Social Tenure Domain Model - A Strategy Towards Country Implementation PAUL SAERS1, CHRISTIAAN LEMMEN1, 3, DANILO ANTONIO2, CLARISSA AUGUSTINUS2, MATHILDE MOLENDIJK1 AND KEES DE ZEEUW1 1 Kadaster International, Netherlands Cadastre, Land Registry and Mapping Agency, Apeldoorn, The Netherlands 2 Global Land Tool Network (GLTN), UN-Habitat, Nairobi, Kenya 3 ITC Faculty, Twente University, Enschede, The Netherlands paul.saers@kadaster.nl Paper prepared for presentation at the “2015 WORLD BANK CONFERENCE ON LAND AND POVERTY” The World Bank - Washington DC, March 23-27, 2015 Copyright 2015 by author(s). All rights reserved. Readers may make verbatim copies of this document for non-commercial purposes by any means, provided that this copyright notice appears on all such copies. Abstract With the release of the STDM Version 1.0 software package as open source at the 2014 FIG Conference in Kuala Lumpur, STDM as a pro-poor land information tool has entered into a crucial new phase. The Social Tenure Domain Model (STDM) has been under testing and development since its inception in 2007, and has now reached a state of maturity that allows large scale implementation in country level implementation projects. The STDM concept is based on a pro-poor vision of handling land as an essential and scarce resource. This provides a structure for modelling social tenure information on people and land relationships. As such, the domain model provides a template for structuring land data and land data processing. As a software package, it provides functionality for collecting, processing and disseminating social tenure information, amongst others. In this paper a structured approach or strategy toward implementation of STDM at country level is presented. The involvement of land professionals in such implementation projects is essential. The provision of a proper alignment mechanism of STDM capabilities with the specific requirements of land professionals is central to this paper. Hendersons’s Business and IT Alignment Model has been used as a the analytical framework for this alignment report. It has been tailored to cover the specific parties involved in the alignment process and the required linking and fitting processes. The parties involved include the stakeholders to successful implementation of STDM, the land professional categories involved on country level implementation projects, the end-users categories, the STDM Governing (or coordination) and Support entities and the IT services and products industry. The STDM concept and software package have been validated at strategic level and operational level by field projects and software review and testing. The test results have confirmed the level maturity of the tool, while providing valuable guidance for further improvement of the concept. The field projects also provide important clues toward factors that accommodate and drive country level implementations and those that work against it, requiring special attention. Based on these findings and discussions in workshops, and against the background of international land administration trends and technological innovations, three implementation scenarios have been identified for successfully involving land professionals in country level STDM implementation projects. These projects will be dependent on the quality and capabilities of STDM as a concept and as software solution. They must tailor their STDM version to the specific needs of the project, and make sure it remains so during the run of the project. This requires proper guidance, support and training. An STDM Advisory Committee is therefore established, to ensure its’ capabilities remain lined up with evolving project needs. This requires a proper strategy, a proposal for which is provided in this paper. Equally, an STDM support organisation or entity is proposed to support STDM end-users. 1. INTRODUCTION STDM is aimed at providing low-income groups with an affordable and intuitive tool for creating and managing their own social tenure-based land records and to support the implementation of the continuum of land rights approach. These social tenure-based land records will complement formal land administration records already in existence, and have the potential to be enriched, linked and integrated into formal systems depending on the land information purposes and needs as they evolve at country level. The STDM tool primarily aims to strengthen the position of economically marginalised groups and individuals in the increased competition for scarce land resources. The STDM Version 0.9.5 software package has been released as a beta version for assessment and pilot testing in close cooperation with FIG. The current version, STDM 1.0, was released as an open source solution in June 2014. As a matured land tool STDM holds great potential for improving livelihoods by providing poor and marginalised communities with a tool that enables them to literally put themselves on the map, increasing their political leverage, and showcasing their potential as an important and relevant local economic entity. To fully exploit this potential, a strategy for further implementation of the STDM tool was developed in 2014. The key features of this proposed strategy (referred to as ‘the implementation strategy’) are presented in this paper. The paper will attempt to respond to the following questions: How can the concept and qualities of STDM be communicated and how can it inspire land professionals to adopt and apply it as an instrument for improving tenure security and driving economic development? What objectives are realistic when applying STDM? What factors provide traction to these projects and which ones need proper management attention as they may negatively impact these efforts? Who may act as potential agents of change, improving and upgrading land information available to individuals, communities and public administration? This proposed STDM implementation strategy will integrate many relevant aspects, including the political, technical, ethical, organisational, communication, education, economic, legal, social angles. In its essence, this paper proposes to initially position STDM as an ‘open source community mapping tool’, an instrument for mapping by the people, for the people, and expand the field of application further as demands and opportunities arise. The term ‘community’ actually has three meanings or references here: Firstly, it refers to the participative nature of land data-collecting. Secondly, it refers to the bottom-up initiatives towards improving tenure security, service planning and economic development. Thirdly, it refers to the subject of the data itself, a community as a social entity and its’ relationship with land. Such a label communicates group self-reliance and initiative, without the risk of possibly antagonizing other sections of society, lawmakers, public administration or land professionals. Implementation of STDM may take place following bottom-up (initiated at grassroots level, topdown (initiated by entities with formal land administration responsibilities) or horizontal or mixed scenarios (combined efforts by stakeholder alliances). As a world class open source community mapping tool, STDM must provide the functionalities required. These must evolve over time, with new data collection and dissemination technologies emerging (such as UAV imagery sourced data, or crowd-sourced geo-data using smartphones) that may be adopted to enhance STDM’s efficiency and effectiveness, and new data quality insights (fit-for-purpose, interoperability). STDM must also provide functionality to tailor the system to suit its’ context without heavy reliance on services from software developers. It should also provide a level of functional differentiation toward specialised (professional) or basic level user (grassroots) audiences. Generic requirements such as affordability, stability, scalability, user-friendly interactions, ease of installing, managing and operating will also evolve as STDM data is shared across wider circles in society and government, transforming from the current single user locally owned solution into networked, integrated or distributed, mission critical land information. These requirements evolve at generic and specific levels with the defined purpose of the data to be collected and the land information to be disseminated using STDM. To define the purpose of the land information and to specify the matching requirements is an important new field of responsibility for land professionals involved. STDM’s functionality requirements must be properly monitored and followed up by a governing or coordinating entity, tasked with advocating STDM’s potential, but also assessing field performance, publishing best practices, answering frequently asked questions (FAQ’s), and identifying and addressing root causes of existing software problems. Facilitating and accommodating capacity building is another important responsibility of the governing or coordinating entity. This involves developing documentation, training materials and sample data targeting different segments of the user audience (i.e. professional and basic levels, and for specific application areas such as enumeration). With proper advocacy, good governance and supported by competent entities, optimal conditions will be created for bringing the benefits of good, equitable land administration to all those living outside the current domains of formal land administration. The strategy was developed analysing the content of a wide range of publications on the subjects of participative land administration and the continuum of land rights, and is based on the outcome of workshop discussions, on consultations with professionals in authority and staff involved in development and support and usage of STDM, on interviews with persons representing institutes involved in piloting STDM and with staff representing the GLTN membership base, as well as guidance from staff representing UN-Habitat GLTN Secretariat. This STDM implementation strategy is a synthesis of the material thus collected including the consultations made. land professionals targeted in this Strategy are to be provided with implementation scenarios that make proper business sense. Amongst these scenarios may be urban or rural census-type data collection, services requirements surveys, post-disaster or postconflict land management, land use planning, customary land management, resettlement efforts or strengthening communities in the face of large-scale land acquisitions. The qualities and potential for successful application of the STDM as a land information tool fitting the intended scenario should be evident when compared to other alternatives. 2. STDM and GLTN The Land and the Global Land Tool Network (GLTN) Unit, located within the United Nations Human Settlements Programme’s (UN-Habitat) Urban Legislation, Land and Governance Branch, has the mandate to develop, test and disseminate pro-poor and gender responsive approaches concerning urban land, innovative residential tenures, affordable land management and land administration systems, land-related regulatory/legal frameworks and tools. The GLTN’s overall objective is: “Poverty reduction and sustainable development through promoting secure land and property rights for all”. The immediate objective of the GLTN is “the development and adoption of pro-poor and gender sensitive land tools and approaches and promotion of the continuum of land rights approach”. The core themes on which the GLTN focuses are: Access to land and land tenure security Land policy and legislation Land management and planning Land administration and information Land-based financing 3. CONCEPTUAL REVIEW OF STDM STDM is a tool for recording people-land relations, using modern technology and participative data collection methods. It aims to provide increased levels of tenure security, public awareness and land use planning information for communities not provided with any formal type of land administration (LA). STDM is the tool for implementation of the Continuum of Land Rights concept. STDM as a domain model provides the IT industry with a standard for software development in the social tenure domain. This way, it provides reference and guidance to all parties providing IT products and services that are linked to community land information. STDM was conceived as a participative, affordable and flexible tool for collecting and processing land information. It is also the embodiment of a vision that aims to strengthen the position of vulnerable individuals and communities in the competition for scarce land resources. STDM is a solution that requires customization to suit a specific implementation. STDM can be implemented with three different levels of customization. First, the STDM standard version can be implemented, in the version that will be provided to the public as the official release. Secondly it can be implemented as a pre-customized version of the standard release, optimized for a specific type of scenario. Thirdly it can be implemented in a fully customized version, closely fitting the requirements of a specific project. The Governing or Coordinating Organization is seen as linking the vision and concept aspects (the what) and the technical implementation of these aspects (the how). The Support Organization will provide the essential link between the technical infrastructure and the endusers in the implementation projects. The governing entity could initially be a committee manned by a GLTN members representation, covering at least the geodetic-, IT-, legal-, socialeconomic- and cultural aspects of STDM software and its’ functionality. An STDM Technical Advisory Committee was installed at the 2014 FIG Conference in Kuala Lumpur. This paper aims to identify implementation opportunities forSTDM, focusing on country level implementation and primarily aiming at land professionals. Generally speaking, a stakeholder to STDM implementation would be any person or group seeking to strengthen tenure security and organize some form of acceptance and application of the people-land relationships registered in STDM. These must be inspired to match their land information needs against the potential of STDM, against the backgrounds and context of the needs of the local communities, within the existing political settings, with regard to the cultural specifics, the existing livelihoods and the potential for improvement. These professionals must be informed about the specifics and potential of STDM as a suitable tool for quickly providing communities with land data to suit their purposes, without need for initial investments or extensive training. This will require a new mind-set from the land professional community, as they are usually waiting for top-down initiatives and budgets to become a reality. To aid this rethinking process, this report provides potential implementation participants with information on pilot projects, implementation scenarios, best practices, possible pitfalls, and implementation opportunities, as well as a checklist for an implementation plan. Scaling up is essential for leveraging the potential for improved tenure security provided by STDM. One of the advantages of scaling up would be increased efficiency and faster service delivery to interest groups. The main challenge will be how to deal with the increased level of responsibility that comes with up-scaled investment of resources when using this tool. Another challenge will be posed by parties fearing unwanted impact on their perceived land-rights, and on the associated decrease in economic and political power. Opportunities will arise with proper ‘marketing’, stressing STDMs qualities for quick and efficient people-to-land relations data collection , creating a positive public opinion impact, instilling a sense of urgency amongst decision makers, as well as facilitating proper public administration and government decision-making (‘governments need good information for good governance’), rather than positioning STDM as the poor man’s alternative to a real Cadastre, something which professionals will stress that it is not, anyway. It is reasonable to expect that potential stakeholders to STDM information will support GLTN in testing, development and implementation of the tool. Amongst them city planners, economists, potential entrepreneurs, public security specialists (police, fire department, medical, disaster managers), census specialists. It is important to analyse the two main application fields of the STDM data: tenure security and economic development, and identify the stakeholders categories to the information that STDM provides. STDM is an excellent land tool that has reached the crucial stage of its first large-scale implementation. It deserves to be implemented in a properly governed, well-planned and controlled way, in order to manage expectations, maximize its potential and avoid unnecessary disappointments. 