Electronic supplementary material Land use in LCA A spatially
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ELECTRONIC SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL LAND USE IN LCA A spatially-explicit data driven approach to assess the effect of agricultural land occupation on species groups Pieter M. F. Elshout • Rosalie van Zelm • Ramkumar Karuppiah • Ian J. Laurenzi • Mark A. J. Huijbregts Received: 8 Aril 2013 / Accepted: 6 January 2014 © Springer-Verlag 2013 Responsible editor: Thomas Koellner P. M. F. Elshout () • R. van Zelm • M. A. J. Huijbregts Radboud University Nijmegen, Institute for Water and Wetland Research, Department of Environmental Science, P.O. Box 9010, 6500 GL Nijmegen, The Netherlands e-mail: p.elshout@science.ru.nl R. Karuppiah • I. J. Laurenzi ExxonMobil Research and Engineering Company, 1545 Route 22 East, Annandale, NJ 08801-3059, USA () Corresponding author: Pieter M. F. Elshout e-mail: p.elshout@science.ru.nl Tel: +31(0)24 365 20 60 Fax: +31(0)24 355 34 50 Index 2 1. Data collection process 3 2. Frequency distributions of characterization factors 5 3. Characterization factors, full list 7 4. Statistical test results 34 5. Characterization factor calculation example 42 1. Data collection process 1. A search key in Web of Science was used to find publications containing cropland species richness data and a first selection was made based on the titles and abstracts of the 2,591 journal hits. 2. 250 publications were selected and checked for usefulness of data: Was the type of crop cultivated specified? Was survey data reported (either as total number of species, species richness per unit of area, or any other biodiversity index) at the species level? Was the survey done during the growth period of the crop? Was any reference data reported in the same publication? 3. Data on species richness, crop type, studied taxonomic group, sampling method, sampling effort, sampling period, location and farm management were combined in a data sheet. If coordinates of the location were not reported, these were identified with Google Earth based on the location description. 4. All data points were mapped on a global ecoregion map using ArcGIS 9.2 (ESRI). We determined the ecoregion and biome in which each data point lay and added this information to the data sheet. 5. Another search key in Web of Science based on the taxonomic group and location (i.e. ecoregion and country) was used to find reference land cover data and a selection was made based on the titles and abstracts. 3 6. The selected publications were checked for usefulness of data: Was the type of natural landscape given and does this match the ecoregion description? Were survey data reported for the same taxonomic group as the cropland data? Were survey data reported in the same unit (i.e. total number of species, species richness per unit of area, or any other biodiversity index) and at the species level? 7. Data on species richness, vegetation type, studied taxonomic group, sampling method, sampling effort, sampling period and location were added to the data sheet. 8. For each combination of taxonomic group and ecoregion the sampling method and effort of the cropland and reference land cover studies were compared. If these were similar, a CF was calculated for each combination of categories. If data from multiple studies were available, CFs based on cropland and reference data from the same publication were preferred. Multiple data points within a study were first aggregated by calculating the mean CF for this study. 9. The available CFs were aggregated by deriving medians based on (1) combinations of crop type (Panicoideae, Pooideae, oil palm, low crops), species group (mammals, birds, arthropods and vascular plants) and location (biome) and (2) aggregation of all data available within a single crop group, species group or biome category. 4 2. Frequency distributions of characterization factors 50 n CFs 40 30 20 BIRDS VASCULAR PLANTS 10 MAMMALS ARTHROPODS 0 <0 0:0.25 0.25:0.5 0.5:0.75 0.75:1.0 CF value Figure I: Frequency distributions of the original 152 characterization factors for birds, vascular plants, mammals and arthropods. 50 n CFs 40 30 20 CEREALS POOIDEAE 10 PERENNIAL PANICOIDEAE GRASSES LOW CROPS OIL PALM 0 <0 0:0.25 0.25:0.5 0.5:0.75 0.75:1.0 CF value Figure II: Frequency distributions of the original 152 characterization factors for the crop categories Pooideae, Panicoideae, low crops, and oil palm. 5 n CFs 50 TROPICAL AND SUBTROPICAL MOIST BROADLEAF FORESTS 40 TROPICAL AND SUBTROPICAL GRASSLANDS, SAVANNAS AND SHRUBLANDS TROPICAL AND SUBTROPICAL DRY BROADLEAF FORESTS 30 TEMPERATE GRASSLANDS, SAVANNAS AND SHRUBLANDS 20 TEMPERATE BROADLEAF AND MIXED FORESTS 10 MEDITERRANEAN FORESTS, WOODLANDS AND SCRUB DESERTS AND XERIC SHRUBLANDS 0 <0 0:0.25 0.25:0.5 0.5:0.75 0.75:1.0 BOREAL FORESTS/TAIGA CF value Figure III: Frequency distributions of the original 152 characterization factors for eight biomes. 6 3. Characterization factors, full list Table I: All characterization factors (CFs) per crop type, taxonomic group, biome and literature reference. Species richness (S crop and Sref) represents the (average) number of species in one field or the total number of species in multiple fields. Reference data were collected from the same study (SS), from a different study in the same ecoregion (ECOR), or from a different study in the same biome (BIOME). CFs under CFplot are all 309 original CFs, often including multiple CFs per study for the same combination of crop type, taxonomic group, and biome. After averaging per study, a total of 152 CFs remained (CFstudy). crop type barley CFplot CFstudy 0.45 0.45 barley taxonomic group biome above-ground temperate grasslands spiders ground beetles temperate grasslands ref. based on ECOR Scrop 6 Sref 11 source Scrop Vink et al. (2004) -0.12 barley ground beetles boreal forests/taiga barley ground beetles barley -0.12 ECOR 48 43 Carcamo et al. (1995) -1.30 -1.30 ECOR 53 23 boreal forests/taiga -0.60 -0.75 ECOR 28 17.5 Kinnunen & Tiainen (1999) Kinnunen et al. (2001) ground beetles boreal forests/taiga -1.06 ECOR 36 17.5 Kinnunen et al. (2001) Koivula (2002) barley ground beetles boreal forests/taiga -0.31 ECOR 23 17.5 Kinnunen et al. (2001) Koivula (2002) barley ground beetles boreal forests/taiga -0.60 ECOR 28 17.5 Kinnunen et al. (2001) Koivula (2002) barley ground beetles boreal forests/taiga -1.17 ECOR 50 23 Kinnunen et al. (2001) Koivula (2002) barley weeds temperate broadleaf forests 0.87 ECOR 37 280 Légère et al. (2005) Flinn et al. (2008) 7 0.88 source Sref Topping & Lövei (1997) Bergeron et al. (2012); Niemelä et al (1992); Roughley et al. (2006) Koivula (2002) Koivula (2002) barley weeds temperate broadleaf forests 0.89 ECOR 32 280 Légère et al. (2005) Flinn et al. (2008) barley weeds temperate broadleaf forests 0.87 ECOR 37 280 Légère et al. (2005) Flinn et al. (2008) barley weeds temperate broadleaf forests 0.90 ECOR 28 280 Légère et al. (2005) Flinn et al. (2008) barley weeds boreal forests/taiga 0.48 ECOR 32 61.4 barley weeds boreal forests/taiga 0.51 ECOR 30 61.4 barley weeds boreal forests/taiga 0.59 ECOR 25 61.4 cassava termites 0.97 0.97 SS 1 34 Juha (2004); Niemelä et al. (1994) Juha (2004); Niemelä et al. (1994) Juha (2004); Niemelä et al. (1994) Gillison et al. (2003) cassava weeds tropical moist broadleaf forests tropical moist broadleaf forests Hyvönen & Salonen (2002) Hyvönen & Salonen (2002) Hyvönen & Salonen (2002) Gillison et al. (2003) 0.85 0.92 BIOME 15 102 Shrestha et al. (2010) Gillison et al. (2003) cassava weeds tropical moist broadleaf forests 0.98 BIOME 2 102 Shrestha et al. (2010) Gillison et al. (2003) cassava weeds tropical moist broadleaf forests 0.85 0.85 SS 15 102 Gillison et al. (2003) Gillison et al. (2003) cereal boreal forests/taiga -0.44 -0.44 SS 36 25 cereal above-ground leafhoppers birds temperate broadleaf forests 0.00 0.00 ECOR 28 28 Huusela-Veistola & Vasarainen (2000) Kovács-Hostyánszki et al. (2011) Huusela-Veistola & Vasarainen (2000) Magura et al. (2008) cereal birds temperate broadleaf forests -0.02 -0.02 ECOR 58 57 Eggers et al. (2011) Soderstrom et al. (2001) 8 0.53 cereal butterflies temperate broadleaf forests -0.12 cereal butterflies temperate broadleaf forests 0.12 cereal ground beetles Mediterranean forests 0.88 cereal ground beetles Mediterranean forests cereal ground beetles cereal BIOME 28 25 Rundlöf et al. (2008) Feest et al. (2011) BIOME 22 25 Rundlöf et al. (2008) Feest et al. (2011) ECOR 4 32.5 Errouissi et al. (2011) Ouchtati et al. (2012) 0.94 ECOR 2 32.5 Errouissi et al. (2011) Ouchtati et al. (2012) Mediterranean forests 0.91 ECOR 3 32.5 Errouissi et al. (2011) Ouchtati et al. (2012) ground beetles Mediterranean forests 0.91 ECOR 3 32.5 Errouissi et al. (2011) Ouchtati et al. (2012) cereal ground beetles Mediterranean forests 0.88 ECOR 4 32.5 Errouissi et al. (2011) Ouchtati et al. (2012) cereal ground beetles Mediterranean forests 0.94 ECOR 2 32.5 Errouissi et al. (2011) Ouchtati et al. (2012) cereal ground beetles Mediterranean forests 0.97 ECOR 1 32.5 Errouissi et al. (2011) Ouchtati et al. (2012) cereal ground beetles Mediterranean forests 0.97 ECOR 1 32.5 Errouissi et al. (2011) Ouchtati et al. (2012) cereal ground beetles Mediterranean forests 0.32 0.32 SS 22 32.5 Ouchtati et al. (2012) Ouchtati et al. (2012) cereal ground beetles -0.74 -0.74 ECOR 75 43 Batáry et al. (2008) cereal ground beetles temperate broadleaf forests boreal forests/taiga 0.00 0.03 ECOR 16.6 16.6 Ekroos et al. (2010) Seric Jelaska et al. (2010) Koivula (2002) cereal ground beetles boreal forests/taiga 0.05 ECOR 15.7 16.6 Ekroos et al. (2010) Koivula (2002) cereal ground-dwelling & temperate broadleaf above-ground forests spiders ground-dwelling Mediterranean forests beetle mites Samu & Szinetár (2002) Ziesche & Roth (2008) Arroyo & Iturrondobeitia (2006) Arroyo & Iturrondobeitia (2006) cereal 9 0.00 0.92 0.12 0.12 BIOME 30 34.3 0.68 0.68 SS 26 82 cereal ground-dwelling rove beetles temperate broadleaf forests -0.13 -0.13 ECOR 17 15 Good & Giller (1991) Dennis et al. (1997) cereal ground-dwelling spiders temperate broadleaf forests 0.18 0.22 BIOME 28 34.3 Ratschker & Roth (2000) Ziesche & Roth (2008) cereal ground-dwelling spiders temperate broadleaf forests 0.18 BIOME 28 34.3 Ratschker & Roth (2000) Ziesche & Roth (2008) cereal ground-dwelling spiders temperate broadleaf forests 0.15 BIOME 29 34.3 Ratschker & Roth (2000) Ziesche & Roth (2008) cereal ground-dwelling spiders temperate broadleaf forests 0.04 BIOME 33 34.3 Ratschker & Roth (2000) Ziesche & Roth (2008) cereal ground-dwelling spiders temperate broadleaf forests 0.18 BIOME 28 34.3 Ratschker & Roth (2000) Ziesche & Roth (2008) cereal ground-dwelling spiders temperate broadleaf forests 0.12 BIOME 30 34.3 Ratschker & Roth (2000) Ziesche & Roth (2008) cereal ground-dwelling spiders temperate broadleaf forests 0.07 BIOME 32 34.3 Ratschker & Roth (2000) Ziesche & Roth (2008) cereal ground-dwelling spiders temperate broadleaf forests 0.27 BIOME 25 34.3 Ratschker & Roth (2000) Ziesche & Roth (2008) cereal ground-dwelling spiders temperate broadleaf forests 0.30 BIOME 24 34.3 Ratschker & Roth (2000) Ziesche & Roth (2008) cereal ground-dwelling spiders temperate broadleaf forests 0.36 BIOME 22 34.3 Ratschker & Roth (2000) Ziesche & Roth (2008) 10 cereal ground-dwelling spiders temperate broadleaf forests 0.33 BIOME 23 34.3 Ratschker & Roth (2000) Ziesche & Roth (2008) cereal ground-dwelling spiders temperate broadleaf forests 0.30 BIOME 24 34.3 Ratschker & Roth (2000) Ziesche & Roth (2008) cereal ground-dwelling spiders temperate broadleaf forests 0.33 BIOME 23 34.3 Ratschker & Roth (2000) Ziesche & Roth (2008) cereal ground-dwelling spiders temperate broadleaf forests 0.47 BIOME 18 34.3 Samu & Szinetár (2002) Ziesche & Roth (2008) cereal ground-dwelling spiders temperate broadleaf forests -0.55 BIOME 53 34.3 Samu & Szinetár (2002) Ziesche & Roth (2008) cereal ground-dwelling spiders temperate broadleaf forests -0.05 BIOME 36 34.3 Samu & Szinetár (2002) Ziesche & Roth (2008) cereal small mammals temperate broadleaf forests 0.00 0.00 SS 10 10 cereal weeds temperate broadleaf forests -0.13 -0.13 ECOR 114 cereal weeds temperate broadleaf forests 0.87 0.80 ECOR 45 341 Salonen et al. (2001) cereal weeds temperate broadleaf forests 0.74 ECOR 89 341 Salonen et al. (2001) Soderstrom et al. (2001) cereal weeds boreal forests/taiga 0.17 ECOR 51 61.4 Salonen et al. (2001) cereal weeds boreal forests/taiga 0.02 ECOR 60 61.4 Salonen et al. (2001) Juha (2004); Niemelä et al. (1994) Juha (2004); Niemelä et al. (1994) 11 -0.04 -0.10 Heroldova et al. (2007) Heroldova et al. (2007) 100.7 Hald (1999) Borchsenius et al. (2004); Graae & Heskjaer (1997); Thomsen et al. (2005) Soderstrom et al. (2001) cereal weeds boreal forests/taiga -0.53 ECOR 94 61.4 Salonen et al. (2001) cereal weeds boreal forests/taiga -0.19 ECOR 73 61.4 