Chapter 8: Energy Today Name ______________________________________________ Date _________
8.1 Energy for the Global Economy
 The ________ is the largest consumer of energy.
 Energy use is _____________________________ in most countries.
How We Use Energy
 Residential and commercial= __________________, office buildings, shopping malls…
 ____________________ sector= manufacturing plants, paper mills, oil refineries, steel mills, automobile
plants, agriculture, mining, construction
 ______________________________= light duty vehicles, freight trucks, air transport, trains, boats/ships
8.2 Historical Uses of Energy
 First, humans used ______________ for energy- ate plants/animals and burned wood for fuel
 Mid-1700s – burned __________ (also energy from the sun)
 1900’s + - coal, oil and natural gas (advanced technology = greater need for more ______________ and more
_________________ __________________.
8.3 America’s Energy Transition
 When wood burns, it produces about _____________ calories per gram. Coal contains more than 2 times the
energy as wood. Therefore, ___________________________________________________.
 Oil/natural gas use became more common in the 1920s. Oil is __________________ to use and
___________________than coal. They are also easier and cheaper to transport. By the end of WWII,
petroleum was the ________________________ fossil fuel.
Fossil Fuels – oil, gas, coal
Oil:
 is easily stored, transported and consumed
 is the _________________ energy source in the U.S.
 Crude oil is the decay of _________________ matter
 Most petroleum is in the form of either liquid crude oil or vapor called __________________________.
 Petroleum also exists in ______________- tar sands (Alberta, Canada) and shale beds (Colorado, Utah,
Wyoming) Most scientists believe oil formed from remains of tiny ____________________________
 _____________________. These organisms formed layers and layers of material that eventually, under
pressure, formed sedimentary rocks such as limestone, and shale.
Oil is a ______________________________, formed from H and C atoms.
 After the petroleum formed, it migrated through the rock into permeable and porous rocks. Concentrations of
petroleum form reservoirs.
 Oil and gas seep up and out until capped by _____________________________________rock. The lighter gas
then migrates to the top.
 In deciding where to drill for oil, scientists look for :
 1) shale and limestone
 2) _________________________________________________________ rock such as sandstone and limestone
that may be reservoir rock and
 3) a layer of ___________________________ rock
 Oil + Oxygen → CO2 + H2O + heat energy + wastes
 Wastes may be unburned hydrocarbons, ______________________________________, nitrogen oxides and
_______________ gases.
 The many uses of petroleum - website
 List 5 items from the list that surprised you.
OPEC Controls Most of the World’s Oil Supplies
 Organization of ___________________________________________ Countries
 13 countries have at least 60% of the world’s crude oil reserves
 Produce 40% of world’s oil
 __________________________: 25%
 Canada: 15%
8.5 Natural Gas
 Burns __________________ than coal and oil
 Burns almost completely and produces almost ______ __________________ byproducts
 Natural gas + oxygen → CO2 + H2O + heat
The _____________________________ Is The Largest User Of Natural Gas
 More _______________ are heated with natural gas than any other type of fuel.
 Natural gas is used for raw material processing, food preparation, refinery fuel and power generation
 Natural gas provides the base ingredients for products such as ________________, fertilizer, anti-freeze, and
fabrics
 Is a component of ______________________.
 Is mostly __________________ (CH4) with some ethane, propane and butane.
 Natural gas is less dense than petroleum so it is found ______________ petroleum
8.6 Coal
 Main source of producing ______________________ in the U.S.
 Large reserves in the U.S.
 Coal + O2 → CO2 + heat + waste
 Wastes are sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, ________________________, ____________, and fly ash
 ________________ is naturally found in coal
 Nitrogen oxides form in extreme heat in furnaces and engines
 _____________ is unburned coal
 _________ is released when coal (C) is burned. Because it is a ______________________________ gas,
technologies are developed to reduce the amount released.
 Coal is fossilized _________________ matter (can often see bits of wood, bark, leaves and roots)
 It is an __________________ substance made of mostly ____________________ with small amounts of
___________________, oxygen, nitrogen and sulfur
 Forms in hot, moist places, in stagnant waters- equatorial regions.