4. METHODOLOGY This paper applies the Business and IT Alignment Model (1990, JC Henderson et al) as a framework for analysis, identifying responsibilities and assigning tasks to all parties involved. As a generic tool, the alignment model can be applied at several levels: at global level, country level, at sector level or at business and at individual project level. Tailored to the context and analytical needs for this report, the STDM Capabilities and Country Level Project Requirements alignment model looks like this: Thus configured, the alignment model provides us with the specific parties, actors, roles, responsibilities, activities and processes with regard to the alignment process. It provides us with the logical framework to answer the questions regarding the implementation strategy for STDM: its systematic rollout, development prioritisation, support mobilisation, sustained operations and capacity development. Extensive use was made of the results of the peer review that took place under FIG auspices during the first months of 2014. This review wase carried out on the STDM 0.95 version, and were specifically aimed at improving user acceptance and solution quality. The findings were applied to the STDM 1.0 version, which was released to the general public in June, 2014. Five pilot projects using STDM were completed or on-going at the time of writing this paper. All information relating to the projects was made available by UN Habitat/GLTN, its implementing partners or from public sources has been analysed. The Mbale project participants were visited and interviewed onsite, to acquire an independent and direct verification of the available reports. The outcomes of the pilot projects and STDM software testing have provided valuable information for validation of the practical application of STDM against the original vision, concept, model and software. This effectively provides us with a baseline for further development, application and implementation of STDM. Following the Alignment Model, the parties involved in the alignment process are: The stakeholders to the pro-poor land recordation process. The land professional categories participating in country level implementation projects. The end-user categories inside a specific country level implementation project The Products and Services Providers active on the ICT market. The STDM Governing Entity. The STDM Supporting Entity. Following the Alignment Model, the processes involved in the alignment process are: The process of fitting the pro-poor LR stakeholder interests to the needs of land professionals participating in a country level implementation project. The process of fitting the needs of participating land professionals to the services and data provided by the country level implementation project. The process of linking the participating land professional requirements with STDM capabilities at strategic level. The process of linking the project end-user requirements to STDM operational capabilities. The process of fitting STDM capabilities to the products, services and innovations available and emerge on the ICT market. The process of fitting the STDM strategy at governance level to STDM support at operational level. 5. STAKEHOLDER ANALYSIS For the GLTN Partners, UN Habitat and the global land administration community STDM represents an essential instrument for implementing inclusive land administration, based on the concept of the ‘Continuum of Land rights approach.. For citizens, poor individuals and marginalised groups STDM is a means of -quite literallyacquiring a place on the map, by recording factual information on their land tenure. This must strengthen their position in the increased competition for scarce land resources, helping them to improve their security of tenure, to acquire better services and to be included into economic development opportunities. For land professionals, both inside and outside governments or public administrations, STDM is an information source for reliable, factual information on land tenure relationships, complementary to the existing formal registration systems. In such areas as land governance, public administration, land use planning, city planning, economic development, infrastructure management, services planning, public security and disaster management, the interests of both de facto and de jure owners will be included and considered in a more balanced way . For the information technology experts STDM is a domain model, providing a standard for modelling data and processes in the social tenure domain. It is formatted as a domain model diagram conforming to Unified Modelling Language (UML) conventions. Software developers may use this standard for creating information systems that are essentially interoperable and thus improve the potential for information sharing, distributing, exchanging, and combining land information. For end-users, STDM is a software package that is affordable, flexible, scalable, fast and easy-touse, as well as safe, secure, and reliable. It must be applicable for all tenure circumstances, on all locations required. It must integrate or combine with existing land information systems, and ideally fulfil the information needs of all professionals involved. For the STDM application governance and support organisation it is a land tool that must be properly managed, maintained, improved, extended, supported and advocated, to obtain the maximal benefit for all stakeholders to inclusive land information. 6. THE ENDUSERS Any country level LR implementation project using STDM as a model and tool for data collection, processing and dissemination will require information needs specification, data structure and definition design, data collection procedure design, STDM configuration or customisation, infrastructure implementation, documentation and end-user training. These are activities that require a level of technical skills and competences and support from the STDM support entity. A practical balance must be struck for end-user skills available and expectations toward support entity service provision. The design of STDM capabilities and its match with user groups requirements is essential for keeping support need to an acceptable minimum. The following end-user types and corresponding requirements types can be distinguished. Project Manager (reports, planning) Planner (metrics, reports) Surveyor (spatial unit geometry, party and party-to-spatial unit relationship information) Administrator (party and party-to-spatial unit relationship information) Acceptant, quality management official (quality audit) Procedure designer (process and system interaction design) Database designer (data structure, data definition and report design) System manager (security, account and system administration) Database user (data collection, data inputs, basic analysis) 7. ICT SERVICES & PRODUCTS PROVIDER Information and communication technology advances at a phenomenal rate. Technology for collecting, processing and sharing information has become widely available and open data and open software has revolutionised traditional business models for government and private enterprise. These developments are highly relevant to the development and implementation scenarios of STDM, especially regarding the conceptual, modelling and software aspects. Emerging technologies and facilities are listed below: Sensor products and services providers (UAV imagery, Smartphone) Network products and services providers (Ethernet, internet, 3G, 4G) Hardware products and services providers (Tablets, Smartphones, PC’s) Software products and services developers (GIS, Administrative, Reporting) Storage products and services providers (data centres, cloud services) Data providers (open or closed) (Google Earth and Google Maps, Street View, Satellite imagery, (real) orthophotos) GNSS producst and service providers (GPS) Specific topics relating to ICT developments and STDM capabilities are listed below: 8. The emergence of UAV’s (Unmanned Aerial Vehicle) as platforms for collecting imagery and software for image-based modelling holds great potential as STDM data source. The increased availability of SMS-services coverage, social media and open source geo-data provide interesting new opportunities for collecting information on land-related activities. Web-technologies, open source geo-data and cloud technology provide accessible facilities for storing and combining social tenure data on all levels of collection and usage. The increased acceptance and adoption of LADM as a standard by the private sector providing spatial data solutions will present new opportunities to integrate and link STDM with market sourced components. STDM GOVERNANCE ENTITY AND FIT FOR PURPOSE LA Mid 2014 the STDM Advisory Board was installed at an initial meeting in Kuala Lumpur. As such, it will act as the initial STDM governance entity, tasked with management of the capabilities of STDM at strategic level. An important new approach to the design and operation of pro-poor land administrations has emerged through application of the fit-for-purpose concept on land administration methods. This approach addresses the high cost and long implementation timeframes associated with application of formal land administration systems rooted in the colonial era needs and methods. These formal land administration systems do not comply with modern pro-poor land administration needs, as they are too slow, expensive and cumbersome, and are mainly serving the needs of the landowning classes and those whose interests lie in large-scale land acquisitions to be effected smoothly and unopposed by conflicting interests or rights. The fit-for-purpose concept requires pro-poor land administration systems to be more flexible in application, more inclusive in scope, more participatory in approach and more affordable financially, while being reliable, quickly attainable and upgradeable compared to existing formal systems. In practical terms this means using general boundaries rather than fixed ones, collecting data through aerial imageries rather than through field surveys, applying purpose-related accuracy and providing opportunities for updating, upgrading and improving wherever and whenever deemed necessary (FIG Publication Nr 60, ‘Fit-For-Purpose Land Administration’). How can this alignment between the fit for purpose concept and the STDM tool be made? Embracing this approach in the context