Salonen et al. (2001) cereal weeds boreal forests/taiga -0.45 ECOR 89 61.4 Salonen et al. (2001) cereal weeds boreal forests/taiga -0.53 ECOR 94 61.4 Salonen et al. (2001) cereal weeds boreal forests/taiga 0.25 ECOR 46 61.4 Salonen et al. (2001) cereal weeds boreal forests/taiga 0.06 ECOR 58 61.4 Salonen et al. (2001) cereal weeds boreal forests/taiga -0.04 ECOR 64 61.4 Salonen et al. (2001) cereal weeds boreal forests/taiga 0.23 ECOR 47 61.4 Salonen et al. (2001) cereal weeds boreal forests/taiga -0.11 ECOR 68 61.4 Salonen et al. (2001) cereal weeds boreal forests/taiga -0.03 ECOR 63 61.4 Salonen et al. (2001) cereal weeds boreal forests/taiga -0.01 ECOR 62 61.4 Salonen et al. (2001) cereal weeds boreal forests/taiga -0.27 ECOR 78 61.4 Salonen et al. (2001) cereal weeds boreal forests/taiga -0.22 ECOR 75 61.4 Hyvönen et al. (2003) cereal weeds boreal forests/taiga -0.04 ECOR 64 61.4 Hyvönen et al. (2003) cereal weeds deserts and xeric shrublands 0.76 0.76 ECOR 16 67.7 Young & Thorne (2004) corn ants 0.51 0.51 SS 18 37 Ottonetti et al. (2010) corn ants tropical moist broadleaf forests tropical dry broadleaf forests 0.20 0.20 SS 4 5 Castano-Meneses & Castano-Meneses & Palacios-Vargas (2003) Palacios-Vargas (2003) 12 -0.13 Juha (2004); Niemelä et al. (1994) Juha (2004); Niemelä et al. (1994) Juha (2004); Niemelä et al. (1994) Juha (2004); Niemelä et al. (1994) Juha (2004); Niemelä et al. (1994) Juha (2004); Niemelä et al. (1994) Juha (2004); Niemelä et al. (1994) Juha (2004); Niemelä et al. (1994) Juha (2004); Niemelä et al. (1994) Juha (2004); Niemelä et al. (1994) Juha (2004); Niemelä et al. (1994) Juha (2004); Niemelä et al. (1994) Juha (2004); Niemelä et al. (1994) Juha (2004); Niemelä et al. (1994) Huntly et al. (2005); Bangert & Huntly (2010) Ottonetti et al. (2010) corn bees temperate broadleaf forests 0.09 0.09 SS 42 46 Gardiner et al. (2010) Gardiner et al. (2010) corn beetles temperate broadleaf forests 0.85 0.85 ECOR 62 422 Jodl et al. (1998) Sobek et al. (2009) corn birds temperate grasslands 0.42 0.42 BIOME 24 41.5 Galle et al. (2009) corn birds tropical moist broadleaf forests 0.67 0.67 SS 15 46 Estrada & CoatesEstrada (2005) Puchniak et al. (2012); Fritcher et al. (2004 Estrada & CoatesEstrada (2005) corn birds tropical moist broadleaf forests 0.83 0.83 SS 31 178 Estrada et al. (1997) Estrada et al. (1997) corn birds temperate broadleaf forests 0.63 0.63 ECOR 14 37.3 Boutin et al. (1999) Riffell et al. (2006); Bub et al. (2004) corn breeding birds temperate broadleaf forests 0.62 0.62 SS 5 13 Paine et al. (1996) Paine et al. (1996) corn ground beetles temperate broadleaf forests 0.00 0.00 ECOR 49 49 Leslie et al. (2010) MacLean & Usis (1992) corn ground beetles temperate broadleaf forests 0.55 0.53 ECOR 22 49 Pavuk et al. (1997) MacLean & Usis (1992) corn ground beetles temperate broadleaf forests 0.55 ECOR 22 49 Pavuk et al. (1997) MacLean & Usis (1992) corn ground beetles temperate broadleaf forests 0.55 ECOR 22 49 Pavuk et al. (1997) MacLean & Usis (1992) corn ground beetles temperate broadleaf 0.53 ECOR 23 49 Pavuk et al. (1997) MacLean & Usis (1992) 13 forests corn ground beetles temperate broadleaf forests 0.45 corn ground beetles temperate grasslands 0.52 corn ground beetles temperate grasslands 0.39 corn ground beetles temperate broadleaf forests 0.02 corn ground beetles temperate broadleaf forests 0.59 corn ground beetles temperate broadleaf forests corn ground beetles temperate broadleaf forests 14 ECOR 27 49 Pavuk et al. (1997) MacLean & Usis (1992) ECOR 23 47.5 Ellsbury et al. (1998) Larsen & Work (2003) ECOR 29 47.5 Ellsbury et al. (1998) Larsen & Work (2003) 0.02 BIOME 22 22.5 Ward & Ward (2001) Seric Jelaska et al. (2010) 0.54 BIOME 10 24.3 Clark et al. (2006) 0.55 BIOME 11 24.3 Clark et al. (2006) 0.47 BIOME 12.75 24.3 Clark et al. (2006) Seric Jelaska et al. (2010); MacLean & Usis (1992); Magura & Kodobocz (2007); Sroka & Finch (2006); Fahy & Gormally (1998); Poole et al. (2003) Seric Jelaska et al. (2010); MacLean & Usis (1992); Magura & Kodobocz (2007); Sroka & Finch (2006); Fahy & Gormally (1998); Poole et al. (2003) Seric Jelaska et al. (2010); MacLean & Usis (1992); Magura & Kodobocz (2007); Sroka & Finch (2006); Fahy & Gormally (1998); Poole et al. 0.45 corn ground-dwelling beetle mites temperate broadleaf forests 0.83 0.83 SS 17 98 Minor & Cianciolo (2007) (2003) Minor & Cianciolo (2007) corn ground-dwelling dung beetles ground-dwelling meso-stigmata tropical moist broadleaf forests temperate broadleaf forests 0.07 0.07 SS 13 14 0.31 0.31 SS 25 36 Shahabuddin et al. (2005) Minor & Cianciolo (2007) Shahabuddin et al. (2005) Minor & Cianciolo (2007) corn ground-dwelling spiders temperate broadleaf forests -0.12 -0.12 SS 64 57 Hibbert & Buddle (2008) Hibbert & Buddle (2008) corn small mammals temperate broadleaf forests 0.40 0.40 SS 6 10 Heroldova et al. (2007) Heroldova et al. (2007) corn springtails temperate grasslands -3.67 -4.79 ECOR 84 18 Bitzer et al. (2005) corn springtails temperate grasslands -6.06 ECOR 127 18 Bitzer et al. (2005) corn springtails temperate grasslands -6.94 ECOR 143 18 Bitzer et al. (2005) corn springtails temperate grasslands -2.50 ECOR 63 18 Bitzer et al. (2005) corn weeds temperate broadleaf forests 0.95 BIOME 8 166 Huijser et al. (2004) corn weeds temperate broadleaf forests 0.94 BIOME 10 166 Huijser et al. (2004) Zhang & Zhang (2007); Hedl et al. (2010) corn weeds temperate broadleaf forests 0.94 BIOME 10 166 Huijser et al. (2004) Zhang & Zhang (2007); Hedl et al. (2010) corn weeds temperate grasslands 0.96 ECOR 6 158 Dieleman et al. (2000) Collins et al. (2002) corn 15 0.94 0.96 Brand & Dunn (1998); Brand (2002) Brand & Dunn (1998); Brand (2002) Brand & Dunn (1998); Brand (2002) Brand & Dunn (1998); Brand (2002) Zhang & Zhang (2007); Hedl et al. (2010) corn weeds temperate grasslands 0.96 ECOR 7 158 Dieleman et al. (2000) Collins et al. (2002) corn weeds temperate broadleaf forests 0.96 ECOR 7 160 Zuo et al. (2008) Zhang & Zhang (2007) corn weeds temperate broadleaf forests 0.94 ECOR 10 160 Zuo et al. (2008) Zhang & Zhang (2007) corn weeds temperate broadleaf forests 0.96 ECOR 7 160 Zuo et al. (2008) Zhang & Zhang (2007) corn weeds temperate broadleaf forests 0.96 ECOR 6 160 Zuo et al. (2008) Zhang & Zhang (2007) corn weeds temperate broadleaf forests 0.96 ECOR 7 160 Zuo et al. (2008) Zhang & Zhang (2007) corn weeds temperate broadleaf forests 0.94 ECOR 9 160 Zuo et al. (2008) Zhang & Zhang (2007) corn