Energy Use, Blue Water Footprint, and Greenhouse Gas
Emissions for Current Food Consumption Patterns and
Dietary Recommendations in the US
Supplementary Information
Michelle S. Tom1, Paul S. Fischbeck2,3, Chris T. Hendrickson1
1
Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, Carnegie Mellon University,
5000 Forbes Ave, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, United States
2
Department of Engineering and Public Policy,
Carnegie Mellon University, 5000 Forbes Ave, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, United States
3
Department of Social and Decision Sciences, Carnegie Mellon University, 5000 Forbes Ave,
Pittsburgh, PA 15213, United States
Corresponding author email: mtom@andrew.cmu.edu
1.
Methods and Data
1.1
Daily Calories per US adult
1.1.1 Methods for Estimating Current and Recommended Daily Calories
Anthropometric parameters for the Resting Energy Expenditure (REE) predictive
equations along with physical activity data are retrieved from the CDC National Health and
Nutrition Examination Survey, which interviews and examines thousands of respondents in the
US each year (CDC 2014). Requisite anthropometric data for each adult respondent is input into
the eight REE equations to calculate a range of predicted REEs for each respondent. Additionally,
Metabolic Equivalent of Task (MET) scores, which provide energy expenditures for given physical
activities at a designated intensity, are used to determine the Caloric cost of each activity in which
individuals participate (Gerrior et al. 2006). The sum of these scores are then used to estimate total
physical activity levels (PALs) (sedentary:1.0 ≤ PAL <1.4, low active:1.4 ≤ PAL <1.6, active: 1.6 ≤
PAL <1.9, or very active: 1.9 ≤ PAL <2.5) for each respondent. The corresponding physical activity
factors for each level are 1.0, 1.12, 1.27, and 1.54 for men and 1.0, 1.14, 1.27, and 1.45 for women,
respectively (Gerrior et al. 2006). The products of REEs and physical activity factors yield a range
of daily Caloric intake, or Total Energy Expenditure (TEE), for each respondent. A basic
formulation for daily per-capita TEE in the US then follows as:
𝑇𝐸𝐸 =
∑𝑚
𝑖=1 𝑅𝐸𝐸𝑖 × 𝑃ℎ𝑦𝑠𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝐴𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑖 × 𝑊𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑖
𝑛
(1)
Where m represents the number of adults surveyed, n represents the number of adults in the US
(US Census Bureau 2013) and Weight Factori is the number of people in the US that survey
participant, i, represents. The weight factor parameters are specified by the CDC and applied to
this analysis to ensure adequate representation of Caloric intake estimates for the US population.
1
Daily recommended Caloric intake is estimated in a similar manner. However, for REE in
equation 2, actual weight is replaced with maximum healthy or “normal” weight (MNW), which
is estimated as:
𝑀𝑁𝑊𝑖 = 𝐵𝑀𝐼 × (𝐻𝑖 )2
(2)
Where BMI is set to 25, the overweight threshold, and H is height in meters (CDC 2015).
The difference between TEE and recommended TEE is the amount of extra Calories an
individual consumes. Extra Caloric intake is estimated for each overweight and obese respondent.
This study does not account for the deprivation of Calories by underweight individuals or for
normal weight examinees whose weights fall below their estimated maximum normal weight
values. Underweight and normal weight individuals, however, are included in the total adult
population estimates.
1.1.2 Food Calorie Estimates and Food Loss Estimates
Table 1. Daily Caloric Intake per US Adulta
2010
Current
Caloric Intake
Recommended
Caloric Intake
Extra Caloric
Intake
Percentage
Extra
Mifflin et al (1990)
2,290
2,110
180
8.2%
Harris & Benedict (1919)
2,350
2,130
220
9.4%
Roza & Shizgal (1984)
2,430
2,220
210
8.8%
Livingston (2005)
2,270
2,090
180
7.9%
Muller et al (2004)
2,410
2,190
220
8.8%
Schofield (1985)
2,430
2,220
210
8.5%
Henry (2005)
2,390
2,150
240
9.8%
Owen et al (1986, 1987)
2,280
2,110
170
7.2%
Averageb
2,390
2,190
200
8.5%
a
b
Caloric intake estimates exclude Calories associated with food losses at the retail and consumer levels.
Average estimates are the mean of the values estimated from the eight REE equations.
2
Table 2. Daily Caloric Intake of Individual Foods per US Adulta
Food Group
Fruits/Fruit Juice
Vegetables
Dairy
Grains
Protein
Meat
Poultry
Eggs
Fish/Seafood
Nuts, seeds, soy
Added sugars
Solid Fats
Oils
Current
Caloric
Intakeb
USDA
Recommended
Food Mix @
2,000 Caloriesc
USDA
Recommended
Food Mix @
2,200 Caloriesc
USDA
Recommended
Food Mix @
2,400 Caloriesc
Caloric
Intake
(Dietary
Scenario 1)d
Caloric
Intake
(Dietary
Scenario 2)e
Caloric
Intake
(Dietary
Scenario 3)f
114
127
261
547
480
259
153
33
14
22
293
209
356
210
195
465
487
370
153
100
27
39
51
15
15
243
210
234
465
568
401
167
110
30
44
51
31
31
261
210
234
465
649
435
176
116
31
49
63
65
65
279
104
116
239
500
394
237
140
30
13
20
268
191
326
210
234
465
644
433
175
115
31
48
63
62
62
278
210
231
465
562
399
166
109
30
43
51
30
30
260
2,190
Total
2,390
2,000
2,200
2,400
2,190
2,390
a
Caloric intake estimates exclude Calories associated with food losses at the retail and consumer levels.
b
Current Caloric intake for individual foods are estimated based on the Centers for Disease Control 2007-10 National Health and Nutrition
Examination Survey (NHANES), which presents average daily intake of food (per 2000 calories) by food group and demographic characteristics
(CDC 2014, USDA 2014a).
c
Recommended food mix is based on the Benchmark Food Density chart found in the USDA Dietary Guidelines for Americans, 2010, which
presents recommended daily intake of individual foods at various Caloric intake levels (US Department of Agriculture and US Department of
Health and Human Services 2010).
d
Dietary Scenario 1 accounts for a reduction in Caloric intake only, without shifting the current US diet to the USDA recommended food mix.
e
Dietary Scenario 2 accounts for a shift to the USDA recommended food mix only, without reducing total Caloric intake.
f
Dietary Scenario 3 accounts for both a reduction in Caloric intake and a shift to the USDA recommended food mix.