 Plants die, are ___________________ by water and sediments, and then attacked by anaerobic bacteria. H
and O are released by the bacterial action, leaving mostly ____________________.
 peat → subbituminous coal (___________________) → bituminous coal → anthracite
 As heat and pressure affect the peat, water is ____________________________, methane gas escapes and the
carbon content becomes _____________ concentrated.
 Peat = organic material
 subbituminous (lignite) and bituminous coal = sedimentary rock
 ____________________________ = metamorphic rock
 Anthracite is most desirable for heating because it burns with _________________________. Hard to ignite
because most volatiles are gone. Lignite lights easily with lots of smoke. Dangerous because of its high
volatility.
 ______________________________________ of coal determines its quality and usefulness as a fuel.
Anthracite has highest heat content. ________________________________ is used mostly for electric power
generation.
 Coal deposits in the east are of higher quality (bituminous) than those in the West (lignite) which are closer to
the surface.
 _______ of U.S. land lies over coal beds.
MINING METHODS
 In past, coal was mined underground, where large rooms were mined with pillars left to support the roof.
Work was dangerous, hard and unpleasant. Now, mining is automated.
 60% OF COAL TODAY IS ______________________ MINED
 Overlying surface rock (___________________________________) is removed.
 Surface mining (_____________________________ mining) is less dangerous to miners and recovers more
coal than underground mining. Less than 10% of coal, however, is shallow enough to be surface mined.
Coal is often located under farm land which must be ________________________________.
 Come up with an acronym (saying) to remember the 4 stages of coal. (use lignite)
 Which type of coal is considered a metamorphic rock?
8.7 ELECTRICAL ENERGY
 ____________ may be the largest and most important source of energy for generating electricity, but other
sources are also used. ___________________________, ______________________ and
________________________________ are 3 other energy sources used to produce electricity.
HYDROPOWER
 Used almost entirely for generating electricity.
 Produces 2.7% of electricity in the U.S. (2005)
 ____________ cost and __________________ energy
 Few sites available to expand use
8.9 THERMAL POLLUTION
 The goal of power plants is to produce __________________. To produce steam, you need large amounts of
______________ that need to be heated to ______________ temperatures. What do you do with all that hot
water?
 The hot water cannot be _________________ directly into the air or a body of water because:
 Blue-green algae may replace more desirable algae. This algae can multiply rapidly and
_____________________________in the water, resulting in ______________________. Trout may die off
because
______________________________________________________________________________________
 ______________ towers and ponds are used. Most water that cools is ___________________.
 _______% OF THE WORLD’S POPULATION DOES NOT HAVE ACCESS TO ELECTRICITY (1.4 billion)
ADVANTAGES
DISADVANTAGES
OIL
NATURAL GAS
COAL
CHAPTER 9
9.3 Resources and Reserves
 __________________________- amounts of materials that are known/assumed to exist and for which
extraction is economically possible now or in the near future with potential technology.
________________________- known amounts of materials that can be extracted profitably with existing
technology.
 Resources are always __________________ than reserves, but they are less certain because you do not always
know for sure how much exists. Some amounts of resources have not been discovered yet. Sometimes,
resources are too ________________________ to mine at a profit with present technology.
 Reserves are deposits that have been studied and the quality and amount of the reserve is known.
 QUESTION: WHY DO RESERVES OF RESOURCES USUALLY LAST MUCH LONGER THAN MOST EARLY ESTIMATES
PREDICT?
9.4 Estimating the Size Of Resources
 Estimating the size of a resource is complicated. But interpreting the data is even more difficult.
 1- Opinions vary on how much of a resource can be mined economically (and still make money)
 2- ____________ makes and pays for the estimates?
 3- ____________ are the estimates being made?
 4- What techniques are being used?
 Remember, you cannot always trust the data you are given. You must take in to account the questions abovealways __________________________________________________.
HOW MUCH DO WE HAVE?
 Oil= sold by the ___________________
 Coal= sold by the _______________
 Natural gas= sold by the ___________________________
 To make comparisons among these 3 energy sources, we look at the _____________________________
____________________________available by a barrel or oil, a ton or coal or a cubic foot of natural gas.
Energy Content: figure 9.10 on page 349
 Natural gas – supplies the ________________ energy
 Oil
 Coal – supplies the ________________ energy
Because the ______________________ used for nuclear power plants, it is also a nonrenewable resource. The amount
of energy produced by uranium is _________________ than that of natural gas
9.6 NONRENEWABLE RESOURCES
 The United States relies mostly on __________________ fuels (oil, coal and natural gas) for its energy.
