Ics1 sem1 block 2 Plate tectonics
Name_________________________per___
ICS 1 Block 2 Plate Tectonics
Ocean Floor Characteristics, Types / Properties of Plate Boundaries, Physical / Chemical Conditions of Rocks
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Cover sheet / Agree or Disagree
WCW- your paper
Standards/crossword
Vocabulary-handwritten
Notes: Ocean floor/Continental
drift
6. Continental Drift Handout
Questions 1-24
7. Notes: Plate tectonics
8. Plate tectonics handout
9. Notes: Rock Characteristics
10. Rock cycle Handout
11. Mapping / Writing Handout
12. Vocab review and Key-facts
handout
Content Objective
To understand the different types of plate boundaries, characteristics of the objects located at each, and the
conditions that form rocks close and far from them.
Language Objective
Describe the three types of plate boundaries and give examples of what types of land features and rock forms at
each.
Explain why the sea floor is spreading apart; discuss the reason for the “zebra pattern of polarity” on the ocean
floor.
Discuss the conditions that are required to form the three types of rocks, explain the chemical composition and
physical formation of each.
To be accepted for grading it must be organized and signed
Student: Print_______________________________Sign________________________________________Date_______
Parent/Guardian: Print_________________________________Sign______________________________________Date_______
Ics1 sem1 block 2 Plate tectonics
Put an A or D for agree or disagree
1. ______All minerals are solids, but not all solids are minerals.
2. ______The word crystalline means that atoms are arranged in a repeating pattern.
3. ______The two most abundant elements in Earth’s crust are silicon and carbon.
4. ______Like vitamins, minerals are organic substances, which means they contain carbon.
5. ______Color is always the best physical property to use when attempting to identify minerals.
6. ______A mineral’s hardness is a measure of how easily it can be scratched.
7. ______Most gems or gemstones are special varieties of particular minerals.
8. ______Synthetic, or human-made, diamonds are minerals.
9. ______A mineral or rock is called an ore only if it contains a substance that can be mined for a profit.
10. ______The three major types of rock are igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic rocks.
11. ______During the rock cycle, any given rock can change into any of the three major rock types.
12. ______When magma reaches Earth’s surface and flows from volcanoes, it is called lava.
13. ______The pressure exerted by rocks produces all the heat used to form magma.
14. ______All igneous rock is formed from lava that cooled on Earth’s surface.
15. ______Before any rock is transformed into a metamorphic rock, some of the minerals must be melted.
16. ______Metamorphic rock can form only under intense heat and pressure.
17. ______Sandstone, limestone, chalk, rock salt, and coal are all examples of sedimentary rocks.
18. ______Sedimentary rocks can be made of just about any material found in nature.
19. ______Fossils of tropical plants are never found in Antarctica.
20. ______Because of all the evidence that Alfred Wegener collected, scientists initially accepted his
hypothesis of continental drift.
21. ______Wegener’s continental drift hypothesis explains how, when, and why the continents drifted apart.
22. ______Earthquakes and volcanic eruptions often occur underwater along mid-ocean ridges.
23. ______Seafloor spreading provided part of the explanation of how continents could move.
24. ______Earth’s broken crust rides on several large plates that move on a plastic-like layer of Earth’s
mantle.
25. ______The San Andreas Fault is part of a plate boundary.
26. ______When two continental plates move toward each other, one continent sinks beneath the other.
27. ______Scientists have proposed several explanations of how heat moves in Earth’s interior.
Ics1 sem1 block 2 Plate tectonics
On your own paper
WCW- Warm-up, Critical Thinking, and Wrap-up: copy and answer all
For- 8/27/12 odd or 8/28/12 even
Warmup
Sunlight can’t reach the Ocean Floor.
The ocean floor looks like….
Life that exists there is…
Critical Sonar helped in the mapping of the Earth’s
Thinking Ocean Floor by…
Ocean floor look like…
Wrap-up Discuss the process of creating and
recycling the ocean floor. Where does it
occur? How does it occur?
Explain how sonar helped in the mapping
of the Earth’s Ocean Floor.
