Planning and Technical Services Directorate
Road and Traffic Engineering Branch
Document No. 67-08-43
Issue Date 03/2009
DIGITAL GROUND SURVEY
This document is owned and controlled by the Survey & Mapping Manager.
The Senior Engineering Surveyor is the delegated custodian.
All comments for revision should be submitted to the Senior Engineering Surveyor.
Authorisation
As Executive Director of the Planning and Technical Services Directorate of Main
Roads, I authorise the issue and use of this standard.
..............………………........................................................................
EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR PLANNING AND TECHNICAL SERVICES
Date: ___/ ___/ ___
No controlled copies are issued for this standard.
The latest copy of this standard is located on the Main Roads Internet site.
www.mainroads.wa.gov.au
REVISION STATUS RECORD
Date
23/08/02
10/03/09
01/06/15
Revision
Description/Reference
Full revision of standard
Full revision and update of standard
Full revision and update of standard
Page 1
CONTENTS
1. INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................. 3
1.1.
1.2.
1.3.
PURPOSE & SCOPE .................................................................................................... 3
REFERENCES ............................................................................................................. 3
DEFINITIONS / ACRONYMS ........................................................................................... 4
2. ENTRY ONTO LAND ...................................................................................................... 5
3. ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT........................................................................................... 6
4. SPECIFICATION FOR DIGITAL GROUND SURVEYS................................................... 6
4.1. SURVEY DATUM.......................................................................................................... 6
4.2. SURVEY CONTROL ...................................................................................................... 6
4.3. DETAIL DEFINITION & FEATURE CODING....................................................................... 7
4.3.1. Feature Coding ................................................................................................... 7
4.3.2. Drainage Structures............................................................................................ 8
4.3.3. Guardrails & Barriers .......................................................................................... 8
4.3.4. Sealed Road Surfaces ........................................................................................ 9
4.4. POSITIONAL ACCURACY SPECIFICATION ..................................................................... 11
4.4.1. Measurement Accuracies for Features ............................................................. 11
4.4.2. Surface Accuracy and Point Density ................................................................. 11
4.4.3. Digital Terrain Model Triangulation Dimensions ................................................ 11
4.5. TEXT / ANNOTATION .................................................................................................. 12
5. VERIFICATION SURVEYS ........................................................................................... 13
5.1. VERIFICATION, EQUIPMENT AND CONTROL ................................................................. 13
5.1.1. Point and String Feature Verification ................................................................ 13
5.1.2. Digital Terrain Model Verification ...................................................................... 13
6. LODGED INFORMATION ............................................................................................. 15
APPENDIX A - CODES AND ACCURACY CLASSIFICATIONS ....................................... 16
APPENDIX B - FEATURE DEFINITION REQUIREMENTS................................................ 20
1. STRING FEATURES ....................................................................................................... 20
1.1. Centrally Located String Features........................................................................ 20
1.2. Steps / Stairs ....................................................................................................... 20
1.3. Electric Light Poles .............................................................................................. 21
1.4. Pavement Arrows ................................................................................................ 21
1.5. Bus Shelter .......................................................................................................... 21
1.6. Rail Boom Gates ................................................................................................. 21
1.7. Retaining Wall Right or Left ................................................................................. 22
1.8. Left / Right String Direction Features ................................................................... 22
2. MANHOLES - CIRCULAR AND SQUARE (INCLUDING GULLIES) ........................................... 22
3. SIDE ENTRY PITS ......................................................................................................... 23
1. INTRODUCTION
Topographic surveying involves measurement of the earth's surface to determine the three-dimensional location
of man-made and naturally occurring physical features for the purpose of ground modelling.
The ground model can be defined as a mathematical representation of the earth's surface upon which planimetric
mapping, geometrical design, analysis and computation are based.
Digital Ground Surveys result in a digital model of the earth’s surface shape and features.
This Digital Ground Survey Standard 67-08-43 exists to ensure conformity with Main Roads requirements.
This document should be used in conjunction with Main Roads Survey and Mapping guideline ’D09#47734 Digital
Ground Survey’.
1.1. Purpose & Scope
This document establishes the requirements for Digital Ground Surveys conducted for Main Roads Western
Australia. Work shall be performed and presented as defined herein.
1.2. References

Main Roads Survey and Mapping Standard ’67-08-36 Road Reference Marks’

