NATIONAL ENVIRONMENT MANAGEMENT COUNCIL
BARAZA LA TAIFA LA HIFADHI NA USIMAMIZI WA MAZINGIRA
ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT OF THE
PROPOSED KIHANSI CATCHMENT CONSERVATION AND
MANAGEMENT PROJECT IN KIHANSI CATCHMENT MOROGORO
AND IRINGA REGIONS, TANZANIA
June 2013
Consultants:
Prosper Makongoro
Wilson Shimo
Patrick Valimba
TABLE OF CONTENTS
LIST OF TABLES ........................................................................................................................................ 4
LIST OF FIGURES ........................................................................................................................ 4
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ............................................................................................................ 5
ACKNOWLDEGEMENT .......................................................................................................................... 13
ACRONYMS .............................................................................................................................................. 14
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................... 15
1.1
PROJECT BACKGROUND............................................................................................. 15
1.1.1
The Kihansi catchment.................................................................................................. 15
1.1.2
Objectives of Environmental and Social Impact Assesssment (ESIA) ......................... 16
1.2
Scoping ............................................................................................................................. 16
1.2.1
The process ................................................................................................................... 16
1.2.2
Key findings .................................................................................................................. 17
1.3
Objective of the ESIA ....................................................................................................... 17
1.3.1
General objective .......................................................................................................... 17
1.3.2
Specific objectives ........................................................................................................ 17
1.4
Study Methodology ........................................................................................................... 18
1.4.1
Stakeholders’ consultations........................................................................................... 18
1.4.2
Assessment of Environmental Impacts and Development of Mitigation Measures ..... 18
1.4.3
Development of Environmental Monitoring Plan ......................................................... 19
1.5
Report Structure ................................................................................................................ 19
CHAPTER 2: PROJECT DESCRIPTION ................................................................................................ 20
2.1
Geographical Location ...................................................................................................... 20
2.2
Accessibility ...................................................................................................................... 21
2.3
Project Scope and Activities ............................................................................................. 22
Component 1: Institutional capacity building for the management of the Kihansi catchment . 22
Subcomponent 1.1: Develop operational guidelines for conducting Environmental Flow
Assessment ............................................................................................................................ 22
Subcomponent 1.2: Develop a sustainable financing plan for the management of the Kihansi
catchment .............................................................................................................................. 23
Component 2: Conserve endangered species in the Kihansi catchment ................................... 23
Subcomponent 2.1: Species and habitat conservation .......................................................... 23
Subcomponent 2.2: Community Conservation and Livelihoods .......................................... 26
Component 3: Project Management ......................................................................................... 27
2.6
KCCM Project Social Benefits ......................................................................................... 27
2.7
Environmental Benefits of KCCMP ................................................................................. 27
CHAPTER 3: POLICY, LEGAL AND INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK ............................. 28
3.1
Introduction ....................................................................................................................... 28
3.2
Need for EIA ..................................................................................................................... 28
3.3
Relevant Policies ............................................................................................................... 28
3.3.1
The National Environmental Policy (URT, 1997) .................................................... 28
3.3.2
National Forest Policy (1998) ................................................................................... 29
3.3.3
The National Wildlife Policy (URT, 2007)............................................................... 29
3.3.4
The National Land Policy (URT, 1995) .................................................................... 29
3.3.5
The National Water Policy (URT, 2002) .................................................................. 29
3.3.6
Rural Development Policy (1996) ............................................................................ 29
3.4
World Bank Safeguard Policies .................................................................................... 30
3.5
Legal Framework .............................................................................................................. 33
3.5.1
The Environmental Management Act (2004) ........................................................... 33
1
3.5.2
Village Land Act (1999) ........................................................................................... 33
3.5.3
Wildlife Conservation Act (2009) ............................................................................. 34
3.5.4
The Forest Act (2002) ............................................................................................... 34
3.5.5
The Water Resource Management Act (2009).......................................................... 34
3.5.6
Land Use Planning Act (2007).................................................................................. 35
3.5.7
National EIA and Audit Regulations (2005) ............................................................. 35
3.6
International Conventions and Agreements ...................................................................... 35
3.6.1
East African Community Treaty (1999) ................................................................... 35
3.6.2
The Convention on Biological Diversity (1992) ....................................................... 35
3.6.3
IUCN Red List .......................................................................................................... 36
3.6.4
Convention on Climate Change (1992)..................................................................... 36
3.7
Guidelines ......................................................................................................................... 36
3.7.1
The Tanzania Development Vision 2025 .................................................................. 36
3.7.2
The National Strategy for Growth and Poverty Reduction (2011-2015) .................. 36
3.8
Institutional Framework .................................................................................................... 36
CHAPTER 4: BASELINE CONDITIONS ................................................................................................. 41
4.1
Introduction ....................................................................................................................... 41
4.2
Location and Administrative Boundaries.......................................................................... 41
4.3
Physical Characteristics .................................................................................................... 41
4.3.1
Climate ...................................................................................................................... 41
4.3.2
Hydrological variation .............................................................................................. 41
4.4
Biologicalcharacteristics ................................................................................................... 42
4.4.1
Plants ......................................................................................................................... 42
4.4.2
Mammals................................................................................................................... 42
4.4.3
Birds .......................................................................................................................... 42
4.4.4
Fish............................................................................................................................ 42
4.4.5
Herptiles .................................................................................................................... 43
4.5
Socio – Economic Characteristics..................................................................................... 43
4.5.1
Demography .............................................................................................................. 43
4.5.2
Economic Infrastructure ............................................................................................ 43
CHAPTER 5: STAKEHOLDERS’ CONSULTANTIONS ........................................................................ 45
5.1
Stakeholders Consulted During Preparation of a Proposed KCCMP ............................... 45
5.2
The Stakeholders ............................................................................................................... 45
5.3
Addressing Stakeholders’ Concerns ................................................................................. 46
CHAPTER 6: IMPACTS ASSESSMENT ................................................................................................. 50
6.1
Background ....................................................................................................................... 50
6.2
Impacts Identification and Description ............................................................................. 52
6.3
Impacts Prediction............................................................................................................. 60
6.5
Analysis of Alternatives .................................................................................................... 64
6.5.1
Project site ................................................................................................................. 64
6.5.2
The no project option ................................................................................................ 64
6.5.3
The current design option ......................................................................................... 64
CHAPTER 7: MITIGATIONAND ENHANCEMENT MEASURES ....................................................... 66
7.1
Background ....................................................................................................................... 66
7.2
Measures Against Impacts on Physical Environment ....................................................... 66
7.3
Measures Against Impacts on Biological Environment .................................................... 67
7.4
Measures Against Impacts on Socio-Economic Environment .......................................... 68
CHAPTER 8: ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN ................................................................. 70
8.1
Rationale for Preparation of EMP ..................................................................................... 70
8.2
Organisation Structure for EMP........................................................................................ 70
8.3
Roles and Responsibilities ................................................................................................ 70
2
8.3.1
8.3.2
Environmental Management Responsibilities........................................................... 70
Environmental Management Costs ........................................................................... 72
CHAPTER 9: ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MONITORING PLAN ............................................ 75
9.1
Background ....................................................................................................................... 75
9.2
Monitoring Responsibilities and Costs ............................................................................. 76
CHAPTER 10: ECONOMIC ANALYSIS ................................................................................................. 79
10.1
Background ................................................................................................................... 79
10.2
Benefits of the Proposed KCCMP ................................................................................ 79
10.3
Costs of the Project ....................................................................................................... 80
10.4
Environmental Cost-Benefit Analysis........................................................................... 80
10.5
Socio-Economic Cost-Benefit Analysis........................................................................ 81
10.6
Summary of Cost – Benefit Analysis ............................................................................ 81
CHAPTER 11: SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS ................................................................................ 82
REFERENCES ........................................................................................................................................... 83
Annex 1: Terms of Reference .................................................................................................................... 84
ANNEX 2: 5-Year Budget Breakdown for Implementation of Activities .................................................. 92
ANNEX 3: LIST OF STAKEHOLDERS CONSULTED .......................................................................... 94
3
LIST OF TABLES
Table 3.1:
Key Institutions in the EIA Process .............................................................................. 39
Table 5.1:
List of stakeholders consulted........................................................................................ 45
Table 5.2:
Stakeholder concerns that have been addressed by KCCMP ........................................ 46
Table 6.1:
Criteria and rating scales for impacts assessment ......................................................... 50
Table 6.2:
Convention for assigning a consequence rating ............................................................ 51
Table 6.4:
Potential impacts of KCCMP on the environment ........................................................ 53
Table 6.5:
Summary of potential impacts during the implementation and post-implementation
phases of the project.............................................................................................................................. 61
Table 7.1:
Summary of measures against significant impacts on physical environments ............. 66
Table 7.2:
Summary of measures against significant impacts on biological environments ........... 67
Table 7.3:
Summary of measures against significant impacts on social, economic, cultural and
political environments ........................................................................................................................... 68
Table 8.1:
Institutions and their responsibilities ............................................................................ 71
Table 8.2:
Responsibilities and management costs related to implementation of Project EMP .... 73
Table 9.1:
Environmental Monitoring Plan.................................................................................... 77
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 2.1:
Figure 2.2:
Figure 8.1
Location of Kihansi River Catchment with riparian districts (Valimba, 2013) ............ 20
Accessibility to Kihansi River Catchment (Valimba, 2013). ........................................ 21
Organisation structure and responsibilities for implementation of EMP for KCCMP. 71
4
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
General Introduction
The Government of Tanzania (GoT) has ratified three key global environmental conventions:
Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD), the United Nations Convention to Combat
Desertification (UNCCD), and the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate
Change (UNFCCC). As part of implementation of these conventions, the GoT officially
submitted for endorsement by the Global Environmental Facility (GEF), a project proposal
titled ‘Kihansi Catchment Conservation and Management Project (KCCMP)’.
The proposed activities to be funded by GEF will contribute to the achievement of GEF-5
Biodiversity Strategy Objective 2 -- mainstream biodiversity conservation and sustainable use
into production landscapes/seascapes and sectors -- by enhancing biodiversity conservation in
the Kihansi catchment of which 48% is under agricultural production. The project is to
provide for the long-term conservation and management of globally critically endangered
species and critical habitats in the Kihansi catchment. The Kihansi catchment, which is
relatively small (580 km2), brings to the fore the cross-sectoral challenges associated with
water allocation for energy and environment and other water uses. In this context, the Kihansi
catchment is critical for both water resource management and the protection of biodiversity.
The project development objective is to enhance biodiversity conservation in the Kihansi
catchment1. The project will compliment as well as assist on-going efforts of key resource
regulatory authorities to conserve critically endangered and highly endemic plant and animal
species in the Kihansi catchment. The KCCMP has 3 components, each with different set of
activities and impacts:

Component 1 will support the preparation of technical guidelines that will assist improve
(i) future river basin planning and (ii) future (Environmental Impact Assessments (EIAs)
for water resources infrastructure project by integrating downstream impacts that relate to
water availability, or Environmental Flow Assessment (EFA); the key impact of which
will be improved future water resources in environmental planning and decision making.
Component 1 will also support preparation of a communication strategy and sustainable
financing. None of these are physical interventions, but are aimed at improving
knowledge and awareness and understanding of the complex issues at hand and
improving sustainability of the project interventions.

Component 2 has three distinct sets of interventions, including physical ones: i) biological
interventions (monitoring, reintroduction, scientific experiments, etc.) related to Kihansi
Spray Toad (KST) and other endangered species; ii) preparation and implementation of
the Kihansi catchment management plan; and iii) livelihood activities and interventions.
The impacts would therefore be a function of the specific type, size and extent of the
interventions.

Component 3 is basically project management.
The KCCMP builds on and extends the work done earlier under the Lower Kihansi
Environmental Management Project (LKEMP) and the current Tanzania Energy
“Enhance” in the context of this project is defined as to provide for the long-term sustainability of species and
institutions.
1
5
Development and Access Project (TEDAP) bridging support, which constituted mitigation
measures for the LKHP.
Diversion of water away from the Kihansi Gorge started in December 1999 when the Lower
Kihansi Hydropower Plant (LKHP) started its operations. Since then the river flow over the
Kihansi falls was significantly reduced by over 91 percent (i.e. from an average flow regime
of 16.4 m3/s to a constant bypass release of about 1.5m3/s). The Kihansi river flows have
historically ranged between a minimum of7 m3/s during dry seasons to a maximum of 64
m3/s during wet seasons. Assessments of Kihansi gorge wetland habitat change following the
commissioning of LKHP have shown that the original habitat was altered by approximately
95 per cent. TANESCO’s was granted a final water right for diverting up to 25.2 m³/s
including a condition requiring a minimum environmental (or bypass) flow requirement of
1.5-2.0 m³/s to maintain flows in the Kihansi River immediately downstream of the LKHP
dam. The conditions of the Final Water Right for the LKHP also included provisions that
mandated that TANESCO implement the Environmental Management Plan, including the
regular maintenance of the artificial sprinkler system that has been constructed to augment
the reduced river flow and the spray generated from that water falling over the Kihansi falls.
Thus, the 1.5 – 2.0 m3/s bypass flow plus the spray from the artificial sprinkler system form
the environmental flow into the Kihansi Gorge.
Following this significant change of the KST habitat, there was a rapid decline in number of
toads in the gorge from as high as about 50,000 to 12,000. This rapid decline of KST
population coincided with the observed infection by chytrid fungus and the flushing of
sediments into the gorge. In 2000 the GoT with support from development partners
established a captive breeding program for the KST as an “insurance policy” in case species
become extinct in the gorge. 499 KST individuals were translocated into captivity in the
USA, with a view to establish a captive bred line. In addition, a series of emergency
mitigation measures were initiated in 2000 under the Immediate Rescue and Emergency
Measures Project (IREMP) to conserve the spray wetland habitat and the KST in situ.
Restoration measures established under IREM were accomplished in Phase I and II of the
Lower Kihansi Environmental Management Project with a focus on long-term conservation
and mitigation of habitat loss in the Kihansi Gorge ecosystems and upstream catchment areas.
After closure of LKEMP critical activities in the KST reintroduction plan were merged under
additional financing for Tanzania Energy Development and Access Project (TEDAP) with
the objective of filling the financing gap required for the reintroduction of Kihansi Spray
Toads (KST).
The EnviroPlanners LTD has been contracted to prepare an environmental and social
impact assessment of the proposed KCCMP according to Environmental Management Act
(EMA), 2004 and Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) and Environmental Audit (EA)
Regulation of 2005. The project falls under the mandatory list of projects that requires an
EIA. The Project is a full-sized GEF project with a five year implementation period, with the
key objective being ‘to enhance biodiversity conservation in the Kihansi catchment’.
Policy and legal framework
A review of the relevant international, regional and national policies and legislations
pertaining to this project was undertaken in order to provide directives during implementation
of project activities. The relevant policies under the study that were reviewed include the
following: The National Environmental Policy (URT, 1997); The National Forest Policy
6
(1998); The National Wildlife Policy (URT, 2007); The National Land Policy (URT, 1995);
The National Water Policy (URT, 2002) and Rural Development Policy (1996).
Relevant World Bank Safeguard Policies include the following: Natural Habitats (OP 4.04);
Environmental Assessment (OP 4.01); Forests (OP 4.36) and Pest Management (OP 4.09).
The relevant legislation applicable to the project includes the following: The Environmental
Management Act (2004); Village Land Act (1999); The Wildlife Conservation Act (2009);
The Forest Act (2002); The Water Resource Management Act (2009); The Land Use
Planning Act (2007) and The National EIA and Audit Regulations (2005).
Public consultations
Public consultations were carried out to explain the objectives and scope of the project as
well as to identify, discuss and respond to project issues of concern to different stakeholders.
Consultation with different stakeholders from key sectors, local government authorities and
non-government agencies indicates that they generally view the proposed project as a positive
initiative that will support and build on the earlier work done under LKEMP, will create new
social and economic activities and enhance development of the area. Some issues of concern
especially on the impacts of the project were addressed by developing mitigation measures in
the development of the management plan. Most of the consulted stakeholders were aware of
the KCCMP project. Stakeholders view the project as a positive initiative in terms of
biodiversity conservation, community support by improving livelihoods as well as enhancing
protection of water sources and entire Kihansi catchment.
Impacts assessment
This ESIA discusses a number of potential positive and negative impacts of the project on the
physical, biological, and socio-economic environment; these are listed in Table ES1. Several
impacts were identified as being positive impacts; they dominate (Table ES1).
Table ES1:
Identified potential impacts of KCCMP
Environment
Landscape



Surface water






IMPACTS ON PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT
Potential impacts
Positive
Conservation of natural landscape
within gazetted areas
Restoration of natural or near natural
landscape within gazetted areas
Reduction of destruction of important
natural landscape
Availability of reliable information on
water quantities (streamflows) and
quality
Knowledge of quantities and quality of
all existing water resources in Kihansi
catchment
Quantification of existing and future
surface water availability in rivers in
Kihansi Gorge and Kihansi catchment
Protection of surface water resources
from impacts of anthropogenic
activities
Establishment
of
water
user
committees to oversee water resources
allocation and protection
Reduction of sediment and agricultural
7
Negative
IMPACTS ON PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT
Potential impacts
Positive
chemical loads into water resources
Environment
Environment
Forests

Gorge vegetation



KST




Negative
IMPACTS ON BIOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENTS
Impacts
Positive
Negative
Conservation of endemic plant species
found in Kihansi catchment
Management of gorge vegetation
 Disturbance to KST habitat
Conservation of endemic flora and
fauna found in the Kihansi Gorge
Restoration and maintenance of KST
habitat in the Kihansi Gorge
Management of KST habitat changes in
 Disturbance to KST habitat
the Kihansi Gorge
 Side effects of chemicals used
Development of new approaches to
on gorge environment and
amphibian re-introductions to the wild
ecosystem
for new species
 Increased KST population
Development of resistance to chytrid
leading to congestion in captive
fungus in amphibians
facilities
Stable populations of KST in captive
facilities
IMPACTS ON SOCIAL, ECONOMIC, CULTURAL AND POLITICAL ENVIRONMENTS
Impacts
Environment
Positive
Negative
Education
 New scientific knowledge on amphibian
husbandry, disease prevention and reintroductions of critically endangered
amphibian species
 New scientific knowledge on endemic
and endangered flora and fauna to
Kihansi catchment and their survival
characteristics
 Methodologies for identification and
monitoring of water sources and
biodiversity refined
 Improved natural resources conservation
skills of local communities
 Generation of more experts in EFA
 Generation of more Master’s and PhD
level human resource (increased capacity
of local scientists)
Livelihoods
 Increased inflow of water due to
 Restricted farming within
demarcation of water sources within
demarcated areas
Kihansi catchment
 Reduction of soil losses from farms
Electricity
 Reliable availability of water at Lower
 Use of alternative power source
Kihansi Hydropower Plant for electricity
(normally a generator) to
generation
supply power to captive
facilities at UDSM and KRS in
 Improved management of Lower
times of grid power failures /
Kihansi Reservoir from identified trends
interruptions
in reservoir water inflows
Energy
 Improved hydropower generation due to
 Loss of some areas for
reliable supply of water throughout the
firewood collection
8
IMPACTS ON SOCIAL, ECONOMIC, CULTURAL AND POLITICAL ENVIRONMENTS
Impacts
Environment
Positive
Negative
year
Employment
 Employment of researchers and research
assistants,
gorge
attendants
for
monitoring Kihansi gorge, supporting
staff and personnel for captive facilities
in USA, UDSM and Kihansi Research
Station for KST husbandry
 Employment of supporting staff (e.g.
drivers)
Local policies
 Development of new bylaws to deal with
 Conflicts with local inhabitants
gazettement issues
and
their
political
representatives
Country
and
 Legal cooperation between Tanzania,
 Legal challenges on ownership,
international policies
USA, International Institutions (WBG,
distribution and use of KST in
IUCN, etc)
places other than Bronx and
Toledo zoo in USA and
 Detailed guidelines for conducting EF
elsewhere
Assessments in Tanzania and other
countries
 Increase of illegal exploitation
of high value natural resources
 Inclusion of EFA guidelines into EIA
of Kihansi once their actual
guidelines for projects related to water
values have been established
resources
and information made available
 Knowledge and costing of available
to communities
ecosystem services within the Kihansi
catchment
An assessment of significance of these potential impacts indicated that some will actually be
significant (Table ES2) and therefore will require mitigation and enhancement measures.
The issues/impacts have been described and assessed in detail to gain adequate understanding
of possible environmental and social effects of the proposed project from implementation to
completion (5 years of project implementation) in order to formulate mitigation measures in
response to negative aspects and enhancement measures in response to positive aspects which
have emerged.
Mitigation and enhancement measures
A number of feasible, cost-effective and sufficient mitigation, compensatory and
enhancement measures were identified for each of the identified significant impact that will
be associated with the implementation of KCCMP. The proposed mitigation and
enhancement measures were provided in relation to environmental group as physical,
biological and socio-economic environments (Table ES3).
Table ES3:
Proposed mitigation and enhancement measures for identified significant
impacts of KCCMP
Sno. Environment
Physical environment
1
Impact
Mitigation/enhancement measure
 Conservation of natural landscape
within gazetted areas (+)
 Clear definition of easy-to-implement
and practical conservation measures
targeting all endangered species
 Clear restoration targets and concise
procedures for restoring modified
Landscape
 Restoration of natural or near natural
landscape within gazetted areas (+)
9
Sno.
2
Environment
Water
resources
Impact
 Reduction of destruction of important
natural landscape (+)
 Availability of reliable data on
surface water quantities and quality
(+)
 Quantification of existing and future
surface water availability in rivers in
Kihansi Gorge and Kihansi catchment
(+)
 Protection of surface water resources
from impacts of anthropogenic
activities (+)
 Establishment of water user
committees to oversee water
resources allocation and protection
(+)
Mitigation/enhancement measure
landscapes to support desired ecosystem
 Better management of forest changes
(+)
 Conservation of endemic plant
species found in Kihansi catchment
(+)
 Conservation of endemic plant
species found in the Kihansi Gorge
(+)
 Better management of KST habitat
changes in the Kihansi Gorge (+)
 Development of new approaches to
amphibian re-introductions to the
wild for new species (+)
 Development of cure and immune of
amphibian diseases including chytrid
fungus (+)
 Clear definition of easy-to-implement
and practical conservation measures
targeting all endangered plant species
 Clear restoration targets and concise
procedures for restoring modified forest
landscapes to support desired plant
ecosystem
 A clear protocol for surface water
resources monitoring in Kihansi
catchment including the gorge
 Clear division of responsibilities among
involved institutions for fieldwork data
collection, data quality assessment, data
archiving and sharing, data analysis
 Clear protocol for conservation and
restoration of modified landscapes
affecting surface water resources (e.g.
inclusion of afforestation areas and
types of vegetation to be used as buffer
strips, etc)
Biological environment
3
Forests
4
Gorge
vegetation
5
KST
 Manage captive assurance population
of KST in Tanzania and USA that
provide stable population of KST in
captive facilities (+)
 KST population burst leading to
congestion in captive facilities (-)
 Disturbance to KST habitat in the
Kihansi Gorge (-)
 Effects of antifungal solution used to
treat KST with chytrid fungus in the
gorge environment (-)
Social, economic and cultural environments
 New scientific knowledge on
amphibian husbandry, disease
6 Education
preventions for amphibians, diseases
immunology for amphibians and reintroductions of unfamiliar amphibian
10
 Improve funding modalities for KST
and amphibian diseases and reintroduction studies
 Improve collaboration of in-country
researchers themselves and with foreign
nationals
 Improve the stable population of KST
captive facilities
 Congestion in captive breeding facilities
can be reduced by transferring surplus
animals to the wild
 Studies and monitoring of KST
survival and diseases in spray
wetlands will be confined within
KST enclosures.
 No chemicals are going to be used to
treat the environment prior to the
release of the KST. Rather selected
KST which are housed in enclosures
may be bathed in an antifungal solution.
The antifungal solution will be
transported out of the gorge
 Provision of platforms for sharing
research findings to wider scientific and
non-scientific community
 Local Tanzanian prospective students
should be motivated to apply for
Sno.
Environment
7
Livelihoods
8
Electricity
Impact
species (+)
 New scientific knowledge on plant
and animal species endemic to
Kihansi catchment and their survival
characteristics (+)
 New methodologies for identification
and monitoring of biodiversity (+)
 Improved natural resources
conservation skills of local
communities (+)
 Generated more experts in EFA (+)
 Generated more Master’s and PhD
level human resource (+)
 Sediment load due to erosion and
nutrient loss from farms and improper
use of agrochemicals for pests and
weed control (+)
 Restriction of farming activities close
to water sources (-)
 Reduction of land area for
agricultural activities(-)
 Reliable availability of water at
Lower Kihansi Hydropower Plant for
electricity generation (+)
 Improved management of Lower
Kihansi Reservoir from identified
trends in reservoir water inflows (+)
 Loss of some areas for firewood
collection close to water sources (-)
9
Energy sources
10
Local policies
11
National and
international
policies
 Development of new bylaws to deal
with gazettement issues (+)
 Conflicts with local inhabitants and
their political representatives (-)
 Legal cooperation agreements
between Tanzania, USA,
International Institutions (WBG,
IUCN, etc) (+)
 Legal challenges on ownership,
distribution and use of KST in places
other than Bronx and Toledo zoo in
USA and elsewhere (-)
 Detailed guidelines for conducting EF
Assessments in Tanzania and other
countries (+)
 Inclusion of EFA guidelines into EIA
guidelines for projects related to
water resources (+)
11
Mitigation/enhancement measure
Master’s and PhD scholarships to
enhance in-country human resources
capacity
 Adoption of IPM practices
 Focus cultivation outside the valley
bottoms
 Provide alternative sources of
livelihoods
 Improve agricultural practices through
community conservation investment
schemes to increase productivity
 The operating procedure for the power
plant should be modified to include
real-time inflow information that is
derived from observed streamflows and
historical trends
 Possibility for funding of the
construction of a larger Upper Kihansi
Dam to stabilize inflows into Lower
Kihansi Reservoir should start
exploration
 Alternative areas for firewood
collection still available within the
catchment
 Introduction of new energy sources and
efficient energy use technologies (e.g.
using saw dust for cooking)
 Awareness creation for local
communities with communication
methods clearly elaborated in the
communication strategy (CS)
 Legal issues related to KST and
ecological integrity of Kihansi
catchment should be harmonized with
existing cooperation status (TanzaniaUSA) and binding international
agreements
 The process should harmonize the EFA
guidelines and procedures by
considering the most suitable entry
point of EFA guidelines on EIA
guidelines
Environmental and Social Management Plan and Environmental and Social Monitoring
Plan
The Environmental Management Plan (EMP) provides a way forward for implementation of
the identified mitigation and enhancement measures while Environmental Monitoring Plan
(EMoP) provides details on how to monitor baseline conditions, impacts and effectiveness of
mitigation/enhancement measures. The estimated costs for implementing the proposed
measures are only indicative. The consultant has used informed judgment to estimate these
figures.
Conclusions
The study concludes that although the project can have significant and wide-ranging impacts
on the environment, the project is largely a mitigation measure and its associated impacts can
be mitigated to make it an environmentally suitable and socially acceptable subject to the
implementation of the proposed Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) and
Environmental and Social Monitoring Plan (ESMoP).
12
ACKNOWLDEGEMENT
EnviroPlanners Limited wishes to acknowledge the following for their valuable contribution
to the success of this ESIA study:


The National Environmental Management Council for reviewing project brief and the
scoping report with Terms of Reference. This has enabled the consultant to address all
pertinent issues.
All stakeholders as listed in Annex 3 are also acknowledged for their invaluable
comments, information and data.
13
ACRONYMS
ASP
CS
CBD
CMS
EAM
EAMCEF
EFA
EIA
EIS
EMA
EMA
ESMP
ESIA
FM
GEF
GOT
HIV/AIDS
IPM
IPMP
IREMP
ISP
IWRDMP
KCCMP
KCMP
KST
LKEMP
LKHP
NEMC
NPCT
NSGRP
PRS
RDP
TAC
ToR
UDSM
UNCCD
UNEP
UNESCO
UNFCCC
VP-O
WCS
WSDP
Africa Stockpiles Project
Communication Strategy
Convention on Biological Diversity
Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals
Eastern Arc Mountains
Eastern Arc Mountains Conservation Endowment Fund
Environmental Flow Assessment
Environmental Impact Assessment
Environmental Impact Statement
Environmental Management Act
Environmental Management Act
Environmental and Social Management Plan
Environmental and Social Impact Assessment
Financial Management
Global Environmental Facility
Government of Tanzania
Human Immunity Virus/Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome
Integrated Pest Management
Integrated Pest Management Plan
Immediate Rescue and Emergency Measures Project
Implementation Support Plan
Integrated Water Resource Development and Management Planning
Kihansi Catchment Conservation and Management Project
Kihansi Catchment Management Plan
Kihansi Spray Toad
Lower Kihansi Environmental Management Project
Lower Kihansi Hydro Power Plant
National Environment Management Council
National Project Coordination Team
National Strategy for Growth and Poverty Reduction
Poverty Reduction Strategy
Rural Development Policy
Technical Advisory Committee
Terms of Reference
University of Dar es Salaam
United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification
United Nations Environmental Program
United Nations Education, Scientific and Cultural Organization
United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
Vice President’s Office
Wildlife Conservation Society
Water Sector Development Project
14
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION
1.1
PROJECT BACKGROUND
1.1.1 The Kihansi catchment
The Kihansi Catchment is located in the Udzungwa mountains which is the largest block of
the 12 Eastern Arc Mountains (EAM) in Tanzania. The Udzungwa mountains contain nearly
one-half of all the remaining closed forests in the Eastern Arc and as result have the highest
diversity of endemic and threatened plant and animal species including the Kihansi Spray
Toad (KST) and Sanje mangabay monkeys.
The catchment refers to the upper watershed area above the dam and hydropower station and
lies between 1,200m and 2,200m above sea level. The high-biodiversity Udzungwa forest
reserve covers the land to the east, while the rest of the catchment is covered with forest,
grassland and bush. The catchment is 584 km2 and spreads over the Kilolo and Mufindi
administrative districts. The area receives rainfall between 1,000mm in the western and
northern parts to 3,200 mm in the eastern part of the catchment. There are no significant high
flow seasonal changes within years responding to wet and dry seasons and moderate flows
are sustained throughout the year. The Kihansi catchment is critical for both water resource
development and the protection of biodiversity. The Kihansi River is a major source of
national hydropower supply, contributing nearly 35% of the total hydropower generated
nationally and about 15% of the total electricity generated from all sources; while the Kihansi
ecosystem harbours critically endangered and highly endemic species of flora and fauna.
Diversion of water away from the Kihansi Gorge started in December 1999 when the LKHP
started its operations. Since then the river flow over the Kihansi falls was significantly
reduced by over 91 percent (i.e. from an average flow regime of 16 m3/s to a constant bypass
release of about 1.5m3/s). Assessments on habitat change following the commissioning of
LKHP have shown that the original habitat was altered by approximately 95 per cent.
TANESCO’s was granted a final water right of 25.2 m³/s including a condition requiring a
minimum environmental (or bypass) flow requirement of 1.5-2.0 m³/s to maintain flows in
the Kihansi River immediately downstream of the LKHP dam.
Following this significant change of the KST habitat, there was a rapid decline in number of
toads in the gorge from as high as about 50,000 to 12,000. This rapid decline of KST
population coincided with the observed infection by chytrid fungus and the flushing of
sediments into the gorge. In 2000 the GoT with support from development partners
established a captive breeding program for the KST as an “insurance policy” in case species
become extinct in the gorge. 499 KST individuals were translocated into captivity in the
USA, with a view to establish a captive bred line. In addition, a series of emergency
mitigation measures were initiated in 2000 under the Immediate Rescue and Emergency
Measures Project (IREMP) to conserve the spray wetland habitat and the KST in situ.
Restoration measures established under IREMP were accomplished in Phase I and II of the
Lower Kihansi Environmental Management Project with a focus on long-term conservation
and mitigation of habitat loss in the Kihansi Gorge ecosystems and upstream catchment areas.
15
After closure of LKEMP, critical activities in the KST reintroduction plan merged under
additional financing for Tanzania Energy Development and Access Project (TEDAP) with
the objective of filling the financing gap required for the reintroduction of Kihansi Spray
Toads (KST).
The KCCMP builds on and extends the work done earlier under the Lower Kihansi
Environmental Management Project (LKEMP) and under the current TEDAP bridging
support, which constituted mitigation measures for the LKHP.
The project development objective is to enhance biodiversity conservation in the Kihansi
catchment. The project will compliment as well as assist on-going efforts of key resource
regulatory authorities to conserve critically endangered and highly endemic plant and animal
species in the Kihansi catchment. The KCCMP has 3 components, each with different set of
activities and impacts as detailed in Section 2.6.
1.1.2 Objectives of Environmental and Social Impact Assesssment (ESIA)
The objective of the ESIA is to identify, assess and evaluate the potential likely adverse biophysical and socio-economic impacts of the proposed project activities in the proposed area
and propose mitigation measures. The ESIA will provide decision-makers in Vice President’s
Office (VPO) – National Environment Management Council (NEMC) and the other
stakeholders with sufficient information to justify, on environmental grounds, the acceptance,
modification or rejection of the project. It will also provide the basis for guiding subsequent
actions, which will ensure that the project is carried out taking into account the
environmental, socio-economic, cultural and health issues and concerns identified.
The objective focuses on establishing baseline information on both natural and built
environment including socio-economic conditions of the proposed project in Kihansi
Catchment; predict and evaluate foreseeable impacts, both beneficial and adverse; develop
mitigation measures that aim at eliminating or minimizing the potential negative impacts and
promote positive ones; and develop management clauses and monitoring aspects to be
observed during project implementation
This requirement clearly presents a broad challenge on what type of activities that are
environmentally friendly or need to be dealt with during the implementation of activities in
the KCCMP.
The project falls under the category which Environmental Impact Assessment is mandatory
and the proponent has assigned a team of environmental consultants to carry out the ESIA of
their proposed project according to the Environment Impact Assessment & Audit
Regulations, G.N. No. 349 of 2005.
1.2
Scoping
1.2.1 The process
The scoping exercise had an aim of identifying key environmental issues and concerns
requiring special attention. Scoping was done partly as a desktop study and by field
reconnaissance of the project site. It involved review of literature and information and data on
various aspects of the project. Stakeholders’ consultations were carried out to ensure that
concerns of key stakeholders were addressed by the project design and subsequent
implementation of the project. In line with the National Environmental Impact Assessment &
16
Audit Regulations, G.N. No. 349 of 2005, the scoping report identified key environmental
and social issues and concerns of stakeholders requiring special attention during the EIA
study. The outcomes of the scoping exercise were used to develop the ToR for the EIA which
were approved by NEMC.
To get the big picture of the existing situation on the site, the consultants carried outfield
surveys. Activities included:


Appraisal of physical and environmental conditions of the project site and areas that
might be impacted by the project - soils, hydrology, flora, fauna etc.
Appraisal of land use and assessment of other relevant socio-economic parameters
1.2.2 Key findings
Key issues and concerns will be related to:
 Location of Site and key characteristics: Carrying capacity of the catchment, Impacts of
forces of natural processes, aesthetics impacts.
 Socio-economic issues: Kihansi gorge and catchment, health, safety, security for the
Mufindi, Kilolo and Kilombero societies around the catchment.
 Impacts due to hydropower generation in relation to the current conditions of the water
permit.
 Impacts from off-site activities.
These issues were included in the Terms of Reference to guide the EIA study. The ToR as
approved by NEMC is appended in this report as Annex1. Issues and concerns raised by
stakeholders are summarized under Chapter 5.
1.3
Objective of the ESIA Study
1.3.1 General objective
NEMC undertook the environmental impact assessment of the proposed Kihansi catchment
conservation management project to ensure management of wildlife and conservation of
biodiversity in the Kihansi catchment area.
The ESIA was conducted in accordance with the guidelines laid down by the Environment
Management Act (EMA, 2004) Part IV of the EIA Regulations GN No. 349 of 2005 which
provides the general objectives for carrying EIA, among others being: i) to ensure that
environmental considerations are explicitly addressed and incorporated into the development
of decision making process; ii) to anticipate and avoid, minimize or offset the adverse
significant biophysical, social and relevant effects of developmental proposal; iii) to protect
the productivity and capacity of natural systems and ecological processes which maintain
their functions; and, iv) to promote development that is sustainable and optimizes resources
use and management opportunities.
1.3.2 Specific objectives
The specific objectives of this ESIA study were:
 To establish baseline information on both natural and built environment including socioeconomic conditions of the proposed project area;
 To identify, predict and evaluate foreseeable impacts (beneficial and adverse) of the
proposed development;
17