What does the Ocean floor look like? Why
is it like that?
Ics1 sem1 block 2 Plate tectonics
8/29 odd 8/30 even
Warmup
 The seven continents are…
 The 4 major oceans are…
 The reason for different Land
forms is …
Critical Some coastal Mountain ranges are
Thinking farther from the convergent boundaries
that construct them because…
Time of collision, part of plate colliding influences the range
Wrap-up Most Earthquakes and Volcanic
eruptions occur along or near
____Why?
Ics1 sem1 block 2 Plate tectonics
9/4 odd 9/5 even
Warm-up
Crystals are different colors because…
Critical
Thinking
The texture of a rock can be influenced
by the temperature and pressure
because…
Wrap-up
Explain how a metamorphic rock can
be found near a Subduction zone.
Ics1 sem1 block 2 Plate tectonics
California State Standards with Framework
ES 3. Plate tectonics operating over geologic time have changed the patterns of land, sea, and mountains on Earth’s surface.
As the basis for understanding this concept:
ES 3. a. Students know features of the ocean floor (magnetic patterns, age, and sea-floor topography) provide evidence of plate
tectonics.
Much of the evidence for continental drift came from the seafloor rather than from the continents themselves. The longest
topographic feature in the world is the mid-oceanic ridge system, a chain of volcanoes and rift valleys about 40,000 miles long that
rings the planet like the seams of a giant baseball. A portion of this system is the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, which runs parallel to the coasts
of Europe and Africa and of North and South America and is located halfway between them. The ridge system is made from the
youngest rock on the ocean floor, and the floor gets progressively older, symmetrically, on both sides of the ridge. No portion of the
ocean floor is more than about 200 million years old. Sediment is thin on and near the ridge. Sediment found away from the ridge
thickens and contains progressively older fossils, a phenomenon that also occurs symmetrically.
Mapping the magnetic field anywhere across the ridge system produces a striking pattern of high and low fields in almost perfect
symmetrical stripes. A brilliant piece of scientific detective work inferred that these “zebra stripes” arose because lava had erupted
and cooled, locking into the rocks a residual magnetic field whose direction matched that of Earth’s field when cooling took place.
The magnetic field near the rocks is the sum of the residual field and Earth’s present-day field. Near the lavas that cooled during times
of normal polarity, the residual field points along Earth’s field; therefore, the total field is high. Near the lavas that cooled during
times of reversed polarity, the residual field points counter to Earth’s field; therefore, the total field is low.
The “stripes” provide strong support for the idea of seafloor spreading because the lava in these stripes can be dated independently
and because regions of reversed polarity correspond with times of known geomagnetic field reversals. This theory states that new
seafloor is created by volcanic eruptions at the mid-oceanic ridge and that this erupted material continuously spreads out convectively
and opens and creates the ocean basin. At some continental margins deep ocean trenches mark the places where the oldest ocean
floor sinks back into the mantle to complete the convective cycle. Continental drift and seafloor spreading form the modern theory of
plate tectonics.
ES 3. b. Students know the principal structures that form at the three different kinds of plate boundaries.
There are three different types of plate boundaries, classified according to their relative motions: divergent boundaries; convergent
boundaries; and transform, or parallel slip, boundaries. Divergent boundaries occur where plates are spreading apart. Young
divergence is characterized by thin or thinning crust and rift valleys; if divergence goes on long enough, mid-ocean ridges eventually
develop, such as the Mid-Atlantic Ridge and the East Pacific Rise. Convergent boundaries occur where plates are moving toward each
other. At a convergent boundary, material that is dense enough, such as oceanic crust, may sink back into the mantle and produce a
deep ocean trench. This process is known as subduction. The sinking material may partially melt, producing volcanic island arcs, such
as the Aleutian Islands and Japan. If the subduction of denser oceanic crust occurs underneath a continent, a volcanic mountain chain,
such as the Andes or the Cascades, is formed. When two plates collide and both are too light to subduct, as when one continent
crashes into another, the crust is crumpled and uplifted to produce great mountain chains, such as the relatively young Himalayas or
the more ancient Appalachians.
