Name: ______________________________________ Date: ___________ Class: _____
Chapter 1: Notes Handout
The Human Body: An Orientation
Overview of Anatomy and Physiology
• Anatomy: _________________________________________
• Subdivisions:
• Gross or macroscopic (e.g., regional, surface, and systemic
anatomy)
• Microscopic (e.g., cytology and histology)
• Developmental (e.g., embryology)
• Essential tools for the study of anatomy:
• Mastery of anatomical terminology
• Observation
• Manipulation
• Palpation
• Auscultation
• Physiology:
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
• Subdivisions are based on organ systems (e.g., renal or
cardiovascular physiology)
• Essential tools for the study of physiology:
• Ability to focus at many levels (from systemic to cellular and
molecular)
• Basic physical principles (e.g., electrical currents, pressure,
and movement)
• Basic chemical principles
Principle of Complementarity
• Anatomy and physiology are inseparable.
• ___________________ always reflects
___________________
Name: ______________________________________ Date: ___________ Class: _____
• What a structure can do depends on its specific form
Levels of Structural Organization
• __________________: atoms and molecules
• ______________________: cells and their organelles
• ______________________: groups of similar cells
• ______________________: contains two or more types of
tissues
• _______________________: organs that work closely together
• _______________________: all organ systems
Overview of Organ Systems
• Page 6-7
Organ Systems Interrelationships
• All cells depend on ________________________________ to
meet their survival needs
• Organ systems work _____________________to perform
necessary life functions
Necessary Life Functions
1.Maintaining boundaries between internal and external
environments
• _______________________________
• _____________________________________________
2._______________________________________ (contractility)
• Of body parts (skeletal muscle)
• Of substances (cardiac and smooth muscle)
Name: ______________________________________ Date: ___________ Class: _____
3._______________________________________: The ability to
sense and respond to stimuli
• Withdrawal reflex
• Control of breathing rate
4. _______________________________________
• Breakdown of ingested foodstuffs
• Absorption of simple molecules into blood
5. _______________________________________: All chemical
reactions that occur in body cells
• Catabolism and anabolism
6. _______________________________________: The
removal of wastes from metabolism and digestion
• Urea, carbon dioxide, feces
7. _______________________________________
• Cellular division for growth or repair
• Production of offspring
8. _______________________________________: Increase in
size of a body part or of organism
Survival Needs
1. _______________________________________
• Chemicals for energy and cell building
• Carbohydrates, fats, proteins, minerals, vitamins
2. _______________________________________
• Essential for energy release (ATP production)
3. _______________________________________
• Most abundant chemical in the body
• Site of chemical reactions
4. _______________________________________
• Affects rate of chemical reactions
Name: ______________________________________ Date: ___________ Class: _____
5. _______________________________________
• For adequate breathing and gas exchange in the lungs
Homeostasis
• Maintenance of a relatively stable _______________
environment despite continuous _______________ changes
• A _______________ state of equilibrium
Homeostatic Control Mechanisms
• Involve continuous __________________________________
_______________of many factors (variables)
• Nervous and endocrine systems accomplish the
communication via nerve impulses and hormones
Components of a Control Mechanism
1.Receptor (sensor)
• _______________ the environment
• _______________ to stimuli (changes in controlled
variables)
2. ______________________________
•
•
•
Determines the set point at which the variable is maintained
Receives input from receptor
Determines appropriate response
3.Effector
• Receives output from _______________
• Provides the means to _______________
• Response acts to reduce or enhance the _______________
(feedback)
Negative Feedback
• The response reduces or _______________the original
stimulus
• Examples:
Name: ______________________________________ Date: ___________ Class: _____
• Regulation of ______________________________ (a
nervous mechanism)
• Regulation of ______________________________ by ADH
(an endocrine mechanism)
Negative Feedback: Regulation of Blood Volume by ADH
• Receptors sense _______________ blood volume
• Control center in _______________ stimulates pituitary gland
to release antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
• ADH causes the kidneys (effectors) to return more
_______________to the blood
Positive Feedback
• The response _______________ or exaggerates the original
stimulus
• May exhibit a cascade or _______________ effect
• Usually controls infrequent events e.g.:
• Enhancement of _______________by oxytocin (Chapter 28)
• Platelet plug formation and
_____________________________
Homeostatic Imbalance
• Disturbance of homeostasis
• Increases
___________________________________________
• Contributes to changes associated with _______________
• May allow _______________ positive feedback
mechanisms to take over (e.g., heart failure)
Anatomical Position
• Standard anatomical body position:
• ____________________________________________
• _____________________________________________
• _____________________________________________
Name: ______________________________________ Date: ___________ Class: _____
Regional Terms
• Two major divisions of body:
• _______________
• Head, neck, and trunk
• _______________
• Limbs
• Regional terms designate specific areas
Body Planes
• ______________________________: Flat surface along
which body or structure is cut for anatomical study
• ______________________________
• Divides body vertically into right and left parts
• Produces a sagittal section
• ______________________________ (median) plane
• Lies on midline
• ______________________________ plane
• Not on midline
• ______________________________ (coronal) plane
• Divides body vertically into anterior and posterior parts
• _____________________________ (horizontal) plane
• Divides body horizontally into superior and inferior parts
• Produces a cross section
• ______________________________ section
• Cuts made diagonally
Anatomical Variability
• Over _______________ of all anatomical structures match
textbook descriptions, but:
• Nerves or blood vessels may be somewhat out of place
• Small muscles may be missing
Name: ______________________________________ Date: ___________ Class: _____
Body Cavities
• _______________ cavity
• Protects nervous system
• Two subdivisions:
• ______________________________ cavity
• Encases brain
• ______________________________ cavity
• Encases spinal cord
• ______________________________ cavity
• Houses internal organs (viscera)
• Two subdivisions (separated by diaphragm):
• ______________________________ cavity
• ______________________________ cavity
Ventral Body Cavities
• ______________________________ cavity subdivisions:
• Two pleural cavities
• Each houses a lung
• ______________________________
• Contains pericardial cavity
• Surrounds thoracic organs
• ______________________________ cavity
• Encloses heart
• ______________________________ cavity subdivisions:
• ______________________________ cavity
• Contains stomach, intestines, spleen, and liver
Name: ______________________________________ Date: ___________ Class: _____
• ______________________________ cavity
• Contains urinary bladder, reproductive organs, and rectum
Serous Membrane (Serosa)
• Thin, double-layered membrane separated by serous fluid
• Parietal serosa lines ___________________________ walls
• Visceral serosa covers the __________________________
Abdominopelvic Regions
• Nine divisions used primarily by anatomists (Image on pg 20)
Abdominopelvic Quadrants
• Divisions used primarily by medical personnel (Image on pg17)
Other Body Cavities
• ______________________________ and digestive cavities
• ______________________________ cavity
• ______________________________ cavities
• ______________________________ ear cavities
• ______________________________ cavities