1.4
To develop mitigation measures aiming at eliminating or minimizing the potential
negative impacts and promote positive ones;
To develop management and monitoring plans for ease of reference during project
implementation.
Study Methodology
The methodology employed in conducting the impacts assessment (IA) is in line with the
Environment Impact Assessment and Audit Regulations, 2005, GN No.349 of 2005. The
study was undertaken based on checklists developed by Consultants complimented by past
experience of the similar EIA studies. The adopted approach involved stakeholders’
consultations and environmental impacts assessment.
1.4.1 Stakeholders’ consultations
Stakeholders were identified during the scoping exercise. The ESIA study applied different
participatory methods to involve all the concerned stakeholders by conducting interviews
with individuals or as focus groups. Through interviews and discussions, the stakeholders
pointed out a number of issues and concerns. Relevant issues were noted and have been
included in this ESIA study report.
1.4.2 Assessment of Environmental and Social Impacts and Development of Mitigation
Measures
For the proposed project, baseline information was gathered through literature review and
field surveys. The purpose of carrying out this exercise was to determine baseline conditions
prior to the development of the associated infrastructures; identify impacts following
implementation of the project; impact evaluation and assessment at various stages of the
project from commencement to its completion; development of mitigation options and plan
and development of environmental and social monitoring plan.
Information on the bio-physical, socio-economic environment, institutional and legal
conditions was collected from a variety of sources such as Kilombero District Council,
Mufindi District Council, TANESCO, Ministry of Natural Resources and Tourism, Ministry
of Energy and Minerals and through the Internet.
Field surveys were conducted by the consultants to obtain an overview of the existing
situation within the catchment. These included: appraisal of physical and environmental
conditions of the project site and areas that might be impacted by the project (soils,
hydrology, flora and fauna); appraisal of land use practises to document impacts and
sustainability of current practises; assessment of other relevant socio-economic parameters
such as demographic dynamics, social profile, communities’ major means of livelihood and
dependence on natural resources.
Impact assessment (evaluation) was carried out to determine those that would require
interventions. Impacts assessment in this study involved establishment of assessment criteria
and assessment of their significance. Mitigation measures (Annex 5) were developed for
significant negative impacts and enhancement measures for positive impacts needed to
sustain the benefits over a long period of time. A mitigation plan, which describes mitigation,
monitoring and auditing management required to ensure proper implementation of the agreed
mitigation measures and verification of predicted impacts, was developed. It also defined
responsibilities for implementation of mitigation measures between various stakeholders. The
plan involved undertaking activities during the design, implementation and operation phases
18
of the project. Each activity was designed to eliminate, offset or reduce adverse impacts to
acceptable levels.
1.4.3 Development of Environmental Monitoring Plan
The monitoring plan addresses four aspects of monitoring, baseline, impacts/effects,
compliance and mitigation monitoring. Baseline monitoring determines the nature and
ranges of natural variation and where possible to establish the process of change.
Impact/effect monitoring quantifies environmental change that is associated with the project
while compliance monitoring measures the extent in which mitigation measures comply with
standards and laws. Mitigation monitoring, on the other hand, addresses the suitability and
effectiveness of mitigation programmes designed to reduce or compensate for adverse effects
of projects. The monitoring plan clearly shows responsibilities for monitoring and suggests
indicative costs, frequency and indictors for carrying out monitoring.
1.5
Report Structure
This report is organized in twelve chapters. Chapter One is the introduction while Chapter
Two entails the project background and its description. Chapter Three is on the policy,
administrative and legal framework within which the project will operate. Chapter Four
presents the baseline or existing conditions of the project site and area of influence. Chapter
Five entails Stakeholders’ consultation and public participation while Chapter Six deals with
assessment of impacts and identification of alternatives. Chapter Seven deals with impacts
management or environmental mitigation measures while Chapter Eight presents the
Environmental Management Plan. Environmental and social monitoring plan is presented in
Chapter Nine. Chapter Ten is on resource evaluation or cost benefit analysis while
Chapter Eleven is on completion. The last Chapter Twelve gives the summary and
conclusions of the report.
19
CHAPTER 2: PROJECT DESCRIPTION
2.1
Geographical Location
The Kihansi gorge is located on the eastern part of Udzungwa Mountains at the MufindiKilombero border (Figure 2.1). The Kihansi Gorge is approximately 85 kilometres southeast
of Iringa, in south-eastern Tanzania at 35052’E and 8014’S. The mountains contain high
concentrations of endemic plant and animal species. The Kihansi gorge is an important site
for biodiversity within the Udzungwa Mountains because of the presence of unusual habitats
including the spray wetlands and montane forest.
The Kihansi catchment refers to the upper watershed area above the dam and hydropower
station and lies between 1,200m and 2,200m above sea level. The Udzungwa forest reserve
covers the land to the east, while the rest of the catchment is covered with forest, grassland
and bush. The catchment is 584 km2 and upstream it spreads over the Kilolo and Mufindi
administrative districts (Figure 2.2). The area receives rainfall between 1,000mm in the
western and northern parts to 3,200 mm in the eastern part of the catchment. Downstream of
the catchment is the Kilombero valley.
Figure 2.1:
Location of Kihansi River Catchment with riparian districts (Valimba,
2013)
20
The catchment itself has at least 20 identified water sources identified by the Rufiji Basin
Water Office (RBWO) upstream in Kilolo and Mufindi Districts (Kilolo: Kilomele,
MadeteIlambwa, Mahare, Kiguka, Ng’embe, Ngohwani, Msuyu, Kitalawe, Kidope and
Mseve; Mufindi: Kidope, Lwanzala, Kimanyu, Mkulubanzi, Mlungu, Mongoro,
Mnyazungwa, Muhu, Mapanda and Igeleke). Activities of the project will thus focus on these
identified water sources.
2.2
Accessibility
The Kihansi River catchment is accessible by road and railway. The TAZARA railway
transects just outside the southern border (catchment boundary) with its station at Mlimba
Town, which is about 25 km from the KPS connected by a tarmac road. This road is part of
the ~ 150 km Ifakara-Mlimba road, which is predominantly gravel and in few stretches earth
but of poor quality surface being almost impassable during the wet season. From KPS, the
Kihansi-Iringa road goes up the mountains as part of the Dam access road to branch northeastwards towards Ukami Village (Figure 2.2). This part of the road has a surface sprinkled
with gravel and periodically affected by surface runoff and landslides of cut-off sections of
mountains allowing for its construction.
The Kihansi Gorge is not easily accessible; it can be accessed by foot from the Kihansi Dam
or from KPS. The footpaths up the nearly 900 meter from the KPS up to the Kihansi dam are
narrow, slippery and steeply sloping making the journey through the gorge difficult and even
dangerous for people who may not be used to such steep and hilly terrain.
Figure 2.2:
Accessibility to Kihansi River Catchment (Valimba, 2013).
21
2.3
Project Scope and Activities
The Project is full-sized with a five year implementation period, with the key objective being
‘to enhance biodiversity conservation in the Kihansi catchment’. This development objective
will be achieved through the implementation of activities categorised into three key
components: a) Institutional capacity building for the management of Kihansi catchment , b)
Conserve endangered species in the Kihansi catchment and c) Project management.
The KCCMP is aligned under the CBD with five major Aichi Biodiversity Strategic Goals for
2011 – 2020: Strategic Goal A - Mainstreaming biodiversity across government and society;
Strategic Goal B – Reduce direct pressures on biodiversity and promote sustainable use;
Strategic Goal C – Improve the status of biodiversity by safeguarding ecosystems, species,
and genetic diversity; Strategic Goal D - Enhance the benefits to all from biodiversity and
ecosystem series; and Strategic Goal E – Enhance implementation through participatory
planning, knowledge management, and capacity building.
Component 1: Institutional capacity building for the management of the Kihansi
catchment
The objective of this component is to support the preparation of technical guidelines that will
assist to improve (i) future river basin planning and (ii) future EIAs for water resources
infrastructure project by integrating downstream impacts related to reduced water
availability, or environmental flow assessment; the key impact of which will be improved
future water resources in environmental planning and decision making. Component 1 will
also support preparation of a communication strategy and sustainable financing. None of
these are physical interventions, but are aimed at improving knowledge and awareness and
understanding of the complex issues at hand and improving sustainability of the project
interventions. Component 1 comprises of two sub-components:
Subcomponent 1.1: Develop operational guidelines for conducting Environmental Flow
Assessment
The objective of this subcomponent is to incorporate biodiversity conservation at a planning
level into Integrated Water Resource Development and Management Planning (IWRDMP)
under the WSDP. Under the LKEMP (2001-2011) support was provided for the development
of the 2004 Environmental Management Act (EMA) and 10 implementing regulations.
LKEMP also informed important reforms in the water sector; it influenced the preparation of
the 2002 National Water Policy (NAWAPO), including an innovative provision on
environmental water allocation, and 2009 Water Resources Management Act and
Regulations. The EMA, NAWAPO and the associated regulations provided an important
legal framework for the integration of biodiversity conservation in river basin planning.
However, to fully operationalize biodiversity conservation in river basin planning in
Tanzania, an operational framework and guidelines relevant to river basin planning and EIA,
which integrates environmental flow assessment, are required.
Operational guidelines and procedures for conducting downstream Environmental Flow
Assessment (EFA). The National Environmental Policy (1997) requires that all developers
both public and private conduct an EIA prior to any development project. This policy was
codified in the 2004 Environmental Management Act. However, operational guidelines and
procedures for conducting Environmental Flow Assessment and assessing the downstream
impacts of major development projects on environmental flows are absent or poorly defined.
The project will provide support for the development of operational guidelines and
22
procedures to conduct (1) Environmental Flow Assessment (EFA) for purposes of adequately
addressing downstream impacts of water resource infrastructure in future EIAs; and (2) for
mainstreaming environmental flow assessment in Rufiji river basin planning. This activity
will serve as a pilot program for the broader WSDP which is working in nine river basins in
Tanzania.
Communication Strategy (CS) for improving the understanding of the water and
environmental linkages. Central to ensuring the long-term sustainability of biodiversity
conservation in the Rufiji River basin is improving the understanding among important
stakeholders as to the importance of incorporating downstream environmental flows in river
basin plans. The project will provide support for the development and implementation of a
communication strategy related to the incorporation of environmental flows into river basin
and catchment planning.
Subcomponent 1.2: Develop a sustainable financing plan for the management of the
Kihansi catchment
The project will provide support for the development of a financing plan for the management
of the Kihansi catchment. Under this subcomponent, support will be provided for two
activities. First, the project will support an analysis of the valuation of ecosystem services
within the Kihansi catchment along with a detailed examination of fixed and recurrent costs
associated with catchment management. As part of this analysis, a detailed assessment will
be conducted of the economics of the Lower Kihansi Hydro Power Plant (LKHP) including a
valuation of the negotiated final water right for electrical generation. Second, the project will
develop a financing plan for the Kihansi catchment which identifies financing options for the
long-term management of the Kihansi catchment. The most probable buyer of ecosystem
services would be TANESCO which operates the LKHP. As part of the preparation of a
financing plan, possibilities of linking to existing and potential Trust Funds including the
Eastern Arc Mountains Conservation Endowment Fund (EAMCEF) and Tanzania Wildlife
Protection Fund will be assessed. These activities will be conducted by NEMC and LGA’s
and the project will provide support for required consultancies.
Component 2: Conserve endangered species in the Kihansi catchment
This component focuses on operational level interventions in the Kihansi catchment to ensure
the conservation of critically endangered plant and animal species and their critical habitat
are conserved and sustainably managed over the long-term. This component comprises of
two subcomponents.
Subcomponent 2.1: Species and habitat conservation
Continued reintroduction and monitoring of the Kihansi Spray Toad. The project will
provide support for the continued reintroduction of the Kihansi Spray Toad back to the wild
which began under TEDAP in June 2012. In November 2011, a reintroduction plan for the
Kihansi Spray Toad was finalized based on the input and collaboration among more than 15
national and international institutions including NEMC, TAWIRI, UDSM, SUA State
University of New York, Syracuse, Universities of Utah, Tennessee, Southern Illinois,
California, Santa Cruz, and Georgia, North West University, IUCN Conservation Breeding
Specialist Group, IUCN Amphibian Specialist Group, Wildlife Conservation Society (WCS),
San Diego, Toledo, and Bronx Zoos, and Global Wildlife Conservation.
The reintroduction of the KST back to the wild is precedent setting and has global
conservation significance for a number of reasons. First, it represents the first reintroduction
23
of an extinct-in-the-wild amphibian species, worldwide.
Secondly, it is the first
reintroduction of an amphibian species in Africa; and thirdly, it is the first reintroduction of
an amphibian species in the tropics where chytrid fungus is endemic. The continued
reintroduction of the KST back to the Kihansi Gorge will be conducted by staff, students, and
faculty from UDSM, SUA, and TAWIRI with technical backstopping from IUCN and other
CSO’s.
In-situ control and mitigation of chytrid fungus and other diseases. The reintroduction of
the KST back to the wild will be pioneering new methodologies and techniques to control
and/or mitigate the impact of chytrid fungus on amphibian species in the tropics. The project
will support a multi-pronged strategy to mitigate the impact of chytrid fungus on the KST
which will include: (1) allowing natural selection to select for individuals that are resistant to
chytrid fungus through the repeated release of large numbers of animals. It is known that
many amphibian species have the ability to develop over time resistance to chytrid fungus.
Because of the large captive KST population in breeding facilities in Tanzania and the United
States -- the largest captive population of any extinct-in-the-wild or critically endangered
species worldwide -- it will be possible to reintroduce back to the gorge 4,000 – 5,000
individuals annually; (2) isolating bacteria on the skin of the KST which inhibits chytrid
fungus and inoculating released animals with this bacteria. Researchers in North America
have been success in isolating host-specific bacteria on amphibians which inhibit chytrid
fungus; (3) manipulating the density of the KST in experimental enclosures in the spray
wetlands. Disease transmission rates are a function of animal density and thus controlling the
density of KST in enclosures is a potential strategy for controlling disease transmission in the
wild; (4) regularly treating selective animals with anti-fungal agents. There is a wide variety
of drugs available to treat chytridiomycosis. Thus selectively treating animals which are
housed in experimental enclosures in the Kihansi Gorge is another strategy for controlling
disease transmission rates in the wild. As a result of this innovative multi-pronged strategy,
the probability of successfully controlling chytrid fungus and other diseases in situ should be
quite high.
In implementing the KST reintroduction plan, the project will adopt a collaborative
experimentally-driven adaptive management approach, which under LKEMP proved to be
highly effective. The project will provide support for annual consultations among project
personnel, national and international researchers, and other important stakeholders for the
purposes of defining the scope and boundaries of the required research and studies and to
establish a self-sustaining population. In addition, the project will provide support for several
international workshops on in situ mitigation of chytrid fungus and other amphibian diseases.
It is important that information and findings are freely and regularly exchanged among
institutions, scientists, and project personnel involved in research, monitoring, and
assessment in the Kihansi Gorge as well as between institutions and individuals involved in
the in situ and ex situ conservation activities of the Kihansi Spray Toad.
Conservation of spray wetland habitat. Central to the long-term of the reintroduction of the
Kihansi Spray Toad back to the wild is maintaining the spray wetland habitat. The project
will provide support to conserve and manage the spray wetland habitat in the Kihansi Gorge
and monitor essential environmental flows in the Kihansi Gorge.
Ecological monitoring. Ecological monitoring is essential to the KST reintroduction plan.
The project will provide support for the monitoring of key ecological indicators following the
established “Gibbs” protocols. The following Tier 1 ecological indicators will be monitored:
24
the KST population and other spray wetland-dependent amphibian species, air temperature
and humidity, water quality, wetland vegetation, wetland invertebrates, and catchment land
use practices.
Ecological monitoring will be conducted by faculty and staff from UDSM, SUA, TAWIRI,
with technical support from IUCN and other CSO’s. All ecological data will be entered into
an ecological database by the individuals who collect the data. Copies of the database will be
held by UDSM, TAWIRI, and NEMC. A summary report detailing long-term trends in key
ecological indicators will be produced every 18 months.
Captive KST population. Central to ensuring the long-term success of the reintroduction of
the KST back to the wild is having a large healthy assurance population from which large
numbers of individuals can be drawn for purposes of reintroduction and experimentation. The
project will provide resources to retain specialist services needed to maintain the captive
breeding program in captive breeding facilities in Tanzania and in the United States. The
project will also provide resources to enable key staff to undertake monitoring and/or training
visits to these captive breeding facilities.
Mapping and management of other endangered species and critical habitats in the Kihansi
catchment. As part of an overall strategy to conserve the critically endangered and endemic
plant and animal in the Kihansi catchment, the project will provide support for the mapping,
monitoring, and the development of management plans for the other critically endangered
plant and animal species in the Kihansi catchment. These activities will be conducted by
staff, students, and faculty from UDSM, SUA, and TAWIRI with technical backstopping
from IUCN and other CSO’s.
In 2004, a new species of coffee was described from the Kihansi Gorge. This species is
known only from the gorge and thus was listed immediately as critically endangered. Over
the last decade, 1 – 3 new species of butterfly have also been tentatively identified from the
Kihansi Gorge. However, the conservation status of these new species is poorly known as
well as the taxonomic status of the butterfly species. The project will provide support for the
taxonomic identification and description of the new butterfly species, identification of the
host plant species for the butterflies and population viability analysis of the coffee and host
plant species.
If these latter analyses reveal a high risk of extinction in the near term for the coffee and
butterfly host plant species, then the project will support the development and
implementation of appropriate mitigation activities including the establishment of an ex situ
population of the coffee in an appropriate botanical garden (e.g., Amani botanical garden);
and the installation of a drip-irrigation system for the coffee and the host plant species.
Support will be provided for necessary consultancies with the objective of developing
national capacity.
Kihansi Catchment Management Plan. The project will provide support for the development
and implementation of a Kihansi Catchment Management Plan (KCMP). An important
objective of this plan is to map the location of biodiversity rich sites (i.e., sites which contain
unusually high numbers of plant and animal species rather than the individual locations of
critically endangered species), important water source areas (i.e., springs, ground water
recharge sites, and forest and grass covered sites), destructive land use practices, and illegal
water abstractions in the Kihansi catchment. The KCMP will prioritize the protection of
25
biodiversity hotspots and important water source areas in the Kihansi catchment and propose
the appropriate protected area status and management system for these sites. As part of this
activity, the project will provide support for the legal gazettement and management of
biodiversity hotspots and important water source areas. In collaboration with LGA’s, Water
User Associations, and village environmental committees, the KCMP will also develop a land
use and agricultural practice zonation plan for the Kihansi catchment for purposes of
enhancing water quality and quantity in the catchment. The project will provide support for a
consultancy to assist in the development KCMP.
Subcomponent 2.2: Community Conservation and Livelihoods
The KCMP will help guide and prioritize community conservation activities within 14
upstream villages. Under LKEMP, an assessment was conducted of pesticide use in
upstream villages and concentrations in LKHP reservoir soil sediments and water.
Significant concentrations of pesticides were detected in reservoir sediments. However,
fortunately toxicology experiments revealed that current pesticide concentrations in reservoir
sediments are below the lethal limit for the Kihansi Spray Toad. Yet due to rapid human
population growth and agricultural expansion in the Kihansi catchment pesticide use will
almost certainly increase in the future unless an integrated pest management practice program
is introduced and implemented in the catchment. In addition, a recent UDSM hydrological
study in the Kihansi catchment has predicted that dry season flows in the Kihansi river will
likely decline over the next 20 years due to changes in water use and land use in the
catchment. This study noted that significant reductions of inflows will most likely be a result
of increased upstream water abstraction, land use changes and climate change. Currently,
TANESCO and the RBWB are identifying and mapping important water sources areas that
would need protection.
Community Conservation and Livelihoods. The project will provide support through
participartory planning for the pilot investment in Integrated Pest Management (IPM) in 14
upstream villages in the Kihansi catchment. The project will also provide support for pilot
investments in alternate livelihood activities in the Kihansi catchment based on particpant
consultation and preferences in the use, timing, and application of pesticides, terracing,
mulching, intercropping, shelter crops, the planting of insect trap crops, soil stabilizing
grasses and shrubs, native species woodlots, fruit trees, and the marketing of fruit. These
activities will be promoted as alternatives to traditional valley-bottom cultivation. These
village level activities will be organized and implemented by district and LGA authorities,
Water Use Associations, and Village Environmental Committees.
To facilitate the implementation of the Kihansi Catchment Management Plan and the
adoption of IPM and other livelihood activities that enhance water quality and quantity, the
project will provide training to local communities and key staff in IPM methods and
appropriate land use practices. In addition, training will be provided to key staff in
population-level assessment, mapping, and monitoring of endangered plant and animal
species and critical habitats, the valuation of catchment-wide ecological services, and
enforcement of environmental and water regulations.
The training of key staff will be conducted through short courses and tutorials for purposes of
enhancing national capacity and project sustainability in endangered species conservation and
management and enforcement of water resources and environmental regulations.
26
Component 3: Project Management
NEMC will be responsible for project coordination at the national, regional, district and
village levels. This will entail facilitating and coordinating the Steering and Technical
Advisory Committees as well as providing overall multi-sectoral coordination among
governmental sectors. In addition, under this component support will be provided for day-today project implementation and management including, procurement, and financial and
environmental management. The component will provide support for office operating costs
including annual audit costs.
Implementation of the proposed KCCMP will involve multiple governmental under the
leadership and coordination by NEMC. Key implementing entities will include: Ministry of
Natural Resources and Tourism (MNRT), Rufiji Basin Water Board (RBWB), Ministry of
Agriculture and Food Security, Ministry of Energy and Minerals, Local Government
Authorities (LGAs) within the catchment, and the University of Dar es Salaam (UDSM).
2.6
KCCM Project Social Benefits
The project is expected to generate positive social benefits through catchment management
investments that improve agricultural practices in the catchment and reduce degradation of
the natural resources base. The project will propose the formation of a Sub-catchment
Management Committees and support existing Water Users Associations to oversee project
implementation in the Kihansi Catchment including the promotion of alternative livelihood
activities among riparian communities which will benefit from improved water quality and
quantity. Communities from 14 upstream villages upstream in the Mufindi and Kilolo
districts will be the main project implementers and beneficiaries of livelihood investments.
2.7
Environmental Benefits of KCCMP
The project triggers one World Bank Safeguards Policy, OP/BP Environmental Assessment
(4.01) and has been assigned Environmental Assessment Category B – Partial Assessment.
Given the small works envisioned under Component 2 to implement sub-catchment
management activities, improve land and water uses practices and promote alternative
community livelihood interventions, appropriate mitigation measures will be undertaken to
address environmental impacts. An Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA)
will be carried out prior to project appraisal to establish likely environmental issues and
recommend an Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP). As part of the ESIA, a
social assessment will be carried out to determine current pesticide use and concentration
levels in the catchment. The results of the ESIA will be incorporated in the ESMP, which will
also address KST reintroduction risks and will complement the existing EMP for
TANESCO’s operation of the Lower Kihansi Hydropower Plant. The main implementing
agency, NEMC has adequate in-house capacity to supervise, monitor, and guide the
implementation of safeguard policies among the other implementing sectors and departments.
NEMC will work closely with and provide oversight of the LGAs and particularly the Village
Environmental Committees, as per requirement of the Environmental Management Act
(2004).
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CHAPTER 3: POLICY, LEGAL AND INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK
3.1
Introduction
The proposed Kihansi Catchment Conservation and Management Project(KCCMP) is
targeted at the integration of biodiversity conservation at both an operational and planning
level into the Water Sectoral Development Project (WSDP).This is to ensure that all
environmental impacts are addressed and meets the required policies and/or legal regime
operating in Tanzania. This section discusses Tanzania national and sectoral policies and
legislation, which are relevant to environmental and social issues pertaining to the planning
and implementation of the KCCMP.
3.2
Need for EIA
Environment Impact Assessment (EIA) is considered to be one of the planning tools which is
used to facilitate and promote sustainable development by integrating environmental
consideration in the decision making process to ensure that unnecessary damage to the
environment can be avoided. Due to the importance of EIA, most sector policies and
legislation have incorporated the requirement of undertaking EIA in the designing and
implementing development activities.
The National Environmental Policy (1997) and the Environmental Management Act (2004)
make EIA mandatory for some development projects. There are also several other sectoral
policy documents that recommend EIA as a tool for ensuring sustainable development is
achieved. These include the National Environment Action Plan (URT, 1994)2, and the
National Conservation Strategy for Sustainable Development (NEMC, 1995).3 The
Environment Management Act EIA Regulations (2005) provides a guide to carry EIA in
Tanzania. These Regulations provide a list of projects (Schedule 3 of the EMA 2004), which
must be subjected to EIA before they are implemented. In addition there are a number of laws
that categorically state that environmental impact assessment is a necessity before the project
is approved for implementation.
3.3
Relevant Policies
The following are relevant sectoral and cross–sectoral policies which provide directives on
how projects should be operated in/on concerned natural resources and sensitive ecosystems.
The project proponent will consult these policies in the course of implementing the proposed
KCCM project activities.
3.3.1 The National Environmental Policy (URT, 1997)4
Chapter 4, Paragraph 64 of the NEP states that “It is in the context of an EIA regime that
policy guidance on choices to maximise long-term benefits of development and
environmental objectives can be revealed and decided upon. EIA as a planning tool shall be
used to integrate environmental considerations in the decision making process in order to
ensure un-necessary damage to the environment is avoided”. On public consultation the
policy in paragraph 66 states “One of the cornerstones of the EIA process will be the
2
3
4
URT 1994. National Environmental Action Plan
NEMC 1995. National Conservation Strategy for Sustainable Development
URT, 1997.National Environmental Policy
28
institution of public consultations and public hearing in the EIA procedures”. During
undertaking ESIA for the proposed KCCMP, public consultation has been given due
consideration.
3.3.2 National Forest Policy (1998)
The forest policy calls for conservation of unique ecosystems and biological diversity,
considering the needs of local populations and appropriate management and utilisation of
natural resources, sustainable management of reserved forest will be defined and
management responsibility promoted. The proposed KCCM will focus on Biodiversity
conservation and management as well as watershed management and soil conservation will
be included in the management plans.
3.3.3 The National Wildlife Policy (URT, 2007)
The Wildlife Policy of Tanzania refers on the enforcing EIA process for developments in
Protected Areas (Pas) and requesting for environmental planning for developments to be
carried out in wildlife areas outside Pas in order to minimize negative impacts.
3.3.4 The National Land Policy (URT, 1995)
The National Land Policy advocates the protection of land resources from degradation for
sustainable development. The policy addresses several environmental issues; among of them
is land use planning. Land use planning takes into consideration the land capability, ensures
proper management of urban/rural land resources, promote resource sharing and multiple
land use techniques in area of conflicting land use, and lastly advocates the involvement of
community in resource management, land use and conflict resolution.
On Environmental assessment the national land policy directs that certificate, permits,
licenses, claims and rights for exploration of natural resources should be issued in line with
land use policies, and environmental conservation policies, programmes and guidelines.
3.3.5 The National Water Policy (URT, 2002)
The National water policy recognizes that water is needed for various multi-sectoral uses (or
socio-economic activities) including domestic supply, hydropower generation, food security
and export crops, livestock, industrial uses, mining, fisheries, navigation and the
environment. It is in this broad context that it has adopted integrated water resources
management as a paradigm for managing water resources. Furthermore, the policy recognizes
that water needs for the environment (ecosystems) is a legal use of water and it has been
granted a second priority in the water allocation priorities after water needs for human uses of
water. However, criteria for prioritization of water use at different times of year to address
the growing competition for water are lacking, resulting into conflicts among users. In
addition, there are no guidelines or procedures in place for uniformly estimating water needs
for environmental uses of water.
3.3.6 Rural Development Policy (1996)
The Rural Development Policy (RDP) augments the Development Vision for Tanzania and
serves to lay down the parameters for a Rural Development Strategy (RDS). Both the RDP
and the RDS strive to improve the well-being of rural dwellers with a view to eradicating
poverty. The RDP focuses on four key issues: i) promotion of widely shared economic
growth; ii) increasing opportunities and access to social and economic services; iii) reducing
risks and vulnerability; and, iv) enhancing good governance.
29
An important provision in this policy relevant to the proposed KCCMP states that for the
planning of special and protected areas, “The government shall ensure sustainable and
profitable utilisation of the natural resources for the benefit of rural people by involving local
communities in management and utilisation of these resources”. This requirement calls for
the need to undertake ESIA prior to this project. Because EIA advocates for stakeholders
participation, the involvement of the surrounding population will ensure that they benefit
from the proposed development project.
3.4
World Bank Safeguard Policies
World Bank Operational Policies (OP) and Bank Procedures (BP) Environmental Assessment
– BP 4.01 and OP 4.01 require environmental assessment of projects proposed that are
consider to have potential adverse impacts upon the environment to help ensure that they are
environmentally sound and sustainable. Environmental Assessment is one of the 10
environmental, social, and legal Safeguard Policies of the World Bank, which aim at
improving decision making, to ensure that project options under consideration are sound and
sustainable, and that potentially affected people have been properly consulted.
In accordance with the Bank guidelines, KCCMP has been classified as category B. The
following safeguards are triggered: Environmental Assessment (OP 4.01), Pest Management
(OP 4.09), Forests (OP/BP 4.36), Natural Habitats (OP/BP 4.04), and Involuntary
Resettlement (OP 4.12).
3.4.1 Environmental Assessment (OP 4.01)
This policy requires environmental assessment (EA) of projects proposed for Bank financing
to help ensure that they are environmentally sound and sustainable, and thus to improve
decision making. The EA is a process whose breadth, depth, and type of analysis depend on
the nature, scale, and potential environmental impact of the proposed project. The EA process
takes into account the natural environment (air, water, and land); human health and safety;
social aspects (involuntary resettlement, indigenous peoples, and cultural property) and transboundary and global environmental aspects.
Operational Policy 4.01 further requires that the EA/EMP report must be disclosed as a
separate and stand-alone document by the Government of Tanzania and the World Bank as a
condition for bank appraisal of this project. The World Bank system assigns a project to one
of three project categories and the project has thus been screened and assigned an EA
Category B. This category of projects are defined as projects likely to have potential adverse
environmental impacts on human populations or environmentally important areas including
wetlands, forests, grasslands, and other natural habitats and are less adverse than those of
category A projects. These impacts are site specific, few if any of them are irreversible, and
in most cases mitigation measures can be designed more readily than for Category A projects.
The EA process for Category B projects examines the potential negative and positive
environmental impacts and recommends any measures needed to prevent, minimize, mitigate,
or compensate for adverse impacts and improve environmental performance.
3.4.2 Natural Habitats (OP 4.04)
This policy aims at the conservation of natural habitats, like other measures that protect and
enhance the environment. The policy is essential for long term sustainable development. The
Bank therefore supports the protection, maintenance, and rehabilitation of natural habitats.
30
Natural Habitats are land and water areas where the ecosystems’ biological communities are
formed largely by native plant and animal species, and human activity has not essentially
modified the areas primary ecological functions. The policy recognizes the important role of
biological, social, economic, and existence value of natural habitats, including natural arid
and semi-arid lands, mangrove swamps, coastal marshes, and other wetlands; estuaries, sea
grass beds, coral reefs, freshwater lakes and rivers;
Therefore, the Natural Habitats policy may be triggered in certain cases because the
investments proposed under the project may have potential impact within the catchment,
where rivers and forests immensely contribute to the sustainability of critical ecosystems. The
natural ecosystems of the wetlands, rivers and forests are known to support varying degrees
of natural complexities of flora and fauna.
This policy requires that any activities that adversely impact these ecosystems are
successfully mitigated so that the balance of the ecosystems are maintained or enhanced.
Specific measures to enhance ecosystem functions must include provision for monitoring and
evaluation to provide feedback on conservation outcomes and to provide guidance for
developing or refining appropriate corrective actions.
3.4.3 Forests (OP 4.36)
This operational policy aims to reduce deforestation, enhance the environmental contribution
of forested areas, promote afforestation, reduce poverty, and encourage economic
development. The policy recognizes the role forests play in poverty alleviation, economic
development, and for providing local as well as global environmental services. Success in
establishing sustainable forest conservation and management practices depends not only on
changing the behaviour of all critical stakeholders, but also on a wide range of partnerships to
accomplish what no country, government agency, donor, or interest group can do alone.
The forest strategy suggests three equally important and interdependent pillars to guide future
Bank involvement with forests including harnessing the potential of forests to reduce poverty,
integrating forests in sustainable economic development, and protecting vital local and global
environmental services and forest values.
This policy applies to the World Bank-financed investment projects that have or may have
impacts on the health and quality of forests, projects that affect the rights and welfare of
people and their level of dependence upon or interaction with forests and projects that aim to
bring about changes in the management, protection, or utilization of natural forests or
plantations, whether they are publicly, privately, or communally owned.
This safeguard will be triggered as some of the catchment management activities will involve
planting of tree to stabilize slopes as well as reduce erosion rate and siltation to the river.
3.4.4 Pest Management (OP 4.09)
The policy supports safe, affective, and environmentally sound pest management. It promotes
the use of biological and environmental control methods. A preferred solution is to use
Integrated Pest Management (IPM) techniques and encourage their use in the whole of the
sectors concerned.
This policy aims at assisting proponents to manage pests that affect either agriculture or
public health. The Bank supports a strategy that promotes the use of biological or
31
environmental control methods and reduces reliance on synthetic chemical pesticides. For
World Bank funded agriculture projects, pest populations are normally controlled through
IPM approaches, such as biological control, cultural practices, and the development and use
of crop varieties that are resistant or tolerant to the pest. The Bank may finance the purchase
of pesticides when their use is justified under an IPM approach resort.
The policy supports use of pesticides for public health projects in controlling pests where
environmental methods alone are not effective. The policy calls for assessment of the nature
and degree of associated risks, taking into account the proposed use and the intended users
for procurement of any pesticide in Bank-financed projects.
The policy requires that any pesticides it finances be manufactured, packaged, labelled,
handled, stored, disposed of, and applied according to standards acceptable to the Bank. The
Bank does not finance formulated products that fall in WHO classes IA and IB, or
formulations of products in Class II5, if the country lacks restrictions on their distribution and
use; are likely to be used by, or be accessible to, lay personnel, farmers, or others without
training, equipment, and facilities to handle, store, and apply these products properly.
This policy will be triggered by the project due to application of pesticides and herbicides in
valley bottoms within the catchment and application of fungicides prior to the reintroduction
of KST as well as treating the reintroduced caged population in the spray wetlands in Kihansi
Gorge.
3.4.5 Involuntary Resettlement (OP/BP 4.12)
This policy covers direct economic and social impacts that emerge from Bank-financed
investment projects, and are caused by; involuntary taking of land resulting in relocation or
loss of shelter; loss of assets or access to assets, or loss of income sources or means of
livelihood, whether or not the affected persons must move to another location; or the
involuntary restriction of access to legally designated parks and protected areas resulting in
adverse impacts on the livelihoods of the displaced persons. The policy is triggered in
situations involving involuntary taking of land and involuntary restrictions of access to
legally designated parks and protected areas.
The objective of this policy is to avoid where feasible, or minimize the resettlement,
exploring all viable alternative project designs. The policy calls for sustainable development
programs, providing sufficient investment resources to enable the persons displaced by the
project to share project benefits and to improve their livelihoods. The standards of living
should be restored, in real terms, to pre-displacement levels or to levels prevailing prior to the
beginning of project implementation, whichever is higher.
This policy is triggered because the proposed project is envisaged to entail some restriction of
livelihood and other activities to selected critical habitats and water sources, which will be
earmarked for protection. Therefore, consistent with OP 4.12, a Process Framework will be
prepared to manage any implications for communities relying on natural resources in these
areas.
5Copies
of the classification, which is updated annually, are available in the Sectoral Library. A draft Standard Bidding
Document for Procurement of Pesticides is available from OPCPR.
32
3.5
Legal Framework
3.5.1 The Environmental Management Act (2004)
The Environmental Management Act (2004) repealed the National Environmental
Management Act, 1983 and provides for continued existence of the National Environmental
Management Council (NEMC). EMA introduces a concept of right of Tanzanians to clean,
safe and healthy environment and right of Tanzanians to access to various segment of
environment for recreational, educational, health, spiritual, cultural and economic purposes
(Section 4 (1) and (2)).
Under this Act, NEMC is mandated to undertake enforcement, compliance, review and
monitoring of environmental impact assessment and has a role of facilitating public
participation in environmental decision making, exercise general supervision and
coordinating over all matters relating to the environment. The Act also requires the Council
to determine whether a proposed project should be subjected to an EIA, approves consultants
to undertake the EIA study, invites public comments and also has the statutory authority to
issue the certificate of approval. This new Act imposes an obligation on developers to
conduct an EIA prior to the commencement of the project to determine whether the project
may/or is likely to have, or will have a significant impact on the environment. Article 82
makes EIA mandatory to all projects that fall under the EIA mandatory list (Schedule 3).
3.5.2 Village Land Act (1999)
The Village Land Act No.5 of 1999 is arguably amongst the laws that most directly impact
the well-being of most Tanzanians. Unlike the Land Act, the Village Land Act has in its
provisions, which bear witness of some attempt to learn from past problems and experiences.
The Act suggests that the major parts of the administration of land have been decentralized to
the village and that there are firm guarantees in place to protect the smaller-holder security of
tenure. Fundamentally, the Act vests all village land in the village. The precise distribution of
authority between the Village Council and the Village Assembly is not always defined, but
the underlying principle is clearly that Village Land is vested in the Village Assembly and
that the Village Council administers the land through the authority of the Village Assembly.
The Village Land Act through section 18 (1) states that a “customary” right of occupancy is
in every respect of equal status and effect to a granted right of occupancy. The meaning of
this statement is somewhat unclear as the holder of customary rights answers to a different set
of rules with different hindrances and privileges than does a holder of a granted right of
occupancy. This statement in its own right is unimportant because the status of customary
rights will only be determined by the way in which the law will be administered.
However, section 60 of the Act makes special provisions for the establishment of a Village
Land Council “to mediate between and assist parties to arrive mutually acceptable resolution
on any matters concerning the village land. Sections 11 and 58 of the Act show that for some
reasons, the Village Land Council jurisdiction has been limited to cases related to land
sharing arrangements with other villages and land sharing.
Since the proposed KCCMP will be carried out in the part of village lands, the provisions
given in this Act need to carefully be dealt with.
33
3.5.3 Wildlife Conservation Act (2009)
The objective of this law is to protect, conserve and administer areas with great biological
biodiversity; protect and conserve wildlife resources and its habitats. Section 35 under this
Act provides legal requirement of conducting EIA for significant intervention in wildlife
protected areas and their associated dispersal areas. The act provides legal framework for
various uses of wildlife resources within and outside protected areas. This EIA addressed the
requirements of the act in terms of protection and conservation of wildlife resources
3.5.4 The Forest Act (2002)
The law provides the promotion and enhancement of the contribution of forest sector to the
sustainable development and conservation and management of natural resources for the
benefit of present and future generations. The law also encourage and facilitate the active
participation of the citizens in the sustainable planning, management, use and conserve forest
resources through the development of individual and community. To ensure ecosystem
stability through conservation of forests biodiversity, water catchments and soil fertility.
3.5.5 The Water Resource Management Act (2009)
This is a new legislation that has repealed the Water Utilization (Control and Regulation) Act
(1974). The Act provides for institutional and legal framework for sustainable management
and development of water resources; outlines principles for water resources management; for
prevention and control of water pollution; and provides for participation of stakeholders and
general public in implementation of the National Water Policy. Its main objective is to ensure
that the nations water resources are protected, used, developed, conserved, managed and
controlled in ways that among others meets the basic human needs of present and future
generations, prevents and controls pollution of water resources and protects biological
diversity especially the aquatic ecosystems.
According to section 39 (1) of this act, owner or occupier of land on which any activity or
process is or was performed or undertaken, or any other situation exists which causes has
caused or is likely to cause pollution of a water source, shall take all reasonable measures to
prevent any such pollution from occurring, continuing or recurring. It is stated under section
39 (2) that a Basin Water Board may direct any person who fails to take the measures
required under subsection (1) to commence taking measures before a given date; diligently
continue with those measures and complete the measures before a given date.
Section 40 (1) states that where a person fails to comply or complies inadequately with a
directive given under Section 39 (2), the Basin Water Board may take measures as it
considers necessary to remedy the situation. Section 40 (2) provides that the responsible
person, any other person involved in the incident or any person with knowledge of the
incident must, as soon as is practicable after obtaining knowledge of the incident, report the
incident to the Basin Water Board or any public officer and the a responsible person shall
take all reasonable measures to contain and minimise the effects of the incident; undertake
clean-up procedures; and take such measures as the Basin Water Board may verbally or in
writing direct, and any verbal directions shall be confirmed in writing within fourteen days to
have effect under this subsection.
The KCCMP will strive to comply with the provisions of the Water Resource Management
Act of 2009.
34
3.5.6 Land Use Planning Act (2007)
The Act established the Land Use Planning Commission, which is the principal advisory
organ of the Government on all matters, related to land use. The Act has the function of
formulating policy on land use planning, coordinating the activities of all bodies concerned
with land use planning matters, and evaluating existing and proposed policies and activities
of the Government directed to the safeguarding of land against its wrongful, wasteful or
premature use or development and, on that basis, recommend policies and programs which
will achieve more effective protection and enhancement of the land quality and encourage
better land use planning.
Other functions include recommending measures to ensure Government policies are complied
with, including those for the development and conservation of land. This is also an important
environmental provision, which introduces the requirements for environmental impact
assessment at least in respect of land use matters.
3.5.7 National EIA and Audit Regulations (2005)
Alongside the EMA 2004, the Government has also prepared Regulations for EIA (UTR,
2005) that lists potential projects that require mandatory EIA. The Regulations further
describe how ESIA should be carried out and provide guidance on the practice of EIA in
Tanzania.
3.6
International Conventions and Agreements
3.6.1 East African Community Treaty (1999)
The Treaty establishing the East African Community was signed by heads of government of
the partner states on November 30, 1999 in Arusha, Tanzania and came into force on July 7,
2000. The East African Community was formally launched on January 15, 2001. With five
Party States including Burundi, Kenya, Rwanda, Tanzania and Uganda, the broad goal of the
East African Community is to enhance cooperation in all areas for mutual benefit of the
Partner States.
Among the East African Community objectives is to promote a sustainable growth and
equitable development of Partner States including rational utilization of the regions natural
resources and protection of the environment. Kihansi Catchment in the Udzungwa mountains
and the habitats are main concerns of KCCM project and are part of the natural resources,
which this treaty aims at conserving. This ESIA study bears a very close relationship to this
Treaty because the proposed area for this project has abundant and diverse fauna and flora.
3.6.2 The Convention on Biological Diversity (1992)
Convention on Biological resources is a comprehensive, binding agreement covering the use
and conservation of biodiversity and requires countries to develop and implement strategies
for sustainable use and protection of biodiversity; use of its components and the fair equitable
sharing of the benefits arising out of the utilization of genetic resources. It is dedicated to
promoting sustainable development and was conceived as a practical tool for translating the
principles of Agenda 21 into reality. The KCCMP will abide to the provisions of the
convention in respect to Tanzania laws. This EIA has addressed the need to conserve such
biodiversity as part of the CBD requirement.
35
3.6.3 IUCN Red List
The IUCN Red List is the most comprehensive information source on the status of wild
species and their links to livelihoods. Some of the organisms which are found in Kihansi
catchment area belong to the category of endangered and threatened species according to
International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN) and Convention for International
Trade for Endangered Species of Wild Flora and Fauna (CITES). The proposed KCCMP
must address mitigation options for existing threaten and endangered species found in the
catchment such as KST.
3.6.4 Convention on Climate Change (1992)
Adopted in May 1992, the Convention on Climate Change sets an overall framework for
intergovernmental efforts to tackle the challenges posed by climate change. It recognizes that
the climate system is a shared resource whose stability can be affected by industrial and other
emissions of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases. The Convention enjoys near
universal membership with 192 countries including Tanzania having ratified.
3.7
Guidelines
3.7.1 The Tanzania Development Vision 2025
The Tanzania Development Vision 2025 is an economic and social development vision,
which emanates from reforms that have been pursued since 1986. The vision is a result of
public participation in the process, which begun in 1995. The vision is aimed at achieving
high quality livelihood, good governance and the rule of law and a strong and competitive
economy. One of the specific targets in vision 2025 includes management of water resources
as an important resource to enable Tanzania achieve its Development Vision objectives (both
social and economic), such as eradicating poverty, attaining water and food security,
sustaining biodiversity and sensitive ecosystems. Ensuring good quality and adequate
quantity of water in Kihansi Catchment through this project contributes to the attainment of
the vision 2025.
3.7.2 The National Strategy for Growth and Poverty Reduction (2011-2015)
The National Strategy for Growth and Poverty Reduction (NSGRP) or MKUKUTA is a
revised version of the Poverty Reduction Strategy (PRS) of 2000. The strategy has three main
outcomes and number of goals within each of these. The goals of this strategy are growth of
income and the reduction of poverty, improved quality of life and social well-being and good
governance and accountability. NSGRP recognizes the heavy dependence of the poor on the
environment (soil, water and forests), in particular household’s reliance on environmental
resources for income generation. Water is considered a key factor for social economic
development and the fight against poverty.
3.8
Institutional Framework
There is an overall institutional and legal framework for the management and protection of our
environmental in the national context. The responsibility for the management and protection of
the environment presently lies with the Departments of the Environment (DoE) and the National
Environment Management Council (NEMC) under Vice President’s Office. NEMC is assigned
with the responsibility of ensuring that environmental regulations developed under EMA are
complied.
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3.8.1 Environmental Frameworks
A National Environmental Policy (NEP) has been prepared in 1997. The goal of the National
Environmental Policy is to achieve sustainable development in Tanzania through sound
environmental management. The overall policy objective seek to provide the framework for
making fundamental changes that needs to bring environmental consideration in to the
mainstream of decision making in Tanzania. It seeks to provide policy guideline, plans, and
provides for monitoring and regular review of policies, plans and progammes. It further provides
for sect oral and cross-sectoral policy analysis in order to achieve compatibility among sectors
and interest groups and exploit synergies among them. Specific objectives of the (NEP) include:






Ensure sustainability, security and equitable use of resources for meeting the basic needs of
the present and future generations without degrading the environment or risking health or
safety;
Prevent and control degradation of land, water, vegetation, and air which constitute our life
support systems;
Conserve and enhance our natural and man-made heritage, including the biological diversity
of the unique ecosystems of Tanzania
Improve the condition and productivity of degraded areas including rural and urban
settlement in order that all Tanzanians may live in safe, healthful, productive and aesthetically
pleasing surroundings;
Raise public awareness and understanding of the essential linkages between environment and
development, and promote individual and community participation in environmental action;
and
Promote international cooperation on the environmental agenda, and expand our participation
and contribution to relevant bilateral, sub-regional, regional and global organizations and
programs, including implementation of Treaties.
The following strategies will be pursued in order to achieve the policy goals and objectives.
 To establish and/or strengthen environmental management, environmental protection
standards and law enforcement for environmental quality and resource use;
 To make prior environmental impact assessment (EIA) of proposed activities which may
significantly affect the environment or use of a natural resource and to provide relevant
information, in a timely manner;
 To promote environmental management and sustainable management of Kihansi
catchment through establishing a sustainable financing plan in place;
 To cooperate with communities implementing livelihoods activities to traditional valley
bottom cultivation, providing training of local communities and key staff in relevant
sectors in IPM and appropriate land use practices, ecological monitoring and assessment;
 Sharing knowledge and best practices in environmental protection, endangered species
conservation among national and international CSO.
The legal basis for the implementation of the NEP (2007) and for environmental management
and protection in Tanzania is the Environmental Management Act of 2004. EMA 2004
provides for a legal and institutional framework for sustainable management of the
environment, prevention and control pollution, waste management, environmental quality
standards, public participation, environmental compliance and enforcement. The
Environmental Management Act (EMA) 2004 gives NEMC mandates to perform the
following tasks amongst others:

To enforce and ensure compliance of the national environmental quality standards.
37






To review of Environmental Impact Statements (EIS) and conduct environmental
monitoring and auditing of projects and facilities.
To undertake and co-ordinate research, investigation and surveys in the field of
environment and collect, and disseminate information.
To carry-out research and surveys for the proper management and conservation of
environment.
To initiate and evolve procedures and safeguards for the prevention of accidents which
may cause environmental degradation.
To enhance environmental education and public awareness; and establish and operate
national environmental information system for sound environmental management.
To publish and disseminate manuals, codes and guidelines relating to environmental
management and prevention or abatement of environmental degradation.
3.8.2 EIA Procedures and Guidelines
Alongside the EMA 2004, the Government has also prepared EIA and Audit Regulations GN
No. 349 of 2005 which provides the guidance on the practice of ESIA in Tanzania. It
provides the lists of potential projects that require mandatory EIA. The Regulations further
describe how ESIA should be carried out.
The ESIA for KCCMP was conducted in accordance to the guidelines laid down by the
Environment Management Act (EMA, 2004) Part IV of the EIA Regulations GN No. 349 of
2005 which provides the general objectives for carrying EIA, among others. The list includes
the following:




To ensure that environmental considerations are explicitly addressed and incorporated
into the development of decision making process;
To anticipate and avoid, minimize or offset the adverse significant biophysical, social and
relevant effects of developmental proposal;
To protect the productivity and capacity of natural systems and ecological processes
which maintain their functions; and
To promote development that is sustainable and optimizes resources use and management
opportunities.
The EIA guidelines define the competent experts or firms of experts whose names have been
duly certified and registered in accordance with the provisions of the Environmental
(Registration of Environmental Experts) Regulations, 2005 to undertake environmental
assessments. The EIA processes as described by the guideline are the following: Registration;
Screening; Scoping; EIA and Environmental Impact Report and Review and recommend for
approval. Other important institutions to the ESIA of proposed KCCMP are as summarized in
Table 3.1.
38
Table 3.1:
Level
National level
Key Institutions in the ESIA Process
Institution
Vice President’s Office (NEMC and
Division of Environment)
Ministry of Water
 Minister
 Permanent Secretary
 Division of Water Resources
 Rufiji Basin Water Board
 KSCC
Academic Institution
Local Government
Ministry of Natural Resource & Tourism
 Permanent Secretary
 Division of Forest
 TAWIRI
Ministry of Livestock development and
Fisheries
Permanent Secretary
TPRI
Ministry for Lands, Housing and Human
Settlements Development
 Division of Physical Planning
 Land Use Planning Commission
 University of Dar es Salaam,
Department of Aquatic Sciences and
Fisheries
 Sokoine University of Agriculture
 Regional Administrative Secretary
(RAS) of Morogoro and Iringa
 District Commissioners Office (three
districts)
 District Executive Director (DED)
39
Roles and Responsibility
 Advise
Government
on
environmental matters
 Co-ordinate
Environmental
Management Act, Policy
and
Guidelines
 Approval of Scoping Report and
Review draft of ESIA
 Issuing of EIA certificate
 Environmental monitoring
 That water is needed for various
multi-sectoral uses (or socioeconomic activities) including water
for domestic supply, for generating
power, for food security and export
crops, for livestock, for industries,
mining, fisheries, navigation and the
environment;
it
has
adopted
integrated
water
resources
management as a paradigm for
managing water resources.
 That water needs for the environment
(ecosystems) is a legal use of water
and it has been granted a second
priority in the water allocation
priorities after water needs for human
uses of water. .
 However, criteria for prioritization of
water use at different times of year to
address the growing competition for
water are lacking, resulting into
conflicts among users. In addition,
there are no guidelines or procedures
in place for uniformly estimating
water needs for environmental uses
of water.
 Issuing policy guidance
 Setting operations standards
 Monitoring of projects impacts
 Issuing policy guidance
 Setting operations standards
 Monitoring of projects impacts
 Town and Country Planning
 Approval of Land use plan
 Advise Government in Forest,
Wildlife issues and Implement
national policies
 Conduct different researches
 Relevant permit on current land uses,
nearby activities and developments
 Extension Services and public
mobilization and awareness
Level
Institution
(three districts)
 Districts Facilitation Team (DFT)
which usually include district focal
person for project and other members
from district
Departments –
Agriculture, Land, Planning, Water,
Health, Community Development,
Natural Resources etc.
 3 Water User Associations of Kihansi
catchment
 Ward Council
 Village Council
40
Roles and Responsibility
 Project Monitoring
CHAPTER 4: BASELINE CONDITIONS
4.1
Introduction
This chapter provides baseline data on the relevant environmental characteristics of the
project area. Much of the description of the environment is site specific. Other aspect such as
climate and socio-economic issues is broad for Kihansi gorge. The Consultant relied on
secondary data and information found in literature covering the project area and observation
at the site.
4.2
Location and Administrative Boundaries
The Kihansi gorge is located on the eastern part of Udzungwa Mountains at the MufindiKilolo-Kilombero border (Figure 1). The Kihansi Gorge is approximately 85 kilometres
southeast of Iringa, in south-eastern Tanzania at 35o52’E and 8o14’S. The mountains contain
high concentrations of endemic plant and animal species. The Kihansi gorge is an important
site for biodiversity within the Udzungwa Mountains because of the presence of unusual
habitats including the spray wetlands and montane forest.
The Kihansi catchment refers to the upper watershed area above the dam and hydropower
station and lies between 1,200m and 2,200m above sea level. The Udzungwa forest reserve
covers the land to the east, while the rest of the catchment is covered with forest, grassland
and bush. The catchment is 584 km2 and upstream it spreads over the Kilolo and Mufindi
administrative districts (Figure 1b). The area receives rainfall between 1,000mm in the
western and northern parts to 3,200 mm in the eastern part of the catchment. Downstream of
the catchment is the Kilombero valley (NORPLAN, 1994).
4.3
Physical Characteristics
4.3.1 Climate
The climatic condition in Kihansi catchment is ruled by the behaviour of the Inter Tropical
Convergence Zone, which mainly causes heavy showers in this area from November to May
peaking in April (NORPLAN, 1994). The area receives rainfall between 1,000mm in the
western and northern parts to 3,200 mm in the eastern part of the catchment. Downstream of
the catchment is the Kilombero valley.
4.3.2 Hydrological variation
The Kihansi River catchment experiences a transition pattern of intra-annual flow variation
between the bimodal and unimodal regimes with a defined peak during the long rains
(March- May) and low flows in October. The contribution of the large Kihansi upstream is
high in October-March while that of River Ruaha tributary is high in April and May resulting
in higher contribution of River Ruaha to flooding in downstream reaches. The analyses of
longest stream flow record at NC3 indicated a general decline of average river inflows into
the Kihansi reservoir since the early 1990s. The decline of mean flows were reflected in
declining low flows while flood flows remained relatively unchanged in magnitude and
period of occurrence.
41
The Kihansi river flows have historically ranged between a minimum of 7m3/s during dry
seasons to a maximum of 64 m3/s. Long term changes in rainfall indicated a recent declining
trend in average and minimum flows since the 1980s suggesting the possibility of attribution
of rainfall decline on declining flow. Annual minimum discharge has declined from 9 m3/s in
the early 1980s to 7 m3/s in the mid-1990s to below 6 m3/s in the 2000s with the lowest value
of 4.97m3/s in December 2005 and January 2006 (NEMC-WRED, 2010).
4.4
Biological characteristics
4.4.1 Plants
A preliminary list of plants found in the project area is given in the 1995 Environmental
Impact Assessment (NORPLAN, 1995, with an extracted list of trees in Lovett et al., 1997).
The 1995 Environmental Impact Assessment listed plants for the forest that were known to be
endemic to the Eastern Arc. The occurrence of these plants confirmed that the Kihansi
forests were part of the Eastern Arc region of high biodiversity and endemism. Some of
these plants were poorly known scientifically or were significant range extensions. For
example, collection of Oxyanthus haerdii in Kihansi was the first time the plant had been
found since its initial discovery in 1959, and identification of the rare Cola scheffleri
extended its range southwards by several hundred kilometers. Subsequent data gathering
under the LEMP quantified occurrence of rare plants in the Kihansi and Udagaji Gorges, and
correlated their occurrence with microclimate (NORPLAN, 1999a).
4.4.2 Mammals
Eight primate species occur in Kihansi and Udagaji gorges: Sykes Monkey, Uhehe Red
Colobus, Black & White Colobus, Sanje Mangabey, Vervet Monkey, Baboon and two
species of Galago. One of the Galagos is the rare Matundu Dwarf Galago (Butynski et al.,
1998). The Uhehe Red Colobus and Sanje Mangabey are globally rare, being only known
from the Udzungwa Mountains, and so are of high conservation importance (Rodgers &
Homewood, 1982). In Kihansi gorge the estimated population size of Red Colobus was the
largest followed by Sykes Monkey, then Black and White Colobus.
4.4.3 Birds
Sixteen bird species recorded from the Kihansi Gorge are of conservation concern (African
Crowned Eagle, Swynnerton's Robin, Uluguru Violet-backed Sunbird, Sharpe's Akalat,
Mountain Buzzard, Half-collared Kingfisher, African Black Duck, Giant Kingfisher, Orange
Ground Thrush, Evergreen Forest Warbler, Square-tailed Drongo, Fu-elleborn's Boubou,
Moustached Green Tinkerbird, Shelley's Greenbul, Fischer's Greenbul, White-chested
Alethe). Seven of 12 globally or regionally threatened and near-threatened species occurring
in the gorge have been recorded in the upper part of the Kihansi Gorge near the main Kihansi
waterfall, and a further four taxa of regional responsibility are also known from lower parts of
the Gorge.
4.4.4 Fish
Thirty-seven species of fish, from 13 different families, were recorded during the monitoring
period. Most of species were captured at floodplain sampling locations (the falls form an
impassable barrier to upstream migration). The families with most representative species
were Cichlidae (10), Mormyridae (7), Cyprinidae (6), Characidae (5), and Mochokidae (5),
which are generally common throughout East Africa. While most species found are of little
commercial importance, there are relatively high number of species suggests the Kihansi
River Basin has a high level of aquatic biodiversity.
42
4.4.5 Herptiles
Herptiles include amphibians and reptiles. As with plants and other groups of animals, there
are many herptiles endemic to the Eastern Arc (NORPLAN, 1995). Eastern Arc endemic
amphibians occurring in the Kihansi forest include: Nectophrynoides tornieri, Leptopelis
ulugurensis, Probreviceps macrodactylus and Arthroleptides martiensseni. Eastern Arc
endemic reptiles include: Cnemaspis udzungwae (an Udzungwa endemic) and Rampholeon
brevicaudatus.
A significant finding during the course of LKEMP activities was the discovery of a new
species of Nectophrynoides, named the Kihansi Spray Toad (Nectophrynoides asperginis,
Poynton et al., 1998). To date this is only known from wetlands maintained by spray in the
Kihansi river gorge despite several searches of larger rivers flowing down the steep eastern
escarpment of the Udzungwa Mountains.
4.5
Socio – Economic Characteristics
4.5.1 Demography
According to the 2002 population and housing census, the total population in the upper
catchments of River Kihansi was 35,177 inhabitants (NBS, 2002). The average household
size is about 4.8 with the growth rate of 1.9% per year (SMEC international, 2005).
According to SMEC International (2005) reported that 85% of the population is engaged in
crop production and almost 10% engaged in animal keeping. The types of crops grown are
vegetables, coffee, tea, pyrethrum, beans and maize.
4.5.2 Economic Infrastructure
This section is intended to provide baseline information on economic activities in the project
area and nearby areas. These activities may not have direct impact to the project, but may
provide a trend on the extent of natural resource utilisation within the catchment.
Agriculture: Agriculture is the main economic activities in Kilombero, major crops grown are
vegetables, coffee, tea, pyrethrum, beans and maize. Other crops grown include pulses,
mangoes, citrus and vegetables. Intercropping is widespread and often results in complicated
cropping patterns.
Forestry: Findings show that there is significant decrease in forest area by 16.1%, 16.4%
decrease for bush-land with scattered cropland, a 100% decrease in grasses on the flood plain
and grassland while scattered cropland increased by 122.256% from 1990 to 2002. The
average river flow decreased from 3.41 mm/day in 1990 to 2.45 mm/day in 2002 while the
average rainfall was 3.03mm and 3.80mm respectively. The results from curve number
method showed an increase in the surface runoff from 4.58% to 6.92% in 1990 and 2002
respectively. These findings, concludes the fact that the increase of surface runoff and
decrease of river flows are associated with land use change.
Exploitation of the forestry resource is primarily for fuel. Logging is becoming widespread
following the flourishing market of timber within and outside the country. Preferred species
for logging include Mninga, Mhongo, Mpangapanga, Msekeseke, Pamosa, Msufi and
Mtondo/ Mtondoro. There is one small sawmill in the district.
43
Tourism: Kilombero district has a high potential for eco-tourism and game viewing tourism.
The attractions under the legal authority of the Antiquities Department include all ruins and
monuments found on Kihansi and other various areas found in the vicinity. Opportunities
exist for local communities to participate directly in tourism. These include provision of
transport services, food and beverages services, tour guide services, handcraft and cultural
displays. Tourism development is both labour intensive and capital intensive. Provision of
services by the local community shall be through family labour; however, high input
investment is required to provide accommodation and tourist infrastructure including
improvement of labour, airfield, roads, water supply and electricity.
Commercial land Trade Facilities: Commercial and trade facilities are run by the private
sector. Private businessmen operate shops of various merchandise, restaurants, hotels,
guesthouses, bars and kiosks. Supplies are obtained from Ifakara, Kilombero and Mikumi
Towns and Morogoro Municipality through roads and railway. There are also markets where
people meet daily to buy and sell essential commodities for day consumption.
Energy: The main source of energy is firewood obtained from wood forests and rain forest.
Firewood is used for cooking. Electricity is also available in some areas of Mlimba and
Kihansi TANESCO area from power produced at Lower Kihansi Power Plant. Alternative
power sources include generators, which produce energy to various capable persons as well
as solar powers.
Communication and Transport: Kilombero in general and Kihansi in particular is served with
telecommunication facilities which include those of TTCL, Zain, Vodacom, Tigo and Zantel.
Many villagers walk long distances for various services and head-carry their crops and other
loads over long distances. It is either due to unavailability of the means of transport or for the
means being unaffordable.
44
CHAPTER 5: STAKEHOLDERS’ CONSULTANTIONS
5.1
Stakeholders Consulted During Preparation of a Proposed KCCMP
The Project Identification Form (PIF) for the proposed Kihansi Catchment Conservation and
Management Project was cleared by the GEF Council on April 2, 2012 for inclusion in the
work plan to be funded by GEF Trust Fund and to be co-financed by WSDP and other
sources of funds. During project formulation, NEMC and World Bank team held several
consultation meetings with the key stakeholders at different levels to solicit their views as
inputs to support the preparation of the proposed GEF project. These meetings included:
i)
ii)
iii)
iv)
v)
vi)
NEMC with core team and consultants that are supporting the preparation of the project
Director of Water Resources and his staff from the Ministry of Water (MOW)
Ukami Village located upstream from the Kihansi dam
TANESCO plant manager and Kihansi staff (Kihansi)
RBWB and staff (RBWB, Iringa)
Representatives from six villages (Mbawi, Boma la Ng’ombe, Uhafiwa, Masisiwe,
Ihimbo, Mapanda), some being members of WUAs.
vii) Nine Basin Water Officers (BWOs)
viii) Consultants (SMEC and JICA) preparing Integrated Water Resources Development and
Management (IWRDM) plans.
The key objectives were to share the information about the PIF and to solicit inputs and views
that could be used to support the preparations of the different activities within components for
the proposed project.
5.2
The Stakeholders
Stakeholders include all individuals, groups or organizations that might be affected or might
affect (positively or negatively) by the KCCMP activities in one way or the other. They are
found at both national and local levels and range from government authorities, private sector
representatives and NGOs to local community members and stakeholder groups.
Stakeholders of relevance to the proposed project are listed in Table 5.1below. Names of the
contacted person are as attached in annex 3.
Table 5.1: List of stakeholders consulted
Level
National Level
Government Agency
Academic / Research Institutions
Local Stakeholders
Stakeholders Group
 Ministry of Natural Resources & Tourism
 Forest Division
 Ministry of Water (Rufiji Basin)
 Ministry of Energy
 Tanzania Electricity Supply Company (TANESCO)
 University of Dar es Salaam (UDSM)
 Sokoine University of Agriculture (SUA)
 Tanzania Wildlife Research Institute (TAWIRI)
 Kilombero District (DED & DFT)
45
Level
5.3
Stakeholders Group
 Mufindi District (DED & DFT)
 Kilolo District (DED & DFT)
 Mapanda, Ukami, Kipanga, Kibengu, and Igeleke
villages
Addressing Stakeholders’ Concerns
The scoping study identified main concerns and issues raised by the different stakeholders
(See appendix 3). The ESIA addressed all concerns. Table below shows a summary on how
the issues were addressed.
Table 5.2: Stakeholder concerns that have been addressed by KCCMP
Issues of Institution/Organization
RUFIJI RIVER BASIN
 Proper management of Catchment area to ensure
successful reintroduction of the Kihansi Spray Toad
 More awareness to surrounding communities over
importance of catchment management and increase
understanding about the KST
 Review issue of TANESCO water right to ensure
TANESCO complies by releasing minimum bypass flow
for conservation as per their water permit
 The flow meter of Rufiji Basin at a bypass read lower
water release compared to TANESCO reading
 Sediment Assessment has proven that communities’
agricultures activities have contributed to basin siltation
 Land use changes in some villages close to Kihansi
catchment have contributed to changes in vegetation
species as a result of commercial tree plantation activities
 Introduction of Catchment Protected Areas. This can be
implemented through gazettement of potential Kihansi
catchment parts
 Land use Plan to villages along Kihansi catchment
 Water User Association of Kihansi catchment cover the
area upper Mufindi, Middle Kilolo and Lower Kilombero.
The association cover the whole catchment and the
leaders of association are already elected by Rufiji Basin
though are not supported in terms of allowances or
working facilitation
 Rufiji Basin needs more staff and fund to facilitate their
activities
 KILOLO DISTRICT
 To restrict farming in valley bottoms (Vinyungu) in order
to reduce pesticides contamination to water
 Involve Water User Associations (WUAs) in the
management of the catchment
 Land use planning to villages is the main guide to enforce
46
EIA Recommendation
 Project focus is mainly on Kihansi
catchment management
 Communities awareness programs is part
of project activities
 To set a common flow meter for bypass
where TANESCO and Rufiji Basin will
collect their data
 Neutral flow meter
 The project will provide training on good
agricultural practices
 The project should facilitate the planting of
natural water friendly trees close to
catchment areas
 The project should speed up process to
gazette some potential sites of Kihansi
catchment to form Protected Area
 KCCMP to facilitate Land use Plan to
villages close to potential areas of Kihansi
catchment
 The proposed Sustainable Financial Plan
must cover daily activities Water User
Association.
 Introduction of catchment protected areas
through gazettement of some potential sites
 Establish bylaws to give power to village
leaders to deal with their farmers
 Facilitate and establish a sustainable funds
for Water User Association
 Facilitate land use plan to villages with this
the bylaw for protection of catchment areas and restriction
of vinyungu farming
 Provision of alternative livelihoods to restrict vinyungu
farming