Main Roads Survey and Mapping Guideline ’67-08-100 Metadata Requirements’

Main Roads Survey and Mapping Guideline ’D09#47734 Digital Ground Survey’

Main Roads Survey and Mapping Standard ’67-08-37 Minor Control Points’

Main Roads Survey and Mapping Standard ’67-08-119 Data Lodgement’
The latest copy of these standards is located on the Main Roads Internet site.
www.mainroads.wa.gov.au
Page 3
1.3. Definitions / Acronyms
DGS
- Digital Ground Survey
SSM
- Standard Survey Mark
RRM
- Road Reference Mark
MCP
- Minor Control Point
BM
- Benchmark
GPS
- Global Positioning System
GNSS
- Global Navigation Satellite Systems
GDA94
- Geodetic Datum Australia 1994
MGA
- Map Grid Australia
AHD
- Australian Height Datum
MX
- MX Road Design Software
SLK
- Straight Line Kilometres
DTM
- Digital Terrain Model
RTK GPS
- Real-time Kinematic Global Positioning System
MLS
- Mobile Laser Scanner
TLS
- Terrestrial Laser Scanner
UAV
- Unmanned Arial Vehicle
Page 4
2. ENTRY ONTO LAND
It is the consultant’s responsibility to seek and obtain permission from landowners, occupiers or management
authorities before entering any property to undertake survey work. Property includes Crown land which may
consist of Reserves, National Parks or State Forests. Survey work may include, but is not limited to, investigation,
capture, placement and coordination of points.
The consultant shall maintain a written report of all contact made with landowners while working on the survey
contract. Details of landowner contact are to be outlined in the metadata statement.
Any queries made by land owners with respect to the project are to be referred to the Main Roads Project
Manager.
If access onto land is refused by the owners the contractor will be required to immediately contact the Main Roads
Project Manager to discuss the need for entry onto the land. If entry is required for the completion of the contract
and there are no other alternatives, then Main Roads will arrange formal notification using delegated powers
under the Land Administration Act. A formal notice of entry requires Main Roads to provide 7 days notice to the
owners. The process to arrange the formal notice of entry may take some time and the consultant must liaise with
the Project Manager to ensure disruption to the contract schedule is minimised.
Page 5
3. ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT
All work is to be performed such that environmental impact is minimised. Any breach of environmental and
heritage legislation during the execution of works is the sole responsibility of the Consultant.
The Consultant shall ensure any disturbances are kept to an absolute minimum. The Consultant shall reinstate,
clean-up and leave the site as close to its pre-disturbed condition as possible on completion of any work or
investigation.
New tracks shall not be formed, existing tracks altered, fencing cut, clearing carried out, or damage or disturbance
made of any kind unless approved by the Main Roads Project Manager.
The Consultant shall be responsible for the cost of reinstating any damage to property resulting from their work.
4. SPECIFICATION FOR DIGITAL GROUND SURVEYS
All data capture and submitted information for Digital Ground Surveys must conform to the following
specifications.
4.1. Survey Datum
All Digital Ground Surveys are to be captured and supplied in the Main Roads GDA 94 Project Zone as stipulated
in the project brief. Project zone parameters shall be provided.
Project zone parameters are also available online at http://ims.mainroads.wa.gov.au/surveyportal/ or from the
Senior Geodetic Surveyor
(Ph: 138 138).
Project zones are based on the Geocentric Datum of Australia 1994 (GDA94) unless otherwise specified.
Heights are based on the Australian Height Datum (AHD).
4.2. Survey control
Suitable and sufficient geodetic control is required for all Digital Ground Surveys to enable specified accuracies to
be met.
All survey control for Digital Ground Surveys is to meet or exceed positional standards (horizontal and vertical)
specified in Main Roads Standard ’67/08/36 Road Reference Marks’ (RRM) or ‘67/08/37 Minor Control Points’
(MCP).
Page 6
Unless otherwise specified, a minimum of two permanent, inter-visible control points of at least RRM/MCP
positional standard and quality must exist on site at the conclusion of all digital ground surveys. Landgate
standard survey marks (if of suitable positional quality and accuracy) can be included.
A summary of survey control used and / or established is to be included in the metadata statement.
Any new Road Reference Marks required shall be established according to Main Roads Standard ’67/08/36 Road
Reference Marks’.
