L. monocytogenes has a broad effect on transcription in Drosophila melanogaster While previous microarrays have been done in adult flies with L. monocytogenes, this is the first microarray performed with this parental strain, w1118. As parental lines respond differently to infection, looking at genes changing in this line were necessary to adequately compare changes caused by an interruption in ets21c. We looked at parental line changes in two contexts. First, we looked for any gene that changed during L. monocytogenes infection compared to unmanipulated flies, including genes induced through wounding and media injection. Second, we specifically selected for genes which changed during L. monocytogenes infection, but not during wounding. Both of these classes are important for the immune response to and eventual survival during infection, but considering them separately allows for proper interpretation. Looking at all changes during infection, 232 genes were significantly different between unmanipulated and L. monocytogenes infected flies (p<0.01). Gene Ontology (GO) analysis revealed many expected categories including humoral immune response, defense response, and the Toll signaling pathway. There was also enrichment in a number of metabolic categories: carbohydrate metabolism, electron transport, hexose metabolism, lipid metabolism, monosaccharide metabolism, pigment metabolism, protein metabolism, and secondary metabolism. A list of the genes with changes greater than 4.5 fold is in Supplemental Table 2. After filtering out genes affected by wounding, we found L. monocytogenes infection caused changes in 146 genes listed in Supplemental Table 3. This list was generated by selecting genes which significantly changed between unmanipulated and L. monocytogenes infected flies (p<0.01) and removing any genes which were significantly different between unmanipulated and media injected flies (p<0.1). Gene Ontology analysis revealed similar results to those above, expected immune clusters – humoral immune response, defense response, and Toll signaling pathway – and metabolic clusters – carbohydrate metabolism, electron transport, lipid metabolism and pigment metabolism. A closer look at regulated immunity genes reveals that Toll signaling genes are up-regulated 2-4 fold during L. monocytogenes infection. These genes are not significantly induced by media injection, but the downstream readouts of the pathways, anti-microbial peptides, are. The induction of these genes indicates activation of both the imd and the Toll pathways. Gregorio et al showed that the Toll components that we see up-regulated (cactus, pelle, Toll, spaetzle, and necrotic) as well as additional factors like relish and frost are all spaetzle signaling dependent.[1] Of the anti-microbial peptides significantly induced, attacin-A, attacin-B, drosomycin, and metchnikowan can be induced by either Toll or imd; attacin-C and diptercin B require imd signaling; and defensin requires signaling through both toll and imd pathways.