Social Tenure Domain Model - A Strategy Towards Country
Implementation
PAUL SAERS1, CHRISTIAAN LEMMEN1, 3, DANILO ANTONIO2, CLARISSA
AUGUSTINUS2, MATHILDE MOLENDIJK1 AND KEES DE ZEEUW1
1
Kadaster International, Netherlands Cadastre, Land Registry and Mapping Agency, Apeldoorn,
The Netherlands
2
Global Land Tool Network (GLTN), UN-Habitat, Nairobi, Kenya
3
ITC Faculty, Twente University, Enschede, The Netherlands
paul.saers@kadaster.nl
Paper prepared for presentation at the
“2015 WORLD BANK CONFERENCE ON LAND AND POVERTY”
The World Bank - Washington DC, March 23-27, 2015
Copyright 2015 by author(s). All rights reserved. Readers may make verbatim copies of this
document for non-commercial purposes by any means, provided that this copyright notice
appears on all such copies.
Abstract
With the release of the STDM Version 1.0 software package as open source at the 2014 FIG
Conference in Kuala Lumpur, STDM as a pro-poor land information tool has entered into a
crucial new phase. The Social Tenure Domain Model (STDM) has been under testing and
development since its inception in 2007, and has now reached a state of maturity that allows
large scale implementation in country level implementation projects.
The STDM concept is based on a pro-poor vision of handling land as an essential and scarce
resource. This provides a structure for modelling social tenure information on people and land
relationships. As such, the domain model provides a template for structuring land data and land
data processing. As a software package, it provides functionality for collecting, processing and
disseminating social tenure information, amongst others.
In this paper a structured approach or strategy toward implementation of STDM at country level
is presented. The involvement of land professionals in such implementation projects is essential.
The provision of a proper alignment mechanism of STDM capabilities with the specific
requirements of land professionals is central to this paper. Hendersons’s Business and IT
Alignment Model has been used as a the analytical framework for this alignment report. It has
been tailored to cover the specific parties involved in the alignment process and the required
linking and fitting processes. The parties involved include the stakeholders to successful
implementation of STDM, the land professional categories involved on country level
implementation projects, the end-users categories, the STDM Governing (or coordination) and
Support entities and the IT services and products industry. The STDM concept and software
package have been validated at strategic level and operational level by field projects and
software review and testing. The test results have confirmed the level maturity of the tool, while
providing valuable guidance for further improvement of the concept.
The field projects also provide important clues toward factors that accommodate and drive
country level implementations and those that work against it, requiring special attention. Based
on these findings and discussions in workshops, and against the background of international land
administration trends and technological innovations, three implementation scenarios have been
identified for successfully involving land professionals in country level STDM implementation
projects.
These projects will be dependent on the quality and capabilities of STDM as a concept and as
software solution. They must tailor their STDM version to the specific needs of the project, and
make sure it remains so during the run of the project. This requires proper guidance, support and
training. An STDM Advisory Committee is therefore established, to ensure its’ capabilities
remain lined up with evolving project needs. This requires a proper strategy, a proposal for
which is provided in this paper. Equally, an STDM support organisation or entity is proposed to
support STDM end-users.
1. INTRODUCTION
STDM is aimed at providing low-income groups with an affordable and intuitive tool for
creating and managing their own social tenure-based land records and to support the
implementation of the continuum of land rights approach. These social tenure-based land records
will complement formal land administration records already in existence, and have the potential
to be enriched, linked and integrated into formal systems depending on the land information
purposes and needs as they evolve at country level.
The STDM tool primarily aims to strengthen the position of economically marginalised groups
and individuals in the increased competition for scarce land resources. The STDM Version 0.9.5
software package has been released as a beta version for assessment and pilot testing in close
cooperation with FIG. The current version, STDM 1.0, was released as an open source solution
in June 2014. As a matured land tool STDM holds great potential for improving livelihoods by
providing poor and marginalised communities with a tool that enables them to literally put
themselves on the map, increasing their political leverage, and showcasing their potential as an
important and relevant local economic entity. To fully exploit this potential, a strategy for
further implementation of the STDM tool was developed in 2014. The key features of this
proposed strategy (referred to as ‘the implementation strategy’) are presented in this paper.
The paper will attempt to respond to the following questions: How can the concept and qualities
of STDM be communicated and how can it inspire land professionals to adopt and apply it as an
instrument for improving tenure security and driving economic development? What objectives
are realistic when applying STDM? What factors provide traction to these projects and which
ones need proper management attention as they may negatively impact these efforts? Who may
act as potential agents of change, improving and upgrading land information available to
individuals, communities and public administration? This proposed STDM implementation
strategy will integrate many relevant aspects, including the political, technical, ethical,
organisational, communication, education, economic, legal, social angles.
In its essence, this paper proposes to initially position STDM as an ‘open source community
mapping tool’, an instrument for mapping by the people, for the people, and expand the field of
application further as demands and opportunities arise. The term ‘community’ actually has three
meanings or references here:
Firstly, it refers to the participative nature of land data-collecting.
Secondly, it refers to the bottom-up initiatives towards improving tenure security, service
planning and economic development.
Thirdly, it refers to the subject of the data itself, a community as a social entity and its’
relationship with land. Such a label communicates group self-reliance and initiative, without the
risk of possibly antagonizing other sections of society, lawmakers, public administration or land
professionals.
Implementation of STDM may take place following bottom-up (initiated at grassroots level, topdown (initiated by entities with formal land administration responsibilities) or horizontal or
mixed scenarios (combined efforts by stakeholder alliances).
As a world class open source community mapping tool, STDM must provide the functionalities
required. These must evolve over time, with new data collection and dissemination technologies
emerging (such as UAV imagery sourced data, or crowd-sourced geo-data using smartphones)
that may be adopted to enhance STDM’s efficiency and effectiveness, and new data quality
insights (fit-for-purpose, interoperability). STDM must also provide functionality to tailor the
system to suit its’ context without heavy reliance on services from software developers. It
should also provide a level of functional differentiation toward specialised (professional) or basic
level user (grassroots) audiences.
Generic requirements such as affordability, stability, scalability, user-friendly interactions, ease
of installing, managing and operating will also evolve as STDM data is shared across wider
circles in society and government, transforming from the current single user locally owned
solution into networked, integrated or distributed, mission critical land information. These
requirements evolve at generic and specific levels with the defined purpose of the data to be
collected and the land information to be disseminated using STDM. To define the purpose of the
land information and to specify the matching requirements is an important new field of
responsibility for land professionals involved.
STDM’s functionality requirements must be properly monitored and followed up by a governing
or coordinating entity, tasked with advocating STDM’s potential, but also assessing field
performance, publishing best practices, answering frequently asked questions (FAQ’s), and
identifying and addressing root causes of existing software problems.
Facilitating and accommodating capacity building is another important responsibility of the
governing or coordinating entity. This involves developing documentation, training materials and
sample data targeting different segments of the user audience (i.e. professional and basic levels,
and for specific application areas such as enumeration).
With proper advocacy, good governance and supported by competent entities, optimal
conditions will be created for bringing the benefits of good, equitable land administration to all
those living outside the current domains of formal land administration.
The strategy was developed analysing the content of a wide range of publications on the subjects
of participative land administration and the continuum of land rights, and is based on the
outcome of workshop discussions, on consultations with professionals in authority and staff
involved in development and support and usage of STDM, on interviews with persons
representing institutes involved in piloting STDM and with staff representing the GLTN
membership base, as well as guidance from staff representing UN-Habitat GLTN Secretariat.
