ALFAISAL UNIVERSITY
THESIS/DISSERTATION FULL TITLE
by
STUDENT FULL NAME
A thesis/dissertation
submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements
for the degree of Master of Science/Doctor of Philosophy
to the Department of XXXXX
of the College of XXXXX
at Alfaisal University
Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
Month and Year
ALFAISAL UNIVERSITY
THESIS/DISSERTATION FULL TITLE
by
STUDENT FULL NAME
Approved by:
[Signature]
______________________________________________________________________
[Dr. Full Name, rank]
Advisor
[Department]
(as listed in Alfaisal University Catalogue of current year)
[Signature]
______________________________________________________________________
[Idem]
Member of Committee
[Signature]
______________________________________________________________________
[Idem]
Member of Committee
[Signature]
______________________________________________________________________
[Idem]
Member of Committee
Date of thesis/dissertation defense: [Day, Month, Year]
ALFAISAL UNIVERSITY
THESIS, DISSERTATION, PROJECT RELEASE FORM
Student Name: _________________________________________________________
Last
First
Middle
Master’s Thesis
Master’s Project
Doctoral Dissertation
I authorize Alfaisal University to: (a) reproduce hard or electronic copies of my
thesis, dissertation, or project; (b) include such copies in the archives and digital
repositories of the University; and (c) make freely available such copies to third parties
for research or educational purposes.
I authorize Alfaisal University, three years after the date of submitting my
thesis, dissertation, or project, to: (a) reproduce hard or electronic copies of it; (b)
include such copies in the archives and digital repositories of the University; and (c)
make freely available such copies to third parties for research or educational purposes.
__________________________________________________
Signature
Date
This form is signed when submitting the thesis, dissertation, or project to the University
Library
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Special thanks are for Mrs. ,Miss , Mr. , Dr. for their great help in the
… work and for Mr. for his assistance in the technical work.
My recognition and gratitude are addressed to FUNDING SOURCE (if any) its
financial support and for providing
.
v
AN ABSTRACT OF THE THESIS/DISSERTATION OF
R… Ali D….
for
Master of Science
Major: P… Science
Title: National Salmonella Surveillance in Poultry Breeders: Antimicrobial
Susceptibility, Virulence, and Molecular Studies
Salmonella organisms were isolated from chicken breeding farms of four
provinces of Lebanon. Twelve out of 800 samples collected in the surveillance were
positive for Salmonella. The biochemical characters of the 12 Salmonella isolates from
chicken breeding farms were matching with the genus Salmonella. The somatic and
flagellar antigens of the 12 Salmonella isolates were identified and compared to
Kauffman-White-Scheme for Salmonella serotypes. Seven isolates were S. blegdam and
the other five isolates were S. paratyphi B var odense.
The antimicrobial resistance pattern of Salmonella isolates from chickens were
compared to isolates of the same serotype from humans. Among the 9 antimicrobial
agents tested in vitro for effectiveness against Salmonella isolates, only gentamicin and
polymyxin B were 100% effective against chicken and human isolates. There was
variation in the effectiveness of the other antimicrobial agents against Salmonella of
chickens versus those of humans.
S. blegdam was highly virulent in day-old chicks in comparison to S. paratyphi
B var odense and the reference S. typhimurium.
Using the Sodium Dodecyl Sulphate Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis
technique, the protein profiles of S. paratyphi B var odense from chickens showed a
similar banding pattern. The protein profiles of S. moscow from chickens showed
similarity to isolates from humans. The protein profile of S. blegdam from chickens and
humans were similar. A clear difference in banding patterns was present in some S.
typhimurium isolates from chickens and humans showed similarity in protein profiles.
vi
ILLUSTRATIONS
vii
TABLES
viii
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
The Lebanese are also strongly anticipated at that stage among the Lebanese
ISPs themselves.147
In the meantime, and in order to be able to survive within the stiff competition
that is actually reigning over the Internet market in Lebanon, several Lebanese ISPs
have expanded or plan to expand soon in the world; indeed, Cyberia for example has
already contracted several projects in Saudi Arabia, Kuwait and Dubai,148 TerraNet
plans to go to Azerbaijan, the Gulf and North Africa,149 and PSINet Lebanon is
determined to operate throughout the Middle East shortly.150
A. The Internet Services Provided
The products offered by the Lebanese ISPs to the public at that stage are
numerous and differ slightly from the provider to the other. However, they embrace
mainly in most of the cases the majority of the services mentioned hereafter.151
1. Services Targeted Mainly to the Individuals
 Internet
- Addresses and boxes
- Services
 Internet roaming: which allows the users to access the Internet and to check
their mailboxes from anywhere in the world while traveling.152
1
2. Services Targeted Mainly to the Companies
 Corporate access solutions
 Corporate networking solutions (Intranet and Extranet solutions)
2
CHAPTER II
INTERNET SERVICES
ASSESSMENT
The Lebanese are also strongly anticipated at that stage among the Lebanese
ISPs themselves.147
In the meantime, and in order to be able to survive within the stiff competition
that is actually reigning over the Internet market in Lebanon, several Lebanese ISPs
have expanded or plan to expand soon in the world; indeed, Cyberia for example has
already contracted several projects in Saudi Arabia, Kuwait and Dubai,148 TerraNet
plans to go to Azerbaijan, the Gulf and North Africa,149 and PSINet Lebanon is
determined to operate throughout the Middle East shortly.150
A. The Internet Services Provided
The products offered by the Lebanese ISPs to the public at that stage are
numerous and differ slightly from the provider to the other. However, they embrace
mainly in most of the cases the majority of the services mentioned hereafter.151
1. Services Targeted Mainly to the Individuals
 Internet
- Addresses and boxes: which allows the users to access the Internet
and to check their mailboxes from anywhere in the world
 Internet roaming: which allows the users to access the Internet and to check
their mailboxes from anywhere in the world while traveling.152
3
2. Services Targeted Mainly to the Companies
a. Companies
i. Private Companies
Corporate networking …………………..
4