[1] L. monocytogenes is gram-positive bacterium that excites both the Toll and imd pathways and yet L. monocytogenes possesses a DAP-type peptidoglycan which, according to Drosophila dogma, should only cause signaling through the imd pathway. In the genes significantly down-regulated during L. monocytogenes infection, there is significant enrichment in metabolic pathways. Transcripts in the glycolysis/gluconeogenisis, beta-oxidation, mitochondrial fatty acid metabolism and the pentose-phosphate pathway are depressed during infection. This could be indicative either of loss of substrates or of a regulatory shift on the fly’s part in an effort to regulate energy usage. Miscellaneous other genes of interest include frost, which affects cold resistance and is transcriptioanlly induced during other infections, and adipokinetic hormone receptor, which is important for triglyceride utilization.[1-3] Et21c mutant flies have few baseline significant differences from parental To select for genes that are different in ets21c mutants in the absence of infection we compared unmanipulated parental to unmanipulated ets21c mutants (Supplementary Table 4). There were 34 genes which had significantly different basal expression levels between the ets21c mutant and parental line (p<0.01), and this gene list was enriched for genes in the defense response: lysozyme X, drosomycin-4, immune induced molecule 23, ebony, Ugt86dD, CG31832, and CG16799. Ets21c mutant flies induce fewer genes during L. monocytogenes infection L. monocytogenes infection of ets21c piggybac mutants caused significant changes in 41 genes (p<0.01) and only 18 of these genes do not change during media injection as compared to the 236 and 141 genes changes under the same conditions, respectively, in the parental line (Supplementary Table 5). Gene Ontology analysis revealed enrichment in humoral immune response, defense response and toll signaling pathway. Notably missing, compared to the parental results, was enrichment in the metabolic systems. There was enrichment in carbohydrate catabolism, but this is a distinct GO group from those seen in the parental line. To look at which genes are induced during parental infection but not during ets21c mutant infections, we took the list of genes significantly changed between unmanipulated and L. monocytogenes infected in the parental line (p<0.01), selected against genes changed through media injection (p<0.1), and selected against genes changed in ets21c mutants (p<0.1). We used higher p-values for our anti-selection criteria to have the strictest criteria for gene selection. The anti-selection of both media injection and ets21c was mostly redundant, with the ets21c selection criteria only removing two additional genes. To loosen selection criteria, we looked at all genes which change in the parental line during L. monocytogenes infection (unmanipulated versus L. monocytogenes, p<0.01) and filtered for genes which changed during ets21c piggybac infection (unmanipulated vs. L monocytogenes, p<0.1). This criterion eliminated 41 genes, leaving a list of 191 genes which were not affected by infection in the ets21c mutant (Supplementary Table 2). These genes almost entirely coincide with genes affected by media injection, hence the low level of additional