weeds temperate broadleaf forests 0.96 ECOR 6 160 Zuo et al. (2008) Zhang & Zhang (2007) corn weeds temperate broadleaf forests 0.96 ECOR 6 160 Zuo et al. (2008) Zhang & Zhang (2007) corn weeds temperate broadleaf forests 0.96 ECOR 6 160 Zuo et al. (2008) Zhang & Zhang (2007) corn weeds temperate broadleaf forests 0.96 ECOR 6 160 Zuo et al. (2008) Zhang & Zhang (2007) corn weeds temperate broadleaf 0.98 ECOR 4 160 Zuo et al. (2008) Zhang & Zhang (2007) 16 0.96 forests corn weeds temperate broadleaf forests 0.98 ECOR 3 160 Zuo et al. (2008) Zhang & Zhang (2007) corn weeds temperate broadleaf forests 0.96 ECOR 7 160 Zuo et al. (2008) Zhang & Zhang (2007) corn weeds temperate broadleaf forests 0.97 ECOR 5 160 Zuo et al. (2008) Zhang & Zhang (2007) corn weeds temperate broadleaf forests 0.96 ECOR 6 160 Zuo et al. (2008) Zhang & Zhang (2007) corn weeds temperate broadleaf forests 0.97 ECOR 5 160 Zuo et al. (2008) Zhang & Zhang (2007) corn weeds temperate broadleaf forests 0.98 ECOR 4 160 Zuo et al. (2008) Zhang & Zhang (2007) corn weeds temperate broadleaf forests 0.93 ECOR 22 307 Swanton et al. (2006) Burke et al. (2008) corn weeds temperate broadleaf forests 0.92 ECOR 24 307 Swanton et al. (2006) Burke et al. (2008) corn weeds temperate broadleaf forests 0.88 BIOME 15 121 Mulugeta et al. (2001) Burke et al. (2008); Zhang & Zhang (2007) corn weeds temperate broadleaf forests 0.88 BIOME 15 121 Mulugeta et al. (2001) Burke et al. (2008); Zhang & Zhang (2007) corn weeds temperate broadleaf 0.84 BIOME 19 121 Mulugeta et al. (2001) Burke et al. (2008); Zhang & Zhang (2007) 17 0.93 0.86 forests corn weeds temperate broadleaf forests 0.91 BIOME 11 121 Mulugeta et al. (2001) Burke et al. (2008); Zhang & Zhang (2007) corn weeds temperate broadleaf forests 0.90 BIOME 12 121 Mulugeta et al. (2001) Burke et al. (2008); Zhang & Zhang (2007) corn weeds temperate broadleaf forests 0.76 BIOME 29 121 Mulugeta et al. (2001) Burke et al. (2008); Zhang & Zhang (2007) corn weeds temperate broadleaf forests 0.68 0.68 ECOR 35 109 Cook et al. (2007) Peterson & Reich (2008) corn weeds temperate broadleaf forests 0.45 0.47 ECOR 35 64 Hiltbrunner et al. (2008) Degen et al. (2005) corn weeds temperate broadleaf forests 0.48 ECOR 33 64 Hiltbrunner et al. (2008) Degen et al. (2005) miscanthus beetles temperate broadleaf forests 0.85 0.85 ECOR 62 422 Jodl et al. (1998) Sobek et al. (2009) miscanthus butterflies temperate broadleaf forests 0.40 0.40 BIOME 15 25 Semere & Slater (2007) Feest et al. (2011) miscanthus butterflies temperate broadleaf forests 0.40 BIOME 15 25 Semere & Slater (2007) Feest et al. (2011) miscanthus ground beetles temperate broadleaf forests 0.51 ECOR 6.6 13.5 miscanthus ground beetles temperate broadleaf 0.51 ECOR 6.6 13.5 Semere & Slater (2007) Fahy & Gormally (1998); Poole et al. (2003) Semere & Slater (2007) Fahy & Gormally (1998); Poole et al. (2003) 18 0.51 forests miscanthus weeds temperate broadleaf forests 0.54 miscanthus weeds temperate broadleaf forests 0.18 oil palm arboreal beetles tropical moist broadleaf forests 0.77 oil palm bats tropical moist broadleaf forests oil palm bees oil palm ECOR 14 30.5 ECOR 25 30.5 0.77 SS 40 174 0.88 0.88 SS 1 8 Danielsen & Heegaard (1995) Danielsen & Heegaard (1995) tropical moist broadleaf forests -1.13 -1.13 SS 17 8 Liow et al. (2001) Liow et al. (2001) birds tropical moist broadleaf forests 0.60 0.60 ECOR 37 92.5 Koh (2008) Sheldon et al. (2010) oil palm birds tropical moist broadleaf forests 0.66 0.72 ECOR 24 70 Sheldon & Styring (2011) Sheldon et al. (2010) oil palm birds tropical moist broadleaf forests 0.79 ECOR 24 115 Sheldon & Styring (2011) Sheldon et al. (2010) oil palm birds tropical moist broadleaf forests 0.86 ECOR 22 157 Najera & Simonetti (2010) Anderson (2009) oil palm birds tropical moist broadleaf forests 0.92 ECOR 12 157 Najera & Simonetti (2010) Anderson (2009) oil palm birds tropical moist 0.33 SS 130 194 Azhar et al. (2011) Azhar et al. (2011) 19 0.36 0.89 0.49 Semere & Slater (2007) Fahy & Gormally (1998); Poole et al. (2003) Semere & Slater (2007) Fahy & Gormally (1998); Poole et al. (2003) Chung et al. (2000) Chung et al. (2000) broadleaf forests oil palm birds tropical moist broadleaf forests 0.65 SS 67 194 Azhar et al. (2011) oil palm birds tropical moist broadleaf forests 0.75 SS 40 159 Koh & Wilcove (2008) Koh & Wilcove (2008) oil palm birds tropical moist broadleaf forests 0.75 SS 40 159 Koh & Wilcove (2008) Koh & Wilcove (2008) oil palm birds tropical moist broadleaf forests 0.75 0.75 SS 17 67 Danielsen & Heegaard (1995) oil palm birds tropical moist broadleaf forests 0.62 0.62 SS 41 108 Aratrakorn et al. (2006) Aratrakorn et al. (2006) oil palm bird’s nest ants tropical moist broadleaf forests 0.03 0.03 SS 35 36 Fayle et al. (2010) Fayle et al. (2010) oil palm butterflies tropical moist broadleaf forests 0.54 0.54 SS 12 26 Benedick (2005) Benedick (2005) oil palm canopy ants tropical moist broadleaf forests 0.52 0.52 SS 58 120 Fayle et al. (2010) Fayle et al. (2010) oil palm canopy ants tropical moist broadleaf forests 0.87 0.87 SS 36 280 Pfeiffer et al. (2008) Pfeiffer et al. (2008) oil palm canopy ants tropical moist broadleaf forests 0.86 0.86 SS 39 280 Pfeiffer et al. (2008) Pfeiffer et al. (2008) oil palm ground beetles tropical moist 0.87 0.87 SS 75 557 Chung et al. (2000) Chung et al. (2000) 20 0.75 Azhar et al. (2011) Danielsen & Heegaard (1995) broadleaf forests oil palm ground-dwelling ants tropical moist broadleaf forests 0.88 oil palm ground-dwelling ants tropical moist broadleaf forests oil palm ground-dwelling ants oil palm SS 23 187 Brühl & Eltz (2010) Brühl & Eltz (2010) 0.95 SS 10 187 Brühl & Eltz (2010) Brühl & Eltz (2010) tropical moist broadleaf forests 0.93 SS 14 187 Brühl & Eltz (2010) Brühl & Eltz (2010) ground-dwelling ants tropical moist broadleaf forests 0.96 SS 7 187 Brühl & Eltz (2010) Brühl & Eltz (2010) oil palm ground-dwelling ants tropical moist broadleaf forests 0.95 SS 9 187 Brühl & Eltz (2010) Brühl & Eltz (2010) oil palm ground-dwelling ants tropical moist broadleaf forests 0.41 0.41 SS 29 49 Room (1975) Room (1975) oil palm ground-dwelling dung beetles tropical moist broadleaf forests 0.20 0.20 SS 20 25 Davis & Philips (2005) Davis & Philips (2005) oil palm ground-dwelling isopods tropical moist broadleaf forests 0.50 0.50 SS 4 8 Hassall et al. (2006) Hassall et al. (2006) oil palm large mammals tropical moist broadleaf forests 0.89 0.89 SS 4 38 Maddox et