Behavior Measurements Bibliography for Short Course on Behavior
Measurement in Naturalistic Settings
Compiled by Raymond Hames
Altman, J. (1984). Foragers subsistence: production in Arnhemland: the original affluent society reexamined. Mankind, 14(3), 179-190.
Altmann, J. (1974). The Observational Study of Behavior. Behaviour, 48, 1-41.
Amoss, P., & Harrell, S. (1981). Introduction: an anthropological perspective on aging. In P. Amoss & S.
Harrell (Eds.), Others Ways of Growing Old: Anthropological Perspective (pp. 1-24). Stanford: Stanford
University Press.
Andorka, R. (1987). Time Budgets and Their Uses. Annual Review of Sociology, 13, 149-164.
Ary, D., & Suen, H. K. (1983). The use of momentary time sampling to assess both frequency and
duration of behavior. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 5(2), 143-150.
Aspelin, L. (1979). Food distribution and social bonding among the Mamainde of Mato Gross, Brazil.
Journal of Anthropological Research, 35(3), 309-327.
Aspelin, P. (1975). External articulation and domestic production: the artifact trade of the Mamaindê of
Northwestern Mato Grosso, Brazil (Vol. 58). Ithaca: Cornell university.
Aswani, S. (2002). Assessing the Effects of Changing Demographic and Consumption Patterns on Sea
Tenure Regimes in the Roviana Lagoon, Solomon Islands. Ambio, 31(4), 272-284.
Avery, R., Bryant, W., Douthitt, R., & McCullough, J. (1996). Lessons from the past, directions for the
future. Journal of Family and Economic Issues, 17(3), 409-418.
Babchuck, W., Hames, R., & Thompson, R. (1985). Sex Differences in the Recognition of Infant Facial
Expressions of Emotion: The Primary Caretaker Hypothesis. Ethology and Sociobiology, 6, 89-101.
Bailey, R. (1991). The Behavioral Ecology of Efe Pygmy Men in the Ituri Forest, Zaire (Vol. 86). Ann Arbor:
Museum of Anthropology, University of Michigan.
Bailey, R., & Aunger, R. (1989). Net hunters vs. archers: Variation in women's subsistence strategies in
the Ituri forest. Human Ecology, 17, 273-297.
Baksh, M. (1990). The Spot Observations Technique in Time Allocation Research. Field Methods, 2(2), 67.
Baksh, M. (1990). Spot observations technique in time allocation research [part 2]. CAM: Cultural
Anthropology Methods Newsletter, 2(3), 4-5.
Baksh, M. (1990). Time Allocation among the Machiguenga of Camana (Vol. 7). New Haven: HRAF.
Baksh, M., Neumann, C., Paolisso, M., Trostle, R., & Jansen, A. (1994). The influence of reproductive
status on rural Kenyan women's time use. Social science and medicine, 39(3), 345-354.
Balee, W. (1994). Footprints in the Forest: Ka'apor Ethnobotany - the Historical Ecology of Plant
Utilization by an Amazonian People. New York: Columbia University Press.
Barrett, L. F., & Barrett, D. J. (2001). An Introduction to Computerized Experience Sampling in
Psychology. Social Science Computer Review, 19(2), 175-185.
Barriera-Viruet, H., Sobeilh, T., Daraiseh, N., & Salem, S. (2006). Questionnaires vs. observational and
direct measurements: a systematic review
Theoretical Issues in Ergonomics Science, 7(3), 261-284.
Barry, H., & Bacon, M. (1959). The relation of child training to subsistence economy. American
Anthropologist, 61, 51-63.
Beckerman, S. (1980). Fishing and hunting by the Bari of Colombia. Working Papers on South American
Indians, 2, 67-111.
Beckerman, S. (1983). Carpe diem: an optimal foraging approach to Bari fishing and hunting. In R. Hames
& W. Vickers (Eds.), Adaptive Responses of Native Amazonians (pp. 269-299). New York: Academic Press.
Beckerman, S., & Sussenbach, T. (1983). A quantitative assessment of the dietary contribution of game
species to the subsistence of South American tropical forest peoples. British Archaeological Reports. In J.
Clutton-Brock & C. Grigson (Eds.), Animals and Archaeology I: Hunters and Their Prey (pp. 337-350).
Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Behrens, C. (1984). Shipibo Economy and Ecology. Unpublished Thesis, University of California-Los
Angeles.
Behrens, C. A. (1981). Time allocation and meat procurement among the Shipibo Indians of eastern
Peru. Human Ecology, 9(2), 189-220.
Bereczkei, T. (1998). Kinship networks, direct childcare, and fertility among Hungarians and Gypsies.
Evolution and Human Behavior, 19(5), 283-299.