The third type of plate boundary, called a transform, or parallel slip, boundary, comes into existence where two plates move laterally
by each other, parallel to the boundary. The San Andreas Fault in California is an important example. Marking the boundary between
the North American and Pacific plates, the fault runs from the Gulf of California northwest to Mendocino County in northern
California.
ES 3. c. Students know how to explain the properties of rocks based on the physical and chemical conditions in which they formed,
including plate tectonic processes.
Rocks are classified according to their chemical compositions and textures. The composition reflects the chemical constituents
available when the rock was formed. The texture is an indication of the conditions of temperature and pressure under which the rock
formed. For example, many igneous rocks, which cooled from molten material, have interlocking crystalline textures. Many
sedimentary rocks have fragmental textures. Whether formed from cooling magma, created by deposits of sediment grains in varying
sizes, or transformed by heat and pressure, each rock possesses identifying properties that reflect its origin.
Plate tectonic processes directly or indirectly control the distribution of different rock types. Subduction, for example, takes rocks
from close to the surface and drags them down to depths where they are subjected to increased pressures and temperatures. Tectonic
processes also uplift rocks so that they are exposed to lower temperatures and pressures and to the weathering effects of the
atmosphere.
Ics1 sem1 block 2 Plate tectonics
Vocabulary
1. Sea-floor topography the relief features or surface configuration of an area
2. Plate tectonics theory in which the lithosphere is divided into pieces, each move on the plastic
asthenosphere to collide with, slide under, or move past adjacent pieces
3. Continental drift the lateral movement of continents resulting from the motion of crustal plates
4. Mid-ocean ridge extend through the Atlantic, Indian, and South Pacific oceans: each is hypothesized to
be the locus of seafloor spreading
5. Rift valleys chasm extending along the crest of a mid-ocean ridge, locus of the magma upwelling that
accompany seafloor spreading
6. Sediment mineral or organic matter deposited by water, air, or ice
7. Fossils remains, impression, or trace of a living thing of a former geologic age, as a skeleton, footprint,
etc
8. Magnetic field near a magnet, electric current, or moving charged particle in which a magnetic force acts
on any other magnet, electric current, or moving charged particle
9. Zebra stripes pattern created by the changing Earth’s magnetic field on the ocean crust
10. Polarity the property or characteristic that produces unequal physical effects at different points in a
magnet or storage battery
11. Lava the molten, fluid rock that issues from a volcano or volcanic vent
12. Seafloor spreading process in which new ocean floor is created as molten material from the earth's
mantle rises in margins between plates or ridges and spreads out
13. Ocean Basin a large geologic areas that are below sea level
14. Deep Ocean trench any long, narrow, steep-sided depression in the ocean bottom in which maximum
oceanic depths (24,000–36,000 ft)
15. Convection cell a volume of circulating material, under gravity, that is heated from below and cooled
from above
16. Divergent boundary type of tectonic boundary where two plates are moving in the opposite direction.
17. Convergent boundary type of tectonic boundary where two plates are moving toward each other
18. Transform boundary type of tectonic boundary where two plates are moving past each other in opposite
directions
19. Oceanic crust part of Earth's lithosphere that covers the ocean basins
20. Continental Crust the layer of igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic rocks which form the continents
21. Mantle is a highly viscous layer between the crust and the outer core
22. Subduction one tectonic plate moves under another tectonic plate, sinking into the Earth's mantle, as the
plates converge
23. Volcanic island arcs generally they result from the subduction of an oceanic tectonic plate under another
tectonic plate, and often parallel an oceanic trench
24. Volcanic mountain chain when oceanic crust subducts beneath continental crust on an adjacent plate,
creating an arc-shaped mountain belt
25. San Andreas Fault continental transform fault that runs a length of roughly 810 miles (1,300 km)
through California
26. Chemical composition is the simplest whole number ratio of atoms of each element present in a
compound.