Coordinate / positional values of survey control points within the final survey data file must be true final adjusted
position. i.e. They must not be field captured radiation / RTK GPS position. Landgate benchmarks must have the
DGS captured horizontal position with the true reduced Landgate level.
4.3. Detail Definition & Feature Coding
All natural and artificial features occurring within the survey project area shall be captured and represented as
points or strings / polygons in the digital model. Features are captured at ground level unless specified.
Measurement accuracies of points and string features shall be in accordance with their classification and
nominated measurement accuracies detailed in section
‘4.4.1’ and ‘APPENDIX A - CODES AND ACCURACY CLASSIFICATIONS’.
4.3.1. Feature Coding
The standard features and codes for Digital Ground Surveys are listed in ‘APPENDIX A - CODES AND
ACCURACY CLASSIFICATIONS’. All features within the defined survey area are to be captured unless
otherwise specified.
Any relevant feature not represented in the code list must still be captured. A unique code is to be assigned.
Point feature codes must start with ‘P’. Non-standard feature codes are to be detailed in the metadata.
Page 7
4.3.2. Drainage Structures
Invert and overt levels shall be captured for accessible drainage structures. Levels are to be captured at the
inside edge of pipe/box.
Where evident, the connection and direction of pipes/boxes is to be shown by an appropriately coded string (e.g.
DC – Culvert or DP – Drainage Pipe). Ends of the strings are to be at invert level.
Internal dimension and description of pipes / boxes is to be recorded and displayed as annotation.
(e.g. 2 x Conc. Pipe, 450mm Dia)
Enclosed / inaccessible drainage structures are not to be captured unless specifically requested.
4.3.3. Guardrails & Barriers
The road side face of guardrails and barriers must be captured and appropriately coded according to type. An
additional string must be captured at the top of the structure (Line Levels / Change Grade - Code NØ). This
defines the height of the barrier / guardrail.
Concrete barriers are to have both faces captured at the base as well as the height string along the top.
Page 8
4.3.4. Sealed Road Surfaces
Sufficient strings are to be captured across road surfaces to ensure the shape is accurately defined to specified
accuracies and tolerances. At a minimum, any sealed road surface with a ‘crown’ requires a string to be surveyed
approximately 1m either side of the crown and coded ‘RØ’. All line marking must be captured and coded
appropriately according to type.
Cross Section of Typical Crowned Road
Cross-sectional and longitudinal shape of the seal must be accurately defined within specified accuracy
tolerances. Particular attention is required to ensure capture represents the cross-fall accurately.
Surveyed points for edges of seal must be positioned carefully to ensure accurate cross-fall representation.
Cross Section of Road at Edge of Seal
Page 9
Strings defining the road and formation shall be captured such that their respective points align perpendicular to
the direction of the road.
Page 10
4.4. Positional Accuracy specification
Positional accuracy of features captured shall be according to the relevant ‘Accuracy Class’ specified in
‘APPENDIX A - CODES AND ACCURACY CLASSIFICATIONS.
4.4.1. Measurement Accuracies for Features
CLASS
HORIZONTAL
VERTICAL
ACCURACY
ACCURACY
A
 15 mm
 10 mm
B
 20 mm
 15 mm
C
 50 mm
 20 mm
D
 150 mm
 40 mm
E
 250 mm
 50 mm
RTK GPS is NOT to be used for capture of class A, B or C features.
4.4.2. Surface Accuracy and Point Density
For sealed road surfaces, sufficient points shall be captured such that the accuracy of any point on the surface
defined is within the nominated accuracy for the relevant classification, plus an error margin of 5mm.
For all other surfaces, sufficient points shall be captured such that the accuracy of any point on the surface
defined is within twice the nominated accuracy for the relevant classification.
4.4.3. Digital Terrain Model Triangulation Dimensions
In addition to satisfying all other accuracy requirements, side lengths of triangles forming the Digital Terrain Model
generated from the survey data must not exceed 25m on pavement areas and 50m in all other areas. Survey
capture density and spacing must ensure that this condition is met.
Page 11
4.5. Text / Annotation
Text / Annotation is required for the following features at a minimum:

Road names

Names of rivers, streams and lakes

Names and numbers of SSM’s, RRM’s, Minor Control, BM’s or any other control used for the survey or
located in the survey project area

