Supplemental information
Supplementary table S1. Distribution of offspring cardio-metabolic biomarkers by sex
at follow up (n=308).
Men (n=121)
Mean
s.d
Women (n=187)
Mean
s.d
BMI (kg/m2)
Waist (cm)
Systolic BP (mm Hg)
Diastolic BP (mm Hg)
Resting pulse (bpm)
Fasting plasma glucose (mmol/L)
HbA1c (%)
22.6
2.9
22.2
3.1
82.9
7.7
80.2
8.4
118.1
9.2
105.2
7.8
64.8
6.9
66.0
5.7
60.9
10.6
62.8
8.7
5.15
0.41
4.77
0.37
5.20
0.24
5.16
0.23
Median IQR
Median IQR
Total cholesterol (mmol/L)
4.00
1.00
4.50
1.00
Triglyceride (mmol/L)
0.80
0.50
1.00
0.60
LDL (mmol/L)
2.28
0.90
2.43
0.90
HDL (mmol/L)
1.30
0.40
1.50
0.30
HOMA-IR
1.50
0.90
1.50
0.80
Insulin (ug/l)
38.00 23.80
42.50
22.00
Leptin (ug/l)
2.13
3.10
13.06
11.50
Adiponectin (ug/l)
6.92
3.80
9.24
4.70
Abbreviations: DBP, diastolic blood pressure; HbA1c, glycated haemoglobin; HDL, high density lipoprotein,
Homa-IR, homeostasis model assessment-estimated insulin resistance; LDL, low density lipoprotein; SBP, systolic
blood pressure.
1
Supplementary table S2. Mean difference (95% CI) in offspring cardio-metabolic risk
factors at follow up by Institute of Medicine categories of maternal gestational weight
gain (n=308).
Outcome
HOMA-IR (%)
P for trend4
Insulin (%)
P for trend4
Leptin (%)
P for trend4
Total cholesterol (%)
P for trend4
LDL (%)
P for trend4
HDL (%)
P for trend4
Triglyceride (%)
P for trend4
SBP (mm Hg)
P for trend4
DBP (mm Hg)
P for trend4
Resting pulse (bpm)
P for trend4
Weight gain1
Suboptimal
Optimal
Excessive
Suboptimal
Optimal
Excessive
Suboptimal
Optimal
Excessive
Suboptimal
Optimal
Excessive
Suboptimal
Optimal
Excessive
Suboptimal
Optimal
Excessive
Suboptimal
Optimal
Excessive
Suboptimal
Optimal
Excessive
Suboptimal
Optimal
Excessive
Suboptimal
Optimal
Excessive
All (n=308)2
-10 (-20, 2)
ref.
3 (-8, 16)
0.05
-10 (-20, 1)
ref.
3 (-8, 15)
0.05
-7 (-25, 15)
ref.
42 (15, 75)
<0.01
0.6 (-4, 6)
ref.
-5 (-9, -0.1)
0.05
3 (-5, 11)
ref.
-7 (-14, 0.0)
0.02
-1 (-7, 5)
ref.
-3 (-8, 3)
0.52
0.3 (-11, 13)
ref.
4 (-7,16)
0.60
-1 (-3, 1)
ref.
0.0 (-2, 2)
0.50
0.0 (-2, 2)
ref.
1 (-1, 3)
0.30
-2 (-4, 1)
ref.
-0.8 (-3, 2)
0.53
Men (n=121)3
-18 (-32, 6)
ref.
5 (-15, 30)
0.09
-16 (-31, 3)
ref.
6 (-14, 29)
0.05
-18 (-45, 20)
ref.
93 (30, 186)
<0.01
1 (-6, 9)
ref.
2 (-5, 10)
0.76
0.0 (-11, 12)
ref.
3 (-8, 16)
0.62
7 (-2, 17)
ref.
-0.9 (-9, 9)
0.14
-4 (-19, 14)
ref.
13 (-5, 35)
0.11
-0.6 (-5, 4)
ref.
0.0 (-4, 4)
0.82
0.3 (-3, 3)
ref.
2 (-1, 5)
0.43
-4 (-9, 1)
ref.
1 (-4, 6)
0.07
Women (n=187)3
-10 (-24, 5)
ref.
0.1 (-13, 17)
0.18
-10 (-23, 5)
ref.
-0.4 (-14, 15)
0.23
-2 (-24, 26)
ref.
