Atmosphere
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71% Nitrogen 20% Oxygen
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Made of gases
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Clouds, small particles, water vapor
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Gravity holds atmosphere
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Highest temperature: Exosphere
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Exosphere has spread out molecules make it seem extremely cold
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Airplanes fly in stratosphere
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Weather occurs in troposphere
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Satellites, Space stations in Thermosphere
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Global Climate Change –
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Humans release CFCs leads to holes in Ozone layer leads to Skin Cancer
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Burning of fossil fuels  Greenhouse effect  temperature rise, melts ice caps, kills coral reefs, more hurricanes
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Hot air rises, cool air sinks, causes convection
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Global warming increasing exponentially/”hockey stick”
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Sea level rise due to land ice melting , thermal expansion
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Sea ice does not affect sea level rise
Layers of the Earth
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Inner core: Solid metal, mostly iron and nickel

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Outer core: Liquid metal, hot because of radioactive decay and pressure, causes magnetic forcefield
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Lower Mantle: Plasticy rock, Most of earth’s volume
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Upper mantle: Molten Rock, causes plate tectonics
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Crust: Two types- Oceanic and Continental
Plate Tectonics
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Convergent boundary: Two plates push together
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Divergent: two plates move away from each other
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Transform: two plates are grinding past each other
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Subduction zone: convergent zone where more dense plate goes under less dense plate
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Convection: movement of magma due to uneven heating
Transformation of Energy
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KE=1/2m*v*v
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GPE=mgh
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Joules- measurement of energy
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V=….look it up.
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GPE at ground level is zero
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KE is zero when nothing is moving
Waves
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Reflection: A wave bounces off of an object
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Refraction: When a wave bends through an object
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Diffraction: When a wave bends around an object
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Plane wave: A regular wave
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Crest: The highest point of the wave
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Trough:
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Wavelength: The distance of one wave
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Period
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Frequency (Natural Frequency)
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Standing waves and parts
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Wave speed/Velocity
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Transverse Waves: Oscillation is perpendicular to the way the wave moves
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Longitudinal Waves: Vibrations are in the same direction as the movement of the wave
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Constructive Interference: When two waves interact and the amplitudes add up
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Destructive Interference: When a crest and a trough meet and they cancel each other out
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Absorption: Energy is being transformed by vibrating into it, amplitude gets smaller

Earthquakes
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Occur when plates are under stress along the fault line
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Vibrations of the earth’s crust
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Plates slip into new positions along the crust and cause seismic waves
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P waves: move the fastest, go through liquid, move buildings up and down
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S waves: move slowest, cannot move through liquid, moves buildings side to side
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Surface waves; Cause most damage, make buildings “roll”
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Epicenter
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Focus
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Fault
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Mercelli: Measures intensity(damage)
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Richter: measures magnitude(size, vibration)
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Tsunami:
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Earthquakes occur mostly in Ring o’ Fire
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Ring of Fire: all subduction
Volcanoes
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Central vent
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Flank vent
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Fumerole
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Magma chamber
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Cinder cone volcano: very steep, made of ash, form quickly
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Composite volcano: formed with ash and lava, felsic lava
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Shield Volcano: wide, gentle sloping sides, mafic lava
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Felsic: light covered, contains silica, cool, viscous, explosive
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Mafic: cools slowly, runny, black, contains iron instead of silica, effusive
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Pyroclastic material
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Hot Spots: spot of magma in the middle of a plate where volcanos can form
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Subduction zone: where the oceanic lithosphere goes under continental plate and melts, creates lava
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Predicting: earthquakes, slight bulging, change in ground angle, gases released, hot ground
Erosion/Deposition
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Agents of erosion: Wind, water, gravity, glaciers, plant roots, acid rain
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Gravity: Landslides
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Wind: wind erodes away sand or smaller particles away
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Water erodes away cliffs
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Cause of slumping: nothing to do with waves, rain makes the ground heavy
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Slumping: when a large piece of land falls into the water, creates bluffs

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Lateral moraine: deposited at the side of a glacier, from a glacier, and a whole pile of debris
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Glacial Deposition: When a glacier carries debris and sand and rocks to a different place
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Dunes: unrelated to glaciers, product of deposition, mounds of sand made by wind
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Landforms created by ocean currents: Sand bars, tombolos, spits,