of the STDM tool implies that it is necessary to be specific in what the purpose of the collected data actually is, in short, middle and long term usage scenarios, and that STDM must be designed in such a way that it can accommodate such scenarios. Specifying the information needs of the land professionals and end-users involved and tailoring a specific STDM implementation to these needs is a task that requires the services of specialised land professionals. Such professionals must have adequate understanding of the wide range of system aspects involved and the ability to make proper decisions on the design. Such decisions include a full description of the purpose (of the information products) the type of geometry to be captured (points/lines, general, fixed, usage, cadastral, or juridical boundaries, geometric data quality), the methods procedures to be applied the data formats to be captured (coordinates, voice, text image) the data structure, definitions and quality, the tools to be used (for collection, processing and dissemination), the rules to conform to (legal, social, cultural, business, privacy, copyright, liability), the standards to be applied (global, best practices, industry, LADM), procedures (initial, maintenance, upgrades), the access to be controlled (rules, report, anonymous, identified), dissemination: (sharing, push, pull), the meta-information to be provided (information on the system design and the accommodated data) the information product design (being fit for the purposes as identified: speed, cost, information access and quality). To support the process of matching the configuration of STDM with the purpose of the land recordation the concept of STDM configuration sliders has been proposed. This concept identifies the dimensions along which STDM may be configured to suit the purpose: Parties: ranging from individual to group Land rights: ranging from informal to formal Spatial units: ranging from incomplete reference to complete reference Acquisition methods: ranging from lessaccurate to more accurate reference Land recordation: ranging from less complex to more complex By setting the sliders to the values, STDM is properly configured to suit its purpose, and can be adapted by resetting one or more sliders. The slider panel looks similar to those found on graphical equalisers in audio systems. As guidance for configuration the slider concept seems very useful; however it has not been implemented as functionality yet. Combining Land Administration data collected using STDM software requires some form of integration with formal land administration systems already existing at Municipal level, Regional level, National level, and, possibly, International level. The presentation of STDM data in one integrated environment with formal land administration data will provide both public administration and private land professionals with excellent new information relevant for all fields of application of land administration paradigm, including land tenure, value, use and development and land markets. This new information will drive efficient land markets and effective land use management. However, this requires STDM sourced data to be reliable (well maintained) and complying with data definitions, structures and matching general quality requirements; intended purpose, and as described in the design of the system. This is of course also true for the quality of the data it is being combined with. Many formal land administrations lag behind when representing factual and legal land data, and may be based on concepts, methods and technology inferior to STDM. Also it introduces new crosscutting issues such as data security and privacy, as well as data availability, liability and possibly copyright. It must be realised that STDM, in its current form, is in essence a single user system, even when operated by more than one end-user, and on a client in a network. . Deploying STDM inside new contexts usually requires some form of localisation or customisation of the tool. A specific example of such customisation is the usage of STDM for slum profiling, enumeration and upgrade as piloted in Mbale municipality in Uganda. This requires questionnaires to be designed, adaptation of the STDM database to accommodate the questionnaire data, and general localisation to be carried out. This requires the services of land professionals and software engineers to analyse the new requirements, design the additional functionalities and the database adaptation, and to carry out testing, training and documentation activities. This process of aligning the purpose of the land data with the qualities of the specific STDM implementation is definitely not unique for STDM. When considering how to support global level, country level or project level customizations decisions must be made on how STDM can be tailored to the purposes defined. Roughly three approaches exist: Provide a global solution with excellent customization flexibility (the ‘sliders’ setup) Provide specialised pre-optimised versions, minimising customisation needs Provide a global solution but leaving the customisation to specialists to tailoring the global solution to project needs Deploying STDM for new application scenarios requires careful study of the new processes to be supported and the impact on the database structure. Extended features may be required both in the field of system interaction and data structure, software may have to be adapted and these adaptations must be tested and documented. 9. LADM AND STDM On December 01st, 2012, the Land Administration Domain Model (LADM) was accepted as International Standard ISO 19152. LADM represents a systematic approach to modelling the data and processes in the land administration domain, based on inputs of experts worldwide, and validated against a wide spectrum of legal- and social tenure frameworks. It is technically based on the concepts of object oriented (OO) approach to system development, and it uses the associated Unified Modelling Language UML. It can therefore be considered as modern, stateof-the art as well as flexible tool complying with global standards and -best practices. LADM was defined in such a way, that it includes such concepts as the Social Tenure Domain Model (STDM) and the Continuum of Land Rights. The STDM model may be considered as a subset of LADM covering people-to-land relationships information for use by communities, land professionals and all public administration levels. LADM and STDM use partly identical class names, while some have aliases. Some LADM class names remain unused in STDM. Special attention is required for the ‘Right’-class in LADM and the corresponding ‘STDM Relationship’-class in STDM to prevent confusion amongst users and stakeholders. The ‘Right’-class definition conforms to the ISO 19132 standard definition of ‘Right’: ‘an action, activity or class of activities that a system participant may perform on or using an associated resource’. In simple terms this means that the right is dependent on the system that a party or partymember participates in. This could be the legal system of a specific country or a social tenure system in a culture, settlement or region. This definition is extremely important as it links the concept of right with the participation in a contextual system. To make sure that rights information in an STDM data set is properly linked to its associated (value, culture, social, custom and/or legal) system, and no misunderstanding can arise regarding the purpose and meaning of the rights data content it is important for the domain model to accommodate this type of meta-information An important role of the domain model is to provide a reference standard for software modellers and developers. STDM may be used for this purpose by professional software developers to speed up their work or improve system interoperability. Technically, domain models describe data structures optimised for use in a specific type of information system. In this case, the data in LADM support the information processes in a formal land administration domain. As such, the model covers information on persons, parties, administrative units, survey, rights relationships and administrative documents. In STDM, administrative objects (such as parcels) may be simpler in concept (like for instance a point instead of a parcel boundary polygon), and rights relationships and administrative documents (as proof or as transactional information) may be more diverse. A domain model describes the fixed elements of an information system, as opposed to the content of an information system that may be added, changed or deleted. Both LADM and STDM have been developed using inputs from experts worldwide (please refer to relevant publications in the reference list), and have been validated against a wide spectrum of existing legal- and social tenure frameworks. These models are provided to act as reference material and standards for those professionals responsible for implementing land administration systems, as well as for improving and perfecting these systems. In addition to this, the domain models serve as