - 248.
183. Parsley RL, Sumrall CD (2007) New recumbent echinoderm genera from the Bois d'Arc Formation: Lower Devonian
(Lochkovian) of Coal County, Oklahoma. Journal of Paleontology 81: 1486–1493.
184. Paterson JR, Edgecombe GD (2006) The Early Cambrian trilobite family Emuellidae Pocock, 1970: systematic position and
revision of Australian species. Journal of Paleontology 80: 496-513.
185. Peigne S (2003) Systematic review of European Nimravinae (Mammalia, Carnivora, Nimravidae) and the phylogenetic
relationships of Palaeogene Nimravidae. Zoologica Scripta 32: 199-229.
186. Pernègre VN, Elliott DK (2008) Phylogeny of the Pteraspidiformes (Heterostraci), Silurian–Devonian jawless vertebrates.
Zoologica Scripta 37: 391-403.
187. Piras P, Buscalioni AD (2006) Diplocynodon muelleri comb. nov., an Oligocene diplocynodontine alligatoroid from Catalonia
(Ebro Basin, Lleida Province, Spain). Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 26: 608-620.
188. Pollitt JR, Fortey RA, Wills MA (2005) Systematics of the trilobite families Lichidae Hawle & Corda, 1847 and Lichakephalidae
Tripp, 1957: the application of Bayesian inference to morphological data. Journal of Systematic Palaeontology 3: 225 - 241.
189. Polly PD (1996) The skeleton of Gazinocyon vulpeculus gen. et. comb nov. and the cladistic relationships of Hyaenodontidae
(Eutheria, Mammalia). Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 16: 303 - 319.
190. Popov LE, Nikitin IF, Sokiran EV (1999) The earliest atrypides and athyridides (Brachiopoda) from the Ordovician of
Kazakhstan. Palaeontology 42: 625-661.
191. Popov LE, Vinn O, Nikitina OI (2001) Brachiopods of the redefined family Tritoechiidae from the Ordovician of Kazakhstan and
South Urals. Geobios 34: 131-155.
192. Prado JL, Alberdi MT (1996) A cladistic analysis of the horses of the tribe Equini. Palaeontology 39: 663 - 680.
193. Prieto-Márquez A (2010) Global phylogeny of Hadrosauridae (Dinosauria: Ornithopoda) using parsimony and Bayesian
methods. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 159: 435-502.
194. Pujos F, De Iuliis G, Argot C, Werdelin L (2007) A peculiar climbing Megalonychidae from the Pleistocene of Peru and its
implication for sloth history. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 149: 179-235.
195. Ramsköld L, Chatterton BDE (1991) Revision and subdivision of the polyphyletic ‘Leonaspis’ (Trilobita). Transactions of the
Royal Society of Edinburgh: Earth Sciences 82: 333 - 371.
196. Ramsköld L, Werdelin L (1991) The phylogeny and evolution of some phacopid trilobites. Cladistics 7: 29 - 74.
197. Reichel M, Schultz CL, Soares MB (2009) A new traversodontid cynodont (Therapsida, Eucynodontia) from the Middle Triassic
Santa Maria Formation of Rio Grande Do Sul, Brazil. Palaeontology 52: 229-250.
198. Reynoso V-H (1996) A Middle Jurassic Sphenodon-Like Sphenodontian (Diapsida: Lepidosauria) from Huizachal Canyon,
Tamaulipas, Mexico. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 16: 210-221.
199. Rieppel O (2000) Paraplacodus and the phylogeny of the Placodontia (Reptilia: Sauropterygia). Zoological Journal of the
Linnean Society 130: 635 – 659.
200. Rode AL (2004) Phylogenetic revision of Leptodesma (Leiopteria) (Devonian: Bivalvia). Postilla 229: 1 - 26.
201. Rode AL, Babcock LE (2003) Phylogeny of fossil and extant freshwater crayfish and some closely related nephropid lobsters.
Journal of Crustacean Biology 23: 418 – 435.