3
Table 3. Food Losses and Daily Caloric Consumption per US Adulta
Food Group
Fruits/Fruit Juice
Processed Fruits
Vegetables
Processed Vegetables
Fluid Milk
Other Dairy Products
Grains
Protein
Meat
Poultry
Eggs
Fish/Seafood
Nuts, seeds, soy
Added sugars
Solid Fats
Oils
Retail Level
Food Losses
(Percentage)b
Consumer
Level Food
Losses
(Percentage)b
Total Retail and
Consumer Level
Food Losses
(Percentage)b
11%
6%
11%
6%
12%
8%
12%
-5%
4%
7%
8%
6%
11%
19%
19%
28%
15%
21%
15%
20%
20%
19%
-23%
17%
21%
32%
11%
29%
20%
20%
40%
21%
32%
21%
32%
29%
31%
-28%
21%
28%
40%
17%
40%
39%
39%
Current
Caloric
Consumptionc
Caloric
Consumption
(Dietary
Scenario 1)d
Caloric
Consumption
(Dietary
Scenario 2)e
Caloric
Consumption
(Dietary
Scenario 3)f
190
173
349
349
187
172
344
340
384
350
684
684
793
647
360
193
45
23
26
488
342
584
724
591
328
177
42
21
24
445
313
533
933
589
244
146
43
80
75
104
102
456
814
544
231
138
41
72
61
49
49
426
Total
---3,620
3,300
3,560
3,260
a
Caloric consumption estimates include Calories associated with food losses at the retail and consumer levels.
b
Source of food loss estimates: US Department of Agriculture 2014b; Buzby et al. 2014
c
Current Caloric consumption estimates are obtained by applying the food loss percentages at the retail and consumer levels to the current Caloric
intake estimates shown in Table 2 above.
d
Dietary Scenario 1 accounts for a reduction in Caloric intake only, without shifting the current US diet to the USDA recommended food mix. Food
losses at the retail and consumer levels are applied to the Caloric intake estimates for dietary Scenario 1 to obtain Caloric consumption values.
e
Dietary Scenario 2 accounts for a shift to the USDA recommended food mix only, without reducing total Caloric intake. Food losses at the retail and
consumer levels are applied to the Caloric intake estimates for dietary Scenario 2 to obtain Caloric consumption values.
f
Dietary Scenario 3 accounts for both a reduction in Caloric intake and a shift to the USDA recommended food mix. Food losses at the retail and
consumer levels are applied to the Caloric intake estimates for dietary Scenario 3 to obtain Caloric consumption values.
4
1.2
Meta-Analysis of Environmental Intensities for Foods
The information presented in Table 4 is drawn from published life-cycle assessment (LCA)
studies for food products evaluated in our study. The minimum and maximum values shown
represent the minimum and maximum intensity factors found in the literature. The average
estimates are the averages of all intensity values obtained for each food type. Some sources
provide multiple estimates for the same food type to account for differences in geographic location,
production methods, and/or cooking requirements. The total number of intensity values used in
our analysis is displayed in the column, “Number of Estimates.” Additionally, proxies are used
for food types for which data is unavailable. Proxies are displayed under the column, “Number of
Sources.” This column also provides the number of studies contributing to the intensity factor
estimates for each food type.
Table 5 presents the underlying data for the cumulative energy intensity values used in this
analysis. Although the majority of food consumed in the US is also produced in the US
(approximately, 83% by weight according to the USDA (2015)), there is a lack of US-based LCA
studies for food products, particularly in terms of energy use. Hence, energy use estimates were
taken from an extensive collection of both domestic and foreign-based LCA studies to account for
all food types in our study, as well as to capture the full spectrum of energy intensity values for
different locations, production processes, technologies, system boundaries, etc. The USDA LossAdjusted Food Availability Data Set (2014b) was used to develop conversion factors that allowed
us to transform energy use intensities from MJ/kg to MJ/kCal.
Table 6 presents the underlying data for the cumulative water intensity values used in this
analysis. Two of the most comprehensive LCAs for the water footprints of food products were
conducted by Mekonnen and Hoekstra (2011, 2012). We therefore, retrieve the majority of our
5
water intensity values from these two sources - the exception being estimates for seafood products,
which are not included in their analyses. Mekonnen and Hoekstra (2011, 2012) provide green,
blue, and grey water footprints for over 400 agricultural and animal products produced worldwide.
Since the majority of our food is produced in the US, we use their US-based blue water footprint
estimates, which include water use within the food supply chain from farm to retail. Their water
footprints for agricultural products are weighted averages for crop production and various
production and irrigation methods used across the US, while their animal product water footprints
are weighted averages for different livestock production practices (grazing, industrial, and mixed)
implemented across the country. Additionally, we incorporate global averages from Mekonnen
and Hoekstra (2011, 2012) for each food product in our analysis to account for US consumption
of food produced overseas. Identifying import statistics for each food type by country of origin is
beyond the scope of this project; therefore, we use global averages to expand our range of blue
water intensity values. The USDA Loss-Adjusted Food Availability Data Set (2014b) was used
to develop conversion factors that allowed us to transform water use intensities from liters/kg to
liters/kCal.
The greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions estimates are not shown here. However, we used
the GHG emissions factors from the Heller and Keoleian (2014) study. The GHG estimates are
provided in their online Supporting Information.
Note
1. 1 Calorie = 1 food Calorie = 1 kilocalorie (kCal) = 4,186.8 Joules.