a standard amongst land administration software developers. It helps to create favourable conditions for introduction of distributed systems. This provides better support to land management processes, without the usual burdens of high cost for complete system redesign or forcing businesses to reorganise their processes and scope of responsibilities. LADM is an international ISO standard. As with any standard, it serves the need for creating interoperability of system components. In this context, the term ‘interoperability’ can be defined as ‘the ability to combine data, information or processes. Standards have been implemented across the world for industrial products since the start of the twentieth century. Conformance to standards is universally expected as an essential and normal characteristic of industrial products. This is not so much the case for IT components. Although at hardware level standards are well established (electric power, interfaces, communication protocols), at software development level this is much less so. Applying standards in software development brings several benefits in terms of improved efficiency, quality and reduced timeframe and cost to the stakeholder community. Please refer to Annex 3 for details on the benefits of standardisation in system development. In addition to these benefits, stakeholders may enjoy improved system integration potential, enhancing system interoperability features as well as accommodating distributed databases. These in turn will provide the stakeholders with improved organisational and logistic flexibility. As with introducing any standard, compliance is essential, and this must be considered as an investment that will pay off for both software service providers as well as client organisations. Adopting LADM as a new standard will increase the quality, affordability and manageability of land administration systems substantially, providing specialised- and flexible tools to fit evolving needs. These systems will improve the quality of service for those who need it, as well as improve the quality of decision making by those who manage it. These investments require implementation of a long term vision amongst all decision makers involved. Ultimately, the benefits for the land administration sector and its’ beneficiaries will be substantial. 10. STDM SUPPORT ENTITY When country level implementation projects adopt STDM as their main tool for implementing land recordation (LR) they have expectations with relation to its capabilities. As with any product some form of user support and user services must be made available. This part describes the responsibilities and tasks of the entity that provides this service. At the moment the STDM back-office provides this service, through their website as a single point of contact and means of communication. Users of a complex product used in a complex situation such as STDM require proper support. Apart from software with the required qualities, these users need the following support services: A helpdesk Provide incident, problem and change management A set of documentation and manuals, instructions Implementation support Documents on best practices Frequently asked questions resource Patches and upgrades service Proper version management Website and web-care To ensure the right qualities to the end-user, the support entity must prepare, test and publish STDM Version 1.1 address known defects address known issues address preventive maintenance needs address perfective maintenance needs For developers interested in implementing, adapting and extending STDM a baseline documentation set for STDM 1.0 should be provided by the support entity: Manuals for installing, operating training and supporting STDM STDM Domain Model STDM Component List STDM development environment and associated tools The STDM Support entity will make sure the operational level alignment with project end-user needs will be well addressed as well as ensure proper alignment with the strategic planning of the governing entity. 11. STRATEGIC LEVEL ALIGNMENT Strategic level alignment between country level implementation project requirements and STDM capabilities coincides well with the visionary, conceptual and model level qualities of STDM. The operational level alignment covers STDM in its software package quality. Both alignment levels have been put to the test in five STDM pilot projects and end-user and swot evaluation of the software package. Several implementations of STDM have been tested in fieldprojects. The results have serve as a first indication of the validity of the concept, the usability of the information, the practicality of the functionality, the availability of the skill levels, the stakeholder roles involved and the overall effectiveness of the tool and the project. Many important conclusions may be derived from these projects regarding implementation and support strategies. In this Chapter the five pilot projects are presented in a concise format and analysed from the following perspectives: Project objectives STDM configuration used Areas, quantities and timeframes covered Tenure types covered Stakeholder involvement types Facilitating and accommodating factors Challenges and risk factors modern capacity building methods and tools The project objectives can be split into primary, mid-term and long-term objectives. STDM usually covers the primary objectives (information collection) and the secondary (sensitisation, skills, tenure security improved). Longer term results are only obtained when adequate funding is available for follow-up (Mbale) or hoped for state sponsored regularisation (Haiti) or city upgrade activities take place (Nairobi, Mombasa) Objectives: The project objectives can be split into primary, mid-term and long-term objectives. STDM usually covers the primary objectives (information collection) and the secondary (sensitisation, skills, tenure security improved). Longer term results are only obtained when adequate funding is available for follow-up (Mbale) or hoped for state sponsored regularisation (Eastern Caribbean) or city upgrade activities take place (Nairobi, Mombasa Kenya) Project Objectives Project Contacts Primary Objectives Mid term Objectives Long term Objectives STDM Pilot Implementatio n in Mbale, Uganda Semanda Twaka Bin Musa musasemanda417@gmail.co m, Daniel Woniala danielw749@gmail.com, Gertrude Kizubo +256783929578, Land information requirements of persons living in slum communities addressed Sensitised communities, Trained staff, customised STDM, land tenure and service requirements data set captured, validated and available Systemic changes in service delivery, city management, urban planning, policy frameworks Implemented STDM Pilot Implementatio n in Soacha, Colombia Mrs Brenda Perez Castro bperez@hphcolombia.org key community actors and institutions sensitised; settlement and household data collected, systematised and analysed; STDM knowledge and capacities transferred to community; adaptation, usage and scaling up contributed Land tenure insecurity addressed; poor housing and living conditions addressed; poor or nonexistent public facilities addressed Neighbourhoo d upgraded STDM Community Driven Enumeration Technology Implementatio n in Kalangala District Block, Uganda John Gitau, IFAD supported projects Farmers, farms productivity and tenure status spatially mapped Land disputes reduced, land tenure security improved, targeted intervention planned Tenure security improved STDM Pilot on Haiti and Eastern Carribean Dr Charisse Griffith Charles Asad Mohamed Sunil Lalloo State governance responsibilities served with reliable data on land usage and legitimacy of land rights. Accepted, legitimate status quo recorded using STDM Land issues reduced in OECS STDM Piloting in Nairobi and Mombasa, Kenya Dr Steve Ouma, Executive Director, Pamoja Trust, +254-20-3871504 or +25172-0896025 souma@pamojatrust.org Customised STDM that can easily be used in informal settlements in Kenya and Improved awareness and comprehensio n of STDM concept, capabilities among land sector stakeholders in Kenya and beyond Community member trained for use and demonstratio n of STDM, STDM demonstrate d to informal settlements, experiences, innovations and lessons documented and shared, broader land sector stakeholders made aware and sensitised, confidence to share experience broader and internationall y STDM tool or STDM Data to be usable as input or tooling for official settlement upgrading and planning activities within Kenyan Informal Settlement Improvement Project (KISIP) and Relocation Action Plans (RAP) New toilet facilities in Mbale: an excellent result from the efforts and support of the Mbale branch of the Slum Dwellers Federation of Uganda using STDM Configurations: Only one pilot project used the client-server networked configuration (Colombia), all others used stand-alone configurations. For three out of five projects the standard version of STDM was customised to suit the specific needs of the project. Quantities and timeframes: In total it is estimated that more than 11,000 households have been recorded using STDM in various projects