23 (-3, 57)
0.08
1 (-6, 9)
ref.
-8 (-14, -1)
0.02
5 (-6, 18)
ref.
-11 (-20, -1)
<0.01
-5 (-12, 3)
ref.
-4 (-10, 4)
0.73
3 (-12,20)
ref.
-2 (-16, 13)
0.56
-2 (-5, 1)
ref.
-0.6 (-3, 2)
0.44
-0.5 (-3, 2)
ref.
0.4 (-2, 2)
0.44
0.1 (-3, 3)
ref.
-2 (-5, 1)
0.26
Abbreviations: DBP, diastolic blood pressure; HDL, high density lipoprotein, Homa-IR, homeostasis model
assessment-estimated insulin resistance; LDL, low density lipoprotein; SBP, systolic blood pressure.
2
1
Increase in the outcome variable by the Institute of Medicine guidelines; suboptimal (<11.5 kg), optimal (11.5-
16) and excessive (>16 kg) weight gain.
2
Adjusted for maternal pre-pregnancy BMI, age, parity, smoking status and educational level, offspring´s sex
and whether offspring thinks their father is overweight.
3
Same covariates as in 2 but without offspring sex.
4
T-test with gestational weight gain entered as dichotomous variable.
3
Supplementary table S3. Associations of maternal gestational weight gain during the
first 30 weeks of gestation with offspring cardio-metabolic risk factors at follow up adjusted additionally for offspring smoking, alcohol consumption and BMI at follow up
(n=308).
Adjusted I1
Outcome3
BMI (kg/m2)
HOMA_IR (%)
Insulin (%)
Leptin (%)
Adiponectin (%)
Total cholesterol (%)
LDL (%)
HDL (%)
Triglyceride (%)
Systolic BP (mm Hg)
Diastolic BP (mm Hg)
Resting pulse (bpm)
Men (n=121)
0.2 (0.0, 0.3)
3.1 (0.5, 5.9)
3.5 (1.0, 6.0)
10.8 (5.6, 16.3)
-0.9 (-3.1, 1.3)
0.0 (-0.9, 0.9)
0.3 (-1.0, 1.7)
-1.2 (-2.2, -0.0)
1.9 (-0.3, 4.2)
0.4 (-0.1, 1.0)
0.4 (0.1, 0.8)
1.0 (0.4, 1.6)
Women (n=187)
0.1 (-0.0, 0.2)
-0.4 (-2.2, 1.5)
-0.4 (-2.2, 1.3)
0.4 (-2,5, 3.4)
1.7 (0.2, 3.1)
-1.5 (-2.3, -0.6)
-2.2 (-3.5, -1.0)
-0.2 (-1.1, 0.7)
-1.3 (-3.0, 0.5)
0.3 (-0.1, 0.6)
0.1 (-0.2, 0.3)
-0.2 (-0.6, 0.2)
Adjusted II2
Men (n=121)
2.7 (0.0, 5.4)
3.0 (0.5, 5.6)
8.3 (3.6, 13.2)
-0.2 (-2.3, 2.0)
-0.1 (-1.0, 0.9)
0.2 (-1.2, 1.7)
-0.9 (-2.0, 0.1)
1.2 (-1.0, 3.4)
0.2 (-0.3, 0.6)
0.4 (-0.0, 0.8)
1.0 (0.3, 1.6)
Women (n=187)
-0.9 (-2.6, 0.9)
-0.9 (-2.6, 0.8)
-1.3 (-3.4, 0.9)
1.9 (0.4, 3.4)
-1.5 (-2.3, -0.7)
-2.3 (-3.6, -1.1)
-0.1 (-1.0, 0.8)
-1.3 (-3.0, 0.5)
0.2 (-0.3, 0.6)
0.0 (-0.2, 0.3)
-0.2 (-0.6, 0.1)
Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; HDL, high density lipoprotein, Homa-IR,
homeostasis model assessment-estimated insulin resistance; LDL, low density lipoprotein; SBP, systolic blood
pressure.
1
Adjusted for maternal pre-pregnancy BMI, age, parity, smoking status and educational level, offspring´s sex,
whether offspring thinks their father is overweight, offspring smoking and alcohol consumption.
2
Same covariates as in 1 but additionally adjusted for offspring BMI
3
Showing increase in the outcome variable per 1-kg increase in gestational weight gain and the 95% confidence
interval.
4