SLK post distance values

Focal point distance markers annotation and distances

Sign contents / description (e.g. speed signs ‘90km/h’)

Culvert type/material, dimensions and number of pipes or boxes
o

NOTE: Culvert/pipe dimensions must be internal measurements.
Information on services markers (e.g. Optic Cable 1.2m o/s North parallel to road)
Additional text / annotation for other relevant / significant features or characteristics within or adjacent to the
survey area should be included.
Text / annotation is to be included in the Digital Ground Survey GENIO file.
Text / annotation must be situated at an appropriate coordinate location accompanying the feature or
characteristic being described. The orientation of the text / annotation should maximize legibility but minimize
interference with other features. Text / annotation for linear features should be aligned with the feature. Culvert
descriptions must be in line with the direction of the culvert. Text annotation for survey control, sign descriptions
and details, SLK posts and focal point distance markers should be aligned perpendicular to the road.
The maximum length (including spaces) for any single element of text / annotation is 44 characters. If the
description exceeds 44 characters, multiple text elements are required and must be positioned correctly to ensure
legibility.
The height of the text is to be 2m in ground units.
Page 12
5. VERIFICATION SURVEYS
Verification surveys may be conducted at the discretion of the Main Roads Senior Engineering Surveyor or Project
Manager.
5.1. Verification, Equipment and Control
Verification surveys shall be conducted using equipment and methodology suitable to exceed specified
tolerances. Control used shall be the same points and values adopted for the Digital Ground Survey. Control may
be verified to ensure it conforms to Main Roads Standards 67-08-36 ‘Road Reference Marks’ or ’67-08-37 Minor
Control Points’.
Verification must pass for conformance.
5.1.1. Point and String Feature Verification
Point and string features from the Digital Ground Survey will be accepted where 95% of verification points do not
exceed specified tolerances.
5.1.2. Digital Terrain Model Verification
Digital Terrain Model surfaces generated from the survey shall be compared to the verification survey data.
Verification includes testing of vertical deviation, volume difference and maximum triangle length conformance.
The surface passes vertical deviation provided 95% of verification points are within the relevant accuracy range
when compared to the Digital Terrain Model generated from the survey.
SURFACE TYPE
VERTICAL ACCURACY
CLASS
SEALED ROAD
 25 mm
C
FORMED SURFACE
 80 mm
D
NATURAL SURFACE
 250 mm
E
Page 13
A minimum sample area of 500m2 will be used for volume testing. The volume difference shall be determined
between the digital terrain models generated from the digital ground survey data and the verification survey data.
In order to satisfy surface volume conformance the difference in volumes must be less than the area of the
verification surface multiplied by the appropriate ‘volume factor’
SURFACE TYPE
VOLUME FACTOR
SEALED ROAD
0.010
FORMED SURFACE
0.020
NATURAL SURFACE
0.050
Page 14
6. LODGED INFORMATION
The following is to be lodged as a completed Digital Ground Survey:

Digital Ground Survey MX GENIO file (including text / annotation)

Metadata Statement in accordance with Main Roads Western Australia guideline ’67-08-100 ‘Metadata
Requirements’ Guideline, including at a minimum
o
Project Name
o
Project Description
o
Reference / Contract Number (where applicable)
o
Project Zone Name
o
Road Name / Number and SLK extents.
o
Summary and description of non-standard feature codes used
o
Information of all control used or established
o
Summary of contact with landowners and members of public
o
Statement that project has been conducted and completed according to this Digital Ground
Survey standard

New control point (RRM) information according to ’67-08-36 Road Reference Marks’ standard