Bernard, H. R., & Killworth, P. D. (1993). Sampling in time allocation research. Ethnology, 32(2), 207-215.
Betzig, L., & Turke, P. (1985). Measuring time allocation: observation and intention. Current
Anthropology, 26, 647-650.
Betzig, L., & Turke, P. (1986). Parental investment by sex on Ifaluk. Ethology and Sociobiology, 7, 29-37.
Bevans, G. (1913). How Working Men Spend Their Time. New York: Columbia University Press.
Bianchi, S., Milkie, M., Sayer, L., & Robinson, J. (2000). “Is Anyone Doing the Housework? Trends in the
Gender Division of Household Labor.” Social Forces, 79(September), 191-228.
Bird, D. W., & Bird, R. B. (2005). Martu children's hunting strategies in the Western Desert, Australia. In
Hunter-gatherer childhoods : evolutionary, developmental & cultural perspectives (pp. 129-146): New
Brunswick : Transaction Publishers.
Bird, D. W., & Bliege Bird, R. L. (1997). Contemporary Shellfish Gathering Strategies among the Meriam
of the Torres Strait Islands, Australia: Testing Predictions of a Central Place Foraging Model. Journal of
Archaeological Science, 24(1), 39-63.
Bird, R., & Bird, D. (2002). Constraints of knowing or constraints of growing? Human Nature, 13(2), 239267.
Bock, J. (2002). Evolutionary demography and intrahousehold time allocation: school attendance and
child labor among the Okavango Delta people of Botswana. American Journal of Human Biology, 14(2),
206-221.
Bock, J. (2002). Learning, life history, and productivity. Human Nature, 13(2), 161-197.
Bock, J. (2002). Learning, life history, and productivity: children's lives in the Okavango Delta, Botswana.
Human Nature, 13(2), 161-197.
Bock, J. (2005). What makes a competent adult forager? In Hunter-gatherer childhoods : evolutionary,
developmental & cultural perspectives (pp. 109-128): New Brunswick : Transaction Publishers.
Bock, J., & Johnson, S. (2003). Subsistence ecology and play among the Okavango Delta peoples of
Botswana. Human Nature, 15(1), 63-81.
Bock, J., & Sellen, D. (2002). Childhood and the evolution of the human life course: introduction. Human
Nature, 13, 153-160.
Borgerhoff Mulder, M., & Caro, T. (1985). The use of quantitative observation techniques in
anthropology. Current Anthropology, 26, 232-262.
Borgerhoff Mulder, M., & Milton, M. (1985). Factors affecting infant care among the Kipsigis. Journal of
Anthropological Research., 4, 231-262.
Boserup, E. (1970). Women's Role in Economic Development. New York: St. Martin's.
Bove, R. B., Valeggia, C. R., & Ellison, P. T. (2002). Girl helpers and time allocation of nursing women
among the Toba of Argentina. Human nature, 13(4), 457-472.
Burton, M., & Reitz, K. (1981). The Plow, Female Contribution to Agricultural Subsistence and Polygyny:
A Log-Linear Analysis. Behavior. Science. Research., 275-306.
Carneiro, R. (1979). Tree felling with the stone ax: an experiment carried out among the Yanomamö
Indians of Southern Venezuela. In C. Kramer (Ed.), Ethnoarchaeology: Implications of Ethnography for
Archaeology (pp. 21-58). New York: Columbia University Press.
Caro, T. M., Roper, R., Young, M., & Dank, G. R. (1979). Inter-observer reliability. Behaviour, 69, 303-315.
Chapple, E., & Arensberg, C. (1940). Measuring human relations: An introduction to the study of the
interaction of individuals. Genetic Psychology Monographs, 22, 3-147.
Chick, G. (1994). Experience sampling in anthropological research. CAM: Cultural Anthropology Methods
Newsletter, 6(2), 4-6.
Chisholm, J. (1983). Navajo Infancy. New York: Aldine.
Clarement Graduate School Class, M. R. (1967). Note on Direct Observation of Purchasing Behavior.
Journal of Marketing Research, 4(4), 402-405.
Clarke, P. E., Rousham, E. K., Gross, H., Halligan, A. W. F., & Bosio, P. (2005). Activity patterns and time
allocation during pregnancy: a longitudinal study of British women. Annals of human biology, 32(3), 247258.
Collins, K., & Roberts, D. (1988). Capacity for Work in the Tropics. Cambridge: Cambridge University
Press.
Coreil, J. (1991). Maternal time allocation in relation to kind and domain of primary health care. Medical
Anthropology Quarterly, 5(3), 221-235.
Czikszentmihalyi, M., & Larson, R. (1987). Validity and reliability of the Experience-Sampling Method.
Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 178(3), 526-536.