 Group of villagers for training through KCCMP will be
established by the villages and district authorities

 The district and Tea Plantation has already initiated Tea
groups for tea cultivation in Kabanga area hence any
training must consider Tea Growers Association

 Awareness and Publicity to community to show them
impacts of unregulated water use

 The district receives some funds from the central
Government to support training and little capital fund to
women and youth

 The project group must include youth

 The district should involve financial Institutions to
support those groups that will receive training from the
proposed project

MUFINDI DISTRICT
 The previous project was not successful in agriculture
training to villagers through Demonstration Plots because
after training villagers did not receive supporting facilities
for implementation
 Bee keeping could be main alternative livelihood to many
villagers as this will complement ongoing efforts within
the Eastern Arc
 Siltation in the Kihansi catchment can be reduced through
preventing of soil erosion by planting certain plantation
and contour farming practices on upper areas
 The project to consider start up facilities after training bee
keeping farmers
SOKOINE UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE (SUA)
 KST that are kept in captivity are the seed stock for the
reintroduction in the wild. The KSTs that have been
reintroduced were obtained from the US Bronx and
Toledo zoos. The UDSM and Kihansi captive breeding
facilities have acted as acclimatization stop overs for the
KSTs that arrive from the US before they are released to
the Kihansi gorge spray wetlands. These two facilities
maintain a small population that is not enough for
providing KST for reintroduction purposes.
 For the reintroduction to be successful, a certain viable
population has to be released meeting the minimum
survival threshold. The threshold has to be met in order
for the population to survive environmental disasters,
47
farming system and establish bylaws to
give power to village leaders to deal with
their farmers
Alternative livelihoods in agricultural
sector could be bee keeping, fruit trees
cultivation and natural trees and
commercial plantation programs
Project to collaborate with Village and
district authorities to select group for
alternative livelihood trainings programs
Project to collaborate with district councils
to avoid duplication of efforts and to cover
other communities which are not covered
by any other program within a district
The project must create awareness in
communities about the importance of
proper water use
The project to collaborate with district
social development department to support
training to those who will get little capital
support for alternative livelihoods activities
Project should consider youth as part of
community and avoid groups which have
only village leaders
The project to create a link between trained
village groups and Financial Institutions
and district council to be guarantor of
village groups for any financial matters
from financial institutions
 The project to find ways to support
agriculture tools for implementation of
proper agricultural practices
 Project to train and support in gears for
successful provision of alternative
livelihood to villagers
 Project to join hands with existing social
development and conservation programs
 Project to support trees plantations
programs and train villagers on proper
farming practices that will reduce erosion
from farming activities
 Project to consider support of gears
 Increase KST captive population stock at
UDSM and Kihansi TAWIRI station
 Studies on the minimum viable population
will be carried out
predators etc.
 The GEF project should focus on building capacity for
maintaining the captive KST population and for
increasing the capacities of these two facilities to breed
more animals, say up to 10,000 KST.
 The Phase II of LKEMP has built capacity for disease
diagnosis at SUA. It has provided for equipment and
training of key scientists in the field of amphibian disease
diagnosis.
 KST extinction in the wild is believed to have been
caused by chytridiomycosis caused by a chytrid fungi
Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis.
 Chytridiomycosis is the single most important disease that
is threatening the extinction of a large number of
amphibian species worldwide.
 Controlling chytridiomycosis in amphibians raised in
captivity is easy because an antifungal called Itraconazole
can treat the animals. Itraconazole has been successfully
used in controlling chytridiomycosis outbreaks in Kihansi
and UDSM breeding facilities.
 Itraconazole cannot be used in the wild, and the control of
chytridiomycosis in the wild depends on building
resistance of KST to the disease.
 Several studies in other amphibians including the
Petropedetes yakusini of the Kihansi gorge have shown
that these amphibians have bacteria that secrete an
antifungal that kills chytrid fungi.
 In the next phase, the biological control has to continue
being sought and its application and testing are
performed.
 Apart from that, disease monitoring in both captive and
wild populations has to continue using facilities at SUA.
TAWIRI – KIHANSI STATION
 TAWIRI took over the Kihansi station in 2010 but the
institution is still assessing types of researches to be done
at the station
 The wild area for KST within Kihansi gorge is legally
owned
 Station does not have well organized waste management
system specific for wastes from Laboratory and KST
captivity
 There are only two rooms for captivity at the station
hence coming activities will not have space within a
station
 Some of researches are continual and cannot stop at the
end of the proposed KCCMP
 The station does not have enough efficient Laboratory
equipment
TANESCO
 Project to focus on safeguarding water in catchment
through proper water use permit and controlled irrigation
schemes around catchment areas
 The project to trigger process of electrification to villages
along Kihansi catchment
 Water user Association is not real practically working
48
 The proposed project should focus on
Disease resistance and resilience.
 Biological control of chytrid fungi in wild
environment is important for survival of
KST. The project will continue with
biological control studies
 TAWIRI to take full responsibility of
KIHANSI station
 Kihansi gorge spray wetlands should be
either Protected Area (PAs) or Reserved
area under any Governmental Department
or Institution such as Forest Reserve Area.
 The station should get a proper incinerator
 Utilise the existing facility effectively
 The project to consider those kind of
researches in sustainable funding plan
 The project to support some laboratory
equipment for the station
 Rufiji Basin has to issue water user right
 Project to establish a water flow
regulations for all water bodies
 The project in collaboration with Rufiji
Basin to strength water user association of
Kihansi catchment
WARDS AND VILLAGES
 Wards and Villages authorities usually give awareness to
villagers on conservation of Kihansi catchment by
restricting farming (vinyungu farming), and other
economic and social activities closer to water sources.
Also support plantation of water friendly trees closer to
water sources.
 Conflict between few villagers who were in groups
supported by LKEMP and those who were not in group
 The proposed project should support sectors such as
Education and Health that cover a big population of
villagers to reduce conflict among villagers
 Villagers need electricity in order to feel their effort on
conservation of Kihansi catchment. They also need
electricity to stimulate other alternative livelihood
activities.
 Some activities such as tree planting programs need a
continual support even after completion of project
 Many village groups collapsed soon after end of past
project
49
 Project to facilitate Land Use Plan in order
to set areas of catchment out of villagers
economic and social activities
 Set of protected areas through gazetting
part of potential areas to become protected
areas
 Development of bylaws that focus on
protection and conservation of catchment
areas. The wards and villages will enforce
bylaws
 Water user Association to help in
conservation programs
 Involve a wider group of communities in
the implementation (rather than providing
funds for groups as in the previous phase)
 To support more youths in conservation
programs
 The project to develop projects that will
involve many villagers in the communities
 Project to make discussion with REA and
TANESCO
 Project to identify such types of programs
and incorporate them in sustainable
funding plan
 Project to raise awareness to communities
that the groups formed are for their own
economic development and are not owned
by project
CHAPTER 6: IMPACTS ASSESSMENT
6.1
Background
This section entails assessment of impacts of the proposed KCCMP in Kihansi catchment
area. Potential environmental and social impacts (Annex 4) to the receiving bio-physical and
social environment at different stages of the project development are specified.
The possible impacts associated with the implementation of KCCMP in Kihansi River
catchment were preliminarily identified during scoping through expert opinion and
stakeholder consultations. Further impacts were identified through expert analyses of
information and consultations during Impacts Assessment Phase. The process involved; i)
identification of project boundaries; ii) identification of stakeholders within the project
boundaries; iii) identification of potential impacts; iv) stakeholders identification of issues
that emanate from project implementation; and, v) harmonising potential impacts and issues.
Impacts were assessed using a set of criteria and rating scales. Accordingly, the following
assessment criteria were used: i) nature; ii) extent; iii) intensity; iv) duration; and v)
probability.
Similarly, the following rating scales were used:
i)
Positive, negative, neutral, reversible or irreversible
ii) Low, medium or high
iii) Local, regional, national or international
iv) Short-term, medium-term, long-term or permanent
v) Improbable, probable, highly probable or definite
Each impact was assessed using a combination of assessment criteria and rating scales as
summarised in Table 6.1.
Table 6.1:
Criteria and rating scales for impacts assessment
Criteria
Rating Scales
Nature
 Positive, Negative, Neutral, Reversible, Irreversible
Extent
(The spatial limit of the
impact)
 Local (site-specific and/or immediate surrounding areas), Regional,
National, International (beyond boundaries of Tanzania)
Intensity
(The severity of the impact)
 Low where the impact affects the environment in such a way that
natural, cultural and social functions and processes are minimally
affected
 Medium where the affected environment is altered but natural,
cultural and social functions and processes continue albeit in a
modified way; and valued, important, sensitive or vulnerable
systems or communities are negatively affected
 High where natural, cultural or social functions and processes are
altered to the extent that it will temporarily or permanently cease;
and valued, important, sensitive or vulnerable systems or
communities are substantially affected
50
Criteria
Rating Scales
Duration
(The predicted lifetime of the
impact)
 Short term (0 to 5 years)
 Medium term (6 to 15 years)
 Long term (more than 15 years) - where the impact will cease after
the operational life of the activity either because of natural
processes or by human intervention
 Permanent when the impact will last beyond project lifetime
 Improbable where the possibility of the impact occurring is very
low
 Probable where there is a good possibility (<50% chance) that the
impact will occur
 Highly probable where it is most likely (50-90% chance) that the
impact will occur
 Definite where the impact will occur regardless of any prevention
measures (>90% chance of occurring)
Probability
(The likelihood of the impact
occurrence)
A consequence rating was applied as per the convention in which the consequence of the
potential impacts was determined according to the main criteria for determining the
consequence of impacts, namely the extent, duration and intensity of the impacts (Table 6.2).
Table 6.2:
Consequence
Rating
HIGH
MEDIUM
LOW
Convention for assigning a consequence rating
Intensity, Extent and Duration Rating

























High intensity at a regional level and endure in the long term
High intensity at a national level and endure in the medium term
Medium intensity at a national level and endure in the long term
High intensity at a regional level and endure in the medium term
High intensity at a national level and endure in the short term
Medium intensity at a national level and endure in the medium term
Low intensity at a national level and endure in the long term
High intensity at a local level and endure in the long term
Medium intensity at a regional level and endure in the long term
High intensity at a local level and endure in the medium term
Medium intensity at a regional level and endure in the medium term
High intensity at a regional level and endure in the short term
Medium intensity at a national level and endure in the short term
Medium intensity at a local level and endure in the medium term
Medium intensity at a local level and endure in the long term
Low intensity at a national level and endure in the medium term
Low intensity at a regional level and endure in the long term
Low intensity at a regional level and endure in the medium term
Low intensity at a national level and endure in the short term
High intensity at a local level and endure in the short term
Medium intensity at a regional level and endure in the short term
Low intensity at a local level and endure in the long term
Low intensity at a local level and endure in the medium term
Low intensity at a regional level and endure in the short term
Low to medium intensity at a local level and endure in the short term
The overall significance of the impacts was defined based on the result of a combination of
the consequence rating and the probability rating (Table 6.3). The results of the assessment
51
of the significance of the residual impacts were then linked to decision-making by authorities
in the following manner:
-
Low – should not have an influence on the decision to proceed with the proposed
project.
Medium – should influence the decision to proceed with the proposed project, provided
that recommended measures to mitigate impacts are implemented.
High – should strongly influence the decision to proceed with the proposed project
regardless of mitigation measures.
Unknown – when consequences of an impact could not be established.
Table 6.3:
Convention for assigning significance rating
Significance Rating
Consequence × Probability
HIGH
High × Definite; High × Highly Probable; High × Probable;
High × Improbable; Medium × Definite
MEDIUM
LOW
UNKNOWN
6.2
Medium × Highly Probable; Medium × Probable
Medium × Improbable; Low × Definite; Low × Highly Probable;
Low × Probable; Low × Improbable
Unknown × Improbable; Unknown × Definite; Unknown × Highly Probable;
Unknown × Probable; Unknown × Improbable
Impacts Identification and Description
Implementation of the proposed KCCMP in Kihansi River catchment is expected to cause a
number of impacts to the physical, biological and socio-economical environments (Table 6.4)
within and around the catchment to as far as across other parts of Iringa and Morogoro
Regions, Tanzania and the world in general. The anticipated impacts will mainly occur
during implementation of project activities and decommissioning of the project.
52
Table 6.4:
Potential impacts of KCCMP on the environment
Impacts on Physical Environment
Environment
Landscape


Surface water
Potential impacts
Impact activity





Positive
Gazette important water source area and biodiversity rich
hotspots
 Establish spatial boundaries of water source areas and
biodiversity rich hotspots
 Establishment of physical boundary marks/beacons on the
ground for gazetted areas
 Awareness creation to surrounding communities on new
boundaries of gazetted areas
Implement pilot community conservation investments to
improve water quality and quantity
Monitor key ecological indicators
 Water quality field sampling, testing and analysis
 Water quantity measurements in Kihansi Gorge and
Kihansi catchment and analysis
Identify and monitor important water source areas and
biodiversity rich hotspots
 Identification of water source areas in Kihansi catchment
 Monitoring protocol for water resources quantity and
quality in Kihansi catchment
Develop Kihansi Catchment Conservation Management Plan
(KCCMP)
 Develop conservation policies
Gazette important water source area and biodiversity rich
hotspots
 Establish spatial boundaries of water source areas and
biodiversity rich hotspots
 Establishment of physical boundary marks/beacons on the
ground for gazetted areas
Implement pilot community conservation investments to
improve water quality and quantity
53









Conservation of natural landscape
within gazetted areas
Restoration of natural or near
natural landscape within gazetted
areas
Reduction of destruction of
important natural landscape
Availability of reliable information
on water quantities (streamflows)
and quality
Knowledge of quantities and
quality of all existing water
resources in Kihansi catchment
Quantification of existing and
future surface water availability in
rivers in Kihansi Gorge and
Kihansi catchment
Protection of surface water
resources from impacts
of
anthropogenic activities
Establishment of water user
committees to oversee water
resources allocation and protection
Reduction of sediment and
agricultural chemical loads into
water resources
Negative
Impacts on Biological Environment
Environment
Forests







Gorge vegetation
Impacts
Impact activity

Positive
Monitor key ecological indicators
 Monitoring of land use changes
Conduct collaborative scientific workshops on disease and
population viability of endangered species
 Assessment of forest dynamics in Kihansi catchment
Conduct Population Viability Assessment (PVA) of wild coffee
and other key species endemic to Kihansi Gorge
 Identification of endemic plant species in Kihansi
catchment
 Determine of extinction risks and recovery chances
 Ranking risks management options and development of
implementation plan
Monitor wild coffee and other species endemic to Kihansi
Gorge
 Monitoring of important parameters for each endemic
plant species and analysis of monitoring data
Identify and monitor important water source areas and
biodiversity rich hotspots
 Identification of plant biodiversity rich hotspots in Kihansi
catchment
 Monitoring of plant biodiversity in Kihansi catchment and
analysis of monitoring data
Develop and implementation of Kihansi Catchment
Management Plan (KCMP)
 Gazettement of important plant biodiversity rich hotspots
 Establishment of spatial boundaries on maps
 Establishment of physical boundary marks/beacons on the
ground for gazetted areas
Implement pilot community conservation investments to
improve water quality and quantity
 Forest conservation at water sources
Monitor key ecological indicators
 Vegetation transects monitoring walks in Kihansi Gorge
 Gorge climate parameter measurements and analysis
54

Management of forest changes

Conservation of endemic plant
species
found
in
Kihansi
catchment

Management of gorge vegetation
changes
Negative

Disturbance to KST habitat
Environment


KST
Impacts
Impact activity





Positive
 Water quantity measurements in Kihansi Gorge
Conduct Population Viability Assessment (PVA) of wild coffee
and other key species endemic to Kihansi Gorge
 Identification of endemic plant species in Kihansi Gorge
 Determination of their extinction risks and recovery
chances
 Ranking risks management options and development of
implementation plan
Develop and implementation of Kihansi Catchment
Management Plan (KCMP)
 Development of conservation policies
 Gazettement of the Kihansi Gorge
Monitor key ecological indicators
 Water quality field sampling, testing and analysis
 Water quantity measurements in Kihansi Gorge
 Vegetation transects monitoring walks in Kihansi Gorge
 Aquatic and terrestrial micro-invertebrates sampling in
Kihansi Gorge
 KST population sampling/census in Kihansi Gorge
Assess population dynamics of the reintroduced KST
 KST chemical pre-treatment for disease prevention
 KST re-introduction process in Kihansi Gorge
 KST population monitoring in Kihansi Gorge (Counting
walks, sampling, KST husbandry)
Conduct collaborative scientific workshops on disease and
population viability of endangered species
 Exchange of knowledge on amphibian diseases
characteristics and control
 Exchange of knowledge on amphibian re-introduction
challenges
Control and mitigate Chytrid fungus and other diseases
(laboratory)
 Study of effects of chytrid fungus and other amphibian
diseases on KST
Manage captive assurance population of KST in Tanzania
55
Negative

Conservation of endemic plant
species found in the Kihansi Gorge

Management of KST habitat
changes in the Kihansi Gorge

Disturbance to KST habitat

Development of new approaches
to amphibian re-introductions to
the wild for new species

Side effects of chemicals used
on gorge environment and
ecosystem

Cure and immune for amphibian
diseases including chytrid fungus
Environment
Impact activity


and USA
 Provision of adequate space of KST captive facility for
housing current and optimum KST populations in USA, at
the University of Dar es Salaam and at Kihansi Research
Station
 Constant availability of human labour in USA, at the
University of Dar es Salaam and at Kihansi Research
Station
 Constant supply of KST food
 Constant supply of electricity and water
 Constant prevention of amphibian diseases at KST captive
facilities
Develop and implement Kihansi Catchment Conservation
Management Plan (KCCMP)
 Development of conservation policies
 Gazettement of important biodiversity rich hotspots

Impacts
Positive
Stable populations of KST in

captive facilities and thus the
surplus will be used for
reintroduction in the wild
Negative
KST population burst leading
to congestion in captive
facilities
Maintenance of KST habitat in the
Kihansi Gorge
Impacts on Social, Economic, Cultural and Political Environments
Environment
Education
Impacts
Impact activity




Positive
Assess population dynamics of the reintroduced KST
 KST chemical pre-treatment for disease prevention
 KST re-introduction process in Kihansi Gorge
 KST population monitoring in Kihansi Gorge (Counting
walks, sampling, KST husbandry)
Conduct collaborative scientific workshops on disease and
population viability of endangered species
Control and mitigate Chytrid fungus and other diseases
(laboratory)
 Study of chytrid fungus and other amphibian diseases
characteristics
 Study of effects of chytrid fungus and other amphibian
diseases on KST and other amphibians
Manage captive assurance population of KST in Tanzania
56

Negative

New scientific knowledge on
amphibian
husbandry,
disease
preventions for amphibians, diseases
immunology for amphibians and reintroductions
of
unfamiliar
amphibian species
Environment
Impacts
Impact activity
Positive
Negative
and USA

Conduct Population Viability Assessment (PVA) of wild
coffee and other key species endemic to Kihansi Gorge
 Determine of extinction risks and recovery chances
 Ranking risks management options and development of
implementation plan

New scientific knowledge on plant
and animal species endemic to
Kihansi catchment and their survival
characteristics