27. Igneous rock formed through the cooling and solidification of magma or lava
28. Crystalline texture the distribution of crystallographic orientations of a polycrystalline sample
29. Sedimentary rock minerals and/or organic particles settle and accumulate to form a new material
30. Metamorphic rock the transformation of an existing rock type to a new rock type through heat and/or
pressure
Ics1 sem1 block 2 Plate tectonics
Earth Science ocean floor, rock type, Plate tectonics
Ics1 sem1 block 2 Plate tectonics
Across
3. the transformation of an existing rock type to a new rock type through heat and/or pressure
5. a volume of circulating material, under gravity, that is heated from below and cooled from above
7. formed through the cooling and solidification of magma or lava
8. the molten, fluid rock that issues from a volcano or volcanic vent
9. remains, impression, or trace of a living thing of a former geologic age, as a skeleton, footprint, etc
10. pattern created by the changing Earth’s magnetic field on the ocean crust
15. the lateral movement of continents resulting from the motion of crustal plates
21. type of tectonic boundary where two plates are moving toward each other
22. when oceanic crust subducts beneath continental crust on an adjacent plate, creating an arc-shaped mountain
belt
23. process in which new ocean floor is created as molten material from the earth's mantle rises in margins
between plates or ridges and spreads out
24. generally they result from the subduction of an oceanic tectonic plate under another tectonic plate, and often
parallel an oceanic trench
25. the relief features or surface configuration of an area
26. ridge extend through the Atlantic, Indian, and South Pacific oceans: each is hypothesized to be the locus of
seafloor spreading
27. mineral or organic matter deposited by water, air, or ice
28. the property or characteristic that produces unequal physical effects at different points in a magnet or
storage battery
29. type of tectonic boundary where two plates are moving in the opposite direction.
Down
1. theory in which the lithosphere is divided into pieces, each move on the plastic asthenosphere to collide with,
slide under, or move past adjacent pieces
2. part of Earth's lithosphere that covers the ocean basins
3. is a highly viscous layer between the crust and the outer core
4. is the simplest whole number ratio of atoms of each element present in a compound.
6. minerals and/or organic particles settle and accumulate to form a new material
11. one tectonic plate moves under another tectonic plate, sinking into the Earth's mantle, as the plates converge
12. chasm extending along the crest of a mid-ocean ridge, locus of the magma upwelling that accompany
seafloor spreading
13. near a magnet, electric current, or moving charged particle in which a magnetic force acts on any other
magnet, electric current, or moving charged particle
14. any long, narrow, steep-sided depression in the ocean bottom in which maximum oceanic depths (24,000–
36,000 ft)
16. a large geologic areas that are below sea level
17. the distribution of crystallographic orientations of a polycrystalline sample
18. type of tectonic boundary where two plates are moving past each other in opposite directions
19. the layer of igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic rocks which form the continents
20. continental transform fault that runs a length of roughly 810 miles (1,300 km) through California
Ics1 sem1 block 2 Plate tectonics
Notes: Ocean Floor Characteristics
Standard(s): ES 3. a. Students know features of the ocean floor (magnetic patterns, age, and sea-floor
topography) provide evidence of plate tectonics.
Objective (s): Understand the “zebra pattern” on the ocean floor and how this is evidence for sea-floor
spreading
Harry Hess
Pacific mtn range
Sonar-mid-atlantic ridge
12,000 miles long
Ocean floor 4-5km deep
Mid-ocean ridge~2.5 km high
Sea-floor
spreading
Mid ocean ridge system along with Subduction of plates –
“escalator”
floorOld far from ridge (near shore) near Subduction or trench points
normally
Young new floor-near ridge (mid-ocean)
Before WW1 thought crust moved
Now we know
Alfred
Wegener
Over many millions of years has built the 50,000 km-long system of
mid-ocean ridges.
hypothesis supported by evidence:
(1) at or near the crest of the ridge, the rocks are very young, and
they become progressively older away from the ridge crest
(2) the youngest rocks at the ridge crest always have present-day
(normal) polarity i.e. magnetic field
(3) Stripes of rock parallel to the ridge crest alternated in magnetic
polarity (normal-reversed-normal, etc.), suggesting that the Earth's
magnetic field has flip-flopped many times.