6
Table 4. Cumulative Energy Use and Blue Water Footprint Factors for 100+ Food Types
Energy Use
Blue Water Footprint
MJ/kCal
Number of
Number of
Sources
Estimates
Number of
Number of
Sources
Estimates
1.0E-02
3
16
2.2E-01
1
16
1.7E-03
1.0E-02
2
1.5E-03
1.1E-02
9.4E-02
3.7E-01
1
12
7.1E-03
9.2E-02
1
4
2.6E-03
5.7E-04
5.3E-02
1.5E-02
2.7E-01
1
12
barley products
4.6E-03
oat products
5.4E-03
5
5.4E-02
2.2E-02
8.7E-02
1
6
6
1.3E-01
4.9E-02
2.3E-01
1
8
Fresh fruit
3.2E-01
1.6E-01
7.1E-01
5
3.0E-01
1.2E-01
8.7E-01
1
10
11
3.6E-01
2.6E-01
4.7E-01
1
2
3
1.2E-01
1.1E-01
1.2E-01
1
2
1
1
2.6E-01
1.5E-01
3.7E-01
1
2
1
1
2.3E-01
1.1E-01
3.5E-01
1
2
1.6E-02
2
2
5.6E-01
5.3E-01
5.9E-01
1
2
7.1E-02
1
1
9.7E-02
8.6E-02
1.1E-01
1
2
9.1E-03
1.7E-02
1
3
1.1E+00
3.9E-01
1.6E+00
1
4
2.1E-02
1.2E-02
3.4E-02
Berries
10
2.4E-01
2.3E-01
2.5E-01
1
2
1.3E-02
1.1E-02
1.4E-02
1
2
2.2E-01
1.4E-01
3.0E-01
1
2
honeydew
6.7E-02
6.7E-02
6.7E-02
1
1
9.2E-02
8.1E-02
1.0E-01
1
2
kiwi
1.9E-01
1.9E-01
1.9E-01
1
1
5.4E-01
2.8E-01
8.0E-01
1
2
mangoes
1.8E-01
1.8E-01
1.8E-01
1
1
9.5E-01
5.6E-01
1.3E+00
1
2
papaya
3.0E-01
3.0E-01
3.0E-01
1
1
1.3E-01
1.0E-01
1.6E-01
1
2
peaches
5.9E-03
5.9E-03
5.9E-03
1
1
6.2E-01
4.5E-01
7.8E-01
1
2
pears
5.5E-03
7.3E-04
1.5E-02
Apples
11
2.4E-01
1.6E-01
3.3E-01
1
2
pineapples
6.2E-03
5.4E-03
7.0E-03
1
2
1.4E-02
9.8E-03
1.8E-02
1
2
plums
1.5E-02
1.1E-02
2.1E-02
Cherries
3
7.4E-01
4.1E-01
1.1E+00
1
2
Food Type
Average
min
max
Grain products
3.0E-03
8.3E-04
1.0E-02
total wheat flours
2.7E-03
8.0E-04
rice
5.4E-03
rye flour
7.5E-03
corn products
liters/kCal
Average
min
max
8.1E-02
2.6E-02
2.4E-01
6.9E-02
2.0E-02
5
2.2E-01
1
3
4.5E-02
1.0E-02
2
10
5.7E-04
1.1E-02
2
6.7E-04
1.0E-02
1
4.5E-02
1.7E-02
1.1E-01
citrus
1.1E-02
3.1E-04
2.2E-02
3
apples
6.1E-03
8.0E-04
1.6E-02
4
apricots
1.6E-03
1.1E-03
2.2E-03
Cherries
avocados
6.5E-04
6.5E-04
6.5E-04
bananas
1.3E-02
1.3E-02
1.3E-02
blueberries
1.6E-02
1.6E-02
cantaloupe
7.1E-02
7.1E-02
cherries
1.3E-02
cranberries
grapes
7
raspberries
1.6E-02
1.4E-02
1.7E-02
3
3
2.7E-01
1.0E-01
4.4E-01
1
4
strawberries
3.6E-02
1.8E-03
8.8E-02
3
5
2.5E-01
1.6E-01
3.3E-01
1
4
watermelon
8.0E-02
8.0E-02
8.0E-02
1
1
2.0E-01
8.3E-02
3.1E-01
1
2
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
canned fruit
4.1E-02
3.4E-02
4.7E-02
2
2
7.7E-01
1.4E-01
2.4E+00
1
6
frozen fruit
1.1E-02
1.1E-02
1.5E-02
2
5
8.4E-02
4.5E-02
1.9E-01
1
6
dried fruit
1.8E-02
1.3E-02
2.7E-02
2
4
3.9E-01
0.0E+00
1.4E+00
1
34
fruit juices
8.1E-02
1.5E-02
2.3E-01
2
6
3.0E-01
1.7E-01
7.3E-01
1
18
Fresh vegetables
3.3E-02
1.1E-02
8.3E-02
1.8E-01
6.7E-02
4.4E-01
artichokes
6.2E-02
1.4E-03
3.4E-01
All Fresh Veg
58
7.6E-01
5.2E-01
1.0E+00
1
2
asparagus
1.3E-02
1.3E-02
1.3E-02
1
1
3.6E+00
5.9E-01
6.6E+00
1
2
bell peppers
8.9E-02
8.9E-02
8.9E-02
1
1
3.4E-01
2.1E-01
4.8E-01
1
2
broccoli
1.0E-01
9.1E-02
1.2E-01
1
8
1.5E-01
6.2E-02
2.4E-01
1
2
brussel sprouts
6.8E-02
8.6E-03
9.7E-02
Broccoli/Cabbage
10
1.2E-01
4.9E-02
1.9E-01
1
2
cabbage
1.9E-02
1.6E-02
2.2E-02
1
2
3.1E-01
1.1E-01
5.0E-01
1
2
carrots
6.8E-03
3.3E-03
9.8E-03
3
6
5.9E-02
4.9E-02
6.9E-02
1
2
cauliflower
1.2E-01
1.5E-02
1.7E-01
Broccoli/Cabbage
10
2.1E-01
8.5E-02
3.3E-01
1
2
celery
1.9E-02
1.9E-02
1.9E-02
Asparagus
1
1.7E-01
1.4E-01
2.0E-01
1
2
collards
9.6E-02
1.2E-02
1.4E-01
Broccoli/Cabbage
10
2.0E-01
6.9E-02
3.9E-01
Broccoli/Cabbage
4
sweet corn
1.1E-02
2.5E-03
4.4E-02
Corn products
10
1.8E-01
1.8E-01
1.8E-01
1
2
cucumbers
2.0E-01
2.0E-01
2.0E-01
Melons
1
7.8E-01
3.6E-01
1.2E+00
1
2
eggplant
2.1E-01
2.2E-02
5.3E-01
Tomatoes
10
2.6E-01
1.3E-01
3.8E-01
1
2
escarole & endive
1.8E-01
4.4E-02
9.3E-01
Lettuce
13
2.2E-01
1.7E-01
2.7E-01
Head lettuce
2
garlic
2.2E-03
1.9E-03
2.5E-03
Onions
2
9.0E-02
5.5E-02
1.2E-01
1
2
kale
5.8E-02
7.3E-03
8.3E-02
Broccoli/Cabbage
10
1.4E-01
5.2E-02
2.3E-01
1
2
head lettuce
2.3E-01
5.5E-02
1.2E+00
1
13
2.8E-01
2.2E-01
3.3E-01
1
2
romaine & leaf lettuce
1.7E-01
4.2E-02
8.8E-01
1
13
2.1E-01
1.6E-01
2.5E-01
1
2
lima beans
8.0E-02
1.8E-02
1.4E-01
Snap beans
4
8.3E-02
4.7E-02
1.2E-01
1
2
mushrooms
2.2E-02
2.0E-02
2.4E-02
1
3
1.0E+00
9.1E-01
1.3E+00
1
3
mustard greens