Develop and implement Kihansi Catchment Conservation
Management Plan (KCCMP)
 Identify and monitor important water source areas and
biodiversity rich hotspots
 Training of communities and key staff from relevant
sectors in IPM and other conservation approaches

New approaches for identification
and monitoring of water sources and
biodiversity
Improved
natural
resources
conservation
skills
of
local
communities

Livelihoods
Electricity
Development of guidelines and procedures for EFA



Generation of more experts in EFA
Guidelines to be used in other basins
during
planning
and
during
preparation of EIAs that require
water resources management

Demarcation of key water sources
within Kihansi catchment

Reduction of soil losses from farms

Increased availability of water for
hydropower generation and other
human related activities

Reliable availability of water at

Develop and implementation of Kihansi Catchment
Conservation Management Plan (KCCMP)
 Gazettement of important water source areas and
biodiversity rich hotspots
 Establishment of physical boundary marks/beacons on
the ground for gazetted areas
 Implement pilot community conservation investments to
improve water quality and quantity
 Monitor key ecological indicators
 Water quality field sampling, testing and analysis
 Water quantity measurements in Kihansi Gorge and
Kihansi catchment and analysis
 Manage captive assurance population of KST in Tanzania
and USA

Identify and monitor important water sources and
57

Restricted availability of land
in valley bottoms for
agricultural development

Use of alternative power
source (normally a generator)
to supply power to captive
facilities at UDSM and KRS
in times of grid power
failures / interruptions
Environment
Impact activity


Energy

Employment






Local policies
Country
international
and

biodiversity rich hotspots
 Identification of water sources in Kihansi catchment
 Monitoring protocol for water resources quantity and
quality in Kihansi catchment
Gazette important water source area and biodiversity rich
hotspots
 Establish spatial boundaries of water sources and
biodiversity hotspots
 Establishment of physical boundary marks/beacons on
the ground for gazetted areas
Implement pilot community conservation investments to
improve water quality and quantity
Gazette important water sources and biodiversity hotspots
 Establish spatial boundaries of water source areas and
biodiversity rich hotspots
 Establishment of physical boundary marks/beacons on
the ground for gazetted areas
Monitor key ecological indicators
Assess population dynamics of the reintroduced KST
Control and mitigate Chytrid fungus and other diseases
(laboratory)
Manage captive assurance population of KST in Tanzania
and USA
Gazette important water sources and biodiversity rich
hotspots (mapping and ground marks establishment)
Develop and implement Kihansi Catchment Conservation
Management Plan (KCCMP)
 Gazettement of important plant biodiversity rich
hotspots
 Establishment of physical boundary marks/beacons on
the ground for gazetted areas
Manage captive assurance population of KST in Tanzania
and USA
58





Impacts
Positive
Lower Kihansi Hydropower Plant for
electricity generation
Improved management of Lower
Kihansi Reservoir from identified
trends in reservoir water inflows
Negative

Loss of some areas for
firewood collection
Employment of researchers and
research assistants
Employment of gorge attendants for
monitoring Kihansi gorge
Employment of personnel for captive
facilities in USA, UDSM and
Kihansi Research Station for KST
husbandry
Employment of local supporting staff
(e.g. drivers)

Development of new bylaws to deal
with gazettement issues

Conflicts
with
local
inhabitants and their political
representatives

Legal cooperation between Tanzania,
USA,
International
Institutions

Legal
challenges
on
ownership, distribution and
Environment
Impacts
Impact activity
Positive
(WCS, IUCN, etc)
policies



Develop guidelines and procedures for EFA
Publish and disseminate EFA guidelines



Conduct valuation of ecosystem services
59
Detailed guidelines for conducting
EF Assessments in Tanzania and
other countries
Inclusion of EFA guidelines into EIA
guidelines for projects that will
require management of water
resources
Knowledge and costing of available
ecosystem services within the
Kihansi catchment
Negative
use of KST in places other
than Bronx and Toledo zoo
in USA and elsewhere

Increase
of
illegal
exploitation of high value
natural resources of Kihansi
once their actual values have
been
established
and
information made available
to communities
6.3
Impacts Prediction
The potential impacts of the execution of KCCMP in Kihansi catchment will occur during the
implementation and post-implementation phases and would affect the physical, biological,
social, economic and political environments (Table 6.5).
In summary, the project will result in predominant significant beneficial (positive) impacts
emanating from almost all activities related to designed project components. However,
implementation of the Kihansi Catchment Management Plan through gazettement of water
sources areas and biodiversity hotspots is likely to result in negative impacts to community
livelihood due to unavailability of part of the land that will be gazetted for protection (Table
6.5). Precautional treatment of KST with antifungal drugs prior to re-introduction in the wild
(Kihansi Gorge) may not result in negative impacts to the gorge environment because no
chemicals are going to be used to treat the environment prior to the release of the KST.
Rather selected KST which are housed in enclosures may be bathed in an antifungal solution.
The antifungal solution will be transported out of the gorge. Thus the only contact between
antifungal chemicals and the environment is via the skins of the KST.
Most of the anticipated impacts due to execution of this project will extend beyond the 5-year
project implementation period (Table 6.5). Only a few impacts including all impacts on
education are expected to occur during the 5-years implementation period.
60
Table 6.5:
Summary of potential impacts during the implementation and post-implementation phases of the project
(Impacts that will last during the 5 –years of implementation period are indicated in blue italics)
Nature
S/N.
Environment
Impact
Direction
Reversibility
Consequence rating
Extent
Intensity
Duration
Significance rating
Rated
Probability
Rated
Physical Environment

1
Landscape





2
Water resources



Conservation of natural landscape within gazetted
areas
Restoration of natural or near natural landscape
within gazetted areas
Reduction of destruction of important natural
landscape
Availability of reliable information on water
quantities (streamflows) and quality
Knowledge of quantities and quality of all existing
water resources in Kihansi catchment
Quantification of existing and future surface water
availability in rivers in Kihansi Gorge and Kihansi
catchment
Quantification of existing and future groundwater
availability in Kihansi catchment
Protection of surface and ground water resources
from impacts of anthropogenic activities
Establishment of water user committees to oversee
water resources allocation and protection
+
Reversible
Local
High
Long-term
High
Highly probable
High
+
Reversible
Local
High
Long-term
High
Probable
High
+
Reversible
Local
Medium
Long-term
Medium
Probable
Medium
+
Irreversible
National
High
Long-term
High
Highly probable
High
+
Irreversible
Inter/National
High
Long-term
High
Highly probable
High
+
Irreversible
Inter/National
High
Long-term
High
Highly probable
High
+
Irreversible
Inter/National
High
Long-term
High
Highly probable
High
+
Reversible
Local
High
Long-term
High
Probable
High
Local
High
Long-term
High
Definite
High
+
Biological Environment
3
Forests




4
Gorge vegetation



5
KST




Better management of forest changes
Conservation of endemic plant species found in
Kihansi catchment
Better management of gorge vegetation changes
Conservation of endemic plant species found in the
Kihansi Gorge
Disturbance to KST habitat during monitoring
fieldworks
Better management of KST habitat changes in the
Kihansi Gorge
Developed new approaches to amphibian reintroductions to the wild for new species
Developed cure and immune of amphibian diseases
including chytrid fungus
Stable populations of KST in captive facilities
Disturbance to KST habitat during monitoring
fieldworks
No chemicals are going to be used to treat the
+
+
Reversible
Reversible
Local
Local
High
High
Long-term
Long-term
High
High
Probable
Probable
High
High
+
+
Reversible
Reversible
Local
Local
High
High
Long-term
Long-term
High
High
Probable
Probable
High
High
–
Reversible
Local
Low
Short term
Low
Definite
Low
+
Reversible
Local
High
Long-term
High
Probable
High
+
Irreversible
International
High
Long-term
High
Highly probable
High
+
Irreversible
International
High
Long-term
High
Probable
High
+
–
Reversible
Reversible
Local
Local
Medium
Low
Short-term
Short-term
Low
Low
Highly probable
Definite
Low
Low
–
Irreversible
Local
High
Long-term
High
Highly probable
High
61
Nature
S/N.
Environment
Impact


Education
Development of new bylaws to deal with gazettement





8
Electricity

9
Energy




10
11
Employment
Local policies
Reversibility
Reversible
Consequence rating
Extent
Local
Social, Economic, Cultural Environment
+
Irreversible
International



Livelihoods
–



7
environment prior to the release of the KST
KST population burst leading to congestion in
captive facilities
New scientific knowledge on amphibian husbandry,
disease preventions for amphibians, diseases
immunology for amphibians and re-introductions of
unfamiliar amphibian species
New scientific knowledge on plant and animal
species endemic to Kihansi catchment and their
survival characteristics
New methodologies for identification and monitoring
of water sources and biodiversity
Improved natural resources conservation skills of
local communities
Generated more experts in EFA
Generated more Master’s and PhD level human
resource
Demarcation of water sources within Kihansi
catchment
Reduction of soil losses from farms and unplanned
use of chemicals for pests and weed control
Land unavailability for agricultural development
Reliable availability of water at Lower Kihansi
Hydropower Plant for electricity generation
Improved management of Lower Kihansi Reservoir
from identified trends in reservoir water inflows
Use of alternative power source (a generator) to
supply power to captive facilities at UDSM and KRS
in times of grid power failures / interruptions
Loss of areas for firewood collection
Employment of researchers and research assistants
Employment of gorge attendants for monitoring of
Kihansi gorge
Employment of personnel for captive facilities in
USA, UDSM and Kihansi Research Station for KST
husbandry
Employment of supporting staff (e.g. drivers)

6
Direction
Intensity
Duration
Significance rating
Rated
Probability
Rated
High
Short-term
Low
Highly probable
Low
High
Long-term
High
Definite
High
+
Irreversible
International
High
Medium-term
High
Definite
High
+
Irreversible
International
High
Medium-term
High
Highly probably
High
+
Irreversible
Local
Medium
Long-term
Medium
Probably
High
+
+
Irreversible
Irreversible
National
Inter/National
High
High
Long-term
Short-term
High
High
Highly probably
Definite
High
High
+
Reversible
Local
Low
Long-term
Low
Probable
Low
+
Reversible
Local
Medium
Long-term
Medium
Probable
Medium
–
+
Reversible
Reversible
Local
National
High
High
Long-term
Long-term
High
High
Definite
Probable
High
High
+
Reversible
Local
High
Long-term
High
Probable
High
–
Reversible
Local
High
Medium-term
Medium
Definite
High
–
Reversible
Local
Medium
Long-term
Medium
Definite
High
+
+
Reversible
Reversible
Inter/National
Local
Medium
Medium
Short-term
Medium-term
Medium
Medium
Definite
Probably
High
Medium
+
Reversible
Inter/National
Medium
Medium-term
High
Probable
High
+
Reversible
Local/Regional
Medium
Medium-term
Medium
Highly probable
Medium
+
Reversible
Local
Medium
Long-term
Medium
Probable
Medium
62
Nature
S/N.
Environment
Impact




12
National and international
policies



issues
Conflicts with local inhabitants and their political
representatives
Legal cooperation agreements between Tanzania,
USA, International Institutions (WBG, IUCN, etc)
Detailed guidelines for conducting EF Assessments
in Tanzania and other countries
Inclusion of EFA guidelines into EIA guidelines for
projects related to water resources
Knowledge and costing of available ecosystem
services within the Kihansi catchment
Legal challenges on ownership, distribution and use
of KST in places other than Bronx and Toledo zoo in
USA and elsewhere
Increase of illegal exploitation of high value natural
resources of Kihansi once their actual values have
been established and information made available to
communities
Direction
Reversibility
Consequence rating
Extent
Intensity
Duration
Significance rating
Rated
Probability
Rated
–
Reversible
Local/national
Medium
Short-term
Medium
Probable
Medium
+
Reversible
International
Medium
Short-term
Medium
Probable
Medium
+
Reversible
Inter/National
High
Long-term
High
Definite
High
+
Reversible
National
High
Long-term
High
Definite
High
+
Irreversible
Local/Regional
High
Long-term
High
Highly probable
High
–
Reversible
International
Medium
Short-term
Medium
Probable
Medium
–
Reversible
Local
High
Short-term
Low
Probable
Low
63
6.5
Analysis of Alternatives
6.5.1 Project site
The Kihansi Catchment Conservation Management Project (KCCMP) is implemented within
boundaries of the Kihansi River catchment, which is already demarcated. The catchment is
among the small catchments within the Kilombero Sub-basin of the Rufiji basin draining
central part of Udzungwa Mountains.
The original design of project and its components offers little opportunity for some
improvements. This results in only two options for consideration:
i)
ii)
The no project option
The current designed project option
6.5.2 The no project option
This option does not consider an implementation of any other activities apart from on-going
activities at their current implementation status. Many of these activities are part of the ended
phase II of the Lower Kihansi Environmental Management Project (LKEMP), which was
implementing the Environmental Management and Monitoring Plan (EMP) of the Lower
Kihansi Hydropower Project (LKHP). As a result of discovery of Kihansi Spray Toad (KST)
and its extinction in the wild in the early 2000s, the main activities under LKEMP were
concentrated on the KST habitat in the Kihansi Gorge and some activities were implemented
in the catchment as part of the Catchment Landscape Conservation Plan.
Implementation of activities during LKEMP II identified a number of major challenges that
were tackled. They include:
i)
ii)
iii)
iv)
v)
vi)
KST diseases (chytrid fungus) studies
Factors behind KST extinction in the wild
KST re-introduction into the wild
Monitoring of hydrology and climate within Kihansi Gorge and Kihansi catchment
Conservation activities related to protection of Kihansi vegetation against overexploitation, agricultural expansion and wild fires
Mainstreaming of LKEMP activities into relevant ministerial activities
Unfortunately, a 3-year LKEMP II could not completely implement fully these major
activities as some challenges were in the process of being understood. Therefore, this option
leaves uncompleted tasks and poor funding levels for on-going activities related to achieving
goals of these five major issues.
6.5.3 The current design option
The design of the KCCMP considered the gaps existed towards the end of LKEMP II that
required immediate, medium and long-term interventions. The above 5 major challenges
were incorporated in designed Component 2, which addresses issues of Conservation of
Endangered Species in Kihansi Catchment. This component has 2 major sub-components
(species and habitat conservation and community conservation and livelihoods), which
address all the 5 major challenges. It further deals the pertinent issue related to water
requirements and allocation for the environment (Component 1), which is among the
unresolved issues regarding the initially estimated environmental water requirement of the
64
Kihansi Gorge. Its Component 3 addresses issues of sustainability related to financing of the
conservation activities in Kihansi catchment.
Therefore, this current designed option offers opportunities for continual improvements of
environmental conservation in the Kihansi catchment that will result into a number of
benefits being accrued. This option is considered the best and therefore selected.
65
CHAPTER 7: MITIGATIONAND ENHANCEMENT MEASURES
7.1
Background
Feasible, cost-effective and sufficient mitigation and compensatory measures were identified
for each of the identified significant impact that will be associated with the implementation of
the KCCMP project. The mitigation measures that may reduce the potentially significant
adverse environmental and socio-economic impacts to an acceptable level were considered
while compensatory measures were considered when identified mitigation measures could
not be feasible, cost-effective or sufficient. Enhancement measures aimed at improving
further the benefits that are emanating from implementation of this project. Therefore, this
chapter is devoted to describing mitigation, compensatory and enhancement measures that
should be institutionalised during the mobilisation, implementation and decommissioning
phases of this project.
7.2
Measures Against Impacts on Physical Environment
The analysis of potential impacts resulting from the implementation of KCCMP that might
occur on physical environments could be enhanced or mitigated effectively. Enhancement
and mitigation measures against these anticipated positive and negative impacts of project
activities on the physical environments (Table 7.1) are essentially dealing with
i)
ii)
iii)
Development and implementation of clearly defined and measurable conservation
measures targeting all endangered species
Development of restoration plan for modified areas, which includes clear restoration
targets, timeframe and responsibilities
Protocols for surface and ground water resources monitoring and assessments
Table 7.1:
Sno.
1
2
Summary of measures against significant impacts on physical environments
Environment
Landscape
Water resources
Impact details
Enhancement/mitigation measure
 Conservation of natural landscape
within gazetted areas (+)
 Restoration of natural or near natural
landscape within gazetted areas (+)
 Reduction of destruction of important
natural landscape (+)
 Clear definition of easy-to-implement
and practical conservation measures
targeting all endangered species
 Clear restoration targets and concise
procedures for restoring modified
landscapes to support desired
ecosystem
 A clear protocol for water resources
monitoring in Kihansi catchment
including the gorge
 Clear division of responsibilities
among involved institutions for
fieldwork data collection, data quality
assessment, data archiving and
sharing, data analysis
 Clear protocol for conservation and
 Availability of reliable information on
water quantities (streamflows) and
quality (+)
 Knowledge of quantities and quality of
all existing water resources in Kihansi
catchment (+)
 Quantification of existing and future
surface water availability in rivers in
Kihansi Gorge and Kihansi catchment
66
Sno.
7.3
Environment
Impact details
Enhancement/mitigation measure
(+)
 Protection of surface and ground water
resources from impacts of
anthropogenic activities (+)
 Establishment of water user
committees to oversee water resources
allocation and protection (+)
restoration of modified landscapes
affecting surface and ground water
resources (e.g. inclusion of
afforestation areas and types of
vegetation to be used, etc)
Measures Against Impacts on Biological Environment
The analysis of potential impacts resulting from the implementation of KCCMP that might
occur on biological environments could be enhanced or mitigated effectively. Enhancement
and mitigation measures against these anticipated positive and negative impacts of project
activities on the biological environments (Table 7.2) are essentially dealing with:
i)
Development and implementation of clearly defines and measurable conservation
measures targeting all endangered plant species
ii) Development of restoration plan for modified vegetation areas, which includes clear
restoration targets, timeframe and responsibilities
iii) Amphibian diseases and re-introduction research funding
iv) Protection of Kihansi gorge ecosystem against impacts of deliberate chemical pollution
Table 7.2:
Sno.
Summary of measures against significant impacts on biological environments
Environment
1
Forests
2
Gorge vegetation
3
KST
Impact details
 Better management of forest changes
(+)
 Conservation of endemic plant species
found in Kihansi catchment (+)
 Better management of gorge
vegetation changes (+)
 Conservation of endemic plant species
found in the Kihansi Gorge (+)
 Better management of KST habitat
changes in the Kihansi Gorge (+)
 Development of new approaches to
amphibian re-introductions to the wild
for new species (+)
 Development of cure and immune of
amphibian diseases including chytrid
fungus (+)
 Disturbance to KST habitat (-)
 Detrimental effects of chemicals used
on gorge environment and ecosystem
(-)
67
Enhancement/mitigation measure
 Clear definition of easy-to-implement
and practical conservation measures
targeting all endangered plant species
 Clear restoration targets and concise
procedures for restoring modified
forest landscapes to support desired
plant ecosystem
 Improve funding modalities for KST
and amphibian diseases and reintroduction studies
 Improve collaboration of in-country
researchers themselves and with
foreign nationals
 Limit experimental studies in spray
wetlands within KST enclosures
 No chemicals are going to be used in
the gorge. KST will be bathed and the
bathing solution will be transported
out of the gorge
7.4
Measures Against Impacts on Socio-Economic Environment
The analysis of potential impacts resulting from the implementation of KCCMP that might
occur on social, economic, cultural and political environments could be enhanced or
mitigated effectively. Enhancement and mitigation measures against these anticipated
positive and negative impacts of project activities on the social, economic, cultural and
political environments are summarised in Table 7.3.
Table 7.3:
Sno.
1
2
Summary of measures against significant impacts on social, economic, cultural
and political environments
Environment
Education
Livelihoods
Impact details
 New scientific knowledge on amphibian
husbandry, disease preventions for
amphibians, diseases immunology for
amphibians and re-introductions of
unfamiliar amphibian species (+)
 New scientific knowledge on plant and
animal species endemic to Kihansi
catchment and their survival
characteristics (+)
 New approaches for identification and
monitoring of water sources and
biodiversity (+)
 Improved natural resources
conservation skills of local communities
(+)
 Generated more experts in EFA (+)
 Sediment load due to erosion and
nutrient loss from farms and improper
use of chemicals for pests and weed
control (+)
 Reduction of land area for agricultural
and other human related activities(-)
 Reliable availability of water at Lower
Kihansi Hydropower Plant for
electricity generation (+)
3
Electricity
 Improved management of Lower
Kihansi Reservoir from identified
trends in reservoir water inflows (+)
 Use of alternative power source (a
generator) to supply power to captive
facilities at UDSM and KRS in times of
grid power failures / interruptions (-)
 Loss of areas for firewood collection
within gazetted areas (-)
4
Energy sources
68
Enhancement/mitigation measure
 Provision of platforms for sharing
research findings to wider
scientific and non-scientific
community
 Local Tanzanian prospective
students should be motivated to
apply for Master’s and PhD
scholarships to enhance in-country
human resources capacity
 Adoption of IPM practises
 Focus cultivation outside the
valley bottoms
 Provide alternative sources of
livelihoods
 Improve agricultural practices
through community conservation
investment schemes to increase
productivity
 The operating procedure for the
power plant should be modified to
include real-time inflow
information that is derived from
observed streamflows and
historical trends
 Possibility for funding of the
construction of a larger Upper
Kihansi Dam to stabilise inflows
into Lower Kihansi Reservoir
should start exploration
 An alternative power sources to
use of fuel generator (e.g. solar
power) should be explored
 Establishment of alternative areas
for firewood collection
 Introduction of new energy
sources and efficient energy use
technologies (e.g. using saw dust
Sno.
5
6
Environment
Local policies
National and
international
policies
Impact details
 Development of new bylaws to deal with
gazettement issues (+)
 Conflicts with local inhabitants and
their political representatives (-)
 Legal cooperation agreements between
Tanzania, USA, International
Institutions (WBG, IUCN, etc) (+)
 Legal challenges on ownership,
distribution and use of KST in places
other than Bronx and Toledo zoo in
USA and elsewhere (-)
 Detailed guidelines for conducting EF
Assessments in Tanzania and other
countries (+)
 Inclusion of EFA guidelines in water
resource management planning in other
basins and into EIA guidelines for
projects related to water resources
management (+)
 Knowledge and costing of available
ecosystem services within the Kihansi
catchment (+)
69
Enhancement/mitigation measure
for cooking)
 Awareness creation for local
communities with communication
methods clearly elaborated in the
communication strategy (CS)
 Legal issues related to KST and
ecological integrity of Kihansi
catchment should be harmonised
with existing cooperation status
(Tanzania-USA) and binding
international agreements
 The process should harmonise the
EFA guidelines and procedure
with existing EIA guidelines and
procedures by considering the
most suitable entry point of EFA
guidelines on EIA guidelines
 Establishment of protocol for
releasing information on
ecosystem values to the wider
community
CHAPTER 8: ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT
PLAN
8.1
Rationale for Preparation of ESMP
The EIA guidelines define an Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) as a
report or document prepared by the proponent after the conduction of ESIA study to present
the case for the assessment of their proposal as part of the environmental and social impact
assessment process. The European Environmental Agency (EEA) (2006) defines EMP as an
action plan or system which addresses the how, when, who, where and what of integrating
environmental and social mitigation and monitoring measures throughout an existing or
proposed operation or activity. Therefore, the main objectives of this EMP are to provide the
overall responsibilities (implementation and funding) related to implementation of proposed
mitigation and enhancement measures against identified potential environmental and social
impacts of the proposed KCCMP.
8.2
Organisation Structure for ESMP
The organizational structure identifies and defines the authority structure and the
communication structure of the various parties involved in the implementation of this ESMP.
All instructions and official communications regarding environmental matters and the ESMP
shall follow this organizational structure (Figure 8.1). NEMC shall appoint a Project
Coordinator (PC) from among its employees to have the overall coordination of all activities
related the mobilization, implementation and post-implementation (mainstreaming) of this
project.
8.3
Roles and Responsibilities
8.3.1 Environmental Management Responsibilities
Management of the overall implementation of recommended mitigation and enhancement
measures is the responsibility of various parties including the project proponent (NEMC),
responsible sector ministries, responsible environmental agencies as well as academic and
research institutions. The institutions involved and their responsibilities are indicated in Table
8.1.
70
Figure 8.1 Organisation structure and responsibilities for implementation of EMP for
KCCMP.
Table 8.1:
Institutions and their responsibilities
Institution
GoT
WBG
Ministry of Energy and Minerals
- TANESCO
Ministry of Environment –
NEMC
Ministry of Water - RBWB
UDSM
SUA
Toledo and Bronx Zoos
TAWIRI
Responsibilities
 Co-funding of KCCMP activities
 Co-funding of KCCMP activities
 Financing EMP implementation according to LKHP EMP