Early 20th century
Continental drift but didn’t understand
Ocean depth by sonar
Mid-ocean Ridge
Continuous trench around the globe formed from divergent plates …
Magnetic field
“Zebra stripes” Magnetic field alternates on either side of the mid
ocean ridge
Carbon Dating
Carbon 12 vs. carbon 14
Ics1 sem1 block 2 Plate tectonics
magnetic
striping
New oceanic crust forming continuously at the crest of the mid-ocean
ridge cools and becomes increasingly older as it moves away from
the ridge crest with seafloor spreading (see text):
a. the spreading ridge about 5 million years ago;
b. about 2 to 3 million years ago; and
c. present-day.
Subduction
At the point were two plates collide, 1 plate goes under another
causing trenches and mountains to form
This is how the ocean floor can be in a contant state of growing
because it is in a constant state of recycling
trench
Ocean trench -geological structure , undersea along plate boundaries
Specifically, along Subduction zones
largest in the Pacific Ocean but still significant in the Indian and Atlantic
Ocean
One could consider an ocean trench a sort of undersea valley or grand canyon
deep depressions in crust, deepest part of the ocean
Imagine sliding one plate under the other, the trench which forms in the area
where the plates meet.
The deepest, Mariana Trench, in the Western Pacific Ocean to the edge of
South America. In some cases, ocean trenches have become filled with
sediment, not easily identifiable as trenches, radar and other imaging tools can
reveal the underlying structure of the trench.
Ics1 sem1 block 2 Plate tectonics
Continent drift and Plate tectonics- Question
1. What four major scientific developments spurred the formulation of the platetectonics theory?
2. As early as when did a few intrepid navigators take soundings with hand lines?
What did they find?
3. What did a bathymetric chart, in 1855 reveal about the ocean floor?
4. What was when echo-sounding devices used for after World War 1?
5. What was noticed about the ocean floor sediment layer?
6. How is the seam on a baseball similar to the Mid-Oceanic ridge system?
7. What rock that is iron-rich covers the ocean floor?
8. Why is there a strip pattern on the ocean floor?
9. In the twentieth century what did paleomagnetic scientist notice about the rock?
10. Which way does the needle of a compass point for a north end of a normal
polarity rock?
11. Which way does the needle of a compass point for a north end of a reverse
polarity rock?
12. How do grains of magnetite in volcanic rock behave?
13. What is the “Zebra pattern on the ocean floor?
14. How does the magnetic striping pattern form?
15. Why are the stripes symmetrical around the crests of the mid-ocean ridges?
16. What are the three lines of evidence for sea floor spreading?
17. What mission did the Glomar Challenger take on in 1968?
18. How can new crust be continuously added along the oceanic ridges without
increasing the size of the Earth?
19. Why does the Earth not get bigger with sea floor spreading?
20. Why is so little sediment accumulation on the ocean floor?
21. Why are oceanic rocks much younger than continental rocks?
22. Where do Earthquakes tend to concentrate?
23. What does WWSSN stand for?
24. What is the significance of the connection between earthquakes and oceanic
trenches and ridges?
Ics1 sem1 block 2 Plate tectonics
Notes: Plate tectonics
Standard(s): ES 3. b. Students know the principal structures that form at the
three different kinds of plate boundaries.
Objective (s): Understand the types and characteristics of landforms at plate
boundaries.
What drives the plate’s motion?