1.1E-01
1.4E-02
1.6E-01
Broccoli/Cabbage
10
2.7E-01
9.8E-02
4.4E-01
Cabbage
2
okra
9.3E-02
2.1E-03
5.1E-01
All Fresh Veg
58
4.2E-01
1.2E-01
7.2E-01
1
2
onions
7.9E-03
6.9E-03
9.0E-03
1
2
1.1E-01
1.1E-01
1.1E-01
1
1
Processed fruit
8
potatoes
9.4E-03
9.4E-04
4.1E-02
pumpkin
1.1E-01
1.1E-01
1.1E-01
radishes
1.8E-01
2.3E-02
2.6E-01
snap beans
2.9E-01
6.5E-02
5.1E-01
spinach
1.2E-01
2.8E-03
squash
1.8E-01
1.8E-01
sweet potatoes
5.6E-03
tomatoes
2.9E-01
turnip greens
9.0E-02
5
7
8.7E-02
4.7E-02
1.3E-01
1
2
Squash
1
1.0E-01
9.2E-02
1.2E-01
1
2
Broccoli/Cabbage
10
9.3E-02
9.3E-02
9.3E-02
1
1
1
4
3.1E-01
4.3E-01
4.3E-01
1
6
6.8E-01
All Fresh Veg
58
1.1E-01
5.9E-02
1.6E-01
1
2
1.8E-01
1
1
1.7E-01
1.5E-01
1.9E-01
1
2
5.6E-04
2.5E-02
Potatoes
7
2.7E-02
4.5E-03
4.9E-02
1
2
3.0E-02
7.3E-01
5
10
3.9E-01
3.6E-01
4.2E-01
1
2
1.1E-02
1.3E-01
Broccoli/Cabbage
10
7.4E-02
6.1E-02
8.6E-02
1
2
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
Canned
5.6E-02
2.6E-02
1.2E-01
4
16
6.0E-01
1.1E-01
1.7E+00
1
16
frozen
3.7E-02
1.4E-02
6.8E-02
2
7
1.5E-01
4.7E-02
3.4E-01
1
14
processed and dehydrated
4.9E-03
6.4E-04
1.2E-02
2
4
7.3E-02
6.6E-03
3.0E-01
1
18
Legumes
6.2E-03
3.8E-03
8.4E-03
1
4
2.3E-01
9.5E-02
4.5E-01
1
8
Fluid milk
1.1E-02
6.7E-03
1.6E-02
6
11
2.2E-01
1.4E-01
3.2E-01
1
10
Other dairy products
1.4E-02
8.2E-03
2.1E-02
1.1E-01
9.1E-02
1.2E-01
Yogurt
2.5E-02
1.8E-02
4.1E-02
2
4
1.5E-01
1.3E-01
1.6E-01
1
2
cheese
1.7E-02
8.1E-03
2.5E-02
4
8
1.1E-01
1.0E-01
1.2E-01
1
8
cottage cheese
7.5E-02
3.6E-02
1.1E-01
Cheese
8
3.0E-01
2.7E-01
3.4E-01
1
2
ice cream
4.5E-03
2.2E-03
7.5E-03
2
5
6.8E-02
5.3E-02
8.2E-02
Cream
6
other frozen dairy
evaporated condensed
milk
dry milk products
1.9E+00
9.5E-01
3.2E+00
Ice Cream
5
3.0E+01
2.3E+01
3.5E+01
Cream
6
6.0E-03
3.6E-03
8.7E-03
Fluid milk
11
1.2E-01
7.3E-02
1.7E-01
Milk
10
1.2E-02
6.8E-03
1.6E-02
2
3
9.8E-02
8.7E-02
1.1E-01
1
6
half and half
3.1E-02
3.1E-02
3.1E-02
Cream
1
2.3E-01
2.1E-01
2.6E-01
1
2
eggnog
3.1E-02
3.1E-02
3.1E-02
Cream
1
1.5E-01
1.3E-01
1.6E-01
1
2
cream
8.8E-03
8.8E-03
8.8E-03
1
1
6.4E-02
4.9E-02
7.6E-02
1
6
sour cream
1.1E-02
1.1E-02
1.1E-02
Cream
1
7.2E-02
6.4E-02
8.0E-02
1
2
cream cheese
2.1E-02
1.0E-02
3.1E-02
Cheese
8
1.4E-01
1.3E-01
1.6E-01
1
2
Meat
1.4E-02
7.3E-03
2.1E-02
1.7E-01
6.2E-02
3.2E-01
beef
1.5E-02
7.9E-03
2.5E-02
4
9
1.7E-01
8.8E-02
3.1E-01
1
24
veal
2.0E-02
1.0E-02
3.3E-02
Beef
9
2.2E-01
1.2E-01
4.1E-01
Beef
24
Processed vegetables
9
pork
1.2E-02
6.3E-03
1.6E-02
4
8
1.8E-01
1.9E-02
3.5E-01
1
32
lamb
1.2E-02
1.7E-02
3.5E-03
3
9
9.0E-02
1.7E-01
2.8E-02
1
20
Poultry
1.2E-02
7.4E-04
2.0E-02
5
14
1.3E-01
1.3E-01
1.4E-01
1
4
Fish and Seafood
4.4E-02
1.5E-02
1.5E-01
9.4E-03
4.6E-03
1.9E-02
fresh and frozen fish
4.3E-02
9.0E-03
2.0E-01
6
22
1.1E-02
3.5E-06
3.4E-02
1
3
fresh and frozen shellfish
7.4E-02
2.1E-02
2.5E-01
3
13
2.0E-03
2.0E-03
2.0E-03
1
1
canned fish and shellfish
2.6E-02
1.6E-02
3.6E-02
4
6
1.2E-02
1.2E-02
1.2E-02
1
1
cured fish
3.8E-02
3.8E-02
3.8E-02
Canned Fish
6
1.2E-02
1.2E-02
1.2E-02
Canned fish
1
Eggs
3.9E-03
3.9E-04
1.3E-02
2
5
2.0E-01
1.3E-01
3.5E-01
1
10
Nuts
6.1E-04
5.4E-04
6.8E-04
1.8E-01
7.3E-02
4.4E-01
peanuts
3.6E-04
3.3E-04
4.0E-04
1
3
4.3E-02
2.7E-02
6.4E-02
1
4
total tree nuts
1.0E-03
8.7E-04
1.1E-03
1
2
4.9E-01
1.8E-01
1.2E+00
1
14
coconuts
Added sugar and
sweeteners
cane and beet sugar
1.0E-03
8.7E-04
1.1E-03
Total tree nuts
2
1.8E-04
1.2E-04
2.5E-04
1
2
2.9E-03
2.4E-03
3.9E-03
7.1E-02
3.3E-02
1.3E-01
1.7E-03
6.6E-04
3.7E-03
3
5
4.8E-02
6.6E-03
1.3E-01
1
16
honey and syrup
9.1E-04
3.4E-04
1.5E-03
1
2
9.2E-02
5.6E-02
1.3E-01
1
2
1
1
1
8
corn sweeteners
4.7E-03
4.7E-03
4.7E-03
Added fats and oils
2.3E-03
1.3E-03
3.3E-03
butter
4.7E-03
3.9E-03
5.8E-03
margarine
3.9E-03
3.1E-03
lard and beef tallow
3.8E-03
3.1E-03
shortening
3.8E-03
salad and cooking oils
1.7E-03
other added fats and oils
2.7E-03
9.2E-02
5.6E-02
1.3E-01
1.0E-01
1.4E-02
2.4E-01
3
6
5.8E-02
5.2E-02
6.5E-02
1
2
4.8E-03
2
4
1.9E-01
7.2E-03
4.9E-01
Cooking oils
14
4.7E-03
Butter
6
4.7E-02
4.1E-02
5.2E-02
Butter
2
3.1E-03
4.7E-03
Butter
6
4.7E-02
4.1E-02
5.2E-02
Butter
2
6.0E-04
2.7E-03