which were done primarily by the community members with technical support from NGOs, government and UN-Habitat/GLTN. Tenure types: The reports show a wide variety of tenure rights covered. These tenure relationships include possession, informal occupation ownership, rental tenures, customary, family land, etc. The relationships between the formal landowner and the actual land tenants can be characterized as neutral to benevolent. The same was true for the attitude of the government towards the land recordation projects. Stakeholders: All projects show a wide range of stakeholders and participants, representing local communities, national and local government authorities, international organizations and NGOs. Such stakeholders are categorized in terms of their various roles like implementers, facilitators, supporters, etc. Push factors: Facilitating and accommodating factors were various and can be categorised as project level, political, legal economic, financial and various. The predominant pattern is that facilitating factors are equally distributed, indicating excellent preparation, communication and design of the individual projects. Challenges and risks: Most challenges and risk factors are related to the complexities of managing and coordinating all stakeholders and participants involved on one hand and fears, mistrust, absenteeism and disinterest amongst the potential beneficiaries and identified local stakeholders. Also, LR projects generate attention from outside parties seeking (unplanned) benefits from the project. 12. OPERATIONAL LEVEL ALIGNMENT Strategic level alignment between country level implementation project requirements and STDM capabilities coincides well with the visionary, conceptual and model level qualities of STDM. The operational level alignment covers STDM in its software package quality. Both alignment levels have been put to the test in five STDM projects and end-user and SWOT analysis of the software package. At the time of officially presenting STDM 1.0 for use as an open source software package available to the general public, FIG published the Review of STDM Phase II report. In this document the findings of test users and pilot implementations were discussed and evaluated, providing important guidance to this strategy. Key highlights emerging from the review: The dichotomy between informal and the formal must be addressed, for STDM to be accepted more widely and to be more useful in securing land and property rights. Focus must be on the STDM’s institutional and legal aspects, which could provide for the incremental recognition of informal rights on the continuum of land rights by relevant authorities. The development of the STDM and context specific customization must be accelerated through releasing of the source code where commercial software providers can have complimentary tasks. The successful implementation of STDM in projects as an initiative to support pro-poor land administration must be leveraged to the full and engagement with governments and their institutions to integrate the STDM into formal land administration systems must be facilitated thus maximising the use and relevance of STDM. For more information on the FIG review, please see: http://www.fig.net/pub/figpub/stdm_review/STDM_screen.pdf 13. SYSTEMATIC ROLLOUT IMPLEMENTATION Though conditions vary in each individual country, three scenarios have emerged from the pilot projects, and reports on comparable efforts. These can be characterised as bottom up, top down or horizontal scenarios. Three other scenario types exist as a matter of logic: the LR implementation project; the maintenance process that must follow it, in case permanent LR information is required; and maintenance, upgrade, expansion and integration. It depends on local conditions and opportunities what scenario is appropriate. As the projects show, it is important to involve an optimal mix of parties that, in their respective project or process roles act as the true drivers of change, especially in the initial conception, planning and design phases of the project. Land professionals in a ‘top down’ implementation scenario In a top-down scenario central or local government organisations take the lead, driven by the need to fulfil their traditional government responsibilities providing an administrative basis for tenure security, taxation,land use planning and other purposes. As a true LA administration is non-available, LR approaches can be applied to expedite the building and maintenance of LRtype administrative data sets. In the longer run these can upgraded to LA standards. The very nature of such an approach minimizes the risk of antagonising possible formal land right owners (most of the time it will involve state- or municipality-owned land) and of creating legal misconceptions. Another driver for the implementation of the top-down scenario could be the urge to start up a pre-regularisation process with the objective to set up a de-facto status quo administration. Essentially this is an LA administrative snapshot to accommodate the process of adverse possession (or other legal instruments that will provide tenants with full ownership in the long run). The top-down scenario allows mixed sponsorships by the government organisations themselves and NGOs. The LR land professional capacity that is required can be obtained from universities and polytechnics or through a training programme implemented by existing LA professional organisations, depending on the lead time and financial resources available and the scale of the project. Land professionals in a ‘bottom up’ implementation scenario True ‘bottom up’ scenarios usually emerge in the context of city upgrading or even in post crisis situations. In contrast with the top-down scenario, national or local government has not been able or willing to pick up their traditional responsibilities in the fields of providing tenure security, taxation and land use planning. This is often the case in informal settlements or slum areas. As no public means are available for carrying out these tasks, no administrative data sets are created that would support taking up these responsibilities. In a bottom up scenario this data is collected by participative methods, with the purpose of creating community self-reliance in the fields of tenure security, settlements upgrading, and planning, and to put themselves, their needs and their potential as an economically relevant entity literally on the map. This serves the purpose of strengthening their position in the competition for land and social equity. Such strengthening is especially important in relation to what is commonly referred to as landgrabbing. This applies when local livelihoods are threatened by changes in formal ownership with the purpose of changing the economic landscape without regard to existing local livelihoods and existing rights. Though these property rights were usually acquired, the objective and process may be illegitimate, a fact that can be proven by timely collecting relevant LR data. The initiators and sponsors of the bottom-up approach are usually local organisations supported by NGOs. Limited or no use is made of LA professional, and LR professionals are trained adhoc. Bottom-up datasets can be shared with such organisations as municipality and the government to contribute to the quality of land use and economic planning; and country-level and local level statistical data. Beyond that, maintenance and upgrade scenarios can be planned and implemented, depending on purpose and the measure of change that has taken place. Land professionals in a ‘horizontal’ implementation scenario In a horizontal scenario the main driver is the need to develop a reliable administrative basis for economic development in a specific area. As economic growth requires proper conditions such as social stability, trust and willingness to invest, it is essential to provide a reliable form of land recordation. LA professionals can contribute to this process, realising that such a process will facilitate an upward economical spiral, ultimately creating a ‘bigger LA cake’ for all to enjoy. The process starts with an LR approach, transforming into an LA standard administration as its purpose evolves over time. Private sector parties operating in the area will recognize the economic potential of the area and the need to provide a solid administrative basis for land-related activities. Land professionals working in an LA context take the initiative for project formulation. They do this realising they can extend their relevance to LR contexts by adopting and training their LR equivalents. In this way, the ‘cake’ gets bigger allowing businesses to grow and flourish far into the future. It all makes perfect business sense. Land professionals working in ‘conventional’ land registrations environments must realise they can play an important role in creating the right LR professional capacity in the ‘pro-poor’ land recording environments.. In simple terms, existing LA professionals may ‘adopt’ groups of individuals with the potential to be trained as LR professionals. The LA professionals must