1 The Civil Rights Movement: Just our past? Or Something Contemporary? By Megan Mansueto EME 2040 Introduction to Technology for Educators Dr. Musgrove 12/05/2013 2 Contents Project Summary........................................................................................................................... 3 Standards....................................................................................................................................... 4 Required Materials ....................................................................................................................... 6 Assessment Plan ............................................................................................................................ 7 Summative Assessment: ........................................................................................................... 7 Formative Assessment: ............................................................................................................. 8 Research Process Lesson ........................................................................................................... 14 Introduction ............................................................................................................................. 14 The Learning Experience ....................................................................................................... 15 Conclusion ............................................................................................................................... 17 Content Lessons .......................................................................................................................... 17 What is a right?........................................................................................................................ 17 Individual Biography Presentation........................................................................................ 18 Group Work on One Contemporary Topic of Interest ....................................................... 20 Celebration ................................................................................................................................. 21 Award Given ............................................................................................................................... 23 Universal Design & ESL Accommodations .............................................................................. 24 Universal Design for Learning ................................................................................................ 24 Assistive Technology Solutions ............................................................................................... 25 12/05/2013 3 Project Summary I am developing a project for 8th graders in my Social Studies Class. We will review Civil Rights Movements throughout different periods in history, not just in America, but globally. Important topics to be covered will include: the American Civil War, the Irish Rebellion of 1920, the Women’s Liberation Movement, the Latino-American civil rights activism of Cesar Chavez, and the Civil Rights movement (the one perhaps best known here in America), that peaked in the 1960s in response to the egregiously racist sentiment that existed in the US. From these topics in history, I would like to pose the following questions to my students: Do you think the feelings that precipitated these movements on behalf of the “oppressed” were justified? Are there any civil rights in today’s day and age that endure? Are these rights minor and is it reasonable to allow mankind on the whole to remain complacent about it? (If so, which may be the case, then why?) And lastly, do you see anywhere in your own community (neighborhood, or otherwise), where you see room for improvement in the treatment of others? What can/should we do to help? In order to make this lesson more relevant to their lives, I will also ask the students to explore their own family history. I would ask them to broach these topics with family members; were any of them directly or indirectly affected? If the students feel comfortable enough with it, perhaps they can share their relatives’ experiences with the class. In order to make things even more prescient, we will cover some controversial issues (such as women consistently being placed lower on the pay scale than men for the same job, ethnic profiling, the connection between race and socio-economic class and how that may impact them now or later in life- i.e. earning potential, access to information or resources, etc). 12/05/2013 4 We will read information from selected reputable websites, online peerreviewed academic journals and studies, and watch videos discussing the historical topics outlined above. I would also like to have them participate in some web-based quizzes to familiarize themselves with basic key words and vocabulary associated with these topics. From there, we will hold discussions, sometimes including guest speakers come in to participate in some of them. The end goal of this lesson will be for the class to choose some civil right to support within their community. This reflection on their community and development of action to address a social inequity will promote higher thinking. My goal is for them to be aware of their community and to be active participants in it; as well as to be cognizant that we are just one community out of many, globally. Perhaps we will address the rights of same-sex couples and their inability to marry legally in our area, or by promoting political involvement from minorities in a lower socio-economic neighborhood. Standards Common Core: CCSS.ELA-Literacy.RH6-8.1 Cite specific textual evidence to support analysis of primary and secondary sources. CCSS.ELA-Literacy.RH6-8.7 Integrate visual information (i.e. in charts, graphs, photographs, videos, or maps) with other information in print and digital texts. 