202. Rode AL, Lieberman BS (2002) Phylogenetic and biogeographic analysis of Devonian phyllocarid crustaceans. Journal of
Paleontology 76: 271 - 286.
203. Rook DL, Hunter JP (2011) Phylogeny of the Taeniodonta: evidence from dental characters and stratigraphy. Journal of
Vertebrate Paleontology 31: 422 - 427.
204. Roopnarine PD (2001) A history of diversification, extinction, and invasion in tropical America as derived from species-level
phylogenies of chionine genera (Family Veneridae). Journal of Paleontology 75: 644 - 657.
205. Rougier GW, Isaji S, Manabe M (2007) An Early Cretaceous mammal from the Kuwajima Formation (Tetori Group), Japan, and
a reassessment of triconodont phylogeny. Annals of Carnegie Museum 76: 73-115.
206. Rougier GW, Novacek MJ, McKenna MC, Wible JR (2001) Gobiconodonts from the Early Cretaceous of Oshih (Ashile),
Mongolia. American Museum Novitates 3348: 1-30.
207. Rücklin M (2011) First selenosteid placoderms from the eastern Anti-Atlas of Morocco; osteology, phylogeny and
palaeogeographical implications. Palaeontology 54: 25-62.
208. Rulleau L, Bécaud M, Neige. P (2003) Ammonites generally classified in the Bouleiceratinae sub-family (Hildoceratidae,
Toarcian): phylogenetic, biogeographic and systematic perspective. Geobios 36: 317 - 348.
209. Ruta M (1997) A new mitrate from the Lower Ordovician of Southern France. Palaeontology 40: 363 - 383.
210. Ruta M (1999) A cladistic analysis of the anomalocystitid mitrates. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 127: 345 – 421.
211. Ruta M, Theron JN (1997) Two Devonian mitrates from South Africa. Palaeontology 40: 201 - 243.
212. Salisbury SW, Molnar RE, Frey E, Willis PM (2006) The origin of modern crocodyliforms: new evidence from the Cretaceous of
Australia. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, Series B Biological Sciences 273: 2439 – 2448.
213. Sampson SD, Loewen MA, Farke AA, Roberts EM, Forster CA, et al. (2010) New horned dinosaurs from Utah provide evidence
for intracontinental dinosaur endemism. PLoS Biol 5: 1 - 12.
214. Sansom RS (2008) The origin and early evolution of the Osteostraci (Vertebrata): a phylogeny for the Thyestiida. Journal of
Systematic Palaeontology 6: 317 - 332.
215. Santini F, Tyler JC (2003) A phylogeny of the families of fossil and extant tetraodontiform fishes (Acanthomorpha,
Tetraodontiformes), Upper Cretaceous to Recent. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 139: 565 - 617.
216. Saucède T, Mooi R, David B (2007) Phylogeny and origin of Jurassic irregular echinoids (Echinodermata: Echinoidea).
Geological Magazine 144: 333 - 359.
217. Saucède T, Neraudeau D (2006) An `Elvis' echinoid, Nucleopygus (Jolyclypus) jolyi, from the Cenomanian of France:
phylogenetic analysis, sexual dimorphism and neotype designation. Cretaceous Research 27: 542-554.
218. Schneider JA (1998) Phylogeny of stem-group eucardiids (Bivalvia: Cardiidae) and the significance of the transitional fossil
Perucardia. Malacologia 40: 37 - 62.
219. Schneider JA (1998) Phylogeny of the Cardiidae (Bivalvia): phylogenetic relationship and morphologic evolution within the
subfamilies Clinocardiinae, Lymnocardiinae, Fraginae and Tridacninae. Malacologia 40: 321 - 373.
220. Schoch RR (2008) A new stereospondyl from the German Middle Triassic, and the origin of the Metoposauridae. Zoological
Journal of the Linnean Society 152: 79-113.
221. Schoch RR (2008) The Capitosauria (Amphibia): characters, phylogeny, and stratigraphy. Palaeodiversity 1: 189–226.
222. Schoch RR, Milner AR (2008) The intrarelationships and evolutionary history of the temnospondyl family Branchiosauridae.