al. (2007) Maddox et al. (2007) oil palm litter-dwelling ants tropical moist broadleaf forests 0.74 0.74 SS 56 216 Fayle et al. (2010) Fayle et al. (2010) oil palm lizards 0.19 0.19 SS 4.71 5.81 Glor et al. (2005) Glor et al. (2005) 21 tropical moist 0.93 broadleaf forests oil palm mosquitoes tropical moist broadleaf forests 0.00 0.00 SS 6 6 Chang et al. (2007) Chang et al. (2007) oil palm moths tropical moist broadleaf forests -0.13 0.05 SS 85 75 Chey (2006) Chey (2006) oil palm moths tropical moist broadleaf forests 0.45 SS 73 133 Chey (2006) Chey (2006) oil palm moths tropical moist broadleaf forests -0.15 SS 90 78 Chey (2006) Chey (2006) oil palm small mammals tropical moist broadleaf forests 0.40 0.40 SS 3 5 Scott et al. (2004) Scott et al. (2004) oil palm subterranean beetles tropical moist broadleaf forests 0.79 0.79 SS 64 306 Chung et al. (2000) Chung et al. (2000) rapeseed ground beetles boreal forests/taiga -0.83 -0.83 ECOR 42 23 Koivula (2002) potato butterflies temperate broadleaf forests 0.89 0.86 ECOR 1.3 12.3 Kinnunen & Tiainen (1999) De Snoo (1997) potato butterflies temperate broadleaf forests 0.82 ECOR 2.2 12.3 De Snoo (1997) Feest et al. (2011) potato butterflies temperate broadleaf forests 0.94 ECOR 0.7 12.3 De Snoo (1997) Feest et al. (2011) potato butterflies temperate broadleaf forests 0.80 ECOR 2.5 12.3 De Snoo (1997) Feest et al. (2011) 22 Feest et al. (2011) potato ground beetles temperate broadleaf forests 0.49 potato ground beetles temperate broadleaf forests potato ground beetles potato ECOR 11.8 23.1 De Snoo (1997) Sroka & Finch (2006) 0.39 ECOR 14 23.1 De Snoo (1997) Sroka & Finch (2006) temperate broadleaf forests 0.59 ECOR 9.4 23.1 De Snoo (1997) Sroka & Finch (2006) ground beetles temperate broadleaf forests 0.59 ECOR 9.5 23.1 De Snoo (1997) Sroka & Finch (2006) potato ground beetles boreal forests/taiga -0.43 -0.43 ECOR 33 23 Koivula (2002) potato ground beetles boreal forests/taiga 0.14 -0.54 ECOR 15 17.5 Kinnunen & Tiainen (1999) Kinnunen et al. (2001) potato ground beetles boreal forests/taiga -0.26 ECOR 22 17.5 Kinnunen et al. (2001) potato ground beetles boreal forests/taiga -0.26 ECOR 22 17.5 Kinnunen et al. (2001) potato ground beetles boreal forests/taiga -0.89 ECOR 33 17.5 Kinnunen et al. (2001) potato ground beetles boreal forests/taiga -1.43 ECOR 56 23 Kinnunen et al. (2001) Koivula (2002); Niemelä et al. (1994); Halme & Niemela (1993) Koivula (2002); Niemelä et al. (1994); Halme & Niemela (1993) Koivula (2002); Niemelä et al. (1994); Halme & Niemela (1993) Koivula (2002); Niemelä et al. (1994); Halme & Niemela (1993) Koivula (2002) potato ground beetles temperate broadleaf forests -0.20 SS 30 25 Gaines & Gratton (2010) Gaines & Gratton (2010) 23 0.52 -0.20 rye earthworms temperate broadleaf forests 0.64 rye earthworms temperate broadleaf forests rye earthworms rye BIOME 4 11 Emmerling (2001) Ponge & Delhaye (1995) 0.45 BIOME 6 11 Emmerling (2001) Ponge & Delhaye (1995) temperate broadleaf forests 0.45 BIOME 6 11 Emmerling (2001) Ponge & Delhaye (1995) weeds boreal forests/taiga 0.35 ECOR 40 61.4 rye weeds boreal forests/taiga 0.38 ECOR 38 61.4 rye weeds boreal forests/taiga 0.50 ECOR 31 61.4 soybean birds temperate grasslands 0.59 0.59 BIOME 17 41.5 Hyvönen & Salonen (2002) Hyvönen & Salonen (2002) Hyvönen & Salonen (2002) Galle et al. (2009) soybean birds temperate broadleaf forests 0.57 0.57 ECOR 16 37.3 Boutin et al. (1999) Juha (2004); Niemelä et al. (1994) Juha (2004); Niemelä et al. (1994) Juha (2004); Niemelä et al. (1994) Puchniak et al. (2012); Fritcher et al. (2004) Riffell et al. (2006); Bub et al. (2004) soybean breeding birds temperate broadleaf forests 0.85 0.85 SS 2 13 Paine et al. (1996) Paine et al. (1996) soybean ground beetles temperate grasslands 0.60 0.57 ECOR 19 47.5 Ellsbury et al. (1998) Larsen & Work (2003) soybean ground beetles temperate grasslands 0.54 ECOR 22 47.5 Ellsbury et al. (1998) Larsen & Work (2003) soybean ground beetles temperate broadleaf forests 0.45 BIOME 13.25 24.3 Clark et al. (2006) Seric Jelaska et al. (2010); MacLean & Usis (1992); Magura & Kodobocz (2007); Sroka & Finch (2006); Fahy & Gormally (1998); Poole et al. (2003) 24 0.52 0.41 0.43 soybean ground beetles temperate broadleaf forests 0.51 BIOME 12 24.3 Clark et al. (2006) soybean ground beetles temperate broadleaf forests 0.34 BIOME 16 24.3 Clark et al. (2006) soybean weeds temperate broadleaf forests 0.79 ECOR 58 280 Boutin (2006) Seric Jelaska et al. (2010); MacLean & Usis (1992); Magura & Kodobocz (2007); Sroka & Finch (2006); Fahy & Gormally (1998); Poole et al. (2003) Seric Jelaska et al. (2010); MacLean & Usis (1992); Magura & Kodobocz (2007); Sroka & Finch (2006); Fahy & Gormally (1998); Poole et al. (2003) Flinn et al. (2008) soybean weeds temperate broadleaf forests 0.72 ECOR 78 280 Boutin (2006) Flinn et al. (2008) soybean weeds temperate grasslands 0.58 0.58 BIOME 66 158 Flinn et al. (2008) soybean weeds temperate grasslands 0.61 0.61 BIOME 62 158 soybean weeds temperate broadleaf forests 0.93 0.92 ECOR 23 307 De La Fuente et al. (2006) De La Fuente et al. (2010) Swanton et al. (2006) soybean weeds temperate broadleaf forests 0.92 ECOR 25 307 Swanton et al. (2006) Collins et al. (2002) soybean weeds temperate broadleaf forests 0.85 BIOME 18 121 Mulugeta et al. (2001) Burke et al. (2008) 25 0.76 0.86 Flinn et al. (2008) Collins et al. (2002) soybean weeds temperate broadleaf forests 0.85 BIOME 18 121 Mulugeta et al. (2001) Burke et al. (2008) soybean weeds temperate broadleaf forests 0.87 BIOME 16 121 Mulugeta et al. (2001) Burke et al. (2008) sugar beet ground beetles temperate broadleaf forests 0.32 ECOR 15.7 23.1 De Snoo (1997) Sroka & Finch (2006) sugar beet ground beetles temperate broadleaf forests 0.31 ECOR 16 23.1 De Snoo (1997) Sroka & Finch (2006) sugar beet ground beetles temperate broadleaf forests 0.38 ECOR 14.3 23.1 De Snoo (1997) Sroka & Finch (2006) sugar beet ground beetles temperate broadleaf forests 0.30 ECOR 16.1 23.1 De Snoo (1997) Sroka & Finch (2006) sugar beet ground beetles boreal forests/taiga -0.57 -0.57 ECOR 36 23 Koivula (2002) sugar beet ground beetles boreal forests/taiga -0.77 -0.77 ECOR 31 17.5 Kinnunen & Tiainen (1999) Kinnunen et al. (2001) sugar beet ground beetles boreal forests/taiga -0.89 ECOR 33 17.5 Kinnunen et al. (2001) sugar beet ground beetles boreal forests/taiga -0.26 ECOR 22 17.5 Kinnunen et al. (2001) sugar beet ground beetles boreal forests/taiga -0.77 ECOR 31 17.5 