 However, the deposits of fossil fuels and uranium are ____________________.
 Remember, the experts ___________________________ on the estimated amounts of these resources.
 How long will the supply of coal last?
 The world has relatively ______________________ reserves of coal, more so than oil and gas. Estimates vary,
but suggestions are that supplies will last well into the next century.
 Advantages of using coal
Coal is relatively _______________, with large deposits left that are reasonably easy to obtain, some coal
being close to the surface. It is relatively ______________ to transport because it is a solid.
 Disadvantages of using coal
Some sources of coal are deep below the ground, as in the UK. They can be difficult, costly and dangerous to
mine.
Burning coal without first purifying it contributes to _____________________________________, as well as to
the production of ________________ (smoke and fog), which is harmful to health. It is a finite resource and
will eventually run out.
 How long will oil and natural gas supplies last?
 Oil and gas are __________________________________: they will not last forever. New sources of oil and gas
are constantly being sought. It is thought that the current resources under the North Sea will last about
another 20 years and the world resources will last for about 70 years. Largest oil reserves in U.S. are in Alaska
(______________________________), the Gulf of Mexico, Texas and California.
Estimates vary, however, because we do not know where all the resources are and we do know how quickly
we will use them. It is thought that with new discoveries these fossil fuels will last well into the next century.
 Advantages of oil and natural gas
These sources of energy are relatively _________________ and most are easy to get and can be used to
generate electricity.
 Disadvantages of oil and natural gas
When these fuels are burned they produce the gas ____________, which is a greenhouse gas and is a major
contributor to global warming. _____________________________ oil around the world can produce oil slicks,
pollute beaches and harm wildlife.
Uranium- How long will the supply of nuclear fuel last?
 The world supply of radioactive material will provide a source of energy well into the next century and
beyond.
 Advantages of nuclear power
Nuclear fuel does ____________ produce greenhouse gases, so will not contribute to global warming. There is
a relatively long-lasting supply of raw material.
 Disadvantages of nuclear power
The _________________ remains radioactive for a long time (100+ years). If the reaction is not contained and
controlled well, then the nuclear reaction could go out of control, as at _______________________ in 1986.
Radioactive material could then escape into the environment.
OIL SHALE AND TAR SANDS
 Oil Shale - a sedimentary rock containing ___________________, a solid organic substance. When heated, it
produces ____________________________________.
 Tar Sands – tar like fuel from very old rock deposits.
 The _____________________ in tar sands cannot be pumped from the ground in its natural state; instead tar
sand deposits are __________________, usually using strip mining or open pit techniques, or the oil is
extracted by underground heating with additional upgrading.
9.9 The Way Things Are
 No resource is consumed at an ever-increasing rate until the day it is exhausted. As demand of the resource
increases, it gets __________________ to find and extract. This results in _______________ prices, which
_______________ the demand.
 QUESTION: When gasoline prices increase, do you change your driving habits? What do you do?
Reducing Problems Related to Resource Depletion
 Problems associated with a depletion of resources can be reduced by:
 Exploration for __________ reserves
 Improve _____________________________ for extraction
 Improve ___________________________ of machines (cars) that use the resource
 Improve quality of technical ______________________ that reduce pollution related to the combustion of
these fuels (scrubbers/catalytic converters)
 __________________________ of renewable energy resources
 Look for _________________________ consumption
 Plant trees and conserve forests to tie up excess CO2 emissions
FYI
42 gallons = 1 barrel of oil Current price for a barrel of oil in December 2012= about $90.00
Vocabulary
Residential= houses
Commercial= business
Industrial= manufacturing
Dominant = main, most important
Transported = moved by car/ship/train
Petroleum = oil (like gasoline and kerosene)
Permeable
Porous
Reservoirs
Stagnant water= water that stays still and doesn’t flow much
Finite
Infinite
Radioactive = atoms that are unstable and so they release some type of radiation (alpha, beta or
gamma) Can cause cancer
Extract=to remove
Efficient