Journal of Systematic Palaeontology 6: 409 - 431.
223. Schram FR, Hof CHJ, Steeman FA (1999) Thylacocephala (Arthropoda: Crustacea?) from the Cretaceous of Lebanon and
implications for Thylacocephalan systematics. Palaeontology 52: 769 - 797.
224. Shockey BJ (1997) Two new notoungulates (Family Notohippidae) from the Salla Beds of Bolivia (Deseadan: late Oligocene):
systematics and functional morphology. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 17: 584-599.
225. Shoshani J, Walter RC, Abraha M, Berhe S, Tassy P, et al. (2006) A proboscidean from the Late Oligocene of Eritrea, a "missing
link" between early Elephantiformes and Elephantimorpha, and biogeographic implications. Proceedings of the National
Academy of Sciences 103: 17296 - 17301.
226. Sidor CA, O'Keefe FR, Damiani R, Steyer JS, Smith RMH, et al. (2005) Permian tetrapods from the Sahara show climatecontrolled endemism in Pangaea. Nature 434: 886-889.
227. Skelton PW, Smith AB (2000) A preliminary phylogeny for rudist bivalves: sifting clades from grades. In: Harper EM, Taylor
JD, Crame JA, editors. The evolutionary biology of the Bivalvia. Londong: Geological Society, London, Special Publication.
pp. 97 - 127.
228. Smith AB (1994) Triassic echinoids from Peru. Palaeontographica Abteilung A 233: 177 - 202.
229. Smith AB (2001) Probing the cassiduloid origins of clypeasteroid echinoids using stratigraphically restricted parsimony analysis.
Paleobiology 27: 392 - 404.
230. Smith AB (2004) Phylogeny and systematics of holasteroid echinoids and their migration into the Deep-sea. Palaeontology 47:
123-150.
231. Smith AB (2007) Intrinsic versus extrinsic biases in the fossil record: contrasting the fossil record of echinoids in the Triassic and
early Jurassic using sampling data, phylogenetic analysis, and molecular clocks. Paleobiology 33: 310-323.
232. Smith AB, Arbizu MA (1987) Inverse larval development in a Devonian edrioasteroid from Spain and the phylogeny of
Agelacrinitinae. Lethaia 20: 49 - 62.
233. Smith AB, Savill JJ (2001) Bromidechinus, a new Ordovician echinozoan (Echinodermata), and its bearing on the early history of
echinoids. Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh: Earth Sciences 92: 137 - 147.
234. Smith AB, Wright CW (1993) British Cretaceous echinoids. Part 3, Stirodonta 2 (Hemicidaroida, Arbacioida and
Phymosomatoida, Part 1). Monograph of the Palaeontolographical Society 147: 199 - 267.
235. Smith AB, Zamora S (2009) Rooting phylogenies of problematic fossil taxa; a case study using cinctans (stem-group
echinoderms). Palaeontology 52: 803-821.
236. Steyer JS (2003) A revision of the early Triassic “capitosaurs” (Stegocephali, Stereospondyli) from Madagascar, with remarks on
their comparative ontogeny. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 23: 544-555.
237. Steyer JS, Damiani R, Sidor CA, O'Keefe FR, Larsson HCE, et al. (2006) The vertebrate fauna of the Upper Permian of Niger.
IV. Nigerpeton ricqlesi (Temnospondyli: Cochleosauridae), and the Edopoid Colonization of Gondwana. Journal of Vertebrate
Paleontology 26: 18-28.
238. Stigall Rode AL (2005) Systematic revision of the Middle and Late Devonian brachiopods Schizophoria (Schizophoria) and
‘Schuchertella’ from North America. Journal of Systematic Palaeontology 3: 133 - 167.
239. Stockley B, Smith AB, Littlewood T, Lessios HA, Mackenzie-Dodds JA (2005) Phylogenetic relationships of spatangoid sea
urchins (Echinoidea): taxon sampling density and congruence between morphological and molecular estimates. Zoologica
Scripta 34: 447-468.