This STDM implementation strategy is a synthesis of the material thus collected including the
consultations made. land professionals targeted in this Strategy are to be provided with
implementation scenarios that make proper business sense. Amongst these scenarios may be
urban or rural census-type data collection, services requirements surveys, post-disaster or postconflict land management, land use planning, customary land management, resettlement efforts
or strengthening communities in the face of large-scale land acquisitions. The qualities and
potential for successful application of the STDM as a land information tool fitting the intended
scenario should be evident when compared to other alternatives.
2. STDM and GLTN
The Land and the Global Land Tool Network (GLTN) Unit, located within the United Nations
Human Settlements Programme’s (UN-Habitat) Urban Legislation, Land and Governance
Branch, has the mandate to develop, test and disseminate pro-poor and gender responsive
approaches concerning urban land, innovative residential tenures, affordable land management
and land administration systems, land-related regulatory/legal frameworks and tools.
The GLTN’s overall objective is: “Poverty reduction and sustainable development through
promoting secure land and property rights for all”.
The immediate objective of the GLTN is “the development and adoption of pro-poor and gender
sensitive land tools and approaches and promotion of the continuum of land rights approach”.
The core themes on which the GLTN focuses are:
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Access to land and land tenure security
Land policy and legislation
Land management and planning
Land administration and information
Land-based financing
3. CONCEPTUAL REVIEW OF STDM
STDM is a tool for recording people-land relations, using modern technology and participative
data collection methods. It aims to provide increased levels of tenure security, public awareness
and land use planning information for communities not provided with any formal type of land
administration (LA).
STDM is the tool for implementation of the Continuum of Land Rights concept. STDM as a
domain model provides the IT industry with a standard for software development in the social
tenure domain. This way, it provides reference and guidance to all parties providing IT products
and services that are linked to community land information. STDM was conceived as a
participative, affordable and flexible tool for collecting and processing land information. It is
also the embodiment of a vision that aims to strengthen the position of vulnerable individuals
and communities in the competition for scarce land resources.
STDM is a solution that requires customization to suit a specific implementation. STDM can be
implemented with three different levels of customization. First, the STDM standard version can
be implemented, in the version that will be provided to the public as the official release.
Secondly it can be implemented as a pre-customized version of the standard release, optimized
for a specific type of scenario. Thirdly it can be implemented in a fully customized version,
closely fitting the requirements of a specific project.
The Governing or Coordinating Organization is seen as linking the vision and concept aspects
(the what) and the technical implementation of these aspects (the how). The Support
Organization will provide the essential link between the technical infrastructure and the endusers in the implementation projects. The governing entity could initially be a committee manned
by a GLTN members representation, covering at least the geodetic-, IT-, legal-, socialeconomic- and cultural aspects of STDM software and its’ functionality. An STDM Technical
Advisory Committee was installed at the 2014 FIG Conference in Kuala Lumpur. This paper
aims to identify implementation opportunities forSTDM, focusing on country level
implementation and primarily aiming at land professionals. Generally speaking, a stakeholder to
STDM implementation would be any person or group seeking to strengthen tenure security and
organize some form of acceptance and application of the people-land relationships registered in
STDM. These must be inspired to match their land information needs against the potential of
STDM, against the backgrounds and context of the needs of the local communities, within the
existing political settings, with regard to the cultural specifics, the existing livelihoods and the
potential for improvement.
These professionals must be informed about the specifics and potential of STDM as a suitable
tool for quickly providing communities with land data to suit their purposes, without need for
initial investments or extensive training. This will require a new mind-set from the land
professional community, as they are usually waiting for top-down initiatives and budgets to
become a reality. To aid this rethinking process, this report provides potential implementation
participants with information on pilot projects, implementation scenarios, best practices, possible
pitfalls, and implementation opportunities, as well as a checklist for an implementation plan.
Scaling up is essential for leveraging the potential for improved tenure security provided by
STDM. One of the advantages of scaling up would be increased efficiency and faster service
delivery to interest groups. The main challenge will be how to deal with the increased level of
responsibility that comes with up-scaled investment of resources when using this tool. Another
challenge will be posed by parties fearing unwanted impact on their perceived land-rights, and
on the associated decrease in economic and political power.
Opportunities will arise with proper ‘marketing’, stressing STDMs qualities for quick and
efficient people-to-land relations data collection , creating a positive public opinion impact,
instilling a sense of urgency amongst decision makers, as well as facilitating proper public
administration and government decision-making (‘governments need good information for good
governance’), rather than positioning STDM as the poor man’s alternative to a real Cadastre,
something which professionals will stress that it is not, anyway.
It is reasonable to expect that potential stakeholders to STDM information will support GLTN in
testing, development and implementation of the tool. Amongst them city planners, economists,
potential entrepreneurs, public security specialists (police, fire department, medical, disaster
managers), census specialists. It is important to analyse the two main application fields of the
STDM data: tenure security and economic development, and identify the stakeholders categories
to the information that STDM provides.
STDM is an excellent land tool that has reached the crucial stage of its first large-scale
implementation. It deserves to be implemented in a properly governed, well-planned and
controlled way, in order to manage expectations, maximize its potential and avoid unnecessary
disappointments.
4. METHODOLOGY
This paper applies the Business and IT Alignment Model (1990, JC Henderson et al) as a
framework for analysis, identifying responsibilities and assigning tasks to all parties involved. As
a generic tool, the alignment model can be applied at several levels: at global level, country
level, at sector level or at business and at individual project level. Tailored to the context and
analytical needs for this report, the STDM Capabilities and Country Level Project Requirements
alignment model looks like this:
Thus configured, the alignment model provides us with the specific parties, actors, roles,
responsibilities, activities and processes with regard to the alignment process. It provides us with
the logical framework to answer the questions regarding the implementation strategy for STDM:
its systematic rollout, development prioritisation, support mobilisation, sustained operations and
capacity development.
Extensive use was made of the results of the peer review that took place under FIG auspices
during the first months of 2014. This review wase carried out on the STDM 0.95 version, and
were specifically aimed at improving user acceptance and solution quality. The findings were
applied to the STDM 1.0 version, which was released to the general public in June, 2014.
Five pilot projects using STDM were completed or on-going at the time of writing this paper. All
information relating to the projects was made available by UN Habitat/GLTN, its implementing
partners or from public sources has been analysed. The Mbale project participants were visited
and interviewed onsite, to acquire an independent and direct verification of the available reports.
The outcomes of the pilot projects and STDM software testing have provided valuable
information for validation of the practical application of STDM against the original vision,
concept, model and software. This effectively provides us with a baseline for further
development, application and implementation of STDM.
Following the Alignment Model, the parties involved in the alignment process are:
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The stakeholders to the pro-poor land recordation process. The land professional
categories participating in country level implementation projects.
 The end-user categories inside a specific country level implementation project The
Products and Services Providers active on the ICT market.
 The STDM Governing Entity. The STDM Supporting Entity.
Following the Alignment Model, the processes involved in the alignment process are:
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The process of fitting the pro-poor LR stakeholder interests to the needs of land
professionals participating in a country level implementation project.
The process of fitting the needs of participating land professionals to the services and
data provided by the country level implementation project. The process of linking the
participating land professional requirements with STDM capabilities at strategic level.
