Madison Kendrick
Human Anatomy 4B
Mrs. Hartley-Lewis
May 8, 2014
April 28 th , 2014- April May 2 nd , 2014
Madison Kendrick, Alexis Poche, Jasmine Gibson, Mary Jallow
Prior to beginning this lab, I was disgusted, due to the fact that we we’re about to cut open into a cat… a once living organism, close to humans. I was terrified of the smells, the touching of body parts, and overall I was terrified of the dissection in total.
Materials;
 Aprons
 Lab tables
 Cat
 Dissection Platform
 Scalpels
 Tweezers
 Forceps
 Blades
 Scissors
 Needles
 Probes
 Picks
Procedures;
DAY ONE;
1.
Put on aprons and gloves
2.
Pick out cat on lab table
3.
Assign one person to take notes and pictures (me)
4.
Take cat out of the bag
5.
Put cat on the pad for dissecting
6.
Move all cats limbs and joints to see how they all work
7.
Put cat on it’s back
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8.
Notebook
Pens/Pencils
Camera
Knowledge
Dissection Guide
Cleaning/Disinfectant sprays
Paper towels
Gloves
Masks (optional)
Hair ties (for girls)
Garbage Bags
Sink
Take a scalpel and cut all down stomach
9.
Remove skin and other connective tissue
10.
Cut until you can see the intestinal tract
11.
Explore intestines and other organs
12.
Following the units 1-6
13.
Return cat to bag and close
14.
Spray and wash all tools

15.
Make sure sink is clear of debris
DAY TWO;
1.
Put on aprons and gloves
2.
Take cat out of the bag
3.
Put cat on pad for dissecting
4.
Explore nervous system and circulatory system (Units 7-9)
5.
Pay attention to the heart and explore it
6.
Flip the cat over and cut open
14.
all down its back
7.
Explore spinal system
8.
(Poche) Removed head of cat
9.
Explore head
10.
Cut open head to explore skull
11.
Put cat in bag
12.
Throw cat away
13.
Clean and spray areas
Make sure table is clear of debris
QUESTIONS;
Unit 1;
1.
What is the dental formula for an adult cat?
The dental formula for an adult cat with permanent teeth is: 2(I 3/3 C1/1 P3/2 M
1/1)=30
2.
Describe the movement allowed by the axis-to-atlas joint and the atlas-toskull joint.
The atlas and axis joint is critical to a well functioning neck and is the first two cervical vertebrae. The axis is a kind of pole-like structure and inserts to the atlas and the atlas rotates. It is a pivot type joint.
3.
What is the usual number of mammalian cervical vertebrae? Give some exceptions.
Seven is the normal rule for mammals on the cervical vertebrae, but manatees and two-toes sloths have six cervical vertebrae, and three-toed sloths have nine.
4.
Give the articulating surfaces for the following forelimb joints: shoulder, elbow, wrist.
Shoulder- Glenoid fossa & Head of the humerus
Elbow- Capitulum, Trochlea, Head of radius, Trochlear notch, Olecranon
Wrist- Radius, Scaphoid, Triquetrum, Lunate, Articular disk, Radius
5.
Give the articulation surfaces for the following hind limb joints: hip, knee, ankle
Hip-Head of femur, Acetabulum
Knee- Condyles of femur, Condyles of tibia, Patella, femur
Ankle- Tibia, Fibia, Talus

Unit 2;
1.
You have now observed at least one other characteristic unique to mammals.
What is it?
All mammals have hair, as an adaption that provides insulation to keep them warm, provide protection to the skin, and camouflage through color patters.
2.
Describe the stomachs internal appearance.
The stomach was bumpy and pink and it had liquid inside of it.
Unit 3;
1.
Describe a simple muscular action of a cat in terms of major muscles used.
Standing and walking involves the soleus muscle.
2.
Choose a muscle and describe the impairment a cat might suffer if that muscle were paralyzed. What other muscles might compensate for the impairment?
If the soleus muscle were to be impaired, the cat would not be able to walk, or stand.
The gastronemus muscle (calf) would have to compensate.
Unit 4;
1.
Diagram and name the major types of mammalian uteri.
2.
The male and female genital systems originate from the same embryonic tissues. List the parts of the male genital system and give the female homologues.
Female homologues; Overy, fallopian tubes, uterus, vagina, epoophhoron, rete ovarii, garner’s duct, skene’s glands, bladder, urethra, labia majora, labia minora, clitoris, and vesticular bulbs.
Male genital system; Bladder, prostate, urethra, penis, and testicle.
Unit 5;
1.
What features of the cat’s circulatory system are unique to mammals?
The cat has enucleated red blood cells, and narrow capillaries through which those red blood cells fit.

2.
Trace the path of circulation in the adult mammalian heart. How would this differ in the fetus?
The fetus does not use it’s lungs to bring oxygen to the blood, the umbilical vein brings nutrient-rich blood from the placenta into the right atrium of the heart.
3.
Describe any abnormalities found by yourself or other students in your lab section.
One group had found worms inside of their cat’s stomach!
1.
Describe the actions that take place in breathing.
When we inhaled, the external inter-costal muscles, in-between the ribs, contract, expanding the thoracic area. As the thoracic are expands, the negative pressure between the pleural membranes force the lungs to expand. And the air through the nasal cavity and bronchus fill the longs with air. The fresh air then diffuses into the blood vessels through the alveolar walls and at the same time, CO2 diffuses from the blood vessels. When we exhale, the diaphragm muscles are relaxed and it returns to it’s normal structure. This decreases the thoracic volume. The internal intercostal muscles contract and make the ribs return to normal position.
2.
What would you describe as the origins and insertions of the diaphragm?
The origins of the diaphragm are divided into three parts; the sternal part, costal part and vertebral part.
Throughout this lab, I have widened and gained my knowledge of the body and how things work. I have begun to put together everything that we had learned in class, and put it to use during this lab. Being able to see how everything is connected and how it all works to create a functioning body is fascinating. At first I was extremely disgusted and did not want to partake in any part of this lab, but when we got into it, everything was truly amazing. At one point, we moved the head and the tail of the cat moved. It was truly an amazing thing to witness. I took lead of the group and directed everyone towards what was to be done, I read the directions and went through each unit and showed everyone where everything in the cat’s body should have been.