240. Strait DS, Grine FE (2004) Inferring hominoid and early hominid phylogeny using craniodental characters: the role of fossil taxa.
Journal of Human Evolution 47: 399-452.
241. Sues H-D, Averianov A (2009) A new basal hadrosauroid dinosaur from the Late Cretaceous of Uzbekistan and the early
radiation of duck-billed dinosaurs. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 276: 2549-2555.
242. Sues H-D, Hopson JA (2010) Anatomy and phylogenetic relationships of Boreogomphodon jeffersoni (Cynodontia:
Gomphodontia) from the Upper Triassic of Virginia. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 30: 1202-1220.
243. Sues H-D, Reisz RR (2008) Anatomy and phylogenetic relationships of Sclerosaurus armatus (Amniota: Parareptilia) from the
Buntsandstein (Triassic) of Europe. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 28: 1031-1042.
244. Sumrall CD, Brett CE (2002) A revision of Novacystis hawkesi Paul and Bolton 1991 (Middle Silurian: Glyptocystitida,
Echinodermata( and the phylogeny of early callocystitids. Journal of Paleontology 76: 733-740.
245. Sumrall CD, Gahn FJ (2006) Morphological and systematic reinterpretation of two enigmatic edrioasteroids (Echinodermata)
from Canada. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 43: 497 - 507.
246. Sumrall CD, Sprinkle J (1995) Plating and pectinirhombs of the Ordovician rhombiferan Plethoschisma. Journal of Paleontology
69: 772 - 779.
247. Sumrall CD, Zamora S (2011) Ordovician edrioasteroids from Morocco: faunal exchanges across the Rheic Ocean. Journal of
Systematic Palaeontology 9: 425-454.
248. Sundberg FA (1999) Redescription of Alokistocare subcoronatum (Hall and Whitfield, 1877), the type species of Alokistocare,
and the status of Alokistocaridae Resser, 1939b (Ptychopariidae: Trilobita, Middle Cambrian. Journal of Paleontology 73:
1126 - 1143.
249. Sundberg FA (2004) Cladistic analysis of Early-Middle Cambrian kochaspid trilobites (Ptychopariida). Journal of Paleontology
78: 920 - 940.
250. Sundberg FA (2006) Taxonomic assignment of the Cambrian trilobite Tonkinella Mansuy, 1916 (Corynexochida), with a new
species from California. Memoirs of the Association of Australasian Palaeontologists 32: 59 - 74.
251. Sundberg FA, McCollum LB (1997) Oryctocephalids (Corynexochida: Trilobita) of the Lower-Middle Cambrian boundary
interval from California and Nevada. Journal of Paleontology 77: 1065 - 1090.
252. Suter SJ (1994) Cladistic analysis of cassiduloid echinoids: trying to see the phylogeny for the trees. Biological Journal of the
Linnean Society 53: 31 - 72.
253. Swartz BA (2009) Devonian actinopterygian phylogeny and evolution based on a redescription of Stegotrachelus finlayi.
Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 156: 750-784.
254. Sweetman SC (2008) A spalacolestine spalacotheriid (Mammalia, Trechnotheria) from the Early Cretaceous (Barremian) of
southern England and its bearing on spalacotheriid evolution. Palaeontology 51: 1367 – 1385.
255. Tetlie OE (2006) Two new Silurian species of Eurypterus (Chelicerata: Eurypterida) from Norway and Canada and the
phylogeny of the genus. Journal of Systematic Palaeontology 4: 397 - 412.
256. Tetlie OE, Cuggy MB (2007) Phylogeny of the basal swimming eurypterids (Chelicerata; Eurypterida; Eurypterina). Journal of
Systematic Palaeontology 5: 345-356.
257. Tetlie OE, Poschmann M (2008) Phylogeny and palaeoecology of the Adelophthalmoidea (Arthropoda; Chelicerata;
Eurypterida). Journal of Systematic Palaeontology 6: 237-249.