The process of linking the project end-user requirements to STDM operational
capabilities. The process of fitting STDM capabilities to the products, services and
innovations available and emerge on the ICT market.
The process of fitting the STDM strategy at governance level to STDM support at
operational level.
5. STAKEHOLDER ANALYSIS
For the GLTN Partners, UN Habitat and the global land administration community STDM
represents an essential instrument for implementing inclusive land administration, based on the
concept of the ‘Continuum of Land rights approach..
For citizens, poor individuals and marginalised groups STDM is a means of -quite literallyacquiring a place on the map, by recording factual information on their land tenure. This must
strengthen their position in the increased competition for scarce land resources, helping them to
improve their security of tenure, to acquire better services and to be included into economic
development opportunities.
For land professionals, both inside and outside governments or public administrations, STDM is
an information source for reliable, factual information on land tenure relationships,
complementary to the existing formal registration systems. In such areas as land governance,
public administration, land use planning, city planning, economic development, infrastructure
management, services planning, public security and disaster management, the interests of both de
facto and de jure owners will be included and considered in a more balanced way .
For the information technology experts STDM is a domain model, providing a standard for
modelling data and processes in the social tenure domain. It is formatted as a domain model
diagram conforming to Unified Modelling Language (UML) conventions. Software developers
may use this standard for creating information systems that are essentially interoperable and thus
improve the potential for information sharing, distributing, exchanging, and combining land
information.
For end-users, STDM is a software package that is affordable, flexible, scalable, fast and easy-touse, as well as safe, secure, and reliable. It must be applicable for all tenure circumstances, on
all locations required. It must integrate or combine with existing land information systems, and
ideally fulfil the information needs of all professionals involved.
For the STDM application governance and support organisation it is a land tool that must be
properly managed, maintained, improved, extended, supported and advocated, to obtain the
maximal benefit for all stakeholders to inclusive land information.
6. THE ENDUSERS
Any country level LR implementation project using STDM as a model and tool for data
collection, processing and dissemination will require information needs specification, data
structure and definition design, data collection procedure design, STDM configuration or
customisation, infrastructure implementation, documentation and end-user training. These are
activities that require a level of technical skills and competences and support from the STDM
support entity. A practical balance must be struck for end-user skills available and expectations
toward support entity service provision. The design of STDM capabilities and its match with
user groups requirements is essential for keeping support need to an acceptable minimum.
The following end-user types and corresponding requirements types can be distinguished.
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Project Manager (reports, planning)
Planner (metrics, reports)
Surveyor (spatial unit geometry, party and party-to-spatial unit relationship information)
Administrator (party and party-to-spatial unit relationship information)
Acceptant, quality management official (quality audit)
Procedure designer (process and system interaction design)
Database designer (data structure, data definition and report design)
System manager (security, account and system administration)
Database user (data collection, data inputs, basic analysis)
7. ICT SERVICES & PRODUCTS PROVIDER
Information and communication technology advances at a phenomenal rate. Technology for
collecting, processing and sharing information has become widely available and open data and
open software has revolutionised traditional business models for government and private
enterprise. These developments are highly relevant to the development and implementation
scenarios of STDM, especially regarding the conceptual, modelling and software aspects.
Emerging technologies and facilities are listed below:
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Sensor products and services providers (UAV imagery, Smartphone)
Network products and services providers (Ethernet, internet, 3G, 4G)
Hardware products and services providers (Tablets, Smartphones, PC’s)
Software products and services developers (GIS, Administrative, Reporting)
Storage products and services providers (data centres, cloud services)
Data providers (open or closed) (Google Earth and Google Maps, Street View, Satellite
imagery, (real) orthophotos)
GNSS producst and service providers (GPS)
Specific topics relating to ICT developments and STDM capabilities are listed below:
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8.
The emergence of UAV’s (Unmanned Aerial Vehicle) as platforms for collecting
imagery and software for image-based modelling holds great potential as STDM data
source.
The increased availability of SMS-services coverage, social media and open source
geo-data provide interesting new opportunities for collecting information on land-related
activities.
Web-technologies, open source geo-data and cloud technology provide accessible
facilities for storing and combining social tenure data on all levels of collection and
usage.
The increased acceptance and adoption of LADM as a standard by the private sector
providing spatial data solutions will present new opportunities to integrate and link
STDM with market sourced components.
STDM GOVERNANCE ENTITY AND FIT FOR PURPOSE LA
Mid 2014 the STDM Advisory Board was installed at an initial meeting in Kuala Lumpur. As
such, it will act as the initial STDM governance entity, tasked with management of the
capabilities of STDM at strategic level.
An important new approach to the design and operation of pro-poor land administrations has
emerged through application of the fit-for-purpose concept on land administration methods. This
approach addresses the high cost and long implementation timeframes associated with
application of formal land administration systems rooted in the colonial era needs and methods.
These formal land administration systems do not comply with modern pro-poor land
administration needs, as they are too slow, expensive and cumbersome, and are mainly serving
the needs of the landowning classes and those whose interests lie in large-scale land acquisitions
to be effected smoothly and unopposed by conflicting interests or rights.
The fit-for-purpose concept requires pro-poor land administration systems to be more flexible in
application, more inclusive in scope, more participatory in approach and more affordable
financially, while being reliable, quickly attainable and upgradeable compared to existing formal
systems.
In practical terms this means using general boundaries rather than fixed ones, collecting data
through aerial imageries rather than through field surveys, applying purpose-related accuracy and
providing opportunities for updating, upgrading and improving wherever and whenever deemed
necessary (FIG Publication Nr 60, ‘Fit-For-Purpose Land Administration’).
How can this alignment between the fit for purpose concept and the STDM tool be made?
Embracing this approach in the context of the STDM tool implies that it is necessary to be
specific in what the purpose of the collected data actually is, in short, middle and long term
usage scenarios, and that STDM must be designed in such a way that it can accommodate such
scenarios.
Specifying the information needs of the land professionals and end-users involved and tailoring a
specific STDM implementation to these needs is a task that requires the services of specialised
land professionals. Such professionals must have adequate understanding of the wide range of
system aspects involved and the ability to make proper decisions on the design. Such decisions
include a full description of
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the purpose (of the information products)
the type of geometry to be captured (points/lines, general, fixed, usage, cadastral, or
juridical boundaries, geometric data quality),
the methods procedures to be applied
the data formats to be captured (coordinates, voice, text image)
the data structure, definitions and quality,
the tools to be used (for collection, processing and dissemination),
the rules to conform to (legal, social, cultural, business, privacy, copyright, liability),
the standards to be applied (global, best practices, industry, LADM), procedures (initial,
maintenance, upgrades),
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the access to be controlled (rules, report, anonymous, identified), dissemination: (sharing,
push, pull),
the meta-information to be provided (information on the system design and the
accommodated data)
the information product design (being fit for the purposes as identified: speed, cost,
information access and quality).
To support the process of matching the configuration of STDM with the purpose of the land
recordation the concept of STDM configuration sliders has been proposed. This concept
identifies the dimensions along which STDM may be configured to suit the purpose:
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Parties: ranging from individual to group
Land rights: ranging from informal to formal
Spatial units: ranging from incomplete reference to complete reference
Acquisition methods: ranging from lessaccurate to more accurate reference
Land recordation: ranging from less complex to more complex
By setting the sliders to the values, STDM is properly configured to suit its purpose, and can be