New control point (MCP) information according ’67-08-37 Minor Control Points’ standard
Metadata is to be included in the GENIO file header as comment lines. Comment lines in the GENIO file must be
preceded by three spaces.
Digital Ground Surveys are to be lodged with the nominated Main Roads Project Manager. The Project Manager
must then deliver all the information to the Main Roads Road and Traffic Engineering Data Manager in
accordance with the ‘Data Lodgement’ guideline, 67-08-119.
Page 15
APPENDIX A -
CODES AND ACCURACY CLASSIFICATIONS
Highlighted codes denote point features.
FEATURE TYPE
ACC.
CLASS
MX
CODE
EDGE OF BITUMEN (UN-KERBED)
SHOULDER
C
D
RE
RS
EDGE OF UNSEALED ROAD
ON ROAD
CENTRE OF ROAD
KERB TOP
KERB GULLY
GRID
LANE MARKINGS
(3m LINE WITH 9m GAP)
DOUBLE BARRIER LINES
(SOLID LINES)
CENTRE OF DRIVEWAY
EDGE OF DRIVEWAY
PEDESTRIAN RAMP
CROSSWALK
TRACK
PARKING BAY (REST AREA ETC)
TRAFFIC DETECTOR LOOPS
OVERTAKING LANE LEFT
(SOLID LINE & 3m LINE, 9m GAP)
OVERTAKING LANE RIGHT
D
C
C
B
B
C
C
RU
RØ
RC
RK
RB
RG
RM
C
RI
C
C
C
C
D
D
C
C
RA
RD
RP
RX
RT
RF
DT
RJ
C
RO
C
RQ
C
RV
C
RR
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
LM
EL
PLP
PPP
PET
ET
PSP
PWA
PHL
PSC
PCM
PRE
PQH
HH
PQI
HI
PEC
EP
PDB
EA
PHT
PPE
PGF
PQU
HU
PEA
PBO
EU
ES
PPA
PED
VM
PPB
PTP
PTM
PPT
PFB
PEP
VT
VC
PQT
HT
PAN
PTJ
UTILITIES
MULTIPLE LIGHT POLE
LIGHT POLE
LIGHT POLE – DIRECTIONLESS
POWER POLE
TRANSFORMER POLE (SINGLE)
TRANSFORMER POLE (DOUBLE)
STAY POLE
STEEL WIRE ANCHOR
HIGH MAST LIGHTING
ELECTRIC CABLE MARKER
MRWA CABLE MARKER
MRWA ELECTRIC CABLE BOX
MRWA COMMS
- DIRECT MEAS
MRWA COMMS
- SURFACE LOC
MRWA ELEC CABLE - DIRECT MEAS
MRWA ELEC CABLE - SURFACE LOC
ELECTRIC CABLE BOX
HIGH TENSION PYLON
MRWA DISTRIBUTION BOARD
OVERHEAD POWER LINES
HIGH TENSION POWER POLE
ELECTRIC SUPPLY POLE
GROUND FLOODLIGHT
UNKNOWN SERVICE - DIRECT MEAS
UNKNOWN SERVICE - SURFACE LOC
EARTH
METER BOX
ELECTRIC MANHOLE
ELECTRICAL STRUCTURE STRING
ELECTRIC CABLE PILLAR
ELECTRICAL / POWER DOME
TELSTRA MANHOLE
TELSTRA PIT OR BOX
TELSTRA PILLAR
TELSTRA MARKER
TELSTRA POLE
TELEPHONE BOOTH
EMERGENCY PHONE
MOBILE PHONE TOWER
TELSTRA CABLE
TELSTRA COPPER - DIRECT MEAS
TELSTRA COPPER - SURFACE LOC
ANTENNA
TELSTRA ELEVATED JOINT
MX
CODE
U/G TELSTRA OPTIC - DIRECT MEAS
U/G OPTUS OPTIC - DIRECT MEAS
U/G OPTUS OPTIC - SURFACE LOC
U/G ELEC CABLE
- SURFACE LOC
U/G TELSTRA
- SURFACE LOC
U/G TEL OPTIC
- SURFACE LOC
U/G OPTUS OPT
- SURFACE LOC
U/G WATER PIPE
- SURFACE LOC
WATER PIPE
- DIRECT MEAS
WATER METER
STOP VALVE
HYDRANT (GROUND)
HYDRANT (PILLAR)
HYDRANT BOOSTER BOX
FLUSHING POINT
WATER BORE
STANDPIPE
WATER PIPE
RETICULATION SPRINKLER
TAP
WELL
WATER MAIN MARKER
RETICULATION CONTROL VALVE
RETICULATION PIPE – SURFACE LOC
RETICULATION PIPE – DIRECT MEAS
AIR VALVE
PEIZOMETER
MARKER UNKNOWN/UNDEFINED
GAS MARKER
GAS VALVE
GAS MANHOLE
U/G GAS LINE
- DIRECT MEAS