Decaro, J., Decaro, E., & Ashley, D. (in press). Investigating the Social Ecology of Daily Experience Using
Computerized Structured Diaries: Physical Activity Among Mexican American Young Adults. Field
Methods.
Defler, T. R. (1995). Time budget of a group of wild woolly monkeys (Lagothrix lagotricha). International
Journal of Primatology, 16(1), 107-120.
Denevan, W. (1992). Stone vs. metal axes: The ambiguity of shifting cultivation in Amazonia. Journal of
the Steward Society, 20, 153-165.
Denham, W. (1974). Infant transport among the Alyawara tribe, Central Australia. Oceania, 44, 253-277.
Denham, W. (1978). Alyawara Ethnographic Data Base. New Haven: HRAF Press.
Di Fiore, A., & Rodman, P. S. (2001). Time allocation patterns of lowland woolly monkeys (Lagothrix
lagothricha poeppigii) in a Neotropical terra firma forest. International Journal of Primatology, 22(3),
449-480.
Di Pino, A. (2004). On the economic estimation of the time devoted to household chores and childcare in
Italy. Italian low fertility between economic constraints and changes of values, 60(1), 139-159.
Draper, P. (1975). Cultural pressure on sex differences. American Ethnologist, 2(4), 602-616.
Draper, P. (1977). Social and economic constraints on child life among the !Kung. In R. Lee & I. DeVore
(Eds.), Kalahari Foragers (pp. 122-141). Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Draper, P. (n.d.). !Kung work: a southern perspective. unpublished.
Dufour, D. (1984). The time and energy expenditure of indigenous women horticulturalists in the
Northwest Amazon. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 65, 37-46.
Dunbar, R. I. M. (1976). Some aspects of research design and their implication in the observational study
of behavior. Behaviour, 58, 78-98.
Dunbar, R. I. M., & Marriott, A. (1997). Human Conversational Behavior. Human Nature, 8(3), 231-246.
Dunne, M., & Ng, S. H. (1994). Simultaneous Speech in Small Group Conversation: All-Together-Now and
One-at-a-Time? Journal of Language and Social Psychology, 13(1), 45-71.
Durnin, J., & Passmore, G. (1967). Energy, Work, and Leisure. London: Heinemann.
Durrenberger, E. P. (1984). Operationalizing Chayanov. In E. P. Durrenberger (Ed.), Chayanov, Peasants,
and Economic Anthropology (pp. 39-50). New York: Academic Press.
Durrenberger, P. (1984). Chayanov, Peasants, and Economic Anthropology. New York: Academic Press.
Edward J. Callahan, Stange, K. C., Bertakis, K. D., Zyzanski, S. J., Azari, R., & Flocke, S. A. (2003). Does
Time Use in Outpatient Residency Training
Reflect Community Practice? Residency Education, 35(6), 423-427.
Ehrenreich, J. (1984). Time allocation and work among the Coaiquer Indians of northern Ecuador.
Journal of anthropology, 3(2), 50-81.
Engle, P., & Lumpkin, J. (1991). How accurate are time use estimates? Effects of cognitive enhancement
and cultural difference on recall accuracy. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 6, 141-159.
Erasmus, C. (1980). Comment on: Does labor time decrease with industrialization? Current.
Anthropology., 21, 289-291.
Erasmus, C. J. (1955). Work patterns in a Mayo village. American Anthropologist, 57, 322-333.
Feldhutter, I. M., Schleidt, M., & Irenaeus, E.-E. (1990). Moving in the beat of seconds. Ethology and
Sociobiology, 11, 511-520.
Fiore, A. D., & Rodman, P. S. (2001). Time Allocation Patterns of Lowland Woolly Monkeys (Lagothrix
lagotricha poeppigii) in a Neotropical Terra Firma Forest. International Journal of Primatology, 22(3),
449-480.
Fleuret, A., & Fleuret, P. (1977). Sex roles and peasant economies in the Usumbara Mountains. Paper.
presented. at. the. annual. meeting. of. the. Southwestern. Anthropological. Association,. San. Diego.
Flinn, M. (1988). Mate guarding in a Caribbean village. Ethology and Sociobiology, 9, 1-29.
Flinn, M. (1988). Parent-offspring interactions in a Caribbean village: daughter guarding. In L. Betzig, M.
Borgerhoff Mulder & P. Turke (Eds.), Human Reproductive Behaviour (pp. 189-200). Cambridge:
Cambridge University Press.
Flinn, M. (1988). Paternal Care in a Caribbean Village. In B. Hewlett (Ed.), Father-Child Relations (pp. 5784). Chicago: Aldine de Gruyter.