Kinnunen et al. (2001) 26 0.33 Koivula (2002); Niemelä et al. (1994); Halme & Niemela (1993) Koivula (2002); Niemelä et al. (1994); Halme & Niemela (1993) Koivula (2002); Niemelä et al. (1994); Halme & Niemela (1993) Koivula (2002); Niemelä et al. (1994); Halme & Niemela sugar beet ground beetles boreal forests/taiga -1.17 sugar beet small mammals 0.10 sugarcane sugarcane birds earthworms temperate broadleaf forests tropical grasslands tropical moist broadleaf forests 0.75 -1.00 sugarcane earthworms tropical moist broadleaf forests -1.50 sugarcane large mammals tropical grasslands 0.17 sugarcane large mammals tropical grasslands 0.17 sugarcane small mammals tropical moist broadleaf forests 0.20 sugarcane small mammals tropical moist broadleaf forests 0.00 sugarcane termites tropical moist broadleaf forests 0.73 sugarcane weeds tropical moist broadleaf forests sunflower birds switchgrass bees switchgrass birds 27 (1993) Koivula (2002) ECOR 50 23 Kinnunen et al. (2001) 0.10 SS 9 10 Heroldova et al. (2007) Heroldova et al. (2007) 0.75 -1.25 SS SS 28 4 112 2 Manica et al. (2010) Nunes et al. (2006) Manica et al. (2010) Nunes et al. (2006) SS 5 2 Nunes et al. (2006) Nunes et al. (2006) SS 19 23 SS 15 18 ECOR 8 10 Dotta & Verdade (2011) Dotta & Verdade (2007) Takele et al. (2011) Dotta & Verdade (2011) Dotta & Verdade (2007) Takele et al. (2011) ECOR 9 9 Takele et al. (2011) Takele et al. (2011) 0.73 ECOR 4 15 Miranda et al. (2004) Vasconcellos (2010) 0.88 0.88 BIOME 12 102 Shrestha et al. (2010) Gillison et al. (2003) temperate grasslands 0.35 0.35 BIOME 27 41.5 Galle et al. (2009) temperate broadleaf forests temperate grasslands -0.20 -0.20 SS 55 46 Gardiner et al. (2010) Puchniak et al. (2012); Fritcher et al. (2004 Gardiner et al. (2010) 0.68 0.68 ECOR 45 141 Murray & Best (2003) 0.17 0.10 Thogmartin et al. (2009) switchgrass birds temperate grasslands 0.33 0.33 SS 2.4 3.6 switchgrass birds temperate broadleaf forests 0.20 0.20 ECOR 30 37.3 switchgrass birds temperate broadleaf forests 0.62 0.68 ECOR 17 switchgrass birds temperate broadleaf forests 0.73 ECOR switchgrass breeding birds temperate broadleaf forests 0.23 switchgrass breeding birds temperate broadleaf forests 0.31 switchgrass ground beetles temperate broadleaf forests -0.29 switchgrass weeds temperate broadleaf forests wheat wheat above-ground leafhoppers above-ground spiders birds wheat wheat wheat 28 Bakker & Higgins (2009) Robertson et al. (2011) Bakker & Higgins (2009) Riffell et al. (2006); Bub et al. (2004) 45 Roth et al. (2005) Au et al. (2008) 17 64 Roth et al. (2005) Au et al. (2008) SS 10 13 Paine et al. (1996) Paine et al. (1996) SS 9 13 Paine et al. (1996) Paine et al. (1996) -0.29 BIOME 29 22.5 Ward & Ward (2001) Seric Jelaska et al. (2010) 0.53 0.53 ECOR 143 307 Gardiner et al. (2010) Burke et al. (2004) boreal forests/taiga 0.72 0.72 SS 7 25 temperate grasslands 0.00 0.00 ECOR 11 11 Huusela-Veistola & Vasarainen (2000) Vink et al. (2004) Mediterranean forests 0.44 0.44 ECOR 20 35.5 Guerrero et al. (2010) Huusela-Veistola & Vasarainen (2000) Topping & Lövei (1997) Diaz (2006) butterflies temperate broadleaf forests 0.89 0.80 ECOR 1.3 12.3 De Snoo (1997) Feest et al. (2011) butterflies temperate broadleaf forests 0.76 ECOR 3 12.3 De Snoo (1997) Feest et al. (2011) 0.27 wheat butterflies temperate broadleaf forests 0.86 ECOR 1.7 12.3 De Snoo (1997) Feest et al. (2011) wheat butterflies temperate broadleaf forests 0.68 ECOR 4 12.3 De Snoo (1997) Feest et al. (2011) wheat earthworms temperate broadleaf forests 0.31 BIOME 9 13 Schmidt et al. (2001) wheat earthworms temperate broadleaf forests 0.54 BIOME 6 13 Schmidt et al. (2001) wheat earthworms temperate broadleaf forests 0.54 BIOME 6 13 Schmidt et al. (2001) wheat earthworms temperate broadleaf forests 0.67 0.67 ECOR 5 15 Schmidt et al. (2001) Eggleton et al. (2009); Ponge & Delhaye (1995) Eggleton et al. (2009); Ponge & Delhaye (1995) Eggleton et al. (2009); Ponge & Delhaye (1995) Eggleton et al. (2009) wheat ground beetles temperate broadleaf forests 0.07 0.18 ECOR 21.5 23.1 De Snoo (1997) Sroka & Finch (2006) wheat ground beetles temperate broadleaf forests 0.02 ECOR 22.7 23.1 De Snoo (1997) Sroka & Finch (2006) wheat ground beetles temperate broadleaf forests 0.35 ECOR 14.9 23.1 De Snoo (1997) Sroka & Finch (2006) wheat ground beetles temperate broadleaf forests 0.29 ECOR 16.5 23.1 De Snoo (1997) Sroka & Finch (2006) wheat ground beetles temperate broadleaf forests -0.60 ECOR 75 47 Saska et al. (2007) Sroka & Finch (2006) 29 0.46 -0.60 wheat ground beetles temperate grasslands 0.68 wheat ground beetles temperate grasslands 0.58 wheat ground beetles -0.02 wheat ground beetles temperate broadleaf forests Mediterranean forests 0.70 wheat ground beetles Mediterranean forests 0.67 wheat ground beetles temperate broadleaf forests -0.50 wheat ground beetles temperate broadleaf forests -0.32 wheat ground beetles temperate broadleaf forests -1.09 wheat ground beetles temperate broadleaf forests wheat ground-dwelling spiders wheat ECOR 15 47.5 Ellsbury et al. (1998) Larsen & Work (2003) ECOR 20 47.5 Ellsbury et al. (1998) Larsen & Work (2003) -0.02 ECOR 44 43 0.68 ECOR 12 39.5 Kromp & Steinberger (1992) Avgin & Luff (2009) ECOR 13 39.5 Avgin & Luff (2009) BIOME 42 28 Bátary et al. (2012) BIOME 37 28 Bátary et al. (2012) -1.09 BIOME 90 43 Clough et al. (2007) Seric Jelaska et al. (2010) Avgin & Emre (2010); Avgin (2006) Avgin & Emre (2010); Avgin (2006) Liu et al. (2010); Jelaska et al. (2011); Sroka & Finch (2006) Liu et al. (2010); Jelaska et al. (2011); Sroka & Finch (2006) Seric Jelaska et al. (2010) -0.95 -0.95 BIOME 84 43 Purtauf et al. (2005) Seric Jelaska et al. (2010) deserts and xeric shrublands 0.11 0.11 SS 34 38 Pluess et al. (2008) Pluess et al. (2008) ground-dwelling spiders deserts and xeric shrublands -0.03 -0.03 BIOME 39 38 Butt & Sherawat (2012) Pluess et al. (2008) wheat ground-dwelling spiders temperate broadleaf forests -1.10 -0.95 ECOR 72 34.3 Basedow (1998) Ziesche & Roth (2008) wheat ground-dwelling spiders temperate broadleaf forests -1.13 ECOR 73 34.3 Basedow (1998) Ziesche & Roth (2008) 30 0.63 -0.41 wheat ground-dwelling spiders temperate broadleaf forests -0.61 ECOR 55 34.3 Basedow (1998) Ziesche & Roth (2008) wheat ground-dwelling spiders temperate broadleaf forests 0.42 ECOR 20 34.3 Bátary et al. (2012) Ziesche & Roth (2008) wheat ground-dwelling spiders temperate broadleaf forests 0.30 ECOR 24 34.3 Bátary et al. (2012) Ziesche & Roth (2008) wheat spiders temperate broadleaf forests -0.14 BIOME 65 57 Schmidt-Entling & Döbeli (2009) Hibbert & Buddle (2008) wheat spiders temperate broadleaf forests 0.39 BIOME 35 57 Schmidt-Entling & Döbeli (2009) Hibbert & Buddle (2008) wheat weeds temperate broadleaf forests 0.75 0.75 BIOME 41 166 Gabriel et al. (2005) Zhang & Zhang (2007); Hedl et al. (2010) wheat weeds temperate broadleaf forests 0.08 0.20 BIOME 153 166 Roschewitz et al. (2005) Zhang & Zhang (2007); Hedl et al. (2010) wheat weeds temperate broadleaf forests 0.37 BIOME 104 166 Roschewitz et al. (2005) Zhang & Zhang (2007); Hedl et al. (2010) wheat weeds temperate broadleaf forests 0.14 BIOME 142 166 Roschewitz et al. (2005) Zhang & Zhang (2007); Hedl et al. (2010) wheat weeds Mediterranean forests 0.77 BIOME 40 172 Taboada et al. (2010) wheat weeds Mediterranean forests 0.80 BIOME 35 172 wheat weeds Mediterranean forests 0.91 BIOME 15 172 wheat weeds Mediterranean forests 0.83 BIOME 30 172 Caballero-López et al. (2012) Caballero-López et al. (2012) Caballero-López et al. (2012) Hernandez Plaza et al. (2011) 31 0.36 0.12 0.83 0.82 Taboada et al. (2010) Taboada et al. (2010) Taboada et al. (2010) wheat weeds Mediterranean forests 0.82 BIOME 31 172 wheat weeds Mediterranean forests 0.80 BIOME 34 172 wheat weeds temperate broadleaf forests 0.96 0.96 ECOR 7 wheat weeds temperate broadleaf forests 0.93 0.93 ECOR wheat weeds temperate broadleaf forests 0.92 wheat weeds temperate broadleaf forests 0.52 wheat weeds temperate broadleaf forests 0.61 wheat weeds temperate broadleaf forests -0.08 wheat weeds temperate broadleaf forests 0.38 wheat weeds temperate broadleaf forests 0.72 wheat weeds temperate broadleaf forests -0.17 wheat weeds temperate broadleaf forests 0.08 32 Taboada et al. (2010) 172 Hernandez Plaza et al. (2011) Hernandez Plaza et al. (2011) Kiss et al. (1997) 22 307 Swanton et al. (2006) Burke et al. (2008) ECOR 24 307 Swanton et al. (2006) Burke et al. (2008) ECOR 31 64 Hiltbrunner et al. (2008) Degen et al. (2005) ECOR 25 64 Hiltbrunner et al. (2008) Degen et al. (2005) ECOR 69 64 Bátary et al. (2012) Degen et al. (2005) ECOR 40 64 Bátary et al. (2012) Degen et al. (2005) 0.72 ECOR 18 64 Diehl et al. (2012) Degen et al. (2005) 0.21 ECOR 75 64 Ulber et al. (2009) Degen et al. (2005) ECOR 59 64 Ulber et al. (2009) Degen et al. (2005) 0.56 0.15 Taboada et al. (2010) Taboada et al. (2010) wheat weeds temperate broadleaf forests 0.41 ECOR 38 64 Ulber et al. (2009) Degen et al. (2005) wheat weeds temperate broadleaf forests 0.52 ECOR 31 64 Ulber et al. (2009) Degen et al. (2005) 33 4. Statistical test results Table II: p-values for the Kruskal-Wallis statistical analyses. Comparisons with p-values < 0.05 are redone pairwise using the Mann-Whitney U-test to identify which groups differ significantly (see Table III-X). comparing for the effect on p-value boreal forests/taiga; arthropods in Pooideae croplands 0.022 arthropods in Panicoideae croplands 0.659 arthropods in low crop croplands 0.014 birds in Panicoideae croplands 0.764 vascular plants in Pooideae croplands 0.105 all species groups and crop types combined 0.000 Pooideae croplands in boreal forests/taiga Panicoideae croplands in temperate broadleaf and mixed forests 0.327 arthropods; vascular plants Pooideae croplands in broadleaf and mixed forests temperate 0.000 arthropods; vascular plants low temperate 0.072 Mediterranean forests and scrub; temperate broadleaf and mixed forests; temperate grasslands and shrublands temperate broadleaf and mixed forests; (sub)tropical moist broadleaf forests temperate broadleaf and mixed forests; boreal forests/taiga temperate broadleaf and mixed forests; temperate grasslands and shrublands boreal forests/taiga; temperate broadleaf and mixed forests boreal forests/taiga; deserts and xeric shrublands; Mediterranean forests and scrub; temperate broadleaf and mixed forests; temperate grasslands and shrublands; (sub)tropical moist broadleaf forests arthropods; vascular plants birds; arthropods; vascular plants 34 crop croplands in 0.063 broadleaf and mixed forests mammals; birds; arthropods oil palm croplands in (sub)tropical moist broadleaf forests 0.546 mammals; birds; arthropods; vascular all biomes and crop types combined plants 0.000 Pooideae; low crops arthropods in boreal forests/taiga 0.624 Panicoideae; Pooideae; low crops arthropods in temperate broadleaf and mixed forests 0.018 Panicoideae; oil palm arthropods in broadleaf forests moist 0.655 Panicoideae; Pooideae; low crops vascular plants in temperate broadleaf and mixed forests 0.439 Panicoideae; Pooideae; low crops; oil all biomes and species groups combined palm 0.038 annual crops; permanent crops (oil all biomes and species groups combined palm) 0.020 same study references; ecoregion-based all biomes, species groups and crop references; biome-based references types combined 0.843 35 (sub)tropical Table III: p-values for the Mann-Whitney U-test comparing the impact of different crop types on arthropods in the temperate broadleaf and mixed forests biome. In this case, differences are considered significant at p < 0.017, in accordance with the Bonferroni correction for multiple comparisons. temperate broadleaf and mixed forests temperate broadleaf and mixed forests temperate broadleaf and mixed forests arthropods arthropods Pooideae low crops arthropods Panicoideae temperate broadleaf and mixed forests arthropods Panicoideae temperate broadleaf and mixed forests p = 0.015 arthropods Pooideae temperate broadleaf and mixed forests p = 0.677 arthropods low crops 36 p = 0.032 Table IV: p-values for the Mann-Whitney U-test comparing the impact of Pooideae croplands on different species groups in the temperate broadleaf and mixed forests biome. In this case, differences are considered significant at p < 0.005. temperate broadleaf and mixed forests temperate broadleaf and mixed forests arthropods vascular plants Pooideae Pooideae temperate broadleaf and mixed forests arthropods Pooideae temperate broadleaf and mixed forests p = 0.000 vascular plants Pooideae 37 Table V: p-values for the Mann-Whitney U-test comparing the impact of Pooideae croplands on arthropods in different biomes. In this case, differences are considered significant at p < 0.008, in accordance with the Bonferroni correction for multiple comparisons. temperate broadleaf and mixed forests temperate grasslands and shrublands arthropods arthropods Pooideae Pooideae Mediterranean