U/G GAS PIPE
- SURFACE LOC
GAS TEST VALVE
DRAINAGE MANHOLE
SIDE ENTRY PIT
UNDEFINED MANHOLE
GULLY
DRAINAGE PIPE
- SURFACE LOC
DRAINAGE PIPE
- DIRECT MEAS
SEWERAGE PIPE
- SURFACE LOC
SEWERAGE PIPE
- DIRECT MEAS
SEWERAGE MANHOLE
SEWER VENT
SEWER LINE MARKER
SEWER INSPECTION SHAFT
SEWER PRESSURE MAIN
RAILWAY PLATFORM
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
C
C
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
C
C
D
D
C
C
B
C
B
C
D
D
D
C
D
D
D
D
C
PQV
PQP
HP
HE
HT
HV
HO
HW
PQW
PWM
PSV
PHG
PHP
HB
PWF
PWB
PST
WP
PRT
PWT
PWL
PWR
PSU
HX
PQX
PWV
PZM
PUM
PGM
PGV
EG
PQG
HG
PGU
DW
DX
DU
DG
DP
PQC
HS
PQS
DS
PSW
PSX
PSA
DA
RZ
ON RAIL
B
RY
RAIL TRAFFIC SIGNALS
RAIL TRAFFIC CONTROL BOX
RAIL TELEPHONE BOX
RAIL CABLE PIT OR BOX
RAIL BOOM GATE
RAIL CABLE MARKER
RAIL SERVICES
- DIRECT MEAS
RAIL SERVICES
- SURFACE LOC
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
PRS
PRC
PPR
PRB
GX
PRX
PQR
HR
UNDEFINED SERVICE PIT
RAIL CABLE MANHOLE
RAIL UNDERGROUND CABLE
D
C
D
US
DZ
ER
TRAFFIC JUNCTION BOX
TRAFFIC SIGNALS 1 Aspect
TRAFFIC SIGNALS 2 Aspect
TRAFFIC SIGNALS 3 Aspect
TRAFFIC SIGNALS 4 Aspect
PEDESTRIAN SIGNAL
ARROW
ARROW
ARROW
C
D
D
D
D
D
C
C
C
PJB
PTS
PTT
PTU
PTV
PPS
AR
AS
AT
ARROW
ARROW
C
C
AU
AV
UTILITIES (cont…)
ROAD FEATURES
(SOLID LINE & 3m LINE, 9m GAP)
LANE MARKINGS
(1m LINE WITH 1m GAP)
LANE MARKINGS
(1m LINE WITH 3m GAP)
LANE MARKINGS
(SINGLE SOLID LINE)
ACC.
CLASS
FEATURE TYPE
Page 16
MRWA FEATURE
AMCOM CABLE
- DIRECT MEAS
AMCOM CABLE
- SURFACE LOC
NEXT GEN COMMS - DIRECT MEAS
NEXT GEN COMMS - SURFACE LOC
U/G ELEC CABLE
- DIRECT MEAS
W/POWER COMS
- SURFACE LOC
W/POWER COMS
- DIRECT MEAS
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
PQA
HA
PQN
HN
PQE
HF
PQF
FEATURE TYPE
ACC.
CLASS
MX
CODE
MRWA FEATURES (cont…)
GUARDRAIL - W BEAM
GUARDRAIL - THRIE
BARRIER, CONCRETE (BOTH FACES)
BARRIER, STEEL WIRE / ROPE
BARRIER, SINGLE RAIL
BARRIER, DOUBLE RAIL
BARRIER, TRIPLE RAIL
BARRIER, TOP
SIGN ONE POLE
SIGN MULTIPLE POLES
OVERHEAD SIGN
TRAFFIC CONTROLLER BOX
FINGER SIGN
TRAFFIC EARTH PIT
POLICE TRAFFIC CAMERA
AERIAL SURVEILLANCE MARKER
SLK POST
FOCAL POINT MARKER
GUIDE POST
CONTROL OF ACCESS SIGN
COUNT STATION
ILLUMINATED ADVERTISING SIGN
FEATURE TYPE
C
C
C
AW
AX
AY
ACC.
CLASS
MX
CODE
C
C
D
C
C
C
C
C
C
D
D
D
D
D
E
D
D
SU
SR
SS
SF
SE
PFR
SX
SW
SV
SB
SI
SN
ST
GO
GI
GK
SQ
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
PRL
NB
NU
NT
GM
GL
GB
NØ
GR
GQ
NR
GP
GN
GE
GJ
C
A
A
B
B
C
B
A
B
B
B
B
A
B
A
PSI
PSN
PSM
PBM
PPH
POP
PRP
PAC
PSH
PSK
PTB
PPG
PCC
PMN
PSS
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
D
D
D
D
D
PTW
PTL
PTR
GT
PTY
PBB
PNT
PBU
GS
GH
GC
GD
PDM
PLB
PMB
STRUCTURES (CONT…)
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
C
D
D
D
C
D
C
D
C
D
D
D
D
D
D
SG
BT
BC
BW
BD
BE
BF
TB
PIS
RN
RH
PTC
PFS
PTE
PTX
RW
PRK
PRF
PGP
PCA
PCS
PIA
C
C
E
E
E
E
E
E
C
C
C
DC
DH
DF
DØ
DE
DD
DN
DM
PIL