12/05/2013 5 CCSS.ELA-Literacy.RH6-8.8 Distinguish among fact, opinion, and reasoned judgment in a text. CCSS.ELA-Literacy.RH6-8.3 Identify key steps in a text’s description of a process related to history/social studies (i.e. how a bill becomes a law, how interest rates are raised or lowered, etc). CCSS.ELA-Literacy.RL.8.2 Determine a theme or central idea of a text and analyze its development over the course of the text, including its relationship to the characters, setting, and plot; provide an objective summary of the text. CCSS.Math.Content.8SP.A.4understand that patterns of an association can also be seen in bivariate categorical data by displaying frequencies and relative frequencies in a two-way table. Construct and interpret a two-way table summarizing data on two categorical variables collected from the same subjects. NETS: Create original animations or videos documenting school, community, or local events. (1,2,6) Gather data, examine patterns, and apply information for decision making using digital tools and resources. (1,4) Evaluate digital resources to determine the credibility of the author and publisher and the timeliness and accuracy of the content. (3) Select and use the appropriate tools and digital resources to accomplish a variety of tasks and to solve problems. (3,4,6) P21: 12/05/2013 6 Engage students with real world data, tools, and experts they will encounter in college, on the job, and in-life—students learn best when actively engaged in solving meaningful problems. Emphasize deep understanding rather than shallow knowledge. Allow for multiple measures of mastery. Required Materials Access to the internet Computers Access to peer-reviewed journals such as through JSTOR or Lexis Nexis Books from the library: Harvesting Hope (written by Kathleen Krull), Born for Liberty (written by Sara M. Evans), and The End of Poverty (written by Jeffrey D. Sachs) Camcorder and video editing software Microsoft Office- for creating reading material and flyers as part of the end project We will need to access various websites in order to gather and analyze information regarding our topic. Audio-video setup in the classroom so that we can all watch video clips together, as well as use for student or teacher presentations 12/05/2013 7 Assessment Plan Summative Assessment: The final grade for this unit will include student participation: Did the student turn in the work assigned for each lesson? The bulk of their grade will be based on their group project that reviews a civil/human right that is as yet unresolved in contemporary society. Class discussions and free-writes will assess the students’ critical thinking efforts, to more deeply understand our topic of what a right is, and why not allowing abuse of our rights, is important. In order to ensure the use of outside reputable sources and the use of correct citations (in APA Style), students must turn in a bibliography of sources for the group presentations. They will be required to create one visual or audio supplement to their presentation, as well as to research for, create a visual aid for, and apply statistics to their presentation, which addresses Common Core, P21, and Nets standards. There will ultimately be a short multiple choice test given regarding the causes and consequences of the Civil Rights movement in America, as that is a standard requirement. Knowledge of this topic will be based on textbook readings assigned to the class, as well as an in-class lecture with notes hand-out. Rubric: http://www.rcampus.com/rubricshowc.cfm?code=MBXA94&sp=yes 12/05/2013 8 Formative Assessment: Lesson Lesson Objective Introduction to Unit: Creative Problem Solving *To introduce students to the ideas of what civil rights have been overlooked, throughout history, and what some regular people have decided to do about it. *Students will begin to consider the ideas that 1.)Social Inequities are still very much present in our society today, and 2.)That something can and should be done to address them, effectively. * CCSS.ELALiteracy.RL.8.2 *P21 Content Summary Formative Assessment Strategy *We will begin by reading *Students will excerpts from Through My Eyes, have to turn in by Ruby Bridges, Harvesting a short freeHope: The story of Cesar writing Chavez, by Kathleen Krull, assignment in watch clips from the following class, where BBC production found on they will YouTube regarding Ireland's answer the Revolution: following http://www.youtube.com/wat questions: 1.) ch?v=wbOD1fi8omw. Lastly, What, if the students will be required to anything, visit and read 4 entries from impacted Malala Yousafzai's blog: them most http://www.malalafrom touching yousafzai.com/. Lastly, we will upon these read excerpts from March On!: stories of The Day My Brother Martin challenging Changed the World, by the status quo, Christine King Farris, so that we 2.) Why do cover what is perhaps the most they think we iconic civil rights movement in are covering America. this content in *As a class, we will discuss what our social conditions these people were studies class? trying to change, and if and 3.) Did anyone sees the need for they see any change in our society, today. parallels *We should also discuss the between any point of view the information of these we read, was from; were they situations justified in how they felt? What where people about the other side of things? were fighting for their cause? 