Fouts, H., Hewlett, B., & Lamb, M. E. (2005). Parent-Offspring Weaning Conflicts among the Bofi Farmers
and Foragers of Central Africa. Current Anthropology, 36(1), 29-50.
Fouts, H. N., & Lamb, M. E. (2005). Weanling emotional patterns among the Bofi foragers of Central
Africa: the role of maternal availability and sensitivity. In M. Lamb & B. Hewlett (Eds.), Hunter-gatherer
childhoods : evolutionary, developmental & cultural perspectives (pp. 309-321): New Brunswick :
Transaction Publishers.
Fratkin, E. (1989). Household variation and gender inequality in Ariaal pastoral production: results of a
time allocation survey. American Anthropologist, 91, 430-440.
Gebre-Mariam, A. (1987). Labour inputs and time allocation among the Afar. Nomadic Peoples(23), 3756.
Gil-White, F. J. (2004). Ultimatum Game with Ethnicity Manipulation: Problems Faced Doing Field
Economic Experiments and their Solutions. Field Methods, 16(2), 157-183.
Gittelsohn, J., Shankar, A. V., West, K. P. J., Ram, R. M., & Gnywali, T. (1997). Estimating reactivity in
direct observation studies of health behaviors. Human Organization, 56(2), 182-189.
Godoy, R., & Jacobson, M. (1999). Covariates of private time preference: a pilot study among the
Tsimane' Indians of the Bolivian Rain Forest. Evolution and Human Behavior, 20(4), 249-256.
Good, K. (1989). Yanomamo Hunting Patterns: Trekking and Garden Relocation as an Adaptation to
Game Availability in Amazonia. Unpublished Doctoral, University of Florida, Gainesville.
Gragson, T. L. (1992). Strategic Procurement of Fish by the Pumé: A South American "Fishing Culture".
Human Ecology, 20(1), 109-130.
Gragson, T. L. (1993). Human Foraging in Lowland South America: Pattern and Process of Resource
Procurement. Research in Economic Anthropology, 14, 107-138.
Grandin, B. E. (1989). Labor sufficiency, livestock management, and time allocation on Maasai group
ranches. Research in Economic Anthropology, 11, 143-178.
Gravlee, C. C., Zenk, S. N., Woods, S., Rowe, Z., & Schulz, A. J. (2006). Handheld Computers for Direct
Observation of the Social and Physical Environment. Field Methods, 18(4), 382-397.
Gross, D., Eiten, G., Flowers, N., Leol, F., Ritter, M., & Werner, D. (1979). Ecology and acculturation
among native peoples of Central Brazil. Science., 206, 1043-1050.
Gross, D. R. (1984). Time allocation: a tool for the study of cultural behavior. Annual Review of
Anthropology, 13, 519-558.
Gross, D. R., & Underwood, B. A. (1971). Technological change and caloric costs: sisal agriculture in
Northeastern Brazil. American Anthropologist, 73(3), 725-740.
Gurven, M., Hill, K., Kaplan, H., Hurtado, A., & Lyles, R. (2000). Food transfers among Hiwi foragers of
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Gurven, M., & Kaplan, H. (2006). Determinants of time allocation across the lifespan: a theoretical model
and an application to the Machiguenga and Piro of Peru. Human nature : an interdisciplinary biosocial
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Gurven, M., Kaplan, H., & Gutierrez, M. (2006). How long does it take to become a proficient hunter?:
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Hames, R. (1978). A Behavioral Account of the Division of Labor among the Ye'kwana Ph.D Thesis,
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Hames, R. (1979). Interaction and relatedness among the Ye'kwana: a preliminary analysis. In N.
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Hames, R. (1987). Relatedness and garden labor exchange among the Ye'kwana. Evolution and Human
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Hames, R. (1988). The Allocation of Parental Care among the Ye'kwana. In L. Betzig, M. Borgerhoff
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Hames, R. (1989). Time, efficiency, and fitness in the Amazonian protein quest. Research in Economic
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Hames, R. (1992). Time Allocation. In E. A. Smith & B. Winterhalder (Eds.), Evolutionary Ecology and
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Hames, R. (1992). Variation in paternal care among the Yanomamö. In B. Hewlett (Ed.), The Father's
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Hames, R. (1994). Ye'kwana Time Allocation Data Base. New Haven, CT: HRAF Press, Inc.
Hames, R. (2010). Production Decisions and Time Allocation. In I. Vaccaro, E. A. Smith & S. Aswani (Eds.),
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Hill, K., & Hurtado, A. M. (1999). Packer and colleagues' model of menopause for humans. Human
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Hurtado, A., & Hill, K. (1989). Seasonality in a foraging society: variation in diet, work effort, fertility, and
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Hurtado, A. M., & Hill, K. (1992). Experimental Studies of Tool Efficiency among Machiguenga Women
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