Convection -the rise of hot molten magma and then
the descent of cooler magma
Convergent
Divergent
Transform or
Strike-slip
 Convergent Boundaries- together, Subduction, Mtn building
 Divergent Boundaries- apart, rift, valleys
 Transform Boundaries- slide past, all types of landforms
The surface of the Earth is composed of about a dozen major rigid, moving crustal
plates and several smaller plates
Ics1 sem1 block 2 Plate tectonics
Notes: Plate Boundaries
Convergent- crash into each other
Subduction
Deep Ocean trench
Mountain range
Volcanic island arcs
Divergent- pull away from each other
Rift valley
Mid ocean ridge
Transform-plates move parallel to each other,
San Andreas fault
Valleys / Mountains
Ics1 sem1 block 2 Plate tectonics
Notes Plate Tectonics
Divergent Boundary
Mid Ocean Ridge
Ring of Fire
Convergent Boundaries
a. Oceanic-Oceanic Plates converge
Philippine and Pacific Plate
b. Oceanic-Continental Plates Converge
North America and Pacific Plate
c. Continental-Continental Plates Converge
Indian and Eurasian Plate-Himalayas
Transform Boundary
Uplift = being raised
Erosion rate = surface torn down
Exhumation = rocks approaching surface
Ics1 sem1 block 2 Plate tectonics
Mid-Atlantic Ridge
The volcanic country of Iceland, straddles the Mid-Atlantic Ridge it is splitting between the North
American and Eurasian Plates, as North America moves westward relative to Eurasia
Krafla a Volcano, in the northeastern part of Iceland existing ground cracks have widened and new
ones appear every few months. rifting (surface cracking) takes place along the Krafla fissure zone.
Divergent boundaries
Ex. Mid-Atlantic Ridge
Submerged and extends from the North Arctic Ocean to
beyond the Southern tip of Africa, is but one segment of the
global mid-ocean ridge system that encircles the Earth.
Rate of spreading averages about 2.5 centimeters per year
(cm/yr), or 25 km in a million years.
Ring of Fire
A collection of Hotspot, volcanoes, plate boundaries, and
other plate tectonic evidence that circles the pacific plate
Ics1 sem1 block 2 Plate tectonics
Ics1 sem1 block 2 Plate tectonics
Plate Tectonics
Ocean Floor
Magnetic
Field
Age
Sea Floor
Topography
Plate Boundaries
Convergent
Divergent
Plates collide
Zebra Pattern
Carbon dating
Normal reverse
polarity
Radioactive
dating
both sides of
the mid ocean
ridge
Magnetic field
dating
mid ocean ridge
subduction
zones
trenches
Transform
three types
plates slide past
each other
continentcontinent
mountains form
continentoceanic
oceanic-oceanic
Mountain
ranges form
subduction
zones form
deep trenches
form
plates pull away
new crust forms
deep fault lines
known as
fracture zones
most under
water
San Andreas
fault
excemption
Rocks
Physical
Conditions
Texture
conditions of
temperature
and pressure
Classification
Rocks
Chemical
Conditions
Crystalline
Structure
Large
Small
igneous
sedimentary
metamorphic
constituents
atoms,
molecules, or
ions are
arranged in an
ordered
pattern
Elements
composition
reflects the
chemical
constituents
available
Ics1 sem1 block 2 Plate tectonics
Notes Rock Characteristics
• A rock is a naturally occurring, solid aggregate of minerals.
Three types of rocks
• Igneous (made by “fire”) - Solidified from molten rock (magma)
• Sedimentary - Deposit / buried at Earth’s surface
• Metamorphic (“changed form”) - Transformed from preexisting
rocks under high pressure and temperature.
Distinguishing characteristics
• Mineralogy - Constituent minerals and their relative proportions.
• Texture - Sizes, shapes, and arrangements of minerals within the rock, e.g.,
– Course-grained
– Fine-grained
– Foliated (planar fabric)
• All are clues to a rock’s origin and history.
Igneous rock
• Minerals crystallize from melt, derived
from deep within Earth’s crust or mantle
– High temperatures, up to 700° C
or more!!
– Crystal size depends on cooling
rate.
• Intrusive rocks cool slowly within deep
magma chambers:
– Course, interlocking crystals
• Extrusive rocks cool rapidly at (or near)
the surface of the earth:
– Fine-grained, often “glassy”
Sedimentary rock
• Loose particles (sand, silt, marine shells)
accumulate on shorelines, basins, rivers,
etc.,
– Clastic Sediments
• Minerals precipitate from dissolved
chemicals in water
– Chemical & Biochemical
Sediments
• All are the products of Weathering - that
breaks up and decays rocks, and Erosion - that transports from source to point of
deposition
Metamorphic rock
• High temperatures and pressures at depth cause changes in mineralogy, texture, and
composition
– Changes take place in Solid State by recrystallization and chemical reactions
– Temperatures greater than 250°, less than 700°
• Regional Metamorphism - High pressures and temperatures derive from regional collision,
deformation and mountain building.