forests and scrub boreal forests/taiga arthropods Pooideae Pooideae temperate broadleaf and mixed forests arthropods Pooideae temperate grasslands and shrublands p = 0.017 arthropods Pooideae Mediterranean forests and scrub p = 0.004 p = 0.049 p = 0.563 p = 0.327 arthropods Pooideae boreal forests/taiga arthropods Pooideae 38 p = 0.075 arthropods Table VI: p-values for the Mann-Whitney U-test comparing the impact of low crop croplands on arthropods in different biomes. In this case, differences are considered significant at p < 0.05. temperate broadleaf and mixed forests boreal forests/taiga arthropods low crops low crops temperate broadleaf and mixed forests arthropods low crops boreal forests/taiga arthropods low crops 39 p = 0.014 arthropods Table VII: p-values for the Mann-Whitney U-test comparing the average impact of all crop types on all species groups in different biomes. In this case, differences are considered significant at p < 0.003, in accordance with the Bonferroni correction for multiple comparisons. boreal forests/taiga deserts and xeric shrublands Mediterranean forests and scrub temperate broadleaf and mixed forests temperate grasslands and shrublands (sub)tropical moist broadleaf forests boreal forests/taiga deserts and xeric shrublands p = 0.078 Mediterranean forests and scrub p = 0.002 p = 0.137 temperate broadleaf and mixed forests p = 0.000 p = 0.636 p = 0.073 temperate grasslands and shrublands p = 0.003 p = 0.678 p = 0.072 p = 0.744 (sub)tropical moist broadleaf forests p = 0.000 p = 0.229 p = 0.684 p = 0.016 p = 0.069 Table VIII: p-values for the Mann-Whitney U-test comparing the average impact of all crop types in all biomes on different species groups. In this case, differences are considered significant at p < 0.008, in accordance with the Bonferroni correction for multiple comparisons. mammals birds arthropods mammals birds p = 0.178 arthropods p = 0.347 p = 0.002 vascular plants p = 0.057 p = 0.060 40 p = 0.000 vascular plants Table IX: p-values for the Mann-Whitney U-test comparing the average impact of different crop types on all species groups in all biomes. In this case, differences are considered significant at p < 0.008, in accordance with the Bonferroni correction for multiple comparisons. Pooideae Panicoideae low crops oil palm Pooideae Panicoideae p = 0.020 low crops p = 0.092 p = 0.705 oil palm p = 0.004 p = 0.258 p = 0.638 Table X: p-values for the Mann-Whitney U-test comparing permanent crops (oil palm) and annual crops (all others). In this case, differences are considered significant at p < 0.05. annual crops annual crops permanent crops 41 p = 0.020 permanent crops 5. Characterization factor calculation example As an example, we explain the case of arthropod species richness in oil crop plantation within the (sub)tropical moist broadleaf forest biome. There were a total of 22 CFs calculated for this case (Table XI). The way of calculating is the same for all 22, so we only give one example (step 1; see below). Secondly, we calculated the average per study when a study provided multiple species richness data points (for example from different plots or from different years). The data in bold in Table XI is one example of a study with five data points (study no. 9). Step 2 (see below) shows how we calculated the study-average of these 5 CFs. The same was done for the 3 CFs in study no. 15. Now a total of 16 CFs from 16 different studies remain. In step 3 (see below) we calculate the median CF for the specific combination of species, crop, and biome, in this case for arthropods in oil crop plantation within the (sub)tropical moist broadleaf forest biome. Table XI: Characterization factors for the calculation example. See Table I for underlying information. Data in bold are used for step 1 and 2 of the example (see below). crop type oil palm species group arboreal beetles biome tropical moist broadleaf forests CFplot 0.77 study 1 CFstudy 0.77 Scrop 40 oil palm bees tropical moist broadleaf forests -1.13 2 -1.13 17 8 oil palm bird’s nest ants tropical moist broadleaf forests 0.03 3 0.03 35 36 oil palm butterflies tropical moist broadleaf forests 0.54 4 0.54 12 26 oil palm canopy ants tropical moist broadleaf forests 0.52 5 0.52 58 120 oil palm canopy ants tropical moist broadleaf forests 0.87 6 0.87 36 280 oil palm canopy ants tropical moist broadleaf forests 0.86 7 0.86 39 280 oil palm ground beetles tropical moist broadleaf forests 0.87 8 0.87 75 557 oil palm ground-dwelling ants ground-dwelling ants ground-dwelling ants ground-dwelling ants ground-dwelling ants tropical moist broadleaf forests tropical moist broadleaf forests tropical moist broadleaf forests tropical moist broadleaf forests tropical moist broadleaf forests 0.88 9 0.93 23 187 0.95 9 10 187 0.93 9 14 187 0.96 9 7 187 0.95 9 9 187 oil palm oil palm oil palm oil palm 42 Sref 174 oil palm tropical moist broadleaf forests 0.41 10 0.41 29 49 tropical moist broadleaf forests 0.20 11 0.20 20 25 tropical moist broadleaf forests 0.50 12 0.50 4 8 oil palm ground-dwelling ants ground-dwelling dung beetles ground-dwelling isopods litter-dwelling ants tropical moist broadleaf forests 0.74 13 0.74 56 216 oil palm mosquitoes tropical moist broadleaf forests 0.00 14 0.00 6 6 oil palm moths tropical moist broadleaf forests -0.15 15 0.05 85 75 oil palm moths tropical moist broadleaf forests 0.45 15 73 133 oil palm moths tropical moist broadleaf forests -0.15 15 90 78 oil palm subterranean beetles tropical moist broadleaf forests 0.79 16 64 306 oil palm oil palm 0.79 Step 1. Characterization factor per plot 𝐶𝐹𝑝𝑙𝑜𝑡,𝑥,𝑖,𝑦 = 1 − 𝑆𝑐𝑟𝑜𝑝,𝑥,𝑖,𝑦 𝑆𝑟𝑒𝑓,𝑖,𝑦 𝐶𝐹𝑝𝑙𝑜𝑡,𝑜𝑖𝑙,𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑝.𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑡,𝑎𝑟𝑡ℎ𝑟 = 1 − 23 = 𝟎. 𝟖𝟖 187 Step 2. Characterization factor per study (e.g. for study no. 9) 𝑀 𝐶𝐹𝑠𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑦,𝑥,𝑖,𝑦 = ∑ 𝑚=1 𝐶𝐹𝑠𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑦,𝑜𝑖𝑙,𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑝.𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑡,𝑎𝑟𝑡ℎ𝑟 = 43 𝐶𝐹𝑝𝑙𝑜𝑡,𝑥,𝑖,𝑦,𝑚 𝑀 𝟎. 𝟖𝟖 + 0.95 + 0.93 + 0.96 + 0.95 = 𝟎. 𝟗𝟑 5 Step 3. Characterization factor per crop-species-biome combination rank 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 CF -1.13 0.00 0.03 0.05 0.20 0.41 0.50 0.52 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 0.54 0.74 0.77 0.79 0.86 0.87 0.87 0.93 Median CFoil,trop.forest,arthr = 0.53 44