2
5
1.2E-01
4.3E-03
3.0E-01
1
14
6.0E-04
4.7E-03
All Fats & Oils
15
1.1E-01
4.3E-03
3.0E-01
All Fats & Oils
16
10
Table 5. Meta-Analysis of Cumulative Energy Intensity Values
Food Product
Grain Products
Bread
Wheat bread, conventional farming
Wheat bread, conventional farming
Wheat bread, conventional farming
Wheat bread, conventional farming
Wheat bread, organic
Wheat bread, organic
Wheat bread, organic
Wheat bread, organic
Wheat flour
Whole wheat, cooked as one portion
Whole wheat, cooked as four portions
Couscous (durum wheat), cooked on a hot plate
Couscous (durum wheat), cooked with a kettle
Cereal, baked
Cereal, baked
Rice
Rice, cooked as one portion
Rice, cooked as four portions
Cereal, baked
Cereal, baked
Rye flour
Cereal, baked
Cereal, baked
Corn
Corn
Corn
Corn
Corn
Corn
Corn
Corn
Cereal, baked
Cereal, baked
Barley, winter
Barley, spring
MJ/kg
Location
LCA Boundary
Author
12
5
6
8
9
4
5
7
8
5
4
3
5
5
37
38
10
7
6
37
38
5
37
38
2
3
3
3
2
3
3
2
37
38
2
2
Sweden
Germany
Germany
Germany
Germany
Germany
Germany
Germany
Germany
Sweden
Sweden
Sweden
Central Europe
Central Europe
Sweden
Central Europe
Sweden
Overseas
Overseas
Sweden
Central Europe
Sweden
Sweden
Central Europe
Iowa
Illinois
Michigan
Minnesota
Minnesota
Missouri
Nebraska
South Dakota
Sweden
Central Europe
Europe
Europe
Farm to fork
Farm to fork
Farm to fork
Farm to fork
Farm to fork
Farm to fork
Farm to fork
Farm to fork
Farm to fork
Farm to fork
Farm to fork
Farm to fork
Farm to fork
Farm to fork
Farm to fork
Farm to fork
Farm to retailer gate
Farm to fork
Farm to fork
Farm to fork
Farm to fork
Farm to fork
Farm to fork
Farm to fork
Farm to farm gate
Farm to farm gate
Farm to farm gate
Farm to farm gate
Farm to farm gate
Farm to farm gate
Farm to farm gate
Farm to farm gate
Farm to fork
Farm to fork
Farm to farm gate
Farm to farm gate
Andersson et al, 1999
Braschkat et al, 2003
Braschkat et al, 2003
Braschkat et al, 2003
Braschkat et al, 2003
Braschkat et al, 2003
Braschkat et al, 2003
Braschkat et al, 2003
Braschkat et al, 2003
Carlsson-Kanyama et al, 2003
Carlsson-Kanyama et al, 2003
Carlsson-Kanyama et al, 2003
Carlsson-Kanyama et al, 2003
Carlsson-Kanyama et al, 2003
Carlsson-Kanyama et al, 2003
Carlsson-Kanyama et al, 2003
Carlsson-Kanyama, 1998
Carlsson-Kanyama et al, 2003
Carlsson-Kanyama et al, 2003
Carlsson-Kanyama et al, 2003
Carlsson-Kanyama et al, 2003
Carlsson-Kanyama et al, 2003
Carlsson-Kanyama et al, 2003
Carlsson-Kanyama et al, 2003
Kim et al, 2009
Kim et al, 2009
Kim et al, 2009
Kim et al, 2009
Kim et al, 2009
Kim et al, 2009
Kim et al, 2009
Kim et al, 2009
Carlsson-Kanyama et al, 2003
Carlsson-Kanyama et al, 2003
Foster et al, 2006
Foster et al, 2006
11
Barley, cooked
Cereal, baked
Cereal, baked
Oat flakes
Oat flake porridge, cooked
Musli (raw rolled oats) with sun dried apples
Musli (raw rolled aots) with sun dried raisins
Cereal, baked
Cereal, baked
2
37
38
11
3
15
17
37
38
Sweden
Sweden
Central Europe
Sweden
Sweden
Sweden
Sweden
Sweden
Central Europe
Farm to fork
Farm to fork
Farm to fork
Farm to fork
Farm to fork
Farm to fork
Farm to fork
Farm to fork
Farm to fork
Carlsson-Kanyama et al, 2003
Carlsson-Kanyama et al, 2003
Carlsson-Kanyama et al, 2003
Carlsson-Kanyama et al, 2003
Carlsson-Kanyama et al, 2003
Carlsson-Kanyama et al, 2003
Carlsson-Kanyama et al, 2003
Carlsson-Kanyama et al, 2003
Carlsson-Kanyama et al, 2003
Fresh fruit
Oranges, fresh
Oranges, fresh
Oranges, fresh
Oranges, fresh
Mandarin oranges
Apples, fresh
Apples, fresh
Apples, fresh
Apples, locally gown
Apples, imported, transported by sea
Apples
Apples
Apples
Apples
Apples
Apples
Apricots
Avocados
Bananas, fresh
Blueberries
Blueberries
Cantaloupe (Melon)
Cherries, fresh
Cherries, fresh
Cherries, fresh
Cranberries
Grapes, fresh
Grapes, fresh
Honeydew (Melon)
7
9
0
6
1
4
5
9
6
8
0.4
0.5
0.5
0.7
0.7
2
-1
12
9
9
24
5
6
10
-8
10
24
Southern Europe
Overseas
Brazil
Brazil
Peru
Sweden
Central Europe
Overseas
Germany
New Zealand
Hawke's Bay, New Zealand
Hawke's Bay, New Zealand
Central Otago, New Zealand
Hawke's Bay, New Zealand
Central Otago, New Zealand
Peru
-Peru
Overseas