selection by introducing both restrictions. The gene most highly induced during L. monocytogenes infection in the parental line, but not in the ets21c mutant and during wounding, was wntD. Mutants in wntD are susceptible to L. monocytogenes infection, making this a potential mediator of ets21c’s immune phenotype. One of the genes most down-regulated during infection in the parental line, but not affected in the ets21c mutant, is the gene adipokinetic hormone receptor (akhr). Akhr is the Drosophila equivalent of the mammalian glucagon receptor and is responsible to controlling the release of triglyceride stores.[2,3] Ets21c mutants have a different expression signature during L. monocytogenes infection Because there are so few changes induced in the ets21c mutants by L. monocytogenes infection, we also looked at a direct comparison between L. monocytogenes infected ets21c mutant versus infected parental. When we did this comparison, 124 genes were significantly different (p<0.01) (Supplementary Table 6). This revealed both genes induced during infection and baseline differences, when we selected against the baseline differences in unmanipulated flies (p<0.1) we reduced the number to 94 genes. GO analysis of the non-baseline differences were enriched in catabolism, electron transport, iron binding, oxidoreductase activity, and purine nucleotide metabolism. This selection condition again highlights WntD and akhr as potential mediators of the ets21c phenotype. This criterion also highlights the gene frost, which is strongly induced in the parental line during infection (~20 fold) but is only induced four-fold in the ets21c mutant. As mentioned above, frost affects cold tolerance in Drosophila, and is known to be immune induced by a number of microbes.[4-6] Supplemental Table 2. Genes regulated during L. monocytogenes infection in parental line. Gene Name CG CG4950 CG16756 female-specific independent of transformer Cytochrome b5-related Adipokinetic hormone receptor Cyp4ac2 CG6067 CG31778 Lipid storage droplet-1 CG8147 CG2736 Retinoid- and fatty-acid binding protein CG4716 Glutactin CG9466 CG5428 lectin-33A CG15092 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor beta 21C Hemolectin Papilin CG3597 CG10131 Phosphoribosylamidotransferase 2 CG14990 CG4716 CG9468 CG13877 CG13607 regucalcin CG9837 Sorbitol dehydrogenase 1 CG6503 CG18249 CG5288 Serine pyruvate aminotransferase CG15199 PGRP-SB1 Activin Like Protein at 23B Attacin-C CG4950 CG16756 CG17820 Significant change during media injection? Significant change in ets21c mutant during infection? -15.68 -15.12 -14.2 * * * * CG13279 CG11325 CG17970 CG6067 CG31778 CG10374 CG8147 CG2736 CG11064 -13.67 -12.06 / -2.98 -10.5 -10.04 -9.53 -7.92 -7.91 -7.79 -7.05 * */ * CG4716 CG9280 CG9466 CG5428 CG16834 CG15092 CG11822 -6.74 -6.44 -6.32 -6.29 -6.15 -6.04 -5.71 * CG7002 CG33103 CG3597 CG10131 CG10078 CG14990 CG4716 CG9468 CG13877 CG13607 HDC18536 CG9837 CG1982 CG6503 CG18249 CG5288 CG3926 CG15199 CG9681 CG16987 CG4740 Fold Change (Unmanip vs. Listeria) -5.59 -5.54 -5.47 -5.36 -5.2 -5.16 -5.16 -5.14 -5.11 -5 -4.99 / -2.59 -4.87 -4.68 -4.64 -4.61 -4.58 -4.56 -4.52 4.57 4.6 4.62 * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * */ * * * * * * * * Supplemental Table 2. Genes regulated during L. monocytogenes infection in parental line (continued). Gene Name PGRP-SB1 Activin Like Protein at 23B Attacin-C CG9542 CG1299 Ser7 CG14205 PGRP-SC2 CG1102 Immune induced molecule 1 CG6639 CG4267 CG32373 Thiolester containing protein I CG9080 Immune induced molecule 10 DiptericinB CG2444 CG6361 CG5527 Attacin-B CG6553 CG8791 CG11413 PGRP-SD CG6687 Attacin-A CG9989 CG14516 yellow-f CG18563 CG33307 wnt inhibitor of Dorsal CG2217 CG30080 CG30080 Frost suppressor of white-apricot CG14567 Immune induced molecule 23 CG11459 CG6675 CG31775 CG Number CG9681 CG16987 CG4740 CG9542 CG1299 CG2045 CG14205 CG14745 CG1102 CG18108 CG6639 CG4267 CG32373 CG18096 CG9080 CG18279 CG10794 CG2444 CG6361 CG5527 CG18372 CG6553 CG8791 CG11413 CG7496 CG6687 CG10146 CG9989 CG14516 CG18550 CG18563 CG16887 CG8458 CG2217 CT32157 CG30080 CG9434 CG3019 CG14567 CG15066 CG11459 CG6675 CG31775 Fold Change 4.57 4.6 4.62 4.64 4.67 4.83 5.09 5.16 5.22 5.33 5.49 5.73 5.74 5.77 5.85 6.01 6.31 6.54 6.6 6.63 6.79 6.88 7.2 7.87 8.35 8.71 8.99 9.13 9.56 11.46 11.85 12.52 17.37 17.38 17.86 18.63 23.21 26.48 33.71 37.39 37.56 42.41 70.51 Significant change during media injection? Significant change in ets21c mutant during infection? * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Supplemental Table 3. Genes regulated by L. monocytogenes infection but not wounding. Gene Name CG Number CG6067 CG2736 CG4716 CG9280 CG7002 CG10131 Fold Change -10.04 -7.79 -6.74 -6.44 -5.59 -5.36 CG10078 CG4716 -5.2 -5.16 CG13877 CG13607 CG6503 CG5288 Serine pyruvate aminotransferase CG15199 CG14400 lectin-24Db CG10361 Cytochrome P450-18a1 Ance-4 CG2801 Open rectifier K<up>+</up> channel 1 CG9295 ade5 CG10621 CG13082 sex-specific enzyme 2 CG32072 CG5958 Collagen type IV Cyp28d1 CG33047 CG13877 CG13607 CG6503 CG5288 CG6067 CG2736 CG4716 Glutactin Hemolectin CG10131 Phosphoribosylamidotransferase 2 CG4716 Gene Name wnt inhibitor of Dorsal CG14516 CG8791 CG2444 CG1102 CG14205 CG Number CG8458 CG14516 CG8791 CG2444 CG1102 CG14205 Fold Change 17.37 9.56 7.2 6.54 5.22 5.09 CG1299 CG9542 4.67 4.64 -5.11 -5 -4.64 -4.58 CG1299 CG9542 Activin Like Protein at 23B CG1698 CG4618 CG17350 CG16987 CG1698 CG4618 CG17350 4.6 4.42 4.39 4.26 CG3926 CG15199 CG14400 CG2958 CG10361 CG6816 CG8196 CG2081 -4.56 -4.52 -4.33 -4.33 -4.21 -4.16 -4.07 -4.03 CG31617 cactus CG11843 CG32412 CG18530 Defensin CG3505 p115 CG31617 CG5848 CG11843 CG32412 CG18530 CG1385 CG3505 CG1422 4.26 4.15 3.98 3.94 3.88 3.84 3.79 3.75 CG1615 CG9295 CG3989 CG10621 CG13082 CG4979 CG32072 CG5958 CG4145 CG10833 CG33047 -3.99 -3.97 -3.89 -3.79 -3.74 -3.65 -3.63 -3.62 -3.53 -3.52 -3.49 CG11992 CG1689 CG11331 CG10697 CG7219 CG13075 CG6134 CG17119 CG1859 CG6375 CG34037 3.73 3.72 3.71 3.67 3.62 3.56 3.55 3.49 3.45 3.4 3.39 CG6034 Cyp6t1* Iris CG9497* Glycerol 3 phosphate dehydrogenase Cytochrome P450-4d1 CG33493 Ser8 CG11407 CG6034 CG1644 CG4715 CG9497 -3.45 -3.45 -3.42 -3.25 Relish lozenge Serpin-27A Dopa decarboxylase CG7219 CG13075 spatzle CG17119 Spn43Ad pitchoune CG34037 Suppressor of cytokine signaling at 36E