258. Thompson RS, Parish JC, Maidment SCR, Barrett PM (2012) Phylogeny of the ankylosaurian dinosaurs (Ornithischia:
Thyreophora). Journal of Systematic Palaeontology 10: 301-312.
259. Thorne PM, Ruta M, Benton MJ (2011) Resetting the evolution of marine reptiles at the Triassic-Jurassic boundary. Proceedings
of the National Academy of Sciences 108: 8339-8344.
260. Tinn O, Meidla T (2004) Phylogenetic relationships of Early–Middle Ordovician ostracods of Baltoscandia. Palaeontology 47:
199 - 221.
261. Turvey ST (2002) Phylogeny of the Reedocalymeninae (Trilobita): implications for Early Ordovician biogeography of
Gondwana. In: Crame JA, Owen AW, editors. Palaeobiogeography and biodiversity change: the Ordovician and MesozoicCenozoic radiations. London: Geological Society of London, Special Publications. pp. 53 - 68.
262. Vermeij GJ, Carlson SJ (2000) The muricid gastropod subfamily Rapaninae: phylogeny and ecological history. Paleobiology 26:
19 - 46.
263. Villier L, Blake D, Jagt J, Kutscher M (2004) A preliminary phylogeny of the Pterasteridae (Echinodermata, Asteroidea) and the
first fossil record: Late Cretaceous of Germany and Belgium. Paläontologische Zeitschrift 78: 281-299.
264. Wagner PJ (1995) Stratigraphic tests of cladistic hypotheses. Paleobiology 21: 153 - 178.
265. Wagner PJ (1997) Patterns of morphologic diversification among the Rostroconchia. Paleobiology 23: 115 - 150.
266. Wagner PJ (1999) The utility of fossil data in phylogenetic analyses: a likelihood example using Ordovician-Silurian species of
the Lophospiridae (Gastropoda: Murchisoniina). American Malacological Bulletin 15: 1 - 31.
267. Wagner PJ (1999) Phylogenetics of the earliest anisostrophically coiled gastropods. Smithsonian Contributions to Paleobiology
88: 1 - 132.
268. Wagner PJ (2001) Gastropod phylogenetics: progress, problems and implications. Journal of Paleontology 75: 1128 - 1140.
269. Waisfeld BG, Vaccari NE, Chatterton BDE, Edgecombe GD (2001) Systematics of Shumardiidae (Trilobita), with new species
from the Ordovician of Argentina. Journal of Paleontology 75: 827 - 859.
270. Wang X, McKenna MC, Dashzeveg D (2005) Amphicticeps and Amphicynodon (Arctoidea, Carnivora) from Hsanda Gol
Formation, Central Mongolia and phylogeny of basal arctoids with comments on zoogeography. American Museum Novitates
3483: 1 - 57.
271. Warren A, Marsicano C (2000) A phylogeny of the Brachyopoidea (Temnospondyli, Stereospondyli). Journal of Vertebrate
Paleontology 20: 462-483.
272. Weishampel DB, Heinrich RE (1992) Systematics of Hypsilodontidae and basal Iguanodontia (Dinosauria: Ornithopoda).
Historical Biology 6: 159 - 184.
273. Weishampel DB, Jianu C-M, Csiki Z, Norman DB (2003) Osteology and phylogeny of Zalmoxes (n.g), an unusual euornithopod
dinosaur from the latest Cretaceous of Romania. Journal of Systematic Palaeontology 1: 65 - 123.
274. Wenwei Y, Fortey RA, Turvey ST (2006) Ontogeny and relationships of the trilobite Pseudopetigurus Prantl and Přibyl.
Palaeontology 49: 537 - 546.
275. Werdelin L, Solounias N (1991) The Hyaenidae: taxonomic systematics and evolution. Fossils and Strata 30: 1 - 104.
276. Wesley-Hunt GD, Flynn JJ (2005) Phylogeny of the Carnivora: basal relationships among the carnivoramorphans, and
assessment of the position of “Miacoidea” relative to crown-clade Carnivora. Journal of Systematic Palaeontology 3: 1 - 28.