Overall coordination of the project
Information archiving
Coordination and conduction of water resources related fieldwork
Monitoring activities within Kihansi catchment according to water
resources monitoring protocol
Establishment of water user committees and associations
Carry out fieldwork monitoring of ecology
Maintenance of captive facilities at UDSM and KRS
Carry out analysis of monitoring data and historical data to depict
trends and translate the directions of change to effect revisions on
management of the Kihansi ecology
Participate in the KST re-introductions
Carry out fieldwork monitoring of KST and amphibian diseases
Carry out laboratory research on prevention (immunology),
containment and cure of amphibian diseases
Participate in the KST re-introductions
Maintenance of captive facility for KST in USA
Shipment of KST required in Tanzania
Carry out Management of KRS
71
Institution
TPRI
LGA
Responsibilities
 Carry out monitoring fieldwork for pesticides
 Carry out studies on pesticides in Kihansi catchment
- Carry out actual implementation of ecological and community
conservation activities in Kihansi catchment
8.3.2 Environmental Management Costs
Among the principal environmental costs are cost for implementing recommended mitigation
measures. The estimated costs (Table 8.2) include costs for the Project Management Team
who shall be fully engaged over the entire project period.
72
Table 8.2:
Environment
Landscape
Responsibilities and management costs related to implementation of Project EMP
Impact
Mitigation/Enhancement measures
Responsible
institution
Timeframe

Conservation of natural landscape within gazetted
areas
Restoration of natural or near natural landscape within
gazetted areas
Reduction of destruction of important natural
landscape
Availability of reliable information on water quantities
(streamflows) and quality (+)
Knowledge of quantities and quality of all existing
water resources in Kihansi catchment (+)
Protection of surface and ground water resources from
impacts of anthropogenic activities (+)
Establishment of water user committees to oversee
water resources allocation and protection (+)

Development of clear definition of easy-toimplement and practical conservation measures
targeting all endangered species
Clear restoration targets and concise procedures for
restoring modified landscapes to support desired
ecosystem
Development of a clear protocol for water resources
monitoring in Kihansi catchment including the gorge
Fieldwork data collection, data quality assessment,
data archiving and sharing, data analysis
Development and use of clear protocol for
conservation and restoration of modified landscapes
affecting surface water resources (e.g. inclusion of
afforestation areas and types of vegetation to be
used, etc)
-
UDSM, RBWB,
LGAs
(Kilombero,
Kilolo, Mufindi)
-
UDSM-WRED,
UDSM-CoNAS,
RBWB
-
During implementation
-
Implementation + post
implementation
Implementation + post
implementation
Better management of forest changes (+)
Conservation of endemic plant species found in
Kihansi catchment (+)
Better management of gorge vegetation changes (+)
Conservation of endemic plant species found in the
Kihansi Gorge (+)
Better management of KST habitat changes in the
Kihansi Gorge (+)
Disturbance to KST habitat in Kihansi Gorge (-)
Development of new approaches to amphibian reintroductions to the wild for new species (+)
Development of cure and immune of amphibian
diseases including chytrid fungus (+)
Detrimental effects of chemicals used on gorge
environment and ecosystem (-)

Development of a clear definition of easy-toimplement and practical conservation measures
targeting all endangered plant species
Development of a clear restoration targets and
concise procedures for restoring modified forest
landscapes to support desired plant ecosystem
Limit experimental studies on disease and survival of
KST in the spray wetlands within enclosures
-
Improve funding modalities for KST and amphibian
diseases and re-introduction studies
Improve collaboration of in-country researchers
themselves and with foreign nationals
Carry out prior studies of effects of chemicals to be
used in the gorge and restrict/prohibit usage of
detrimental chemicals in the gorge
Carry out impacts monitoring for effects of chemical
imported into the gorge
Provision of platforms for sharing research findings
to wider scientific and non-scientific community
Local Tanzanian prospect students should be
motivated to apply for Master’s and PhD
scholarships to enhance in-country human resources
capacity
-




Water resources


Forests


Gorge vegetation





KST













Education


New scientific knowledge on amphibian husbandry,
disease preventions for amphibians, diseases
immunology for amphibians and re-introductions of
unfamiliar amphibian species (+)
New scientific knowledge on plant and animal species
endemic to Kihansi catchment and their survival
characteristics (+)
New methodologies for identification and monitoring


73
-
Estimated
cost (USD)
Implementation + post
implementation
40,000
-
-
UDSM,
TAWIRI, SUA,
NEMC
30,000
Implementation + post
implementation
25,000
-
-
NEMC, UDSM,
SUA, TAWIRI,
TPRI
-
SUA, UDSMZoology
-
During implementation
-
During implementation
NEMC, UDSM,
SUA, TPRI,
TAWIRI
During implementation
60,000
-
80,000
During implementation
140,000
Environment
Impact




Livelihoods




Electricity


Local policies



National and
international policies



of water sources and biodiversity (+)
Improved natural resources conservation skills of local
communities (+)
Generated more experts in EFA (+)
Generated more Master’s and PhD level human
resource (+)
Sediment load due to erosion and nutrient loss from
farms and improper use of chemicals for pests and
weed control (+)
Closure of farming activities within gazetted areas (-)
Reduction of land area for agricultural activities(-)
Reliable availability of water at Lower Kihansi
Hydropower Plant for electricity generation (+)
Improved management of Lower Kihansi Reservoir
from identified trends in reservoir water inflows (+)
Use of alternative power source (a generator) to supply
power to captive facilities at UDSM and KRS in times
of grid power failures / interruptions (-)
Development of new bylaws to deal with gazettement
issues (+)
Conflicts with local inhabitants and their political
representatives (-)
Legal cooperation agreements between Tanzania,
USA, International Institutions (WBG, IUCN, etc) (+)
Legal challenges on ownership, distribution and use of
KST in places other than Bronx and Toledo zoo in USA
and elsewhere (-)
Detailed guidelines for conducting EF Assessments in
Tanzania and other countries (+)
Inclusion of EFA guidelines into EIA guidelines for
projects related to water resources (+)
Knowledge and costing of available ecosystem services
within the Kihansi catchment (+)
Mitigation/Enhancement measures
Responsible
institution
Timeframe

Adoption of IPM practises
-
-

Establishment and implementation of investment
schemes

The operating procedure for the power plant should
be modified to include real-time inflow information
that is derived from observed streamflows and
historical trends
An alternative power sources to use of fuel generator
(e.g. solar power) should be explored
-
Awareness creation for local communities with
communication methods clearly elaborated in the
communication strategy (CS)
-
Legal issues related to KST and ecological integrity
of Kihansi catchment should be harmonised with
existing cooperation status (Tanzania-USA) and
binding international agreements
-
The process should harmonise the EFA guidelines
and procedure with existing EIA guidelines and
procedures by considering the most suitable entry
point of EFA guidelines on EIA guidelines
Establishment of protocol for releasing information
on ecosystem values to the wider community
-





74
LGAs/NEMC/M
oAFS
-
-
-
MEMTANESCO,
GoT, WBG
Implementation + post
implementation
During implementation
Implementation + post
implementation
NEMC, UDSM- - Implementation + post
Zoology,
implementation
TAWIRI
LGAs
- During implementation
Estimated
cost (USD)
300,000
60,000
170,000
50,000
MoE-NEMC
-
During implementation
70,000
-
MoW, NEMC
LGA
-
-
Implementation + post
implementation
During implementation
50,000
20,000
CHAPTER 9: ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MONITORING PLAN
9.1
Background
This chapter presents the Environmental and Social Monitoring Plan (ESMoP) that will be
implemented throughout the Project life cycle to mitigate the impacts and enhance the
benefits of the project. The ESMoP outlines the specific actions that shall be undertaken to
ensure that the project complies with all applicable laws and regulations related to
environmental impacts and impact mitigation. The ESMoP deals with all mitigation required
for the physical, biological and socio-economic impacts and focuses on significant impacts.
The ESMoP will address four aspects of monitoring, which are i) baseline, impacts/effects,
compliance and mitigation monitoring. Baseline monitoring determines the nature and
ranges of natural variation and where possible to establish the process of change.
Impact/effect monitoring quantifies environmental change that is associated with the project
while compliance monitoring measures the extent in which mitigation measures comply with
standards and laws. Mitigation monitoring, on the other hand, addresses the suitability and
effectiveness of mitigation programmes designed to reduce or compensate for adverse effects
of projects.
Baseline monitoring should be carried out following establishment of monitoring protocols
for water resources, ecology, catchment characteristics (land cover/land use, topography,
infrastructure development, etc) and natural resources. The existing monitoring protocols for
Kihansi Gorge Ecology (Gibb’s Protocol) should be used for the gorge while new protocols
should be developed and used for the rest of the Kihansi catchment.
The monitoring of predicted impacts of implementation of the KCCMP on physical,
biological, social, economic, cultural and political environments should involve monitoring
for occurrence of predicted changes, quantification of observed total changes using
monitoring data, analysis of pre-project historical trend to estimate magnitude of no-project
changes and estimating the portion of change related to project activities as the difference
between the total changes and no-project changes. This will enable providing quantitative
impacts of the implementation of project activities on Kihansi environments.
Compliance monitoring will be carried out to ensure that proposed mitigation and
enhancement measures comply with existing laws and standards and any future foreseen
amendments. Sets of standards used will be included in monitoring protocols to facilitate
compliance monitoring.
The effectiveness of proposed mitigation and enhancement measures against envisaged
significant impacts from implementation of KCCMP will be assessed by monitoring the
implementation status of a measure and adherence to proposed implementation methodology/
procedure (is it carried according to established/recommended methodology?). If a proposed
measure cannot effectively deal with the impact, it should be revised to take on board existing
conditions.
For any ineffective measures, their revisions should be incorporated into a revised ESMoP.
75
9.2
Monitoring Responsibilities and Costs
Details on parameter to be monitored have been considered along with costs estimates and
responsible institution (s) (Table 9.1). The Project will endeavour to ensure that resources are
available to implement the ESMoP throughout all phases of Project. The ESMoP will be
subject to the principle of continuous improvement.
76
Table 9.1:
Aspect
Environmental Monitoring Plan
Monitoring parameter
Objectives
- Land use proportions
- Landscape conservation
and restoration
- Number of new river
gauges at the gorge
- Optimum number of
operational stations in
gorge and Kihansi
catchment
- Updated Kihansi
hydrological report
- Number of gazetted
water sources
- To improve hydrological
observation network
- To maintain optimum
number of
hydroclimatological
stations
- Quantification of surface
water resources
Landscape
Water
resources
Monitoring
frequency
Biannual
Standard
Location
Action
Method
Responsible
institution
LGA
-
- Notify KCCMP
coordinator
Annual
-
- Kihansi
gazetted
areas
- Kihansi
gorge and
Kihansi
catchment
- Notify KCCMP
on measures to
take to facilitate
achievements
- Consultancies
for analyses
and
constructions
MoW,
UDSM
Responsible for Estimated annual
monitoring
cost (TShs)
LGA-Land use
In LGA annual
planning
budget
department
MoW-RBWB,
In KCCMP
UDSM-WRED
implementation
budget
- Protection of water sources
and resources
Forests
Gorge
vegetation
KST
Education
Electricity
- General Kihansi
catchment monitoring
protocol
- Variables defined in
monitoring protocol
- Variables defined in
Gibb’s protocol
- Establishment of Kihansi
monitoring protocol
- Restoration of modified
vegetation and
conservation
- Restoration of modified
vegetation and
conservation
As in the
protocol
As in the
protocol
- Kihansi
catchment
- Notify LGA for
prompt action
As in the protocol
LGA,
UDSM
LGA-Land use
planning
department,
UDSM-IRA
In KCCMP
implementation
budget
As in Gibb’s
protocol
As in the
protocol
- Kihansi
Gorge
-
Gibb’s Protocol
- Understanding prevention
and control of amphibian
diseases
- Understanding impacts of
environmental changes on
KST and other amphibians
As in reintroduction
and
monitoring
documents
As in reintroductio
n and
monitoring
documents
- Kihansi
Gorge
- Notify NEMCKCCMP for
action
As in reintroduction and
monitoring
documents
TANESCOKihansi
Environmental
Officer
UDSM-Zoology,
SUA
In KCCMP
implementation
budget
- All variables indicated
in Kihansi (to be
developed) and Gibb’s
monitoring protocols
TANESCO
, UDSM,
SUA,
RBWB
NEMC,
SUA,
UDSM
- Number of workshops,
seminars, meetings
conducted
- Number of local
postgraduate students
researching in Kihansi
- Number of research
reports/papers on
Kihansi
- Updated hydrological
trends report
- Sharing research and its
findings to wider
community
- Local capacity building by
participation in research in
Kihansi
Six months
-
- Tanzania
- Widely advertise
in local media of
planned meetings
and availability of
research positions
- Review of
documents
NEMC,
UDSM,
SUA,
TAWIRI
UDSM, SUA,
NEMC-KCCMP
In KCCMP
implementation
budget
- Hydropower production to
incorporate trends in
Biennial
-
- Kihansi, Dar
es Salaam
-
- Review of
reports
UDSM,
TANESCO
NEMC-KCCMP,
UDSM-WRED,
In KCCMP
implementation
77
In KCCMP
implementation
budget
Aspect
Monitoring parameter
- Power sources options
report for KST captive
facilities at UDSM
and Kihansi
- New cooking stoves
(saw dust, kerosene)
- Number of cases of
Energy sources
firewood from
gazetted areas
Livelihoods
Local policies
National
policies
International
policies
- Number of farmers
adopting improved
agricultural practises
(see IPMP for Kihansi
catchment)
- Number of awareness
meetings with
communities
- Number of dissatisfied
members of
communities
- EFA guideline
document
- Revised EIA
guidelines document
- Ecosystem services
valuation report
- Signed agreements
- Number of
disagreements
Objectives
hydrology
- Provision of alternative
sources of electricity for
captive facilities at UDSM
and Kihansi
- Promotion of innovation
for new energy sources
and energy budgeting
equipment
- Improvement of water
quality by minimising
pesticides uses in the
catchment
Monitoring
frequency
Standard
Location
Action
Method
Responsible
institution
Responsible
monitoring
TANESCO
Kihansi/ HQ
Annual
-
- Villages and
towns in and
around
Kihansi
-
Promote
alternative
sources of energy
by training them
on the benefits
- Report
assessments
- Field visits
LGA
In LGA annual
budget
- Villages
within
Kihansi
catchment
- Implement IPMP
for Kihansi
catchment
- Field visits,
impact
assessment
LGA,
MAFS,
NEMC,
MoW
LGA
Environmental
officer,
community
development
officer
NEMC, MAFS,
LGA
- Villages
within
Kihansi
catchment
- For poor
community
acceptance, revise
communication
approaches
- Review of
reports for any
claims from
community
members
LGA,
MoWRBWB
Water user
committees /
associations
Annual budget
Once
- NEMC and
MoW
headquarters
- Review of EFA
and EIA
guidelines
reports
NEMC,
MoW
KCCMP Team,
consultants
Annual budget
Annual
- Tanzania
- In case of delays,
facilitate
implementation
- Facilitate
incorporation of
EFA guidelines in
existing EIA
guideline
- For cases of
disagreements,
establish and
rectify causes
- Review of
signed
documents
- Review of
reports on legal
conflicts
GoT, MoE
NEMC-KCCMP
Team
Annual
- Prevention of local
conflicts and project denial
following gazettement of
local lands
- Improvements of EIA
procedure for water
resources projects
- Providing methodology for
development of natural
resources services
valuation
- Strengthening legal
cooperation with partner
countries and international
organisation in relation to
ecology
78
for Estimated annual
cost (TShs)
budget
In IPMP budget
Annual budget
CHAPTER 10: ECONOMIC ANALYSIS
10.1
Background
The cost-benefit analysis presents a brief comparison of environmental and social costs of
implementing the proposed project versus benefits accrued from the project when
implementation of the project has been completed. It is a clear fact that, it is not possible to
account for all the impacts accrued from the implementation of the project. This is because
some of the impacts are direct while others are indirect; others are short-term while others are
long-term, some of the impacts are site specific while others cross the boundaries of the
project area to affect a much larger population, though it may not be necessarily a significant
impact. Similarly, valuation of these impacts is more or less dictated by the social group
biases tied to the environment to which the project has been subjected. Therefore,
methodology used in this cost benefit analysis, will be based on comparing between the
following:
“The total amount of cash that
would be spent by the KCCMP
into the local environment”
termed as “BENEFIT”
Versus
“The opportunity cost of the items the people and
the society will miss when the project is
implemented” plus “environmental costs of
mitigating any significant impact caused by the
project’s activities after it is fully implemented to
the end of project”. Termed as “COST”
Since this project is expected to take place for a five years period of time, the aspect of “Time
Value of Money” will be ignored and all the costs will be considered as “Constant Dollar”
with inflation and cost escalation assumed to be zero over the 5-years period.
10.2
Benefits of the Proposed KCCMP
The following project items will be termed as “BENEFITS”




Communities from 17 villages upstream in the Mufindi and Kilolo districts will be the
main project implementers and beneficiaries of livelihood investments.
Implementation of Catchment Management Plan will lead to improvement of land and
water use practices.
Contribution to Social Development of nearby communities.
Promotion of conservation/protection of natural resources and enhancement of
conservation of endangered species.
Local individuals will increase their income by involving themselves in proposed KCCMP
activities such tree regeneration program etc. Project with the support from the community,
water user association and Rufiji water basin office will stamp out illegal practices such as
farming close to water body and illegal harvesting of natural forest. This will increase the
natural resource regeneration and subsequent harvesting and hence alleviate poverty.
The proposed KCCMP shall strive to support conservation activities particularly of those
species that are critically endangered and endemic. The Project has a component that will
79
undertake conservation and education activities and therefore will help to safeguard the
environment in the whole Kihansi catchment.
Implementation of the KCMP will help to improve water flow into the Kihansi River and
hence sustain the hydropower plant that depends on the quantity of water that is retained in
the dam.
Less use of pesticides will result in the improvement of the quality of water that enters the
gorge and thus ensure the survival of species such as amphibians.
10.3
Costs of the Project
The following project items will be termed as “COST”: The environmental costs spent as
part of the Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) and Environmental
Monitoring Costs.
The project is a full-sized GEF project with a five year implementation period, to be financed
by the GEF Grant in the amount of US$ 5,980,544. The GoTs contribution is through the
WSDP, which is a US$1,255 million sector wide program supported by numerous agencies,
including US$200 million IDA credit. The key component of the program which is linked to
this financing supports the strengthening of integrated water resource management in the nine
river basins in mainland Tanzania. Government contributions in-kind are in the form of the
Ministries staff time to manage the project and provision of administrative services.
10.4
Environmental Cost-Benefit Analysis
Kihansi catchment is located within the Udzungwa Mountains and support aquatic and
terrestrial species that are highly endemic and critically endangered, including the KST.
Conserving such species will bring about global benefits as these species are not found
anywhere else in the world.
Furthermore, this project will allow for the broader integration of biodiversity conservation
activities and programs into the planning and management of river basins. The lessons that
will be learned from the Kihansi catchment with regard to managing downstream terrestrial
and upstream critical habitats for endangered species in the ecosystems will be incorporated
into the catchment management plans in eight other river basins in Tanzania and will provide
worldwide valuable lessons. The development of operational tools for integrating
environmental flow assessment into river basin planning and water development planning
will fill an important operational gap in integrated water resources management in Tanzania
and will contribute to knowledge in this global highly contested area of integrated water
resources management.
The project will also allow for testing and expanding the application of the emerging concept
of payment for environmental services and benefit sharing that is increasingly being applied
to the conservation of watersheds and other important conservation areas.
The benefits accrued from implementing activities that will provide such local and global
benefits will far outweigh the costs that will be incurred during the implementation of the
project.
80
10.5
Socio-Economic Cost-Benefit Analysis
The project is expected to generate positive social benefits through catchment management
investments that improve agricultural practices in the catchment and reduce degradation of
the natural resources base. The project will propose the formation of a Sub-catchment
Management Committees and support existing Water Users Associations to oversee project
implementation in the Kihansi Catchment including the promotion of alternative livelihood
activities among riparian communities which will benefit from improved water quality and
quantity. Communities from 17 upstream villages in the Mufindi and Kilolo districts will be
the main project implementers and beneficiaries of livelihood investments.
As it can be seen in the impact analysis, there are no serious negative social economic
impacts. It can therefore be deduced that the social benefits outweigh the negative social
costs that are anticipated.
10.6
Summary of Cost – Benefit Analysis
Based on the facts described under Section10.2, 10.3, 10.4 and 10.5, when all the benefits
accrued from the project are compared to costs, it is obvious that the project will have more
positive impacts to the surrounding environment as compared to the costs. The profits to be
realized have also incorporated costs of the end of the KCCMP.
81
CHAPTER 11: SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS
The ESIA has identified a number of impacts both positive and negative and other residual
cumulative issues pertaining to the proposed Kihansi Catchment Conservation and
Management (KCCM) Project. The issues/impacts have been described and assessed in detail
to gain adequate understanding of possible environmental effects of the proposed project
from implementation to decommissioning (end) time, in order to formulate mitigation
measures in response to negative aspects and enhancement measures in response to positive
aspects which have emerged. The Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP)
provides way forward for implementation of the identified mitigation and enhancement
measures while Environmental and Social Monitoring Plan (ESMoP) provided details on how
to monitor baseline conditions, impacts and effectiveness of mitigation/enhancement
measures. The estimated costs for implementing the proposed measures are closely estimated
though still remain indicative. The consultant has used informed judgment to come up with
these figures.
The study concludes that although the project can have significant and wide-ranging impacts
on the environment, the project is environmentally suitable and socially acceptable subject to
the implementation of the proposed Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) and
Environmental Monitoring Plan (ESMoP).
82
REFERENCES
Bonn Convention
Butynski, T.M., Ehardt, C.L., Struhsaker, T.T. (1998). Notes on two dwarf galagos (Galagoides
udzungwensis and Galagoides orinus) in the Udzungwa Mountains, Tanzania. Primate
Conservation 18: 69-75.
Convention Concerning Occupational Health and Safety (1983)
LKEMP (2004). Updated Environmental Management Plan for the Lower Kihansi Hydropower
Project.
LKEMP (2011a). Environmental Audit for the Lower Kihansi Hydropower Project
LKEMP (2011b). Implementation Completion Report for the Lower Kihansi Environmental
Management Project.
IUCN Red List
Lovett, J.C., J. Hatton, L.B. Mwasumbi, & J. Gerstle. (1997). Assessment of the impact of the Lower
Kihansi hydropower project on the forests of Kihansi Gorge, Tanzania. Biodiversity and
Conservation 6: 915-933.
NORPLAN (1995). Lower Kihansi Hydropower Project. Environmental Impact Assessment. Report
produced for Tanzania Electric Supply Company Ltd. (TANESCO), Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.
NORPLAN (1999). Vegetation Survey in Kihansi Gorge, Tanzania. Report produced for Tanzania
Electric Supply Company Ltd. (TANESCO), Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
Poynton, J.C., Howell, K.M., Clarke, B.T. & Lovett, J.C. (1998). A critically endangered new species
of Nectophrynoides (Anura: Bufonidae) from the Udzungwa mountains, Tanzania. African
Journal of Herpetology 47(2): 59-67.
Rodgers, W.A. & Homewood, K.M. (1982). Biological values and conservation prospects for the
forests and primate populations of the Uzungwa mountains, Tanzania. Biological
Conservation 24: 285-304.
The Convention on Biological Diversity (1992)
URT, Antiquities Act (1964)
URT, Environmental (Registration of Environmental Experts) Regulations (2005)
URT, Environmental Management Act Cap 191 of 2004
URT, Fisheries Act No. 22 of 2003
URT, Health Policy (1990)
URT, National Employment Policy
URT, National Energy Policy (2003)
URT, National Poverty Eradication Strategy (2000)
URT, Occupation Health and Safety Act (2003)
URT, Policy on HIV/AIDS (2001)
URT, Tanzania Development Vision 2025
URT, The Environment Impact Assessment and Audit Regulations, Gn No. 349 of 2005
URT, The HIV and AIDS (Prevention and Control) Act of 2008
URT, The National Environmental Policy (1997)
URT, The National Land Act, No. 4 of 1999
URT, The National Land Policy (1995)
URT, The National Water Policy (2002)
URT, The National Wildlife and Wetland Policy (2007)
URT, The Public Health Act, 2008
URT, The Water Resource Management Act, 2009 (Act No. 12/2009)
URT, The Water Supply and Sanitation Act of 2009
World Heritage Sites Convention (1972)
83
Annex 1: Terms of Reference
TERMS OF REFERENCE FOR THE ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACT
ASSESSMENT OF THE PROPOSED KIHANSI CATCHMENT CONSERVATION
MANAGEMENT PROJECT IN KIHANSI CATCHMENT MOROGORO AND
IRINGA REGIONS, TANZANIA
1. Introduction
The Kihansi Catchment is located in the Udzungwa mountains which is the largest block of
the 12 Eastern Arc Mountains (EAM) in Tanzania. The Udzungwa mountains contain nearly
one-half of all the remaining closed forests in the Eastern Arc and as result have the highest
diversity of endemic and threatened plant and animal species including the Kihansi Spray
Toad (KST) and Sanje mangabay monkeys.
The catchment refers to the upper watershed area above the dam and hydropower station and
lies between 1,200m and 2,200m above sea level. The high-biodiversity Udzungwa forest
reserve covers the land to the east, while the rest of the catchment is covered with forest,
grassland and bush. The catchment is 584 km2 and spreads over the Kilolo and Mufindi
administrative districts. The area receives rainfall between 1,000mm in the western and
northern parts to 3,200 mm in the eastern part of the catchment. There are no significant high
flow seasonal changes within years responding to wet and dry seasons and moderate flows
are sustained throughout the year.
The National Environment Management Council (NEMC) is a public body established under
the Environmental Management Act Cap 191, responsible for managing the environment in
Mainland Tanzania. As part of fulfilment of her many mandates, the Council intends to
implement a GEF project to be able to mainstream biodiversity conservation is catchment
conservation. Due to the magnitude of the project and the type of activities to be
implemented, it is foreseen that some positive and negative environmental impacts will arise.
In this context NEMC is seeking a Consultant who will be able to carry out Environmental
and Social Impact Assessment of the upcoming project, identify and devise a plan to mitigate
the foreseen impacts.
2. The Kihansi Catchment Conservation and Management Project (KCCMP)
Background
The Government of Tanzania has ratified three key conventions: Convention on Biological
Diversity (CBD), the United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD), and
the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). As part of
implementation of these global environmental conventions, the GoT officially submitted for
endorsement by the Global Environmental Facility (GEF), a project proposal titled ‘Kihansi
Catchment Conservation and Management Project (KCCMP)’. The Project is full-sized with
a five year implementation period, with the key objective being ‘to enhance biodiversity
conservation in the Kihansi catchment’. This development objective will be achieved through
the implementation of activities categorised into three key components: a) Conserving
endangered species in the Kihansi catchment; b) Development of operational guidelines for
84
conducting downstream Environmental Flow Assessment and a sustainable financing plan for
the Kihansi catchment; and c) Project management.
The KCCMP is aligned under the CBD with five major Aichi Biodiversity Targets for 2011 –
2020: Strategic Goal A - Mainstreaming biodiversity across government and society;
Strategic Goal B – Reduce direct pressures on biodiversity and promote sustainable use;
Strategic Goal C – Improve the status of biodiversity by safeguarding ecosystems, species,
and genetic diversity; Strategic Goal D - Enhance the benefits to all from biodiversity and
ecosystem series; and Strategic Goal E – Enhance implementation through participatory
planning, knowledge management, and capacity building
The project will be implemented within the three key Components
Component 1: Develop operational guidelines for conducting Environmental Flow
Assessment and a sustainable financing plan for the management of the Kihansi
catchment
The objective of this subcomponent is to incorporate biodiversity conservation at a planning
level into Integrated Water Resource Development and Management Planning (IWRDMP)
under the WSDP. Under Lower Kihansi Environmental Management Project (LKEMP) –
(2001-2011) support was provided for the development of the 2004 Environmental
Management Act (EMA) and 10 implementing regulations. These regulations and EMA
provided an important legal framework for the integration of biodiversity conservation in
river basin planning. However, to fully operationalize biodiversity conservation in river
basin planning in Tanzania, an operational framework and guidelines relevant to river basin
planning and EIA, which integrates environmental flow assessment, are required. This
component comprises of two subcomponents; that is Develop operational guidelines for
conducting Environmental Flow Assessment and Develop a sustainable financing plan for the
management of the Kihansi catchment.
Component 2: Conserve endangered species in the Kihansi catchment
This component focuses on operational level interventions in the Kihansi catchment to ensure
the conservation of critically endangered plant and animal species and their critical habitat
are conserved and sustainably managed over the long-term. The component comprises of
two subcomponents namely Species and habitat conservation and Community conservation.
Within subcomponents there are number of activities to be implemented as detailed in Annex
1 as well as Project Apraisal Document.
Component 3: Project Management
NEMC will be responsible for project coordination at the national, regional, district and
village levels. This will entail facilitating and coordinating the Steering and Technical
Advisory Committees as well as providing overall multi-sectoral coordination among
governmental sectors. In addition, under this component support will be provided for day-today project implementation and management including, procurement, and financial and
environmental management. The component will provide support for office operating costs
including annual audit costs.
85
The aim of developing the Terms of Reference (ToR) is to provide formal guidance to the
project proponent and contracted Consultant for carrying out the ESIA of the proposed
project on the range of issue that must be addressed in the ESIA process. Furthermore, they
form the basis for subsequent review process.
3. Objectives of Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA)
The objective of the EIA is to identify, assess and evaluate the potential likely adverse biophysical and socio-economic impacts of the proposed project activities in the proposed area
and develop an Environmental and Social Management Framework outlining the necessary
steps and procedures to avoid, minimize or mitigate identified impacts. The ESIA will
provide decision-makers in VPO - NEMC and the other stakeholders with sufficient
information to justify, on environmental grounds, the acceptance, modification or rejection of
the project. It will also provide the basis for guiding subsequent actions, which will ensure
that the project is carried out taking into account the environmental, socio-economic, cultural
and health issues and concerns identified.
The objective focuses on: 