12/05/2013 9 Research Process * CCSS.ELALiteracy.RH68.8 *NETS (3) Content Lesson 1: What is a Right? *To Introduce students to the world of peerreviewed journal articles, and academic databases. *To introduce students to the idea of what a reputable or viable source is and what wouldn't be an example of one. *I will break the students up into their groups and have them choose from one of the issues we covered above. They must use a search engine to see what kind of information is available regarding their topic of interest, as well as how much information they can find. Secondly, they will explore their topic within the academic journals. *To help students develop a definition of *As a class, we will review the information on the following website: http://www.facinghistory.org/r *Each group will have to type up (using Word), the following: 1.) The topic they chose, and a very brief statement as to what appealed to them about this person, 2.) Include Reputable Websites that they found together, 3.) List 3 journal articles that they were able to find that they could possibly put to use in their presentation, and 4 .) 1 example of a website that would not serve as a viable source. (Number 4 will be a bonus). *Students will email this document to me. *Group discussion in class on the material, using 12/05/2013 10 *P21 what a right is- human, civil, or other. esources/lesson_ideas/udhr-4what-a-right-0. This site is part of FacingHistory.org, a site dedicated to facilitating the spread of awareness of the ongoing and dynamic nature of the infringement of human and civil rights. the probing questions given on the site, as well as going over "categories" of human rights. (For exampleIs the definition given here, too narrow or too broad)? *Students will also take a short, 10 question online quiz I created; they must at least get 6 of the 10 answers correct or will need further review before retaking. (I will be using www.quizstar.4 teachers.org). *Short free write assessment. Content Lesson 2: Individual Biography presentation *NETS (3,4,6) *P21 *To have students give a highlevel presentatio n about a person involved in civil rights activism, of *Students will have their choice of selecting someone of interest that has made a difference in providing relief to an underrepresented or abused demographic. I will provide a list of possible candidates for their presentation, but they are free to choose someone relevant *Students have their choice as to how to present their material: Power Point, written research paper, Oral presentation, 12/05/2013 11 Content Lesson 3: Group Work on One Topic of Interest- The their choice. that is not on my list. *Students must review from start to finish, the underlying *Within their groups, students must examine the factors contributing to the breech of civil/human rights they will be covering, within different Video, Podcast, etc. *Requirements: 1.)Information must cover basics like Who, What, When,& Where. 2.)Information must include WHY this person is notable; what effect did they have, or role did they play in addressing a civil or human right-abuse. 3.)What legal action did they take to reform; or what law they did take advantage of to support their quest for reform; or what law must they repeal or enact in order to achieve desired legallyprotected results? *The students must each have a part in this Power Point presentation. 12/05/2013 12 abuse of a Civil or Human Right in Contemporary Times *CCSS.ELALiteracy.RH68.1 *CCSS.ELALiteracy.RH68.7 *CCSS.ELALiteracy.RH68.3 *CCSS.Math.C ontent.8SP.A.4 *NETS (1,2,4,6) causes of the abuse of power or cause of unrest they have chosen to examine. Also must examine the consequen ces. contexts: political, social, etc, from a list of options I will provide them with (current issues like environmental racism, the demography of prisons, gender issues and sexual identity issues, etc). Necessary to include are: 1.)Important statistics (and a visual of those statistics that they created within Excel to represent the numbers); 2.)Students must incorporate images, as well as audio and or video clips in their presentation (one must be original); 3.)Students must be able define which category they believe their topic falls under (using categories from our previous content lesson 1); 4)Students must examine what "the other side of the coin" to this was (point-ofview from the "oppressors," and what would have 12/05/2013 13 happened, had no one done anything to stop whatever abuse was proliferating; 5.) What can be done? And lastly, 6.)Students must write a letter to appropriate government entity postulating the need for change. *Bibliography required Celebration/Wr *To display *Breakfast with the parents: *Review of ap-Up the tangible They can view the students' letters written, efforts from work: videos, podcasts, posters, and official my student's powerpoints, etc. Parents will sendand what be asked if anyone can share off/mailing of they have any stories regarding the topic them! learned of civil/human rights, that they from this may have heard from family instructional friends, or experienced unit; and to themselves. celebrate their hard work. 12/05/2013 14 Research Process Lesson Introduction I will introduce the project with the Power Point presentation that I created. Each student will have to participate in collecting and analyzing research on some aspect of the topic they have chosen with their group. The point of this research section is for the students to familiarize themselves with searching a digital library (like JSTOR) for scholarly journals, as well as to become better acquainted with the topic that they will be presenting on. The research section of this project is the most important part of the project because the statistics and history of the issues that the students will find, should precipitate the idea that perhaps, an inequity does exist; and that 12/05/2013 15 perhaps, that inequity is perpetuated by society either intentionally or otherwise. The idea that an injustice exists, should hopefully, make the students more emotionally invested in the topic and in doing something to remediate the problem. The research should also give insight into the origins of the issue and where it