277. Westrop SR, Ludvigsen R, Kindle CH (1996) Marjuman (Cambrian) agnostoid trilobites of the Cow Head Group, western
Newfoundland. Journal of Paleontology 70: 804 - 829.
278. Whitlock JA (2011) A phylogenetic analysis of Diplodocoidea (Saurischia: Sauropoda). Zoological Journal of the Linnean
Society 161: 872-915.
279. Wickström LM, Donoghue PCJ (2005) Cladograms, phylogenies and the veracity of the conodont fossil record. Special Papers in
Palaeontology 73: 185 - 218.
280. Wilkinson LE, Young MT, Benton MJ (2008) A new metriorhynchid crocodile (Mesoeucrocodylia: Thalattosuchia) from the
Kimmeridgian (Upper Jurassic) of Wiltshire, UK. Palaeontology 51: 1307-1333.
281. Williamson TE, Carr TD (2007) Bomburia and Ellipsodon (Mammalia: Mioclaenidae) from the Early Paleocene of New Mexico.
Journal of Paleontology 81: 966-985.
282. Wilson JA (2002) Sauropod dinosaur phylogeny: critique and cladistic analysis. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 136:
215 - 275.
283. Wilson MVH, Murray AM (2008) Osteoglossomorpha: phylogeny, biogeography, and fossil record and the significance of key
African and Chinese fossil taxa. Geological Society, London, Special Publications 295: 185-219.
284. Woodburne MO (2007) Phyletic diversification of the Cormohipparion occidentale complex (Mammalia; Perissodactyla,
Equidae), Late Miocene, North America, and the origin of the Old World Hippotherium datum. Bulletin of the American
Museum of Natural History 306: 1-138.
285. Wu X-c, Brinkman DB, Eberth DA, Braman DR (2007) A new ceratopsid dinosaur (Ornithischia) from the uppermost Horseshoe
Canyon Formation (upper Maastrichtian), Alberta, Canada. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 44: 1243-1265.
286. Wu X-C, Russell AP, Cumba SL (2001) Terminonaris (Archosauria: Corcodyliformes): new material from Saskatchewan,
Canada, and comments on its phylogenetic relationships. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 21: 492 - 514.
287. Xu G-H, Gao K-Q (2011) A new scanilepiform from the Lower Triassic of northern Gansu Province, China, and phylogenetic
relationships of non-teleostean Actinopterygii. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 161: 595-612.
288. Xu X, Cheng Y-N, Wang X-L, Chang C-H (2002) An unusual oviraptorosaurian dinosaur from China. Nature 419: 291 - 293.
289. Xu X, Norell MA, Wang X-l, Makovicky PJ, Wu X-c (2002) A basal troodontid from the Early Cretaceous of China. Nature 415:
780-784.
290. Yates AM (2003) A new species of the primitive dinosaur Thecodontosaurus (Saurischia: Sauropodomorpha) and its implications
for the systematics of early dinosaurs. Journal of Systematic Palaeontology 1: 1-42.
291. Young MT, De Andrade MB (2009) What is Geosaurus? Redescription of Geosaurus giganteus (Thalattosuchia:
Metriorhynchidae) from the Upper Jurassic of Bayern, Germany. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 157: 551-585.
292. Zhao X, Cheng Z, Xu X, Makovicky PJ (2006) A new ceratopisian from the Upper Jurassic Houcheng Formation of Hebei,
China. Acta Geologica Sinica 80: 467 - 473.
293. Zheng X, Xu X, You H, Zhao Q, Dong Z (2010) A short-armed dromaeosaurid from the Jehol Group of China with implications
for early dromaeosaurid evolution. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 277: 211-217.
294. Zhiyi Z, Wenwei Y, Zhiqiang Z (2010) Evolutional trends and palaeobiogeography of the Ordovician trilobite Ovalocephalus
Koroleva 1959. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 277: 257-266.
295. Zhu M, Yu X, Ahlberg PE (2001) A primitive sarcopterygian fish with an eyestalk. Nature 410: 81 - 84.