adapted by resetting one or more sliders. The slider panel looks similar to those found on
graphical equalisers in audio systems. As guidance for configuration the slider concept seems
very useful; however it has not been implemented as functionality yet.
Combining Land Administration data collected using STDM software requires some form of
integration with formal land administration systems already existing at Municipal level, Regional
level, National level, and, possibly, International level. The presentation of STDM data in one
integrated environment with formal land administration data will provide both public
administration and private land professionals with excellent new information relevant for all
fields of application of land administration paradigm, including land tenure, value, use and
development and land markets. This new information will drive efficient land markets and
effective land use management.
However, this requires STDM sourced data to be reliable (well maintained) and complying with
data definitions, structures and matching general quality requirements; intended purpose, and as
described in the design of the system. This is of course also true for the quality of the data it is
being combined with. Many formal land administrations lag behind when representing factual
and legal land data, and may be based on concepts, methods and technology inferior to STDM.
Also it introduces new crosscutting issues such as data security and privacy, as well as data
availability, liability and possibly copyright. It must be realised that STDM, in its current form,
is in essence a single user system, even when operated by more than one end-user, and on a
client in a network. .
Deploying STDM inside new contexts usually requires some form of localisation or
customisation of the tool. A specific example of such customisation is the usage of STDM for
slum profiling, enumeration and upgrade as piloted in Mbale municipality in Uganda. This
requires questionnaires to be designed, adaptation of the STDM database to accommodate the
questionnaire data, and general localisation to be carried out. This requires the services of land
professionals and software engineers to analyse the new requirements, design the additional
functionalities and the database adaptation, and to carry out testing, training and documentation
activities. This process of aligning the purpose of the land data with the qualities of the specific
STDM implementation is definitely not unique for STDM. When considering how to support
global level, country level or project level customizations decisions must be made on how
STDM can be tailored to the purposes defined. Roughly three approaches exist:
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Provide a global solution with excellent customization flexibility (the ‘sliders’ setup)
Provide specialised pre-optimised versions, minimising customisation needs
Provide a global solution but leaving the customisation to specialists to tailoring the
global solution to project needs
Deploying STDM for new application scenarios requires careful study of the new processes to
be supported and the impact on the database structure. Extended features may be required both in
the field of system interaction and data structure, software may have to be adapted and these
adaptations must be tested and documented.
9. LADM AND STDM
On December 01st, 2012, the Land Administration Domain Model (LADM) was accepted as
International Standard ISO 19152. LADM represents a systematic approach to modelling the
data and processes in the land administration domain, based on inputs of experts worldwide, and
validated against a wide spectrum of legal- and social tenure frameworks. It is technically based
on the concepts of object oriented (OO) approach to system development, and it uses the
associated Unified Modelling Language UML. It can therefore be considered as modern, stateof-the art as well as flexible tool complying with global standards and -best practices.
LADM was defined in such a way, that it includes such concepts as the Social Tenure Domain
Model (STDM) and the Continuum of Land Rights. The STDM model may be considered as a
subset of LADM covering people-to-land relationships information for use by communities, land
professionals and all public administration levels.
LADM and STDM use partly identical class names, while some have aliases. Some LADM class
names remain unused in STDM. Special attention is required for the ‘Right’-class in LADM and
the corresponding ‘STDM Relationship’-class in STDM to prevent confusion amongst users and
stakeholders. The ‘Right’-class definition conforms to the ISO 19132 standard definition of
‘Right’:
‘an action, activity or class of activities that a system participant may perform on or using an
associated resource’.
In simple terms this means that the right is dependent on the system that a party or partymember participates in. This could be the legal system of a specific country or a social tenure
system in a culture, settlement or region. This definition is extremely important as it links the
concept of right with the participation in a contextual system. To make sure that rights
information in an STDM data set is properly linked to its associated (value, culture, social,
custom and/or legal) system, and no misunderstanding can arise regarding the purpose and
meaning of the rights data content it is important for the domain model to accommodate this type
of meta-information
An important role of the domain model is to provide a reference standard for software modellers
and developers. STDM may be used for this purpose by professional software developers to
speed up their work or improve system interoperability.
Technically, domain models describe data structures optimised for use in a specific type of
information system. In this case, the data in LADM support the information processes in a
formal land administration domain. As such, the model covers information on persons, parties,
administrative units, survey, rights relationships and administrative documents. In STDM,
administrative objects (such as parcels) may be simpler in concept (like for instance a point
instead of a parcel boundary polygon), and rights relationships and administrative documents (as
proof or as transactional information) may be more diverse.
A domain model describes the fixed elements of an information system, as opposed to the
content of an information system that may be added, changed or deleted.
Both LADM and STDM have been developed using inputs from experts worldwide (please refer
to relevant publications in the reference list), and have been validated against a wide spectrum of
existing legal- and social tenure frameworks. These models are provided to act as reference
material and standards for those professionals responsible for implementing land administration
systems, as well as for improving and perfecting these systems.
In addition to this, the domain models serve as a standard amongst land administration software
developers. It helps to create favourable conditions for introduction of distributed systems. This
provides better support to land management processes, without the usual burdens of high cost for
complete system redesign or forcing businesses to reorganise their processes and scope of
responsibilities.
LADM is an international ISO standard. As with any standard, it serves the need for creating
interoperability of system components. In this context, the term ‘interoperability’ can be defined
as ‘the ability to combine data, information or processes.
Standards have been implemented across the world for industrial products since the start of the
twentieth century. Conformance to standards is universally expected as an essential and normal
characteristic of industrial products. This is not so much the case for IT components. Although at
hardware level standards are well established (electric power, interfaces, communication
protocols), at software development level this is much less so.
Applying standards in software development brings several benefits in terms of improved
efficiency, quality and reduced timeframe and cost to the stakeholder community. Please refer to
Annex 3 for details on the benefits of standardisation in system development. In addition to these
benefits, stakeholders may enjoy improved system integration potential, enhancing system
interoperability features as well as accommodating distributed databases. These in turn will
provide the stakeholders with improved organisational and logistic flexibility.
As with introducing any standard, compliance is essential, and this must be considered as an
investment that will pay off for both software service providers as well as client organisations.
Adopting LADM as a new standard will increase the quality, affordability and manageability of
land administration systems substantially, providing specialised- and flexible tools to fit evolving
needs. These systems will improve the quality of service for those who need it, as well as
improve the quality of decision making by those who manage it.
These investments require implementation of a long term vision amongst all decision makers
involved. Ultimately, the benefits for the land administration sector and its’ beneficiaries will be
substantial.
10. STDM SUPPORT ENTITY
When country level implementation projects adopt STDM as their main tool for implementing
land recordation (LR) they have expectations with relation to its capabilities. As with any
product some form of user support and user services must be made available. This part describes
the responsibilities and tasks of the entity that provides this service. At the moment the STDM
back-office provides this service, through their website as a single point of contact and means of
communication.
Users of a complex product used in a complex situation such as STDM require proper support.
Apart from software with the required qualities, these users need the following support services:



A helpdesk
Provide incident, problem and change management
A set of documentation and manuals, instructions






Implementation support
Documents on best practices
Frequently asked questions resource
Patches and upgrades service
Proper version management
Website and web-care
To ensure the right qualities to the end-user, the support entity must prepare, test and publish
STDM Version 1.1




address known defects
address known issues
address preventive maintenance needs
address perfective maintenance needs
For developers interested in implementing, adapting and extending STDM a baseline
documentation set for STDM 1.0 should be provided by the support entity:




Manuals for installing, operating training and supporting STDM
STDM Domain Model
STDM Component List
STDM development environment and associated tools
The STDM Support entity will make sure the operational level alignment with project end-user
needs will be well addressed as well as ensure proper alignment with the strategic planning of the
governing entity.
11. STRATEGIC LEVEL ALIGNMENT
Strategic level alignment between country level implementation project requirements and STDM
capabilities coincides well with the visionary, conceptual and model level qualities of STDM.
The operational level alignment covers STDM in its software package quality. Both alignment
levels have been put to the test in five STDM pilot projects and end-user and swot evaluation of
the software package.
Several implementations of STDM have been tested in fieldprojects. The results have serve as a
first indication of the validity of the concept, the usability of the information, the practicality of
the functionality, the availability of the skill levels, the stakeholder roles involved and the
overall effectiveness of the tool and the project. Many important conclusions may be derived
from these projects regarding implementation and support strategies. In this Chapter the five
pilot projects are presented in a concise format and analysed from the following perspectives:

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Project objectives
STDM configuration used
Areas, quantities and timeframes covered
Tenure types covered
Stakeholder involvement types
Facilitating and accommodating factors
Challenges and risk factors
modern capacity building methods and tools
The project objectives can be split into primary, mid-term and long-term objectives. STDM
usually covers the primary objectives (information collection) and the secondary (sensitisation,
skills, tenure security improved). Longer term results are only obtained when adequate funding is
available for follow-up (Mbale) or hoped for state sponsored regularisation (Haiti) or city
upgrade activities take place (Nairobi, Mombasa)
Objectives: The project objectives can be split into primary, mid-term and long-term objectives.
STDM usually covers the primary objectives (information collection) and the secondary
(sensitisation, skills, tenure security improved). Longer term results are only obtained when
adequate funding is available for follow-up (Mbale) or hoped for state sponsored regularisation
(Eastern Caribbean) or city upgrade activities take place (Nairobi, Mombasa Kenya)
Project Objectives
Project
Contacts
Primary
Objectives
Mid term
Objectives
Long term
Objectives
STDM Pilot
Implementatio
n in Mbale,
Uganda
Semanda Twaka Bin Musa
musasemanda417@gmail.co
m, Daniel Woniala
danielw749@gmail.com,
Gertrude Kizubo
+256783929578,
Land
information
requirements
of persons
living in slum
communities
addressed
Sensitised
communities,
Trained staff,
customised
STDM, land
tenure and
service
requirements
data set
captured,
validated and
available
Systemic
changes in
service
delivery, city
management,
urban
planning,
policy
frameworks
Implemented
STDM Pilot
Implementatio
n in Soacha,
Colombia
Mrs Brenda Perez Castro
bperez@hphcolombia.org
key
community
actors and
institutions
sensitised;
settlement and
household data
collected,
systematised
and analysed;
STDM
knowledge and
capacities
transferred to
community;
adaptation,
usage and
scaling up
contributed
Land tenure
insecurity
addressed;
poor housing
and living
conditions
addressed;
poor or nonexistent
public
facilities
addressed
Neighbourhoo
d upgraded
STDM
Community
Driven
Enumeration
Technology
Implementatio
n in
Kalangala
District
Block,
Uganda
John Gitau, IFAD
supported projects
Farmers, farms
productivity
and tenure
status spatially
mapped
Land
disputes
reduced, land
tenure
security
improved,
targeted
intervention
planned
Tenure
security
improved
STDM Pilot
on Haiti and
Eastern
Carribean
Dr Charisse Griffith
Charles Asad Mohamed
Sunil Lalloo
State
governance
responsibilities
served with
reliable data
on land usage
and legitimacy
of land rights.
Accepted,
legitimate
status quo
recorded
using STDM
Land issues
reduced in
OECS
STDM
Piloting in
Nairobi and
Mombasa,
Kenya
Dr Steve Ouma, Executive
Director, Pamoja Trust,
+254-20-3871504 or +25172-0896025
souma@pamojatrust.org
Customised
STDM that
can easily be
used in
informal
settlements in
Kenya and
Improved
awareness
and
comprehensio
n of STDM
concept,
capabilities
among land
sector
stakeholders in
Kenya and
beyond
Community
member
trained for
use and
demonstratio
n of STDM,
STDM
demonstrate
d to informal
settlements,
experiences,
innovations
and lessons
documented
and shared,
broader
land sector
stakeholders
made aware
and
sensitised,
confidence
to share
experience
broader and
internationall
y
STDM tool
or STDM
Data to be
usable as
input or
tooling for
official
settlement
upgrading
and planning
activities
within Kenyan
Informal
Settlement
Improvement
Project
(KISIP) and
Relocation
Action Plans
(RAP)
New toilet facilities in Mbale: an excellent result from the efforts and support of the Mbale
branch of the Slum Dwellers Federation of Uganda using STDM
Configurations: Only one pilot project used the client-server networked configuration
(Colombia), all others used stand-alone configurations. For three out of five projects the standard
version of STDM was customised to suit the specific needs of the project.
Quantities and timeframes: In total it is estimated that more than 11,000 households have been
recorded using STDM in various projects which were done primarily by the community
members with technical support from NGOs, government and UN-Habitat/GLTN.
Tenure types: The reports show a wide variety of tenure rights covered. These tenure
relationships include possession, informal occupation ownership, rental tenures, customary,
family land, etc. The relationships between the formal landowner and the actual land tenants can
be characterized as neutral to benevolent. The same was true for the attitude of the government
towards the land recordation projects.
Stakeholders: All projects show a wide range of stakeholders and participants, representing
local communities, national and local government authorities, international organizations and
NGOs. Such stakeholders are categorized in terms of their various roles like implementers,
facilitators, supporters, etc.
Push factors: Facilitating and accommodating factors were various and can be categorised as
project level, political, legal economic, financial and various. The predominant pattern is that
facilitating factors are equally distributed, indicating excellent preparation, communication and
design of the individual projects.
Challenges and risks: Most challenges and risk factors are related to the complexities of
managing and coordinating all stakeholders and participants involved on one hand and fears,
mistrust, absenteeism and disinterest amongst the potential beneficiaries and identified local
stakeholders. Also, LR projects generate attention from outside parties seeking (unplanned)
benefits from the project.
12. OPERATIONAL LEVEL ALIGNMENT
Strategic level alignment between country level implementation project requirements and STDM
capabilities coincides well with the visionary, conceptual and model level qualities of STDM.
The operational level alignment covers STDM in its software package quality. Both alignment
levels have been put to the test in five STDM projects and end-user and SWOT analysis of the
software package.
At the time of officially presenting STDM 1.0 for use as an open source software package
available to the general public, FIG published the Review of STDM Phase II report. In this
document the findings of test users and pilot implementations were discussed and evaluated,
providing important guidance to this strategy.
Key highlights emerging from the review:

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

The dichotomy between informal and the formal must be addressed, for STDM to be
accepted more widely and to be more useful in securing land and property rights.
Focus must be on the STDM’s institutional and legal aspects, which could provide for the
incremental recognition of informal rights on the continuum of land rights by relevant
authorities.
The development of the STDM and context specific customization must be accelerated
through releasing of the source code where commercial software providers can have
complimentary tasks.
The successful implementation of STDM in projects as an initiative to support pro-poor
land administration must be leveraged to the full and engagement with governments and
their institutions to integrate the STDM into formal land administration systems must be
facilitated thus maximising the use and relevance of STDM.
For more information on the FIG review, please see:
http://www.fig.net/pub/figpub/stdm_review/STDM_screen.pdf
13. SYSTEMATIC ROLLOUT IMPLEMENTATION
Though conditions vary in each individual country, three scenarios have emerged from the pilot
projects, and reports on comparable efforts. These can be characterised as bottom up, top down
or horizontal scenarios. Three other scenario types exist as a matter of logic: the LR
implementation project; the maintenance process that must follow it, in case permanent LR
information is required; and maintenance, upgrade, expansion and integration. It depends on
local conditions and opportunities what scenario is appropriate. As the projects show, it is
important to involve an optimal mix of parties that, in their respective project or process roles act
as the true drivers of change, especially in the initial conception, planning and design phases of
the project.
Land professionals in a ‘top down’ implementation scenario
In a top-down scenario central or local government organisations take the lead, driven by the
need to fulfil their traditional government responsibilities providing an administrative basis for
tenure security, taxation,land use planning and other purposes. As a true LA administration is
non-available, LR approaches can be applied to expedite the building and maintenance of LRtype administrative data sets. In the longer run these can upgraded to LA standards. The very
nature of such an approach minimizes the risk of antagonising possible formal land right owners
(most of the time it will involve state- or municipality-owned land) and of creating legal
misconceptions.
Another driver for the implementation of the top-down scenario could be the urge to start up a
pre-regularisation process with the objective to set up a de-facto status quo administration.
Essentially this is an LA administrative snapshot to accommodate the process of adverse
possession (or other legal instruments that will provide tenants with full ownership in the long
run).
The top-down scenario allows mixed sponsorships by the government organisations themselves
and NGOs. The LR land professional capacity that is required can be obtained from universities
and polytechnics or through a training programme implemented by existing LA professional
organisations, depending on the lead time and financial resources available and the scale of the
project.
Land professionals in a ‘bottom up’ implementation scenario
True ‘bottom up’ scenarios usually emerge in the context of city upgrading or even in post crisis
situations. In contrast with the top-down scenario, national or local government has not been able
or willing to pick up their traditional responsibilities in the fields of providing tenure security,
taxation and land use planning. This is often the case in informal settlements or slum areas. As
no public means are available for carrying out these tasks, no administrative data sets are created
that would support taking up these responsibilities. In a bottom up scenario this data is collected
by participative methods, with the purpose of creating community self-reliance in the fields of
tenure security, settlements upgrading, and planning, and to put themselves, their needs and their
potential as an economically relevant entity literally on the map. This serves the purpose of
strengthening their position in the competition for land and social equity.
Such strengthening is especially important in relation to what is commonly referred to as landgrabbing. This applies when local livelihoods are threatened by changes in formal ownership
with the purpose of changing the economic landscape without regard to existing local livelihoods
and existing rights. Though these property rights were usually acquired, the objective and
process may be illegitimate, a fact that can be proven by timely collecting relevant LR data.
The initiators and sponsors of the bottom-up approach are usually local organisations supported
by NGOs. Limited or no use is made of LA professional, and LR professionals are trained adhoc. Bottom-up datasets can be shared with such organisations as municipality and the
government to contribute to the quality of land use and economic planning; and country-level
and local level statistical data. Beyond that, maintenance and upgrade scenarios can be planned
and implemented, depending on purpose and the measure of change that has taken place.
Land professionals in a ‘horizontal’ implementation scenario
In a horizontal scenario the main driver is the need to develop a reliable administrative basis for
economic development in a specific area. As economic growth requires proper conditions such
as social stability, trust and willingness to invest, it is essential to provide a reliable form of land
recordation. LA professionals can contribute to this process, realising that such a process will
facilitate an upward economical spiral, ultimately creating a ‘bigger LA cake’ for all to enjoy.
The process starts with an LR approach, transforming into an LA standard administration as its
purpose evolves over time.
Private sector parties operating in the area will recognize the economic potential of the area and
the need to provide a solid administrative basis for land-related activities. Land professionals
working in an LA context take the initiative for project formulation. They do this realising they
can extend their relevance to LR contexts by adopting and training their LR equivalents. In this
way, the ‘cake’ gets bigger allowing businesses to grow and flourish far into the future. It all
makes perfect business sense.
Land professionals working in ‘conventional’ land registrations environments must realise they
can play an important role in creating the right LR professional capacity in the ‘pro-poor’ land
recording environments.. In simple terms, existing LA professionals may ‘adopt’ groups of
individuals with the potential to be trained as LR professionals.
The LA professionals must be provided with proper funding and a long term outlook towards
sharing LA and LR tasks with the LR professionals. Initial LR data collection implies follow up
LR data maintenance, upgrade, expansion and integration projects and processes. This will
generate new business for LA professionals in the long term, as it requires expert knowledge to
manage these phases of LR.
Implementation scenarios and change agents
In the previous paragraph three implementation scenarios and their respective drivers have been
identified and described, as well as land professionals and possible involvement types. For a
structured approach towards implementing STDM in country level projects, one needs to analyse
potential land professional roles inside such projects. These roles and involvement types are
represented in the table on the next page. Highlighted in light blue are roles that may constitute
the change agents that support and contribute to a project. Identifying such roles is essential for
the implementation strategy as they support and give traction to the project at the critical initial
stages.
Several conditions are beneficial to the emergence of land professionals acting as change agents:
The awareness of STDM capabilities, concept and vision:It would be most effective to target
land professional groups with communications informing them about the potential of STDM,
possible application scenarios and their possible roles in these scenarios, explaining the qualities
of STDM, success stories, show-cases etcetera. The availability of established governing and
support entities will help building outlooks towards successful application of STDM.
An administrative, commercial or scientific interest in the information products that may
be generated from STDM data: land professionals may be professionally interested in the
information products that can be produced from or combined with other information sets,
providing added value towards their business responsibilities
An accommodating political environment that has a positive or neutral attitude towards
collecting, processing and disseminating the data: giving these processes the legitimacy they
require and possibly providing support in the form of tooling, data, capacity
The availability of adequate resources: skilled human resources, adequate financial resources
and suitable equipment resources should be made available.
The existence of state-acknowledged legal or informal land tenure systems to increase
practical feasibility and acceptance (for this subject please refer to this to the Continuum of
Land Rights Operationalization Strategy report) that can be represented by STDM data
Every country is unique in terms of history, geography, demography, culture, climate, geology
legal system, development priorities, institutional arrangements and resources. Therefore no onesize-fits-all approach is possible. A structured approach, towards identifying implementation
project potential however, is very well possible.
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The existence of conditions that are beneficial as described above can be assessed at
country level.
The availability of land professionals, able and willing to act as change agents in each
country considered for implementation, can be assessed using the guidance provided by
the land professionals and involvement types table (refer to report).
The top-down, bottom-up and horizontal implementation scenarios provide guidance for
project definition.
The implementation project checklist described in the next paragraphs helps verifying the
availability of proper conditions and risk mitigation measures.
The description of implementation, maintenance upgrade scenarios described in the next
paragraphs provide guidance to the activities and roles to be assigned within these
contexts.
These five guiding elements constitute a structured approach toward identifying country-level
conditions that favour successful STDM implementation. It is advisable to adopt a two-pronged
strategy for identifying potential projects