stands today, which will ultimately guide the students towards solutions or appropriate actions, to advocate change. Areas to Research: Origins of inequity, historical and/or current social impact, historical and/or current economic impact, historical and/or current global and or national impact (if applicable), opposing views, possible future for us nationally if this continues, and lastly, possible solutions. (The last 2 should be done as a group). The Learning Experience The students will learn through experience, how to research digital libraries and the internet, and to distinguish between valid sources of information, and invalid ones (i.e. possibly biased or inaccurate sources). The students will learn about proper citation (we will use APA style), how to maneuver digital libraries for scholarly journals, and about how different searches work; I will give a short lesson on free-text, keyword, and Boolean searches. I will also have to take some class time to go through a few examples in JSTOR, Google, and Google Scholar, etc. Since the students will divide the responsibilities of researching the different aspects of their group’s issue, each student will responsible for putting their information together into a word document in a sequential and coherent way, complete with citations. This is necessary so that when the time comes to prepare the PowerPoint presentation as a group, the translation from notes into 12/05/2013 16 slides will be an easy one for the group. It is not recommended that they place their notes directly into slides, as usually notes need to be pared down into something more succinct and cohesive (for the purpose of the presentation), and also because the presenter will need talking points, which they will likely derive from their notes. (I will remind them that their PowerPoint presentation should not have paragraphs, written word-for-word about what they are discussing). Students will also have to gather statistical data, and link it to their arguments (either for advocating change, or as part of an argument from the opposition), in order to construct their visuals and support their arguments. The students will also learn how to search for images that would not violate copyright laws; as such, I will have to give a short lesson on copyright infringement and how to stay within legal guidelines. Lastly, the students will have to use the internet to find the contact information for the appropriate government entity/person they will be sending their letter to. By having to conceptually link the information they find, into a cohesive argument in favor of or against changing current laws regarding their issue, students will have had to think critically about the information and have analyzed it. 10 inks to help students research: 1.) http://www.neok12.com/Civil-Rights-Movement.htm 2.) http://www.archives.gov/research/topics/civil-rights.html 3.) http://www.naacp.org/ 4.) http://www.besthistorysites.net/index.php/american-history/1900/civil-rights 5.) http://www.jstor.org/ (My login will be given). 6.) http://scholar.google.com/ 12/05/2013 17 7.) http://harvardhrj.com/ 8.) http://www.hrw.org/?gclid=CImf8PaJsLoCFWho7AodTBUAEw 9.) http://www.lib.uconn.edu/research/bysubject/humanrights/hrdatabases.html 10.) http://www.law.cornell.edu/wex/civil_rights Conclusion At the end of the research part of their project, the students should each have their own Word documents with information and citations that will be their own to refer to when preparing their part of the discussion. The group will also grade each other on their involvement and on their level of preparation; I will also ask for the students’ Word document just to be sure that they created it, and that it has citations included throughout. The group members will also, individually, give a few sentences at the end of the group presentation regarding their opinion on what they presented. Content Lessons What is a right? Introduction: As a class, we will visit the website: http://www.facinghistory.org/resources/lesson_ideas/udhr-4-what-a-right-0. We will review the definition of a “universal right,” as well as how these rights are categorized. I will hand out printouts of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights Timeline, and read the timeline together so that we can underline what we identify as important words or key phrases. 12/05/2013 18 Learning Experience: We will have a group discussion in class on the material, including their opinions about the definitions given on the site: Were the definitions not inclusive enough, or were they too broad and too-inclusive? Can any of them think of a situation where exceptions to these rules may occur? Did anything on the timeline surprise them? Conclusion: I will create a 10-question quiz on www.quizstar.4teachers.org about the concepts we studied (not any specific dates from the timeline we reviewed). Within the quiz questions, the students will be given a few examples of rights/situations, which they will identify with one of the categories of rights that we reviewed. After the quiz, I will close the class period with a 2 minute free-write about what we just reviewed: thoughts, opinions, and/or facts. (They will have to categorize their group presentation topic, so retaining and applying this knowledge will be required). Individual Biography Presentation Introduction: I will hand out a list of names composed of people, past and present, that have made notable efforts at defending or advancing the rights of an underrepresented or exploited demographic; alongside the names, I will provide a short blurb about each person in order to help students decide whom 12/05/2013 19 they might have an interest in, since they probably will not be familiar with the activists listed. I will explain that they are free to choose activists not on my list, as long as they