Contact Metamorphism - Locally high temperatures, adjacent to intrusions.
Ics1 sem1 block 2 Plate tectonics
Rock cycle Handout
Write true or false next to each statement.
1. ____ Igneous rocks cannot become metamorphic rocks.
2. ____ There are three main groups of rocks.
3. ____ Weathering and erosion are the main forces which formed the Grand Canyon.
4. ____ When magma emerges from underground, it is called lava.
5. ____ Rocks are living substances that grow and change.
Write a short answer for each of the following.
6. What is a rock?
7. Describe how an igneous rock forms.
8. What are the characteristics of a sedimentary rock?
9. What is a metamorphic rock?
10. Briefl y describe how a sedimentary rock can become a metamorphic rock.
Circle the answer for each of the following.
11. When heat and pressure cause a rock to change, this type of rock is formed:
a. igneous b. metamorphic c. sedimentary d. mineral
12. Molten rock that has erupted out of a volcano is known as:
a. sedimentary b. magma c. metamorphic d. lava
13. Non-living substances made up of one or more minerals are known as:
a. trees b. rocks c. biotic components d. mines
14. What type of rock is formed when molten rock cools and solidifies?
a. igneous b. metamorphic c. sedimentary d. mineral
15. Sandstone is an example of what type of rock?
a. igneous b. metamorphic c. sedimentary d. mineral
16. What process is responsible for breaking down rocks into smaller and smaller pieces?
a. weathering b. erosion c. eruption d. the rock cycle
17. What is molten rock beneath the Earth’s surface called?
a. lava b. metamorphic c. magma d. sedimentary
18. When a river carries away particles this is known as the process of:
a. the rock cycle b. eruption c. weathering d. erosion
19. What is the name for the continuous changing of rocks from one type to another?
a. erosion b. metamorphic c. the rock cycle d. weathering
20. A natural substance with a definite crystal structure is a:
a. rock b. mineral c. sea lion d. mountain
Ics1 sem1 block 2 Plate tectonics
Vocabulary
Use these words to fill in the blanks next to the sentences below.
Weathering
Sedimentary
Igneous
Erosion
Rocks
Mineral
Magma
Rock Cycle
Metamorphic
Lava
1. _____________Non-living substances made up of one or more minerals.
2. _____________A natural substance that has a definite crystal structure.
3. _____________Rocks that are formed when molten rock cools.
4. _____________Molten rock located under the Earth’s surface.
5. _____________Rocks formed when sediments are compacted and
cemented together.
6. _____________Rocks that have changed from one type to another as
a result of heat, pressure, or chemical reaction.
7. _____________Molten rock that is above the Earth’s surface.
8. _____________The process responsible for breaking down rocks and
other materials into smaller and smaller pieces.
9. _____________The process of transporting weathered rocks, particles,
and sediments from one place to another
10. _____________The process rocks move through over time, changing
from one form to another.
Ics1 sem1 block 2 Plate tectonics
Writing Activity
Use the correct word from above to complete the sentences in the following paragraph.
metamorphic minerals igneous
weathering
rock cycle
erosion rocks
sedimentary
__________________ are natural substances that have a definite
crystal structure.
Minerals are the building blocks that make up ____________.
There are three main types of rocks. _______________ rocks are
created when molten rock cools and solidifies.
When particles of sand, silt, or other small particles are compacted
and cemented together, ______________________ rocks are
formed.
______________________ rocks are
created when one type of rock undergoes a transformation due to
heat, pressure, or chemical reactions.
The process that breaks down rocks is ______________________.
__________________ is the process by which rocks or rock
particles are moved from one place to another place.