Northern Italy
Northern Italy
Italy
Sweden
Central Europe
Overseas
-Southern Europe
Overseas
Italy
Farm to fork
Farm to fork
Farm to farm gate
Farm to farm gate
Farm to farm gate
Farm to fork
Farm to fork
Farm to fork
Farm to consumer home
Farm to consumer home
Farm to farm gate
Farm to farm gate
Farm to farm gate
Farm to farm gate
Farm to farm gate
Farm to farm gate
-Farm to farm gate
Farm to fork
Farm to consumer
Farm to consumer
Farm to consumer
Farm to fork
Farm to fork
Farm to fork
-Farm to fork
Farm to fork
Farm to consumer
Carlsson-Kanyama et al, 2003
Carlsson-Kanyama et al, 2003
Coltro et al, 2009
Coltro et al, 2009
Bartl et al, 2012
Carlsson-Kanyama et al, 2003
Carlsson-Kanyama et al, 2003
Carlsson-Kanyama et al, 2003
Blanke and Burdick, 2005
Blanke and Burdick, 2005
Canals et al, 2006
Canals et al, 2006
Canals et al, 2006
Canals et al, 2006
Canals et al, 2006
Bartl et al, 2012
-Bartl et al, 2012
Carlsson-Kanyama et al, 2003
Girgenti et al, 2013
Peano et al, 2015
Cellura et al, 2012
Carlsson-Kanyama et al, 2003
Carlsson-Kanyama et al, 2003
Carlsson-Kanyama et al, 2003
-Carlsson-Kanyama et al, 2003
Carlsson-Kanyama et al, 2003
Cellura et al, 2012
12
Kiwi (Tropical)
Mangoes (Tropical)
Papaya (Tropical)
Peaches
Pears
Pineapple, exported to US
Pineapple, exported to US
Plums
Raspberries
Raspberries, fresh
Raspberries
Strawberries, fresh
Strawberries, fresh
Strawberries, fresh
Strawberries
Strawberries
Watermelon
115
115
115
2
-3
3
-9
8
9
6
9
29
1
15
24
Overseas, by plane
Overseas, by plane
Overseas, by plane
Peru
-Costa Rica
Costa Rica
-Northern Italy
Central Europe
Northern Italy
Sweden
Southern Europe
Middle East, by plane
Peru
Northern Italy
Italy
Farm to fork
Farm to fork
Farm to fork
Farm to farm gate
-Farm to retailer
Farm to retailer
-Pre-farm to retailer gate
Farm to fork
Farm to retailer gate
Farm to fork
Farm to fork
Farm to fork
Farm to farm gate
Farm to retailer gate
Farm to consumer
Carlsson-Kanyama et al, 2003
Carlsson-Kanyama et al, 2003
Carlsson-Kanyama et al, 2003
Bartl et al, 2012
-Ingwersen, 2012
Ingwersen, 2012
-Girgenti et al, 2013
Carlsson-Kanyama et al, 2003
Peano et al, 2015
Carlsson-Kanyama et al, 2003
Carlsson-Kanyama et al, 2003
Carlsson-Kanyama et al, 2003
Bartl et al, 2012
Peano et al, 2015
Cellura et al, 2012
Processed fruit
Tropical fruit, canned
Fruit, canned
Blueberries, frozen
Blueberries, frozen
Raspberries, frozen
Strawberries, frozen
Fruit, frozen
Apples, dried with commercial energy
Apples, dried in the sun
Apples, powder
Grapes, dried in the sun
Apple juice
Orange juice
Orange juice
Orange juice
Lemon juice
Lemon juice
13
18
9
8
16
16
18
38
18
24
23
7
14
108
10
10
76
Overseas
United States
Central Europe
Sweden
Central Europe
Central Europe
United States
Overseas
Overseas
Italy
Overseas
Central Europe
Italy
Italy
Overseas
Italy
Italy
Farm to fork
Farm to fork
Farm to fork
Farm to fork
Farm to fork
Farm to fork
Farm to fork
Farm to fork
Farm to fork
Farm to processing gate
Farm to fork
Farm to fork
Farm to distribution center
Farm to distribution center
Farm to fork
Farm to distribution center
Farm to distribution center
Carlsson-Kanyama et al, 2003
Singh, 1986
Carlsson-Kanyama et al, 2003
Carlsson-Kanyama et al, 2003
Carlsson-Kanyama et al, 2003
Carlsson-Kanyama et al, 2003
Sikirica et al, 2003
Carlsson-Kanyama et al, 2003
Carlsson-Kanyama et al, 2003
DeMarco et al, 2015
Carlsson-Kanyama et al, 2003
Carlsson-Kanyama et al, 2003
Beccali et al, 2009
Beccali et al, 2009
Carlsson-Kanyama et al, 2003
Beccali et al, 2009
Beccali et al, 2009
Fresh vegetables
Artichokes
Asparagus
-3
-Peru
-Farm to farm gate
-Bartl et al, 2012
13
Bell peppers
Broccoli
Broccoli
Broccoli
Broccoli
Broccoli
Broccoli
Broccoli
Broccoli
Brussel sprouts
Cabbage
Cabbage
Carrots
Carrots, fresh
Carrots, fresh
Carrots, organic
Carrots, conventional
Carrots, conventional
Cauliflower
Celery
Collards
Sweet corn
Cucumbers
Eggplant
Escarole & endive
Garlic
Kale
Lettuce
Lettuce
Lettuce
Lettuce
Lettuce
Lettuce
Lettuce
Lettuce
Lettuce
Lettuce
Lettuce
Lettuce
Lettuce
18
39
39
42
41
32
32
31
31
-4
5
3
3
4
1
2
4
---------10
10