CG6388 CG8913 nop5 CG15154 CG6388 CG8913 CG10206 3.23 3.21 3.21 3.12 CG9042 CG3656 CG33493 CG4812 CG11407 -3.25 -3.24 -3.1 -3.07 -3.06 CG5773 CG4927 CG9358 CG1607 CG5246 3.04 3.02 2.99 2.88 2.88 CG14523 CG14523 -3.05 CG5773 CG4927 Pherokine 3 CG1607 CG5246 PDGF- and VEGFrelated factor 2 CG13780 2.88 Supplemental Table 3. Genes regulated by L. monocytogenes infection but not wounding (continued). Gene Name CG Number CG5154 Fold Change -3.04 CG11325 CG3523 CG1112 CG11892 CG9511 -2.98 -2.97 -2.92 -2.88 -2.86 CG32158 Trypsin acyl-Coenzyme A oxidase at 57D distal CG15203 CG4019 pugilist CG16926 CG14375 CG15096 CG32158 CG12385 -2.82 -2.82 CG9709 CG15203 CG4019 CG4067 CG16926 CG14375 CG15096 -2.81 -2.8 -2.8 -2.8 -2.77 -2.76 -2.74 CG33120 Cyp9h1 CG18301 Rhythmically expressed gene 2 Trehalose-6-phosphate synthase 1 CG15406 fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase CG33120 CG17577 CG18301 CG14823 CG7322 CG6206 CG8654 CG9510 Olfactory-specific 9 CG11315 Senescence marker protein-30 real-time CG5560 CG11314 CG32667 Cyp6g1 Odorant-binding protein 99c Imaginal disc growth factor 5 Adipokinetic Hormone receptor CG3523 Esterase-7 CG11892 CG9511 Gene Name CG Number CG9441 Fold Change 2.87 CG10627 CG11034 CG12772 CG9616 Urate oxidase Cyclic-AMP response element binding protein A pelle CG10627 CG11034 CG12772 CG9616 CG7171 2.83 2.81 2.74 2.74 2.7 CG7450 CG5974 2.68 2.63 CG18525 CG31686 CG17818 CG12116 CG3385 CG15044 CG9809 2.62 2.61 2.59 2.57 2.57 2.56 2.56 -2.73 -2.72 -2.69 Serine protease inhibitor 5 CG31686 rdgB CG12116 nervy CG15044 CG9809 Arginine methyltransferase 8 CDC45L CG31326 CG16840 CG3658 CG31326 2.54 2.51 2.48 CG3200 -2.69 CG7115 CG7115 2.46 CG4104 CG15406 CG31692 -2.69 -2.64 -2.64 CG3781 CG5550 CG18348 2.45 2.42 2.41 CG14823 CG7322 CG6206 CG8654 CG33085 CG10658 CG11315 CG7390 CG9528 CG5560 CG11314 CG32667 CG8453 CG7584 -2.6 -2.59 -2.56 -2.54 -2.53 -2.53 -2.49 -2.47 -2.46 -2.39 -2.37 -2.34 -2.3 -2.28 CG3781 CG5550 CG18348 Misexpression suppressor of KSR 4 CG33258 CG9416 CG15043 CG31447 CR33258 CG9416 CG15043 2.4 2.36 2.35 2.19 Punch Supplemental Table 4. Genes that are differentially expressed at baseline between ets21c mutants and the parental line. Gene Name CG5139 Cyp6a17 CG18066 CG5381 Larval serum protein 2 CG31832 CG4409 Lysozyme X Larval serum protein 1α insulin-like peptide 5 CG14115 CG31672 Cyp9h1 CG16704 CG14499 ebony Larval serum protein 1β CG16799 CG11294 CG11893 Cyp6a23 Insulin-related peptide drosomycin-4 CG10550 CG3397 Immune induced molecule 23 CG11909 CG32036 CG7900 Ugt86Dd Syt7 Esterase-2 CG13313 CG13155 CG number CG5139-RA CG10241-RA CG18066-RA CG5381-RA CG6806-RA CG31832-RA CG4409-RA CG9120-RA CG2559-RA HDC09365 CG14115-RA CG31672-RA CG17577-RA CG16704-RA CG14499-RA CG3331-RA CG4178-RA CG16799-RA CG11294-RA CG11893-RA CG10242-RA CG8167-RA CG32282-RA CG10550-RB CG3397-RA CG15066-RA CG11909-RA CG32036-RB CG7900-RA CG6633-RA CG2381-RB CG2505-RA CG13313-RA CG13155-RA Fold Change -33.21 -28.9 -14 -11.23 -7.4 -6.91 -5.87 -4.77 -4.17 -4.06 -3.56 -3.4 -3.07 -3.04 -2.63 -2.33 -2.26 -2.25 2.56 2.58 2.8 2.87 3.03 3.24 3.62 4.15 4.69 4.94 5.06 5.29 6.15 6.55 6.89 75.97 Supplemental Table 5. Genes