The process that illustrates the changes between types of rocks is
referred to as the ___________ ____________ .
Ics1 sem1 block 2 Plate tectonics
Mapping the Rock Cycle
1. What forces change sedimentary rock into metamorphic rock?
2. How is molten rock formed, and what type of rock does it create
when it hardens?
3. Describe how sediments form.
4. Provide an example of each of the three rock types.
5. Explain why the rock cycle is referred to as a “cycle”.
Ics1 sem1 block 2 Plate tectonics
Vocab review and Key-facts handout
Matching Use the following words
1. _____ Inner Core
a) movement of caused by plate tension, also one way
Earth releases energy
2. _____ Outer Core
b) hot layer of the Earth and is Molten(liquid).
3. _____ Mantle
c) Is the region near the upper mantle
4. _____ Crust
d) surface torn down
5. _____ Continental Crust
e) hot layer of the Earth and is solid.
6. _____ Oceanic crust
f) the surface of the Earth
7. _____ Magma
g) the thickest layer of the Earth
8. _____ Lava
h) "chimney of the Earth" It is one way the Earth
releases its energy
9. _____ Plate
i) rocks approaching surface
10. _____ Volcano
j) melted rocks that came out from the volcano
11. _____ Earthquake
k) is the region between the crust and the upper mantle
12. _____ Lithosphere
l) land
13. _____ uplift
m) crust that is covered with water
14. _____ Asthenosphere
n) melted rocks inside the volcano
15. _____ Erosion rate
o) being raised
16. _____ Exhumation
p) are continental crust and oceanic crust
Circle the correct answer.
Winds blow across the Cascades from the west. (wind breaks things down) Erosion rates ought to be…
A. Higher on the western slopes
B. Higher on the eastern slopes
C. About the same on the east and west
The amount of continental crust on the earth has ______ over the course of geologic time.
A. stayed the same
B. increased
C. decreased
D. increased then decrease
In a mountain-building environment, faster erosion will…
A. Increase uplift and exhumation
B. Decrease uplift and exhumation
C. Have no bearing on uplift and exhumation
Ics1 sem1 block 2 Plate tectonics
ES 3. a. Students know features of the ocean floor (magnetic patterns, age, and sea-floor topography)
provide evidence of plate tectonics.
Sea-Floor Topography provides evidence for plate
Since the changes to the Magnetic Field occur on
tectonics
both sides equally this helps prove the theory of Seafloor spreading
The youngest rocks on the ocean floor are typically
located near Mid-ocean ridge
Topography means Elevation change
Normal Polarity is Positive North pole and Reversed
Polarity is Negative North pole
The rise of magma at the mid-ocean ridge is the
same as New ocean floor rising helping the theory of
Sea floor Spreading
The max for sea floor is 200 million years old.
Helps the theory of Sea-floor spreading , Ocean
Floor is continuously being created in the middle
and Subducting along the boundary or Subduction
zone
ES 3. b. Students know the principal structures that form at the three different kinds of plate boundaries.
A rift valley is evidence of a Divergent plate
boundary
Deep trenches, Rift valleys form at a Divergent
Boundary
The convergence of two continental plates produces
folded mountains
A Transform Boundary can have some form of
Mountains and Subduction
Magma rising up from the mantle at a divergent
boundary forming new crust at the edge of a
tectonic plate
The topography of the ocean floor gives Elevation
change
Mountains, Subduction Zones form at a convergent
boundary
ES 3. c. Students know how to explain the properties of rocks based on the physical and chemical
conditions in which they formed, including plate tectonic processes.
It is generally true that igneous rock are composed
Texture is used to characterize rocks by the Size of
of silicate minerals
Grains and Vesicular
Relative cooling rates of igneous intrusive rocks
can be estimated by comparing rocks’
Crystal Sizes
Gravel deposited in a silt bed can produce a
fragmental sedimentary rock
The size of grains give the type of texture a rock has
The elements available determine the chemical
composition of the rock state to state, country to
country
Melting, Compaction, and erosion are outcomes due
to Heat, Pressure, and Weathering which transform
rocks