10
10
148
11
8
8
7
8
8
104
32
Italy
Spain
Spain
Spain
Spain
UK
UK
UK
UK
-Sweden
Central Europe
Sweden
Sweden
Central Europe
South Savo
South-Savo
Overseas
---------Spain
Spain
Spain
Spain
UK
UK
UK
UK
UK
UK
UK
UK
UK
Farm to consumer
Farm to grave
Farm to grave
Farm to grave
Farm to grave
Farm to grave
Farm to grave
Farm to grave
Farm to grave
-Farm to fork
Farm to fork
Farm to retailer gate
Farm to fork
Farm to fork
Farm to retail
Farm to retail
Farm to retail
---------Farm to grave
Farm to grave
Farm to grave
Farm to grave
Farm to grave
Farm to grave
Farm to grave
Farm to grave
Farm to grave
Farm to grave
Farm to grave
Farm to grave
Farm to grave
Cellura et al, 2012
Canals et al, 2008
Canals et al, 2008
Canals et al, 2008
Canals et al, 2008
Canals et al, 2008
Canals et al, 2008
Canals et al, 2008
Canals et al, 2008
-Carlsson-Kanyama et al, 2003
Carlsson-Kanyama et al, 2003
Carlsson-Kanyama, 1998
Carlsson-Kanyama et al, 2003
Carlsson-Kanyama et al, 2003
Raghu, 2014
Raghu, 2014
Raghu, 2014
---------Canals et al, 2008
Canals et al, 2008
Canals et al, 2008
Canals et al, 2008
Canals et al, 2008
Canals et al, 2008
Canals et al, 2008
Canals et al, 2008
Canals et al, 2008
Canals et al, 2008
Canals et al, 2008
Canals et al, 2008
Canals et al, 2008
14
Lima beans
Mushrooms
Mushrooms
Mushrooms
Mustard greens
Okra
Onions
Onions
Potatoes
Potatoes
Potatoes
Potatoes
Potatoes, cooked
Potatoes, baked
Potatoes
Pumpkin
Radishes
Snap beans
Snap beans
Snap beans
Snap beans
Spinach
Squash
Sweet potatoes
Tomatoes
Tomatoes
Tomatoes
Tomatoes
Tomatoes
Tomatoes
Tomatoes, fresh, greenhouse
Tomatoes, fresh
Tomatoes
Cherry tomatoes
Turnip greens
-5
5
4
--3
4
1
2
4
5
5
29
0.7
--159
158
22
20
-29
-42
130
96
64
35
44
66
5
16
23
--
-Thailand
Thailand
Thailand
--New Zealand to UK
UK
UK
Sweden
Sweden
Sweden
Sweden
Sweden
Peru
--Kenya
Uganda
UK
UK
-Global
-Sweden
UK
Northern Italy
Northern Italy
Northern Italy
Northern Italy
Sweden
Southern Europe
Italy
Italy
--
-Farm to farm gate
Farm to farm gate
Farm to farm gate
--Farm to processing
Farm to farm gate
Farm to farm gate
Farm to retailer gate
Farm to fork
Farm to fork
Farm to fork
Farm to fork
Farm to farm gate
--Farm to grave
Farm to grave
Farm to grave
Farm to grave
-Farm to consumer
-Farm to retailer gate
Farm to farm gate
Greenhouse to retailer
Greenhouse to retailer
Greenhouse to retailer
Greenhouse to retailer
Farm to fork
Farm to fork
Farm to consumer
Farm to consumer
--
-Ueawiwatsaku et al, 2014
Ueawiwatsaku et al, 2014
Ueawiwatsaku et al, 2014
--Saunders and Barber, 2008
Saunders and Barber, 2008
Williams et al, 2006
Carlsson-Kanyama, 1998
Mattsson and Wallen, 2003
Foster et al, 2006
Carlsson-Kanyama et al, 2003
Carlsson-Kanyama et al, 2003
Bartl et al, 2012
--Canals et al, 2008
Canals et al, 2008
Canals et al, 2008
Canals et al, 2008
-Cellura et al, 2012
-Carlsson-Kanyama, 1998
Williams et al, 2006
Almeida et al, 2014
Almeida et al, 2014
Almeida et al, 2014
Almeida et al, 2014
Carlsson-Kanyama et al, 2003
Carlsson-Kanyama et al, 2003
Cellura et al, 2012
Cellura et al, 2012
--
Processed vegetables
Beans, canned
Beans, canned
Carrots, canned
20
16
8
Overseas
Overseas
Sweden
Farm to fork
Farm to fork
Farm to fork
Carlsson-Kanyama et al, 2003
Carlsson-Kanyama et al, 2003
Carlsson-Kanyama et al, 2003
15
Carrots, canned
Olives, canned
Tomatoes, canned
Tomatoes, canned
Tomatoes, canned
Tomatoes, canned
Tomato ketchup
Tomato ketchup
Tomato ketchup
Tomato paste
Tomato paste
Tomato paste
Vegetables, canned
Broccoli, frozen
Broccoli, frozen
Broccoli, frozen
Broccoli, frozen
Snap beans, frozen
Peas, frozen
Peas, frozen
French fries, cooked as one portion
French fries, cooked as four portions
Peas, dried
Potatoes, mashed powder, cooked
Brown beans, cooked
Brown beans, cooked
Soya beans, cooked
Yellow peas, cooked
11
15
14
9
11
11
26
39
24
20
20
20
18
18
20
47
47
28
10
12
60
30
3
6
9
11
8
5
Central Europe
Southern Europe
Southern Europe
United States
United States
United States
Sweden/Italy
Sweden/Italy
Europe
United States
United States
United States
Overseas
Europe
Overseas
UK
UK
UK
Sweden
Central Europe
Sweden