let me know ahead of time (in case I need to veto an inappropriate choice). I will then explain the guidelines of the presentation: The students will have their choice as to how they will present their individual biography, either through an oral presentation, research paper, video, podcast, PowerPoint, etc. They will all be given a rubric to follow, as well. We will watch a video created by Ryan’s Well Foundation, which is a foundation that promotes youth involvement in creating positive change in the world: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZXDOxPiDyzc. The purpose of this, I will explain, is to show that to better the lives of others, ordinary people can do small things; it doesn’t have to be a monumental shift that they have to undertake, and it is not just un-relatable fanatics who do this. Learning Experience: The students that chose to create a presentation other than a research paper, will present their work to the class. Those that wrote a research paper, will simply have to state to the class whom they chose, and why that person was of interest to them. Through the presentations, we will learn as a class, why these people were notable: What were they defending/progressing? What actions did they take? What effect have these actions ultimately had? Were there any legal barriers they had to overcome? Conclusion: 12/05/2013 20 The students will take a short APA citation quiz, as they will need to hand in a bibliography with their group presentation. We will review the more common mistakes (if any), that I found with the bibliographies that were handed in. We will also discuss which of the bibliographies left impressions on us, good or bad. Group Work on One Contemporary Topic of Interest Introduction: I will provide the students again, with a list of contemporary topics that qualify as a civil/human rights issue that has as of yet to be resolved. Again, the students will be given the option to choose a topic not on my list, as long as I okay it ahead of time. I will give them a rubric outlining the requirements and purpose of the project. The topics will include a wide range of issues: environmental racism, the imbalanced demographic of prisons, gender issues (like the under-representation of women in positions of power politically and economically), sexual identity issues (like the exclusion of homosexual marriage from much of our state legal systems). Learning Experience: As a class, we will listen to the groups give short presentations (with snippets of their PowerPoints) about the social and political contexts of their issue. More than the facts surrounding the issue, however, I will have the presenters focus on broader, more personal questions: What did each presenter think about the issue? Did they agree or disagree with its categorization as a breach of a human or civil right needing to be corrected? What about those 12/05/2013 21 who don’t want reform? Do they have valid arguments? What would have to change for the status quo to be altered? (For example, laws or social conditioning that would need to be changed). To whom did they address their letter regarding rectifying the current status of the imbalance or abuse that they covered? Why did they choose that contact? (Where does this person they fit into the picture of change?) Conclusion: After all of the presentations, I will have the students hand in a 2-minute free-write regarding their feelings on the project. Was there a topic that someone else presented on, that they had an opinion about? Maybe they had an opinion about the validity of an issue that they did not want to state in front of the class? Were there any topics covered that didn’t seem to be clear-cut in the need for reform? Is the issue of rights somewhat hazy? Celebration Our unit lesson will culminate in a celebration held in our classroom. I will invite the parents of the students to join us in enjoying a class breakfast, during which we may all view the classroom projects: podcasts will be played, videos will be shown, posters and PowerPoints will be on display. The students will introduce their work and give a brief description of what they reported on, and what they took from this lesson; parents will also be encouraged to share stories with the class if they have any that relate to this lesson plan. I will congratulate 12/05/2013 22 the class on their hard work and express my pleasure for their motivation and involvement in this lesson. I will recap to the class and their parents, what I had hoped my students would take from these projects: how our democratic system can be utilized to create positive changes for our society, as well as how ordinary people making small efforts can affect others in a profound and helpful way. Then, I will announce that I have made awards for them, as a small gesture of my pride for them; at this point, I will call them each up and give them their award, which I will have created on Microsoft Publisher, with a small piece of candy tied to it with ribbon. Lastly, I will read over one of the letters we are mailing out, and I will have them “officially” mailed out to their respective recipients. 