POL
DP
DRAINAGE FEATURE
CULVERT
HEADWALL
FLOODWAY
DRAIN
EDGE OF DRAIN (RIGHT)
EDGE OF DRAIN (LEFT)
SUMP (RIGHT)
SUMP (LEFT)
INVERT
OVERT
DRAINAGE PIPE
ARROW
ARROW
ARROW - U-TURN
UNDERPASS
RAMP
STEPS OR STAIRS
EDGE OF CONCRETE (RIGHT)
EDGE OF CONCRETE (LEFT)
FLOOR LEVEL
AWNING (RIGHT)
AWNING (LEFT)
VERANDAH
BUS SHELTER
MEMORIAL
RUIN
CONVEYOR
MINE SHAFT
MINE WORKINGS
VENT SHAFT
HEADFRAME
GROUND FEATURES
NATURAL SURFACE
BANK BOTTOM
BANK TOP (RIGHT)
BANK TOP (LEFT)
LEVEE TOP (RIGHT)
LEVEE TOP (LEFT)
LEVEE BOTTOM
LINE LEVELS/CHANGE GRADE
ROCK OUTCROP (RIGHT)
ROCK OUTCROP (LEFT)
RIDGE
BORROW PIT (RIGHT)
BORROW PIT (LEFT)
EARTHWORKS AREA
GROUND SUBSIDENCE
SURVEY FEATURES
WATER FEATURES
EDGE OF WATER (RIGHT)
EDGE OF WATER (LEFT)
SWAMP
DAM (RIGHT)
DAM (LEFT)
CREEK (UPSTREAM)
CREEK (DOWN STREAM)
EDGE OF CREEK/RIVER (RIGHT)
EDGE OF CREEK/RIVER (LEFT)
CENTRE OF CHANNEL (UPSTREAM)
CENTRE OF CHANNEL (DWN/STRM)
WINDMILL
FLOOD LEVEL
WET AREA
SWIMMING POOL
STOCK TROUGH
FLOOD LEVEL LINE
TANK PERIMETER
WATER LEVEL
FLOOD LEVEL INDICATOR
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
D
D
E
D
E
D
WK
WL
WS
WE
WD
WB
WC
WF
WG
WN
WM
PWD
PFL
WA
WH
PSD
WJ
WT
PLW
PFI
B
B
B
C
B
D
C
C
B
SD
SA
SC
PCO
SP
SH
PSL
PDL
BB
STRUCTURES
BRIDGE
ABUTMENT
COLUMNS
COLUMN CENTRE
PIERS
HANDRAIL
SOFFIT LEVEL
DECK LEVEL
BRIDGE BARRIER
Page 17
STAR IRON PICKET
TRIG, POINT
SSM, STANDARD SURVEY MARK
BENCHMARK
PHOTO POINT
CADASTRAL PEG / POST
REF PEG
RRM / ALIGNMENT CONTROL PT
SPRING HEAD NAIL
SPIKE
TBM
PEG
CONSTRUCTION CONTROL POINT
MINING LEASE PEG
MINOR CONTROL POINT
GENERAL
TREE (0 - 0.3m DIA.)
TREE (0.3 - 1.0m DIA.)
TREE (1m - 1.5m DIA.)
TREE LINE/CANOPY(>1.5m DIA.)
TREE TRUNK / STUMP
GRASS TREE
NESTING TREES
BUSH
BUSH LINE
HEDGE
LAWN
GARDEN BED
DIEBACK AREA MARKER
LITTER BIN
MAIL BOX
SHED
BUILDING (RIGHT)
BUILDING (LEFT)
D
D
D
HD
SZ
SY
Page 18
PARKING METER
BUS STOP
FLAGPOLE
D
D
D
PPM
PBS
PFG
FEATURE TYPE
ACC.
CLASS
MX
CODE
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
C
C
D
D
C
C
D
D
D
PBL
PTH
FC
FØ
SK
SJ
SM
SL
GG
KØ
GF
PBH
PBF
PFP
PDT
EK
POM
BP
PSQ
BI
BS
GENERAL(cont…)
BOLLARD
TICKET MACHINE
KOPPA LOGGING FENCE
FENCE
WALL (RIGHT)
WALL (LEFT)
RETAINING WALL (RIGHT)
RETAINING WALL (LEFT)
GATE
BOUNDARY LINE
FOOTPATH
BOREHOLE
FUEL BOWSER
UNDERGROUND TANK FILLER
DIESEL TANK
GAS CYLINDER / TANK
OIL MAIN MARKER
BRICK PAVING
SECURITY POST
BIKE RACK
PARK BENCH / SEATING
Page 19
APPENDIX B -
FEATURE DEFINITION REQUIREMENTS
All field data is surveyed as either a string or point feature. All point features are defined by
their centre and all string features by the edge of the feature, in some cases with Left or
Right string direction rules as outlined below.
1. String Features
Some features defined are represented by dynamic symbols and are defined by the points
indicated by ‘X’ in the diagrams for the specific feature.
1.1. Centrally Located String Features