Communicate STDM capabilities possible application scenarios and the role of specific
land professionals in each scenario, referring to show-case material. Stress the
availability of good governance and support of STDM, enhancing the potential for
successful application of STDM. Several channels could be used using pull (website) or
push (mail) scenarios. One may also consider a less technical name and compact, easily
recognisable logo. Provide training and certification facilities.
Collect country-level data using an electronic questionnaire based on the structured
approach described before: identify factors beneficial to country-level projects, identify
able and willing land professionals as agents of change, identify possible implementation
projects scenarios and subtypes and apply the checklist.
Implementation, maintenance and upgrade scenarios
When considering the three STDM implementation scenarios, three subtype scenarios are
evident: initial data collection projects, data maintenance processes and upgrade and integration
projects. Conventional LA and pro-poor LR professionals have distinctive responsibilities and
play distinctive roles in these project types:
Responsibilities of LA professionals in relation with initial data collection projects will be:

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
Specification of the purpose of each specific Land Records System
Specification of the data structure and data quality required
Design of the data collection, processing and distribution processes
Design of the data quality management procedures
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Configuration of STDM to suit the design of data and data collection process
Specification of skills and competences of the pro-poor land professional candidate
selection process
Design of the training curriculum
Selection, training, testing and certification of pro-poor land professionals
Design of the maintenance procedures
Security control measures
Quality control measures
Logistic management
Communication and public relations management
Reporting
Responsibilities of LR professionals in relation with initial data collection projects will be:

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

Plan data collection activities
Identify individual identities and their roles
Identify individual person and group relationships to land claims
Identify supporting documents and
Responsibilities of LA professionals in relation with data maintenance and quality upgrade
projects will be:
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


Specification of the new purposes of a specific Land Records System
Specification of the adjusted data structure and data quality required
Design of the data upgrade processes
Design of upgraded data quality management procedures
Specification of skills and competences
Design of the training curriculum
Training, testing and certification of land professionals
Design of the maintenance procedures
Security control measures
Quality control measures
Logistic management
Reporting
Responsibilities of conventional LR professionals in relation with data maintenance and quality
upgrade will be limited. However, they can be trained additionally as survey assistants or survey
specialists, in case they have the right education level. In the long term the distinction between
LR and LA professionals may disappear, as grassroots LR professionals become part of
mainstream LA approaches.
STDM implementation project proposal format and checklist
Once a tentative plan has emerged, it is important to compile a proposal for obtaining support
and sponsoring using the following checklist:
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

Description of general objectives of the project and problems to be addressed
Description of the scope of the project in terms of timeframe, geography, quantities
Description of The types of information to be collected, processes, disseminated
Description of Resources to be made available, by whom
Assessment of Showcase potential
Description of contexts to be tested
Description of stakeholder categories, their interests and involvement
Description functionalities of STDM to be tested
Description of the field of application to be tested
Identification of opportunities favouring implementation
Identification of leading GLTN partner
Identification of other GLTN partners to be involved
Identification of legal factors and trends favouring the project
Assessment of government-level buy-in
Description of single engagement level
Description of a country’s contribution to the project
Description of voluntary guidelines to be implemented or complied with
Assure geographically distributed project location
14. STDM CAPABILITIES MANAGEMENT
STDM governance and support entities play an essential role in aligning implementation project
needs and STDM capabilities. Referring to the overall Business and IT Alignment model
presented before, a structural approach to governance and support of STDM is presented here.
The STDM Governance and Support entities provide proper alignment of the technical solution
provided and the needs that originate from application of STDM in specific projects, to satisfy
stakeholder interests, complying with the overall vision and in a way that suits the projected data
processing activities, using provided STDM functionalities and locally available capacity. To
meet these varying requirements, the Governing and Support entities must ensure provision of a
system with the required functionality, availability, performance and cost. Lack of a good match
between these requirements and the STDM characteristics will make the stakeholders lose
interest. This essential fact stresses the importance of a good alignment mechanism implemented
and managed by effective Governance and Support Entities.
A graphic representation of the IT Infrastructure items that need to be managed is shown below.
It will be essential to the successful implementation of STDM to have a Governance and Support
organization implemented. It is their combined responsibility to make the pull and push factors
align in such a fashion that the stakeholder needs remain optimised against provided IT
solutions.
The governance and support model is represented here a stack of interrelated components to be
managed. Each component is depending on proper compliance with the underlying and overlying
component. These dependencies are of a technical nature in the lower regions, but increasingly
of an organisational, managerial and political nature in the higher regions.
15. IMPLEMENTATION RECOMMENDATIONS
Short term implementation activities 6-12- months:
Create an STDM governing entity. Assign tasks, roles, facilities, resources, responsibilities:
Align with developments regarding STDM as implementation of a vision, current issues are:






Fitness for purpose: information quality to fit the purpose
Urgency:
land administration methods to be expedited
Tenure pluralism: multiple tenure types accepted within one country
Interoperability: to facilitate horizontal/vertical integration with other systems
Globalisation trends: cause such effects as large scale foreign land acquisitions and large
scale persons displacement due to disasters or conflicts
Align with stakeholder needs and interests, current issues are:








Identification of primary (=information collection purposes) objectives
Identification of secondary objectives (= information usage purposes)
Identification of tertiary objectives (= operational results in terms of improved tenure
security, food security, gender equality, poverty reduction, health)
Identification of stakeholder alliance partners to take up the roles of facilitators,
supporters or implementers
Identification of groups to be targeted
Identification of sectors to be involved: food, finance, economics, infra, housing, services
Budget Identification
Land information industry: content/software/services providers
Align with (potential) project requirements, current issues are






Identification of favouring factors such as capacity, institutions, legal framework political
support, infrastructure, land policies...
Identification of regions to be targeted respective to geographic project distribution?
Secondary objectives or processes to be facilitated: systemic service delivery
improvement land regularisation, implementation of new land policies or land reform
projects, mapping ancestral land, mapping land rights of displaced persons, post conflict
or post disaster land regularisation, land consolidations, resettlement projects etcetera
identification of complicating factors such as weak government, physical insecurity,
politically unstable environments, lack of support from formal administrations, budgetary
constraints,
lack of a clear and reliable post project scenarios (to attain secondary and tertiary
objectives)
Cooperation levels with formal owners
Carry out traditional governance roles, such as:



risk management
financial management
accounting and reporting




strategic product planning, marketing, advocacy
communication and reporting
coordination and cooperation
quality assurance and innovation
Oversee implementation of STDM support entity, whose responsibilities are:







helpdesk
documentation and manuals, instructions
implementation support and best practices
frequently asked questions
patches and upgrades
version management
website, web care
Prepare, test and publish STDM V1.1




address known defects
address known issues
address preventive maintenance needs
address perfective maintenance needs
Create a baseline documentation set for STDM 1.0