regulated during L. monocytogenes infection in ets21c mutants. Gene Name CG4950 regucalcin neither inactivation nor afterpotential D CG34020 CG12374 CG11594 CG9631 Relish CG15021 Cyp309a1 CG17325 Mec2 Diptericin B CG13422 Immune induced molecule 10 Attacin-B CG3505 NAD-dependent methylenetetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase CG17032 CG6553 CG5527 Thiolester containing protein II CG6385 CG6687 PGRP-SC2 Immune induced molecule 10 CG11413 CG30080 CG31495 CG30080 Peptidoglycan recognition protein SA yellow-f CG4267 PGRP-SB1 CG32185 CG6361 CG13077 Immune induced molecule 23 PGRP-SD CG2217 CG9989 Accession CG4950-RA HDC18536 CG31783-RA Dm.2R.20325.0 CG12374-RA CG11594-RC CG9631-RA CG11992-RA CG15021-RA CG9964-RA CG17325-RA CG7635-RA CG10794-RA CG13422-RA CG33470 CG18372-RA CG3505-RA CG18466-RB CG17032-RA CG6553-RA CG5527-RA CG7052-RA CG6385-RA CG6687-RA CG14745-RA CG18279-RB CG11413-RA CT32157 CG31495-RA CG30080-RA CG11709-RA CG18550-RA CG4267-RA CG9681-RA CG32185-RA CG6361-RA CG13077-RA CG15066-RA CG7496-RA CG2217-RA CG9989-RA Fold Change -6.63 -3.43 -2.74 -2.53 -2.47 -2.36 2.26 2.34 2.47 2.53 2.54 2.57 2.73 2.8 2.83 2.88 2.89 2.9 2.91 3.13 3.2 3.24 3.27 3.41 3.46 3.69 3.74 3.94 3.97 3.99 4.14 4.22 4.62 4.94 5 5.36 5.66 5.8 6.97 7.22 8.94 Significant change during media injection? * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Supplemental Table 6. Genes with differential expression between ets21c mutants and parental during L. monocytogenes infection. Gene Name CG5139 CG14934 Cyp6a17 CG18066 wnt inhibitor of Dorsal CG2444 CG5381 CG6675 CG14567 CG31832 CG8791 CG14516 Larval serum protein 2 CG33462 CG4409 Frost CG33307 suppressor of white-apricot GCR(ich) CG18530 CG9542 CG4618 CG16704 CG11459 CG17350 CG13075 CG32922 CG18563 CG17119 lozenge CG9416 Ady43A CG6553 CG14205 CG13325 CG31672 CG1102 CG34037 CG1698 CG6388 CG32412 CG4733 Spn43Ad CG11576 CG5246 yellow-f CG17032 CG6687 spatzle CG11919 /// CG18003 CG Number CG5139-RA CG14934-RA CG10241-RA CG18066-RA CG8458-RA CG2444-RA CG5381-RA CG6675-RA CG14567-RA CG31832-RA CG8791-RA CG14516-RB CG6806-RA CG30086-RA CG4409-RA CG9434-RA CG16887-RA CG3019-RA CG5812-RA CG18530-RA CG9542-RA CG4618-RA CG16704-RA CG11459-RA CG17350-RA CG13075-RA CG32922-RB CG18563-RA CG17119-RA CG1689-RA CG9416-RA CG1851-RA CG6553-RA CG14205-RA CG13325-RA CG31672-RA CG1102-RA Dm.3R.39174.0 CG1698-RA CG6388-RA CG32412-RA CG4733-RA CG1859-RA CG11576-RA CG5246-RA CG18550-RA CG17032-RA CG6687-RA CG6134-RA CG30019-RB Fold Change -37.73 -29.01 -26.62 -25.25 -21.75 -11.8 -11.68 -9.04 -6.79 -6.49 -6.46 -6.31 -6.3 -5.58 -5.09 -5.08 -4.85 -4.85 -4.48 -4.42 -4.36 -4.2 -4.17 -4.08 -3.91 -3.82 -3.76 -3.37 -3.33 -3.28 -3.24 -3.11 -2.95 -2.9 -2.73 -2.72 -2.71 -2.69 -2.59 -2.58 -2.58 -2.57 -2.56 -2.51 -2.49 -2.41 -2.36 -2.34 -2.32 2.37 Changed in baseline? * * * * * * * * * * * * Supplemental Table 6. Genes with differential expression between ets21c mutants and parental during L. monocytogenes infection (continued). Gene Name CG Number Fold Changed in Change baseline? Cyp6g1 Cyp4ac1 CG6330 Adenosine deaminase-related growth factor D Phosphoribosylamidotransferase 2 CG3829 Insulin-related