Establishing baseline information on both natural and built environment including
socio-economic conditions of the proposed project in Kihansi Catchment
Predicting and evaluate foreseeable impacts, both beneficial and adverse, of the
proposed project
Develop Environmental Management Plan or mitigation measures that aim at
eliminating or minimising the potential negative impacts and promote positive ones;
and
Develop an environmental and social screening form and checklist to evaluate project
activities related to identification of water sources and biodiversity hotspots and their
protection so that unforeseen impacts, if any can be identified, and corresponding
mitigation measures determined, managed and monitored throughout the life of the
project.
4. Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Requirements
The environmental management Act, Cap 191 requires that ESIA be undertaken for all new
projects that may cause adverse environmental and social impacts. Under the environment
Impact Assessment and Audit Regulations, 2005 the proposed project is categorized as an
EIA obligatory project for which a full EIA is required.
Additionally, the project will be supported by the World Bank, requiring compliance with
their environmental and social Safeguards policies. Based on a preliminary review of the
project design, it is likely that the relevant policies include: Environmental Assessment (OP
4.01), Natural Habitats (OP 4.04), Pest Management (OP 4.09), Involuntary Resettlement
(OP 4.12), Forests (OP 4.36).
4.1
Scope of Work
Task 1: Description of the Proposed Project
The Consultant shall give details of:
 Background of the project, highlighting the link between Kihansi dam operation and
the spray toad reintroduction plan;
86



Location of all project – related development and operation sites;
General description of the proposed project and its major components, phases and
activities to be implemented in each phase of the project life; and
Organisation relationships, mandates and interactions among the different parties to
be involved in the project.
Task 2: Description of the environment
The Consultant shall:
a) Provide information on biological environment on flora, fauna, rare or endangered
species and sensitive habitats including parks, reserves, significant natural sites, forest
and any other area that qualifies as a Critical Natural Habitat in accordance with OP
4.04.
b) Provide general description of surface and ground water hydrology, existing sources
of water pollution discharges and receiving water quality.
c) An assessment of the socio-economic environment; including community
demographics, gender issues, and existing land use practices in the catchment
including specific details on the types and amounts of pesticides used among project
affected persons.
d) Identify areas that require special attention in the project implementation and their
proposed mitigation measures.
e) Recommend improved land use and options for reducing pesticide use.
Environmental Impact Assessment shall specifically focus on these ecological
components in the environment to ensure that the proposed development does not harm
the well-being or these characteristics.
Task 3: Legislative and Regulatory Considerations
The Consultant shall describe pertinent local, national and international regulations,
standards and institutional framework governing protection of sensitive areas, protection
of endangered species, land use/catchment management etc. which are important to
observe during the implementation of the project activities. The consultant shall clarify
how each legal or institutional aspect is relevant to the project, and provide guidance as to
what the specific implication is for project design and operation.
The Consultant shall describe the relevant World Bank Safeguard Policies, and assess
which of those policies apply in the project context. The Consultant shall clarify how the
project design must take such provisions into account.
Task 4: Determination of potential impacts of the proposed project
The consultant shall identify potential impacts of the project on natural resources, humans
and ecosystems. Describe the impacts quantitatively and qualitatively, where possible in
terms of environmental costs and benefits. Impact analysis should clearly address direct,
indirect and cumulative impacts. In the analysis, distinguish between:
 Positive and negative impacts
 Direct and indirect impacts
 Long term and short term impacts
 Reversible and irreversible impacts
 Identify linkages among project components and the issues
87
Evaluate the levels of significance of the impacts indicating the criteria used.
Identification, prediction and analysis of impacts should be made for each phase of the
project life. Explain significant information deficiencies or any uncertainties associated
with prediction of impacts. Recommend appropriate mitigation measures for mitigating
the negative impacts and identify opportunities from positive impacts and how they can
be enhanced.
Among other issues, the determination of potential impacts should identify the following:
 Potential for involuntary resettlement. In accordance with OP 4.12, involuntary
resettlement includes those impacts associated with restriction of access to natural
resources;
 Potential impact of the project on forests and/or the rights and welfare of local
communities;
 Potential impact of the project on Critical Natural Habitats;
 Potential for the project to lead to increased use of pesticides;
Task 5: Analysis of alternatives of the proposed project
The Consultant shall describe at least three viable design alternatives that would achieve the
same objectives. Consider and analyze alternatives in terms of location, design, technology
and phases, operating and maintenance procedures. Compare alternatives in terms of
potential environmental impacts, capital and operating costs, suitability under local
conditions, institutional, training and monitoring requirements.
Task 6: Resource evaluation or cost benefit analysis
The consultant shall describe the extent possible; quantify total/ environmental costs and
benefits of each alternative incorporating the estimated costs of any associated mitigation
measures. The zero alternative i.e. of not having the project must be included.
Task 7: Development of an Environmental and Social Management Plan
Based on this assessment, the ESIA should set forth an Environmental and Social
Management Plan (EMP). The ESMP shall spell out specific management measures
including, budget estimates, schedules, institutional responsibilities, staffing and training
requirements and any other necessary support services to implement the mitigation measures.
The Consultant shall ensure the EMSP describes feasible and cost effective measures to (i)
prevent or reduce significant negative impacts to acceptable levels and (ii) enhance positive
impacts.
Task 8: Development of an environmental and social screening form and checklist
As the area size and type of some of the activities that will be supported by the project in
relation to protection of important water sources and biodiversity hotspots are not specified at
this time, the consultant shall develop an environmental and social screening form and
checklist to identify potential impacts and outline the specific environmental and social
management measures that will be applied to all activities that may result in any potential
identified impact.
Task 9: Development of an Integrated Pest Management Plan (IPMP)
The Consultant shall prepare IPMP including: (i) measures to identify potential activities
(supported by project or counterpart funds) where pesticides may be used, (ii) a list of
pesticide products authorized for procurement under the project, and (iii) plan (and budget)
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for ensuring safe pesticide handling equipment is provided to those who may be using
pesticides).
Task 10: Resettlement Process Framework
The Consultant shall prepare a Process Framework for addressing potential social issues that
may arise from protection of water sources and biodiversity hotspots. These shall include:
measures to establish a process by which members of potentially affected communities
participate in design of project components; determination of measures necessary to achieve
resettlement policy objectives, and implementation and monitoring of relevant project
activities; see OP 4.12, Annex A).
Task 11: Development of an Environmental and Social Monitoring Plan
The Consultant shall prepare a detailed plan for monitoring the implementation of the ESMF
during project life cycle. Include in the plan an estimate of the capital and operating costs and
a description of other inputs needed to carry it out.
The Consultant shall be guided by the cost-effectiveness principles in proposing amelioration
measures. Estimation of costs of those measures shall be made. The assessment will provide a
detailed plan to monitor the implementation of the mitigation measures and impacts of the
project during project operation.
Task 12: Public consultations:
The assessment shall establish the level of consultation of the affected stakeholders
throughout the project life span, level of involvement in implementing project activities as
this is an important aspect for both environmental and project sustainability. The assessment
will provide a framework for obtaining the views of affected groups, and in keeping records
(with evidence) of meeting and other activities, communication, and comments and their
disposition.
In addition, the Consultant shall conduct a formal public consultation on the draft
Environmental Impact Assessment, after it has been approved by the Client and the World
Bank, but prior to the document’s finalization. Such a consultation should be conducted only
after the draft EIA has been made publically available, in the project area, through NEMC’s
website, and through the World Bank’s InfoShop.
For each consultation event conducted, the Consultant shall provide record of the names of
organisations, government and departments and individuals whose views will be obtained. It
should also include a list of issues raised by those consulted, and explain if and how the
project design was adjusted to respond to their concerns. This summary should be included as
an Annex to the EIS.
Task 13: Reporting and submission
Notwithstanding the above requirements, the contents and the structure of the report should
be in accordance with Regulations 18 and 19 respectively of the EIA and Audit Regulations
of 2005. The report should be concise and limited to significant environmental issues.
The Executive Summary and the ESIA Main Report should be submitted according to the
requirements of Regulations 19 to 21 of the EIA and Audit Regulations, GN No. 349/2005 for
simplifying the review process.
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4.2
Outputs
a) The Consultant shall submit to the Client, three original bound hard and electronic copies
each of the scoping report, the Environmental and Social Impact Statement (ESIA);
Integrated Pest Management Plan (IPMP) and Process Framework.
b) The Consultant shall also make 15 copies for the review process as stipulated in the EMA
2004; and work to ensure sufficient copies are available in the project area, through
NEMC and published through the World Bank’s InfoShop.
c) After the review process, the Consultant shall submit five hard copies and an electronic
copy of the final reports, with all comments arising from the technical review
incorporated into the reports.
4.3
Reference
The Consultant shall provide a list of all information sources used, including unpublished
documents and sources.
5. Consulting Team
Team composition: The core team must be multi-disciplinary, with expertise in Hydrology,
Ecology, Social Science and familiar with World Bank safeguard policies.
 To undertake the ESIA and their profiles. One of the team members will be the team
leader.
 For each specialist proposed, curriculum vitae will be provided, setting out their relevant
qualifications and experiences.
Key qualifications: The Lead Consultant must be in possession of a post graduate degree
(MSc or PhD) in Ecology, Wildlife or related fields.


The Consultant must be a registered EIA Expert with a minimum of three years working
experience in environmental assessment.
Experience in carrying out environmental assessments and related assignment(s) in
Tanzania or outside the country.
6. Mode of Payment
Payment will be effected as follows:
a) 50% upon submission and acceptance of the technical and financial proposal and
signing of the contract;
b) 50% upon submission and acceptance of the final ESIA report acceptable at the
Client.
7. Timeframe
The Consultancy is expected to take a maximum of six weeks from the date of the signing
of the contract to the submission of the final report.
8. Client Contribution
a) NEMC will cover all costs associated with the field work that will be carried out by
the Consultant (travel and daily subsistence allowance according to Government
rates).
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b) Costs associated with printing, binding and distribution of the report will be covered
by the Consultant.
a) Costs that will cover travel and DSA for the two assistants from NEMC, and Costs
associated with organizing and conducting site visits review meetings by the
reviewing board (in this case NEMC).
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ANNEX 2: 5-Year Budget Breakdown for Implementation of Activities
PROPOSED FIVE YEAR BUDGET
Cost in US$
Year 1
Year 2
Year 3
Year 4
Year 5
Total
COMPONENT ONE: CONSERVE ENDANGERED SPECIES IN KIHANSI CATCHMENT
Sub Component 1.1: Species and habitat Conservation
Support continuation
Monitor key ecological indicators
40,000
40,000
40,000
40,000
40,000
200,000
of reintroduction and
Assess population dynamics of the
70,000
50,000
20,000
15,000
15,000
170,000
monitoring of KST
reintroduced KST
Conduct collaborative scientific
workshops on disease and
50,000
50,000
40,000
40,000
40,000
220,000
population viability of endangered
species
Control and mitigate chytrid fungus
and other diseases (laboratory
70,000
70,000
50,000
50,000
20,000
260,000
work)
Manage captive assurance
population of KST in Tanzania and
170,000 170,000
170,000 170,000 170,000
850,000
USA
Procure field vehicle
90,000
90,000
Procure field equipment for KST
50,000
21,755
71,755
reintroduction and monitoring
Population level
Conduct Population Viability
evaluation and
Assessment (PVA) of wild coffee
30,000
80,000
30,000
30,000
170,000
monitoring of other
and other key species endemic to
endangered and
Kihansi Gorge
endemic plant and
Conduct taxonomic identification of
animal species in
butterfly and hosts plant species for
20,000
20,000
40,000
Kihansi catchment
butterflies
Monitor wild coffee and other
25,000
25,000
25,000
25,000
25,000
125,000
species endemic to Kihansi Gorge
Procure field equipment for PVA
30,000
30,000
60,000
and monitoring exercise
Develop and
Identify and monitor important
implement the Kihansi
water source areas and biodiversity
70,000
50,000
30,000
20,000
10,000
180,000
catchment
rich hotspots
management plan
Develop KCMP
80,000
70,000
20,000
170,000
(KCMP)
Gazette important water source area
40,000
30,000
15,000
85,000
and biodiversity rich hotspots
Implement KCMP
70,000
60,000
50,000
180,000
Procure field vehicle
90,000
90,000
SUB TOTAL 1
885,000 625,000
586,755 480,000 385,000 2,961,755
Sub component 1.2: Community Con
Community pilot
Implement pilot community
investment through
conservation investments to
80,000 100,000
140,000 140,000 100,000
560,000
participatory planning
improve water quality and quantity
Training
Train communities and key staff
from relevant sectors in IPM and
120,000 120,000
100,000
60,000
40,000
440,000
other conservation approaches
Monitor and Evaluate
TAC and SC technical and policy
85,000
85,000
85,000
85,000
85,000
425,000
oversight and field visits
SUB TOTAL 2
285,000 305,000
325,000 285,000 225,000 1,425,000
Financing Item
Component Actions
COMPONENT TWO: OPERATIONAL GUIDELINES FOR ENVIRONMENTAL FLOW ASSESSMENT AND FINANCING
PLAN FOR THE KIHANSI CATCHMENT
Sub Component 2.1: Operational guidelines for conducting environmental flow assessment
Develop procedures for Develop guidelines and procedures
120,000 120,000
80,000
320,000
Environmental Flow
for EFA
Assessment (EFA)
Publish and disseminate EFA
30,000
30,000
20,000
80,000
Develop and
Develop the CS
60,000
40,000
20,000
120,000
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PROPOSED FIVE YEAR BUDGET
Financing Item
implement the
Communication
Strategy (CS)
SUB TOTAL 3
Determine modalities
for financing
management of the
Kihansi catchment
Prepare and implement
a financing plan for the
Kihansi catchment
SUB TOTAL 4
Project management
and coordination
SUB TOTAL 5
Component Actions
Year 1
Year 2
Cost in US$
Year 3
Year 4
Year 5
Total
Support implementation of the CS
180,000
160,000
50,000
40,000
40,000
130,000
180,000
70,000
60,000
650,000
Sub component 2.2: Sustainable Financing Plan for the Kihansi catchment
Conduct valuation of ecosystem
60,000
40,000
services
Carry out economic analysis of
60,000
40,000
water use of LKHP
Prepare a financing plan for Kihansi
75,000
40,000
Catchment
Implement a financing plan
30,000
20,000
120,000 155,000
70,000
20,000
COMPONENT THREE: PROJECT MANAGEMENT
Procure project vehicles
90,000
Procure office furniture
7,000
Stationeries
2,000
2,000
2,000
Procure office equipment
12,000
Service and maintenance of motor
15,000
15,000
15,000
vehicles
Fuel and Lubricants
10,000
10,000
10,000
Tire and Tubes
5,000
5,000
5,000
Other office expenses
3,000
3,000
3,000
144,000
35,000
35,000
100,000
100,000
115,000
10,000
10,000
60,000
375,000
90,000
7,000
10,000
12,000
2,000
2,000
15,000
15,000
75,000
10,000
5,000
3,000
35,000
10,000
5,000
3,000
35,000
50,000
25,000
15,000
284,000
TOTAL (1+2+3+4+5)
Contingency (5%)
1,614,000 1,280,000
80,700
64,000
1,196,755
59,838
890,000
44,500
715,000
35,750
5,695,755
284,788
GRAND TOTAL
1,694,700 1,344,000
1,256,593
934,500
750,750
5,980,543
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ANNEX 3: LIST OF STAKEHOLDERS CONSULTED
94
95
96
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ANNEXE 4:
SCREENING FORM FOR IDENTIFICATION OF ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACTS
1. Resource use and socio-economic impacts
 Will the project activities affect people's use of local resources?
(e.g., drinking and washing water, land use, food, fuel, medicines, building materials) that local people
take from the natural environment?
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Will there be additional demands on water or other local resources as a result of the project?
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------ Will the project restrict people's access to natural resources at any time before, during, or after project
period? If so, what plans are there to provide additional resources to meet increased permanent andtemporary needs?
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Will the project affect downstream users of resources, especially water resources? If so, how will those
resources be protected?
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Are future natural-resource-use opportunities being cut off? If so, what compensation will be offered?
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Will the project affect land or water use? ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Will the project require resettlement of any residents? ----------------------------------------------------------------- Will the project create livelihood enhancement opportunities to the communities? If so, will this
include women?--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Are there habitat corridors along the riverbank that need to be protected? What methods will be used to
protect these ecosystems or habitats? What is the land- and water-use in the immediate area?
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- What resources of local or traditional importance will be affected by the project activities?
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -----------What arrangements have or will be made with the local communities to manage the impacts on these
resources?
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------2. Biophysical/ landscape impacts
 Is the local vegetation mainly natural forest, swamp vegetation, or farmland?
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Will the immediate or 'downstream' effects of the project change the vegetation cover?
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Will the project affect important species, habitats, or ecosystems in the area? Is the area
environmentally sensitive or fragile?
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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
Will vegetation be removed or any surface left bare? If so, what will be the impact of clearance? Will
sediments be prevented from entering the streams?
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Will slope or soil stability be affected by the project activities?
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------3. Impacts on water quality
 Will the project activities affect the quality of streams in the catchment or the groundwater?
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- What steps are planned to minimise sedimentation in streams and contamination of groundwater?
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Will agrochemicals (e.g., herbicides, pesticides) be used?
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- What plans are there to control pollution of water from these substances?
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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ANNEX 5
On completion of the screening form the project implementers at LGA and Community level would have identified potential impacts due to the protection of the
water sources and biodiversity hotspots. The Project implementers will then use this checklist (Annex …) to identify the corresponding mitigation measures to
successfully manage these impacts








GENERIC ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MITIGATION MEASURES CHECKLIST
Resource use and socio-economic
Biodiversity/landscape
Water quality
No involuntary, physical
 Protect sensitive ecosystems such as
 Control agrochemicals use in
displacement or relocation would be
forests and gorge ecosystem
agricultural fields up the catchment
required apart from regulated access
areas
 Reduction of destruction of important
to economic resources such as
natural landscape and water sources.
 Training of communities on the
harvesting of trees for building and
proper use and handling of
 Improve conservation of endemic plant
fuel wood used by member of
agrochemicals
species found in the Kihansi Gorge.
communities.
 Identify and protect important water
 Training on good land practices will help
Ensure that communities restricted in
sources in Kihansi catchment
reduce sediments to catchment areas and
access to natural resources are
Kihansi river
 Strengthening community
included in project activities and
enforcement capacity through
 Improved natural resources conservation
benefit from livelihood interventions.
water user associations to manage
skills of local communities
Provide training on soil and water
catchment and water allocation
 Ensure available information on plant and
conservation and natural resources
 Increase public awareness on water
animal species endemic to Kihansi
management.
resources management
catchment and their survival
Reduce sediment load due to erosion
characteristics are documented and made
 Reduced water pollution and
and nutrient loss from farms and
available to communities
improved quality from integrated pest
improper use of chemicals for pests
management practices in livelihood
 Increase community awareness on
and weed control
activities in the catchment.
conservation of biological diversity.
Provide knowledge on better
 Strengthen natural resources management
management and use of resources
capacities of Village Environmental
Provides training on livelihood
Committee and the general
investments through participatory
 Establish buffer zones around the
planning
protected water sources and biodiversity
Promote Community conservation
hotspots.
and livelihood interventions including
subsistence agriculture
Improve agricultural productivity
through soil conservation and IPM
practices
100