be provided with proper funding and a long term outlook towards sharing LA and LR tasks with the LR professionals. Initial LR data collection implies follow up LR data maintenance, upgrade, expansion and integration projects and processes. This will generate new business for LA professionals in the long term, as it requires expert knowledge to manage these phases of LR. Implementation scenarios and change agents In the previous paragraph three implementation scenarios and their respective drivers have been identified and described, as well as land professionals and possible involvement types. For a structured approach towards implementing STDM in country level projects, one needs to analyse potential land professional roles inside such projects. These roles and involvement types are represented in the table on the next page. Highlighted in light blue are roles that may constitute the change agents that support and contribute to a project. Identifying such roles is essential for the implementation strategy as they support and give traction to the project at the critical initial stages. Several conditions are beneficial to the emergence of land professionals acting as change agents: The awareness of STDM capabilities, concept and vision:It would be most effective to target land professional groups with communications informing them about the potential of STDM, possible application scenarios and their possible roles in these scenarios, explaining the qualities of STDM, success stories, show-cases etcetera. The availability of established governing and support entities will help building outlooks towards successful application of STDM. An administrative, commercial or scientific interest in the information products that may be generated from STDM data: land professionals may be professionally interested in the information products that can be produced from or combined with other information sets, providing added value towards their business responsibilities An accommodating political environment that has a positive or neutral attitude towards collecting, processing and disseminating the data: giving these processes the legitimacy they require and possibly providing support in the form of tooling, data, capacity The availability of adequate resources: skilled human resources, adequate financial resources and suitable equipment resources should be made available. The existence of state-acknowledged legal or informal land tenure systems to increase practical feasibility and acceptance (for this subject please refer to this to the Continuum of Land Rights Operationalization Strategy report) that can be represented by STDM data Every country is unique in terms of history, geography, demography, culture, climate, geology legal system, development priorities, institutional arrangements and resources. Therefore no onesize-fits-all approach is possible. A structured approach, towards identifying implementation project potential however, is very well possible. The existence of conditions that are beneficial as described above can be assessed at country level. The availability of land professionals, able and willing to act as change agents in each country considered for implementation, can be assessed using the guidance provided by the land professionals and involvement types table (refer to report). The top-down, bottom-up and horizontal implementation scenarios provide guidance for project definition. The implementation project checklist described in the next paragraphs helps verifying the availability of proper conditions and risk mitigation measures. The description of implementation, maintenance upgrade scenarios described in the next paragraphs provide guidance to the activities and roles to be assigned within these contexts. These five guiding elements constitute a structured approach toward identifying country-level conditions that favour successful STDM implementation. It is advisable to adopt a two-pronged strategy for identifying potential projects Communicate STDM capabilities possible application scenarios and the role of specific land professionals in each scenario, referring to show-case material. Stress the availability of good governance and support of STDM, enhancing the potential for successful application of STDM. Several channels could be used using pull (website) or push (mail) scenarios. One may also consider a less technical name and compact, easily recognisable logo. Provide training and certification facilities. Collect country-level data using an electronic questionnaire based on the structured approach described before: identify factors beneficial to country-level projects, identify able and willing land professionals as agents of change, identify possible implementation projects scenarios and subtypes and apply the checklist. Implementation, maintenance and upgrade scenarios When considering the three STDM implementation scenarios, three subtype scenarios are evident: initial data collection projects, data maintenance processes and upgrade and integration projects. Conventional LA and pro-poor LR professionals have distinctive responsibilities and play distinctive roles in these project types: Responsibilities of LA professionals in relation with initial data collection projects will be: Specification of the purpose of each specific Land Records System Specification of the data structure and data quality required Design of the data collection, processing and distribution processes Design of the data quality management procedures Configuration of STDM to suit the design of data and data collection process Specification of skills and competences of the pro-poor land professional candidate selection process Design of the training curriculum Selection, training, testing and certification of pro-poor land professionals Design of the maintenance procedures Security control measures Quality control measures Logistic management Communication and public relations management Reporting Responsibilities of LR professionals in relation with initial data collection projects will be: Plan data collection activities Identify individual identities and their roles Identify individual person and group relationships to land claims Identify supporting documents and Responsibilities of LA professionals in relation with data maintenance and quality upgrade projects will be: Specification of the new purposes of a specific Land Records System Specification of the adjusted data structure and data quality required Design of the data upgrade processes Design of upgraded data quality management procedures Specification of skills and competences Design of the training curriculum Training, testing and certification of land professionals Design of the maintenance procedures Security control measures Quality control measures Logistic management Reporting Responsibilities of conventional LR professionals in relation with data maintenance and quality upgrade will be limited. However, they can be trained additionally as survey assistants or survey specialists, in case they have the right education level. In the long term the distinction between LR and LA professionals may disappear, as grassroots LR professionals become part of mainstream LA approaches. STDM implementation project proposal format and checklist Once a tentative plan has emerged, it is important to compile a proposal for obtaining support and sponsoring using the following checklist: Description of general objectives of the project and problems to be addressed Description of the scope of the project in terms of timeframe, geography, quantities Description of The types of information to be collected, processes, disseminated Description of Resources to be made available, by whom Assessment of Showcase potential Description of contexts to be tested Description of stakeholder categories, their interests and involvement Description functionalities of STDM to be tested Description of the field of application to be tested Identification of opportunities favouring implementation Identification of leading GLTN partner Identification of other GLTN partners to be involved Identification of legal factors and trends favouring the project Assessment of government-level buy-in Description of single engagement level Description of a country’s contribution to the project Description of voluntary guidelines to be implemented or complied with Assure geographically distributed project location 14. STDM CAPABILITIES MANAGEMENT STDM governance and support entities play an essential role in aligning implementation project needs and STDM capabilities. Referring to the overall Business and IT Alignment model presented before, a structural approach to governance and support of STDM is presented here. The STDM Governance and Support entities provide proper alignment of the technical solution provided and the needs that originate from application of STDM in specific projects, to satisfy stakeholder interests, complying with the overall vision and in a way that suits the projected data processing activities, using provided STDM functionalities and locally available capacity. To meet these varying requirements, the Governing and Support entities must ensure provision of a system with the required functionality, availability, performance and cost. Lack of a good match between these requirements and the STDM characteristics will make the stakeholders lose interest. This essential fact stresses the importance of a good alignment mechanism implemented and managed by effective Governance and Support Entities. A graphic representation of the IT Infrastructure items that need to be managed is shown below. It will be essential to the successful implementation of STDM to have a Governance and Support organization implemented. It is their combined responsibility to make the pull and push factors align in such a fashion that the stakeholder needs remain optimised against provided IT solutions. The governance and support model is represented here a stack of interrelated components to be managed. Each component is depending on proper compliance with the underlying and overlying component. These dependencies are of a technical nature in the lower regions, but increasingly of an organisational, managerial and political nature in the higher regions. 