peptide CG13833 pugilist CG11407 CG6912 CG10361 CG15203 tolkin Lysozyme P CG5288 CG8854 sex-specific enzyme 2 CG34020 CG6503 CG15553 ade5 CG33047 CG8550 CG9676 CG3301 Ance-4 CG16732 CG31380 drosomycin-4 CG3597 Lipid storage droplet-1 Cyp309a1 CG4716 Open rectifier K<up>+</up> channel 1 CG15199 Deoxyribonuclease II Thd1 Adipokinetic Hormone receptor CG13877 Glutactin CG14400 CG5428 Cyp6a23 CG10550 CG31778 CG7542 CG4716 Cyp309a2 CG2081-RB CG8453-RA CG14032-RA CG6330-RB 2.43 2.47 2.48 CG9621-RA CG10078-RB CG3829-RA CG8167-RA CG13833-RA CG4067-RB CG11407-RA CG6912-RA CG10361-RA CG15203-RA CG6863-RB CG9116-RA CG5288-RA CG8854-RA CG4979-RA Dm.2R.20325.0 CG6503-RA CG15553-RA CG3989-RA CG33047-RA CG8550-RA CG9676-RA CG3301-RA CG8196-RA CG16732-RA CG31380-RA CG32282-RA CG3597-RA CG10374-RA CG9964-RA CG4716-RA 2.52 2.57 2.61 2.64 2.66 2.68 2.68 2.74 2.75 2.75 2.76 2.83 2.83 2.87 2.9 2.91 2.99 3 3.05 3.06 3.12 3.14 3.22 3.25 3.28 3.28 3.32 3.38 3.49 3.52 3.52 CG1615-RB CG15199-RA CG7780-RA HDC16707 CG11325-RB CG13877-RA CG9280-RC CG14400-RA CG5428-RA CG10242-RA CG10550-RB CG31778-RA CG7542-RA CG4716-RB CG18559-RA CG2081-RB 3.54 3.62 3.63 3.63 3.68 3.78 3.86 3.88 3.89 3.93 3.93 3.96 4.01 4.11 4.17 4.22 * * * * * * * Supplemental Table 6. Genes with differential expression between ets21c mutants and parental during L. monocytogenes infection (continued). Gene Name CG Fold Changed in Number Change baseline? CG6415 CG10131 white CG31091 CG6067 Retinoid- and fatty-acid binding protein Cyp4ac2 rhomboid-6 CG14920 CG13607 CG3528 CG11236 CG9463 CG13313 Ugt86Dd CG6385 CG2736 CG11598 Cytochrome b5-related CG11659 CG12256 CG13155 CG6415-RA CG10131-RA CG2759-RA CG31091-RA CG6067-RA 4.28 4.45 4.51 4.63 4.84 CG11064-RA CG17970-RA CG17212-RB CG14920-RA CG13607-RA CG3528-RA CG11236-RA CG9463-RA CG13313-RA CG6633-RA CG6385-RA CG2736-RA CG11598-RA CG13279-RA CG11659-RA CG12256-RA CG13155-RA 5.01 5.02 5.1 5.24 5.35 5.8 6.22 6.4 6.42 6.99 7.07 8.54 8.81 9.67 20.26 30.76 76.48 * * * * * * * * * * 1. De Gregorio E, Spellman PT, Tzou P, Rubin GM, Lemaitre B (2002) The Toll and Imd pathways are the major regulators of the immune response in Drosophila. EMBO J 21: 2568-2579. 2. Bharucha KN, Tarr P, Zipursky SL (2008) A glucagon-like endocrine pathway in Drosophila modulates both lipid and carbohydrate homeostasis. J Exp Biol 211: 3103-3110. 3. Gronke S, Muller G, Hirsch J, Fellert S, Andreou A, et al. (2007) Dual lipolytic control of body fat storage and mobilization in Drosophila. PLoS Biol 5: e137. 4. Reis M, Vieira CP, Morales-Hojas R, Aguiar B, Rocha H, et al. (2011) A comparative study of the short term cold resistance response in distantly related Drosophila species: the role of regucalcin and frost. PLoS One 6: e25520. 5. Udaka H, Ueda C, Goto SG (2010) Survival rate and expression of Heat-shock protein 70 and Frost genes after temperature stress in Drosophila melanogaster lines that are selected for recovery time from temperature coma. J Insect Physiol 56: 1889-1894. 6. Colinet H, Lee SF, Hoffmann A (2010) Functional characterization of the Frost gene in Drosophila melanogaster: importance for recovery from chill coma. PLoS One 5: e10925.