Manuals for installing, operating training and supporting STDM
STDM Domain Model
STDM Component List
STDM development environment and associated tools
Prepare a short term functional development strategy addressing the following issues:

Conformance to industry standards: STDM must conform to current industry standards
(like the LADM Domain Model, web services, operating systems, devices). Additionally
the solution must provide the users and stakeholder groups with functionality to
implement security, privacy, copyright, quality management and auditing policies.
 Add Metadata to data structures: STDM Datasets must be provided with their metadata,
describing the data and the data structure, the tenure system that it represents, as well as
the known business rules of the tenure system
 Implementation Global Consolidation standards: For the sake of national- and global
level monitoring and evaluation STDM must conform to rules and formats for
consolidating the data to a global, uniform reporting format.


Further optimisation of the STDM version optimised for community-profiling. To
minimise development risk and maximise STDM benefits, GLTN must capitalise on its’
currently most successful type of application, being community profiling in preparation of
slum upgrade, community land use planning and similar activities.
Implement the equaliser slider concept as new functionality for STDM. Well designed
and implemented it will provide true functional flexibility and usability for non-technical
users
Implement an STDM marketing strategy




STDM must be essentially marketed as an affordable, flexible, and easy to use
participative land information system that provides the potential user with information
that will serve a specific short term purpose (collecting, processing, analysing and
distributing land data).
STDM must be marketed as an open source community mapping tool. This requires
characteristics (features) that allow STDM to differentiate itself from other solutions
available to the public, government and land professionals. These essential characteristics
are affordability (little or no initial cost), flexibility (easily customizable for the intended
purpose), ease of use (provides intuitive interaction), ease of maintenance (no or low
maintenance effort required).
Specific types of ‘entry points’ with high potential for application of STDM must be
identified such as improving services, improving city management, slum upgrade
planning, infrastructure planning, economic development planning, land use planning,
taxation or cost sharing, and possibly regularisation of land parcels.
The country level implementation scenarios and checklist as presented on the previous
pages can be used for identification of entry-points and their potential for implementation
of STDM, involving land professionals.
Mid-term implementation activities: 2-3 years
Prepare mid-term functional development programme; among issues to be covered are:
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Development of entry-point specific pre-optimised variants of STDM: To optimise fitness
for use for a specific land administration purpose, while minimising professional software
customisation needs, STDM should be developed into entry-point specific, pre-optimised
variants.
Development of a device independent version of STDM: To minimise initial end-user
cost and optimally support participative data collection, STDM should be made deviceindependent, allowing easily available devices such as smart phones to be used for data
collection as a self-service, bring-your-own-device solution.
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To minimise maintenance and support cost, shared storage facilities for STDM should be
provided to eliminate the need for local storage and processing facilities and associated
security and facility problems.
To minimise development and operating cost, and maximise added value for the user
community, STDM must evolve in a coordinated fashion with other participative land
administration solutions such as ‘Map My Rights’ and Floss-Sola.
STDM development must be coordinated with application developments in the private
sector ensuring optimal interoperability with private sector products and services
Implementation of functional requirements emerging from the introduction of the fitness
for purpose concept, the continuum of continuums (so-called equaliser-like
customization) concept, optimal interoperability, especially the ability to operate in
distributed environments, and readiness for scaling up, both horizontally (with peer
institutions) or vertically (in the land administration hierarchy)
REFERENCES
Antonio, 2013: The STDM a Specialisation of LADM Towards Bridging the information Divide
Antonio, Makau, Mabala, 2013: Addressing the Information Requirements Of The Urban Poor
Augustinus, 2010: Social Tenure Domain Model: what it can mean for the land industry and for the poor.
Barry, 2013: Land Tenure Administration and GIS: Trends and Challenges
Benett, Gils, van, Zevenbergen, Lemmen. Walace, 2013: Continuing to Bridge the Cadastral Divide
Brown, Williams-Wynn, Makau, Lemmen, Rajibifard, Lengoiboni, 2014: STDM SWOT Analysis
Enemark, 2009: Responding to the GLTN Agenda Trough Building the STDM Model
Enemark, 2014: Frameworks for the Future (RICS Land Journal December 2013/January 2014)
Enemark, Bell, Lemmen, McLaren, 2014: Fit-For-Purpose land Administration, FIG Publication 60
FAO, 2012: Voluntary Guidelines on the Governance of Tenure, At a Glance
FIG, 2013: Working Week 2013 Environment for Sustainability, Report
FIG, UNHabitat, GLTN, 2010: The Social Tenure Domain Model, a Pro-poor Land Tool
Gelder, van, 2010: What tenure Security? The Case for a Tripartite View
GLTN 2014: Website
GLTN Brief 1/2014: Addressing the Information Requirements of the Urban Poor
GLTN, 2013: Draft Revised GLTN Country Level Implementation Plan 2012-2017
GLTN, 2013: Expert Group Meeting Report
GLTN, 2013: Partners Meeting Pre-Session Presentation
GLTN, 2013: Report Train the Trainers on the STDM
GLTN, UNHabitat, SDI, 2012: Report of Training of Trainers Workshop on STDM
Grifffith-Charles, Mohammed, Lalloo, 2014: Piloting the STDM (Draft)
ISO, 2012: Geographic Information- Land Administration Domain Model
Johnson, 2013: The Lesotho Land Administration Authority: the White Elephant lives
Lemmen 2010.The Social Tenure Domain Model.
Lemmen, Augustinus, Van Oosterom, Van der Molen, 2007: The Social Tenure Domain Model
Lemmen, Augustinus, Van Oosterom, Van Der Molen, 2007: The Social Tenure Domain Model, Design First Draft
Pamoja Trust, 2014: STDM Piloting in Nairobi and Mombasa: Inception Report
PostgreSQL, 2013: The pg_hba.conf file
SDI Annual Report 2013-14
SDI, 2013: SDI Dispatch Kampala Communities Collect Data to Break City’s Implementation Impasse
UNHabitat 2010: Count me In: Surveying for tenure security and urban land management
UNHabitat 2012: Handling Land
UNHabitat, 2013: STDM Installation Guide Version 0.9.5
UNHabitat, 2013: STDM Training Guide in the Context Of participatory Enumeration and Settlement Upgrading
UNHabitat, 2013: STDM User Guide Version 0.9.5
UNHabitat, GLTN, FIG, 2013: STDM Phase II FIG Review Approach
UNHabitat, ITC, GLTN, 2012: Designing a Land records System for the Poor
Volkmann, Barnes, Bartel, 2013: Using UAV’s to Democratize Spatial Data Production
Whittal, 2014: A New Conceptual Model for the Continuum of Landrights
Zevenbergen, Haile, 2010: Institutional Aspects of Implementing Inclusive Land Information Systems like STDM