Some features are defined by a string running through the centre of the feature.
1.2. Steps / Stairs
Steps / Stairs are to have their extremities captured resulting in a closed polygon (Code SS)
1.3. Electric Light Poles
3197
MULTIPLE LIGHT
D
LM
D
EL
POLE
3198
LIGHT POLE
These codes represent multiple and single electric light poles. These are defined by a first
measurement (1) at the centre of the pole with a second measurement (2) in the direction of
the light, approximately 1m from the pole centre. In the case of a multiple light the second
measurement is taken towards any one light only.
(1)
(1)
(2)
(2)
1.4. Pavement Arrows
These codes represent various pavement turning arrows. These are defined by a first
measurement (1) at the start or base of the arrow with a second measurement (2) taken
along the axis of the arrow at its point of extremity.
1.5. Bus Shelter
3561
BUS SHELTER
D
SB
Bus Shelters are to have their extremity defined as a closed polygon (Code SB). Levels of
points are to be at ground level. Any associated concrete slab or paving / path etc must be
captured and coded accordingly.
1.6. Rail Boom Gates
3296
RAIL BOOM GATE
Page 21
D
GX
Boom Gates are defined by a string with the first measurement at the centre of the boom
gate’s support post and the second measurement at the end of the boom at its lowered
position Both points should have their RL at ground level.
1.7. Retaining Wall Right or Left
3823
RETAINING WALL
D
SM
D
SL
(RIGHT)
3824
RETAINING WALL (LEFT)
A string along the base at the front of wall defines the retaining wall. A line of levels is also
required along the top of the wall (Code NØ).
1.8. Left / Right String Direction Features
Certain features are described by left and right codes.
For example:
3555
EDGE OF CONCRETE
C
SF
C
SE
(RIGHT)
3556
EDGE OF CONCRETE (LEFT)
Coding and string direction defines which side of the string the feature exists. The code
defines whether the feature is on the left or right of the points in the order/direction they are
captured.
2. Manholes - Circular and Square (including Gullies)
These structures are to be closed polygon string features (i.e. the first and last point of the
string is to be the same point). The feature is to be defined by its outer extremity (not the
lid/cover). Circular manholes are to be represented with sufficient points to ensure a smooth
circle is plotted.
Page 22
3. Side Entry Pits
3272
SIDE ENTRY PIT
B
DX
Side entry pits have a manhole access lid behind the kerb. The pit opening and the manhole
must be surveyed. The concrete apron deflector slab at the entry of the pit must be captured
with an appropriate directional ‘edge of concrete’ code (SE / SF). The ‘kerb gully’ (RB) string
runs across the opening of the side entry pit with a point captured at the centre of the throat
on the concrete apron.
Page 23