12/05/2013 23 Award Given 12/05/2013 24 Universal Design & ESL Accommodations Universal Design for Learning Few teachers, I believe, would argue that a one-size-fits-all approach to education would be the most effective or productive way to assist students in achieving their fullest potential. Much in the same way that everyone seems to have innate strengths and weaknesses in general, so do we all have preferences in processing and conveying information. Howard Gardner, a psychologist and neuroscience professor, is one well-known researcher in the education field that would agree; his theory of multiple intelligences postulates that individuals uniquely interact with the world around them, working within the realms of nine “intelligences” that he has identified and defined: Linguistic Intelligence, Logical/Mathematical Intelligence, Musical Intelligence, Kinesthetic intelligence, Spatial Intelligence, Naturalist Intelligence, Interpersonal Intelligence, Intrapersonal Intelligence, and Existential Intelligence. He suggested (and many in the education-research field support him), that repetition in various forms is the best way to engage the most number of students in the most effective way. We as educators, must provide numerous effective examples from which students may relate cognitively. Taking this into account, the purpose of the Universal Design for learning curriculum, is to offer a curriculum that is flexible and varied enough so as to be used and understood by students in our classrooms, no matter their “intelligence” or learning style. 12/05/2013 25 Assistive Technology Solutions Hearing Impairment Although we as educators must decide what the best technological solution would be for child needing assistance, thankfully, there are ample resources available to us to choose from. My students with a hearing impairment that may hinder their ability to both receive information, and communicate, will likely have some form of personal assistive technologies, like a cochlear implant. I will also present the content of my lessons using images and text. Additionally, when we watch videos together as a class, I will allow these students to access the same video on their own personal laptop, using headphones. I will also hand out written information outlining the lesson content, which could also benefit some of the students without an auditory impairment. Visual Impairment My students with a visual impairment (for whom neither the PowerPoint nor the written handout would be a help), I will give an oral description/lecture of what we are learning about. Additionally, these students may use an e-reader (like Natural Soft) at their desks on their laptops. (Natural Soft is a program that translates text into speech). By providing e-text materials to these students as well, they would be able to adjust the text size to one that they find better accommodates their visual abilities. Learning Disability in Reading 12/05/2013 26 For my students with learning disabilities in reading, I would provide an etext outline of the content with the main ideas highlighted, a concept map, and access to DonJohnston software products, which assists by reading books out loud and reading comprehension. English as a Second Language I will likely have students for whom English is their second language; these students will also require some modifications to the lesson plan. They will have Google Translate open and available to them at their desks, on their laptops; Google Translate translates text that you input in one language, and converts it into whatever language the student selects. I would also encourage them to use Word Lens on their phones outside of school, which scans foreign text through your camera, and then quickly translates and displays the words in another language onto your screen. We would also use Jay-Cut in the production of their personal bibliography project; Jay-Cut is an online videoediting program that is available in 10 different languages. I will also modify me lessons by translating directions or material into their own language in order to help them get started on their work. Multiple Ways of Presenting Information In keeping with Gardner’s advice to present information redundantly but in different formats, I am including the following in my lessons: images, sounds, text, video, concept maps, and sound with video in text. I will also highlight critical features using my speech (i.e. with pitch, volume, gestures, etc) and in text (i.e. through bolding, color-highlighting, and italicizing). 12/05/2013 27 Interaction My students will interact with information through different mediums: We will be watching videos, reading information online (with hyperlinks that link to additional information or help if they need or want it), reading handouts with text, working in Word processor where they can incorporate pictures and diagrams, as well using software to translate speech into text; lastly, we will be doing both independent and group work. Expression Students have input into how they will express their knowledge, by allowing them to turn in a bibliography in any format of their choosing they could make a video, write a poem, create a PowerPoint presentation, a podcast, or poster board, etc. I will also make available to them, technology tools and websites that makes expressing their thoughts on the content not just possible, but also possible in a way that they find to be most effective. These could include Communication Boards (using Boardmaker), Picture Libraries, Paint Programs, and comic book creation software, and Voicethreads to record audio. Assessment The Universal Design for Learning encourages the use of different methods for assessment. This means allowing for some flexibility in the way that students present their knowledge and understanding, and to offer supports or scaffolding to students that may need extra guidance when it comes to assessments. I believe that I am offering different methods of assessment, including writing, customized presentations, multiple choice quizzes (for which I could offer 12/05/2013 28 scaffolding for students that need it, in the form of concept maps or translations that need it), and group work so that they can receive peer support and direction if they need it. Additionally, in order to make sure all of my students are progressing as they should, I would check in with them individually, throughout the process, and offer scheduled time during our class period during which they can come up and ask me questions or to help them with their work. 12/05/2013