15. IMPLEMENTATION RECOMMENDATIONS Short term implementation activities 6-12- months: Create an STDM governing entity. Assign tasks, roles, facilities, resources, responsibilities: Align with developments regarding STDM as implementation of a vision, current issues are: Fitness for purpose: information quality to fit the purpose Urgency: land administration methods to be expedited Tenure pluralism: multiple tenure types accepted within one country Interoperability: to facilitate horizontal/vertical integration with other systems Globalisation trends: cause such effects as large scale foreign land acquisitions and large scale persons displacement due to disasters or conflicts Align with stakeholder needs and interests, current issues are: Identification of primary (=information collection purposes) objectives Identification of secondary objectives (= information usage purposes) Identification of tertiary objectives (= operational results in terms of improved tenure security, food security, gender equality, poverty reduction, health) Identification of stakeholder alliance partners to take up the roles of facilitators, supporters or implementers Identification of groups to be targeted Identification of sectors to be involved: food, finance, economics, infra, housing, services Budget Identification Land information industry: content/software/services providers Align with (potential) project requirements, current issues are Identification of favouring factors such as capacity, institutions, legal framework political support, infrastructure, land policies... Identification of regions to be targeted respective to geographic project distribution? Secondary objectives or processes to be facilitated: systemic service delivery improvement land regularisation, implementation of new land policies or land reform projects, mapping ancestral land, mapping land rights of displaced persons, post conflict or post disaster land regularisation, land consolidations, resettlement projects etcetera identification of complicating factors such as weak government, physical insecurity, politically unstable environments, lack of support from formal administrations, budgetary constraints, lack of a clear and reliable post project scenarios (to attain secondary and tertiary objectives) Cooperation levels with formal owners Carry out traditional governance roles, such as: risk management financial management accounting and reporting strategic product planning, marketing, advocacy communication and reporting coordination and cooperation quality assurance and innovation Oversee implementation of STDM support entity, whose responsibilities are: helpdesk documentation and manuals, instructions implementation support and best practices frequently asked questions patches and upgrades version management website, web care Prepare, test and publish STDM V1.1 address known defects address known issues address preventive maintenance needs address perfective maintenance needs Create a baseline documentation set for STDM 1.0 Manuals for installing, operating training and supporting STDM STDM Domain Model STDM Component List STDM development environment and associated tools Prepare a short term functional development strategy addressing the following issues: Conformance to industry standards: STDM must conform to current industry standards (like the LADM Domain Model, web services, operating systems, devices). Additionally the solution must provide the users and stakeholder groups with functionality to implement security, privacy, copyright, quality management and auditing policies. Add Metadata to data structures: STDM Datasets must be provided with their metadata, describing the data and the data structure, the tenure system that it represents, as well as the known business rules of the tenure system Implementation Global Consolidation standards: For the sake of national- and global level monitoring and evaluation STDM must conform to rules and formats for consolidating the data to a global, uniform reporting format. Further optimisation of the STDM version optimised for community-profiling. To minimise development risk and maximise STDM benefits, GLTN must capitalise on its’ currently most successful type of application, being community profiling in preparation of slum upgrade, community land use planning and similar activities. Implement the equaliser slider concept as new functionality for STDM. Well designed and implemented it will provide true functional flexibility and usability for non-technical users Implement an STDM marketing strategy STDM must be essentially marketed as an affordable, flexible, and easy to use participative land information system that provides the potential user with information that will serve a specific short term purpose (collecting, processing, analysing and distributing land data). STDM must be marketed as an open source community mapping tool. This requires characteristics (features) that allow STDM to differentiate itself from other solutions available to the public, government and land professionals. These essential characteristics are affordability (little or no initial cost), flexibility (easily customizable for the intended purpose), ease of use (provides intuitive interaction), ease of maintenance (no or low maintenance effort required). Specific types of ‘entry points’ with high potential for application of STDM must be identified such as improving services, improving city management, slum upgrade planning, infrastructure planning, economic development planning, land use planning, taxation or cost sharing, and possibly regularisation of land parcels. The country level implementation scenarios and checklist as presented on the previous pages can be used for identification of entry-points and their potential for implementation of STDM, involving land professionals. Mid-term implementation activities: 2-3 years Prepare mid-term functional development programme; among issues to be covered are: Development of entry-point specific pre-optimised variants of STDM: To optimise fitness for use for a specific land administration purpose, while minimising professional software customisation needs, STDM should be developed into entry-point specific, pre-optimised variants. Development of a device independent version of STDM: To minimise initial end-user cost and optimally support participative data collection, STDM should be made deviceindependent, allowing easily available devices such as smart phones to be used for data collection as a self-service, bring-your-own-device solution. To minimise maintenance and support cost, shared storage facilities for STDM should be provided to eliminate the need for local storage and processing facilities and associated security and facility problems. To minimise development and operating cost, and maximise added value for the user community, STDM must evolve in a coordinated fashion with other participative land administration solutions such as ‘Map My Rights’ and Floss-Sola. STDM development must be coordinated with application developments in the private sector ensuring optimal interoperability with private sector products and services Implementation of functional requirements emerging from the introduction of the fitness for purpose concept, the continuum of continuums (so-called equaliser-like customization) concept, optimal interoperability, especially the ability to operate in distributed environments, and readiness for scaling up, both horizontally (with peer institutions) or vertically (in the land administration hierarchy) REFERENCES Antonio, 2013: The STDM a Specialisation of LADM Towards Bridging the information Divide Antonio, Makau, Mabala, 2013: Addressing the Information Requirements Of The Urban Poor Augustinus, 2010: Social Tenure Domain Model: what it can mean for the land industry and for the poor. Barry, 2013: Land Tenure Administration and GIS: Trends and Challenges Benett, Gils, van, Zevenbergen, Lemmen. 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