Urinalysis – The Basics
Combined articles – MSN Healthy Living, WebMD (websites in footnote)
A trip to the toilet may be more revealing than you think. “The appearance and smell of your
urine—as well as the frequency with which you have to go—can provide many clues to what else is
going on in your body,” says Dr. Michael Farber, director of the Executive Health Program at
Hackensack University Medical Center in Hackensack, N.J.
If your urine is as colorless as water, well, that’s probably because you’ve been drinking a
lot of water. And besides the inconvenience of going to the bathroom many times a day because
your bladder is filling up with fluid faster, there’s really nothing medically worrisome about having
a light colored output.
Cloudy or milky urine is a sign of a urinary tract infection, which may also cause a bad smell.
Milky urine may also be caused by bacteria, crystals, excess lipids, white or red blood cells, or
mucus in the urine. Among the more concerning causes of cloudy urine is proteinuria. This is a
condition where there is excess protein in the urine, causing it to become cloudy. There are many
causes of proteinuria, some of which can be quite serious. Several types of kidney problems can
cause proteinuria, as well as high blood pressure. All of the possible causes of excess protein in your
urine must be investigated by your doctor. Of course, only your doctor will be able to determine
that the cloudiness is in fact protein, so by the time you get that part worked out, your doctor will
already be involved.
If your urine has a brownish, iced tea-colored tinge, that could be a sign that you are
dehydrated and the kidney is producing more concentrated (as opposed to diluted) urine. “The
urine gives good indications of the body’s level of hydration,” Farber says, “so if a patient complains
of dizziness or lightheadedness, you would want to check the urine to rule out dehydration as a
cause of the problem.” The ideal shade to strive for is the color of straw. Another reason to get
yourself checked out if you see dark urine—especially if it doesn’t lighten up after you drink a few
glasses of water—is that the cause could actually be blood. It won’t be as obvious as a bright red
drop in the toilet, but it could be a sign of bleeding higher up in the kidney which could indicate an
infection, kidney disease or even cancer.
Catching a whiff of something sugary sweet after you pee might actually be a clue to
something very serious going on in your body. “A sugary smell might indicate the presence of blood
sugar that’s being excreted in the urine,” says Farber. And a high concentration of blood sugar in the
urine is one sign of diabetes. The kidney acts as a filter for all sorts of waste that flows through the
body. But if your filter is damaged, things can leak out of it and end up being excreted in the urine.
In the case of diabetes, excess blood sugar sneaks out through a leaky filter and shows up in the
urine. If you are pregnant, changes in the kidney filtration system can result in the presence of
sugar in the urine. Whether pregnant or not, if a doctor finds sugar in your urine, he or she should
order further tests to determine if diabetes is a concern.
Urine that looks nearly neon-colored may seem somewhat alarming, but the cause is most
likely nothing more sinister than your daily multivitamin pill. “The B vitamins and carotene in
particular give the urine a deeper, more golden color,” says Dr. Deborah J. Lightner, associate
professor of urology at the Mayo Clinic in Rochester, Minn. And don’t worry: That brightly colored
urine means you’re simply pissing away all of your expensive supplements. The urine color can be
affected as the vitamins filter through your system—even as they are being absorbed and utilized.
http://healthyliving.msn.com/health-wellness/what-your-urine-is-telling-you-about-your-health-1
http://www.webmd.com/a-to-z-guides/urine-test
The Urinalysis
A urine test checks different components of urine, a waste product made by the kidneys. A
regular urine test may be done to help find the cause of symptoms. The test can give information
about your health and problems you may have.
The kidneys take out waste material, minerals, fluids, and other substances from the blood
to be passed in the urine. Urine has hundreds of different body wastes. What you eat and drink, how
much you exercise, and how well your kidneys work can affect what is in your urine.
In addition to what was discussed previously in this article, more than 100 different tests can be
done on urine. A regular urinalysis often includes the following tests:
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Clarity. Urine is normally clear. Bacteria, blood, sperm, lipids, proteins, crystals, or mucus
can make urine look cloudy.
Specific gravity. This checks the amount of substances in the urine. It also shows how well
the kidneys balance the amount of water in urine. The higher the specific gravity, the more
solid material is in the urine. When you drink a lot of fluid, your kidneys make urine with a
high amount of water in it, which has a low specific gravity. When you do not drink fluids,
your kidneys make urine with a small amount of water in it, which has a high specific
gravity.
pH. The pH is a measure of how acidic or alkaline (basic) the urine is. A urine pH of 4 is
strongly acidic, 7 is neutral (neither acidic nor alkaline), and 9 is strongly alkaline.
Sometimes the pH of urine is affected by certain treatments. For example, your doctor may
instruct you how to keep your urine either acidic or alkaline to prevent some types of
kidney stones from forming. Normal urine is found around a pH of 6.
Glucose. Glucose is the type of sugar found in blood. Normally there is very little or no
glucose in urine. When the blood sugar level is very high, as in uncontrolled diabetes, the
sugar spills over into the urine. Glucose can also be found in urine when the kidneys are
damaged or diseased.
Nitrites. Bacteria that cause a urinary tract infection (UTI) make an enzyme that changes
urinary nitrates to nitrites. Nitrites in urine show a UTI is present.
Bilirubin. Bilirubin is a product of red blood cell breakdown. Normally, bilirubin is carried
in the blood and passes into your liver, where it's removed and becomes part of bile.
Bilirubin in your urine may indicate liver damage or disease.
Leukocyte esterase. Leukocyte esterase shows leukocytes (white blood cells [WBCs]) in
the urine. WBCs in the urine may mean a UTI is present.
Ketones. When fat is broken down for energy, the body makes substances called ketones
(or ketone bodies). These are passed in the urine. Large amounts of ketones in the urine
may mean a very serious condition, diabetic ketoacidosis, is present. A diet low in sugars
and starches (carbohydrates), starvation, or severe vomiting may also cause ketones to be
in the urine.
Urobilinogen. Formed in the intestine from bilirubin, and a portion of it is absorbed back
into the bloodstream. Positive test results help detect liver diseases such as hepatitis and
cirrhosis and conditions associated with increased RBC destruction (hemolytic anemia).
When urine urobilinogen is low or absent in a person with urine bilirubin and/or signs of
liver dysfunction, it can indicate the presence of hepatic or biliary obstruction.