Sweden
Sweden
Sweden
Sweden
Overseas
Overseas
Sweden
Farm to fork
Farm to fork
Farm to fork
Farm to distribution center
Farm to distribution center
Farm to distribution center
Farm to grave
Farm to grave
Farm to fork
Farm to distribution center
Farm to distribution center
Farm to distribution center
Farm to fork
Farm to fork
Farm to fork
Farm to grave
Farm to grave
Farm to grave
Farm to fork
Farm to fork
Farm to fork
Farm to fork
Farm to retailer gate
Farm to fork
Farm to fork
Farm to fork
Farm to fork
Farm to fork
Carlsson-Kanyama et al, 2003
Carlsson-Kanyama et al, 2003
Carlsson-Kanyama et al, 2003
Brodt et al, 2013
Brodt et al, 2013
Brodt et al, 2013
Andersson et al, 1998
Andersson et al, 1998
Foster et al, 2006
Brodt et al, 2013
Brodt et al, 2013
Brodt et al, 2013
Carlsson-Kanyama et al, 2003
Carlsson-Kanyama et al, 2003
Carlsson-Kanyama et al, 2003
Canals et al, 2008
Canals et al, 2008
Canals et al, 2008
Carlsson-Kanyama et al, 2003
Carlsson-Kanyama et al, 2003
Carlsson-Kanyama et al, 2003
Carlsson-Kanyama et al, 2003
Carlsson-Kanyama, 1998
Carlsson-Kanyama et al, 2003
Carlsson-Kanyama et al, 2003
Carlsson-Kanyama et al, 2003
Carlsson-Kanyama et al, 2003
Carlsson-Kanyama et al, 2003
Fluid milk
Milk
Milk
Milk
Milk, semi-skimmed
Milk, semi-skimmed
Milk, 4% fat
Milk
Milk
Milk
Milk
6
3
8
5
8
6
5
6
4
4
Sweden
Europe
Europe
Netherlands
Netherlands
Sweden
Sweden
Spain
Norway
Norway
Farm to fork
Farm to fork
Farm to fork
Farm to grave
Farm to grave
Farm to fork
Farm to fork
Farm to processing gate
Farm to grave
Farm to grave
Cederberg, 2003
Foster et al, 2006
Foster et al, 2006
Broekema and Kramer, 2014
Broekema and Kramer, 2014
Carlsson-Kanyama et al, 2003
Carlsson-Kanyama et al, 2003
Hospido et al, 2003
Eide, 2002
Eide, 2002
16
Milk
6
Norway
Farm to grave
Eide, 2002
Other dairy products
Yogurt
Yogurt
Yogurt, small pots
Yogurt, small pots
Cheese
Cheese, semi-mature
Cheese, semi-mature
Cheese
Cheese
Cheese
Cheese
Cheese
Cottage cheese
Ice Cream
Ice Cream
Ice Cream
Ice Cream
Ice Cream
Other frozen dairy
Evaporated condensed milk
Milk powder
Milk powder
Milk powder
Half and half
Eggnog
Cream, 40% fat
Sour cream
Cream cheese
13
25
11
12
39
29
48
60
64
65
88
77
-4
5
6
15
14
--58
25
48
--19
---
United States/Europe
United States/Europe
Sweden
Central Europe
Sweden
Netherlands
Netherlands
Sweden
Central Europe
Southern Europe
United States
United States
-Europe
Europe
Europe
Central Europe
Sweden
--Sweden
New Zealand to UK
UK
--Sweden
---
Farm to fork
Farm to fork
Farm to fork
Farm to fork
Farm to grave
Farm to grave
Farm to grave
Farm to fork
Farm to fork
Farm to fork
Farm to grave
Farm to grave
-Farm to fork
Farm to fork
Farm to fork
Farm to fork
Farm to fork
--Farm to fork
Farm to processing
Farm to farm gate
--Farm to fork
---
Foster et al, 2006
Foster et al, 2006
Carlsson-Kanyama et al, 2003
Carlsson-Kanyama et al, 2003
Berlin, 2002
Broekema and Kramer, 2014
Broekema and Kramer, 2014
Carlsson-Kanyama et al, 2003
Carlsson-Kanyama et al, 2003
Carlsson-Kanyama et al, 2003
Kim et al, 2013
Kim et al, 2013
-Foster et al, 2006
Foster et al, 2006
Foster et al, 2006
Carlsson-Kanyama et al, 2003
Carlsson-Kanyama et al, 2003
--Carlsson-Kanyama et al, 2003
Saunders and Barber, 2008
Saunders and Barber, 2008
--Carlsson-Kanyama et al, 2003
---
Meat
Beef
Beef
Beef
Beef
Beef
Beef, fresh, cooked
64
48
43
44
28
70
United States
United States
United States
Multiple locations
UK
Sweden
Farm to farm gate
Farm to farm gate
Farm to farm gate
Farm to fork
Farm to farm gate
Farm to fork
Pelletier et al, 2010
Pelletier et al, 2010
Pelletier et al, 2010
Foster et al, 2006
Williams et al, 2006
Carlsson-Kanyama et al, 2003
17
Beef, frozen, cooked
Cow, fresh, cooked
Beef stew, cooked
Veal
Pork
Pork
Pork
Pork, fresh, cooked
Pork, frozen, cooked
Pork, frozen, cooked
Pork sausage, fresh, cooked
Pork stew, cooked
75
26
24
-32
39
17
40
43
44
34
17
Central Europe
Sweden
Sweden
-Sweden
Sweden
UK
Sweden
Sweden
Central Europe
Sweden
Sweden
Farm to fork
Farm to fork
Farm to fork
-Farm to retailer gate
Farm to fork
Farm to farm gate
Farm to fork
Farm to fork
Farm to fork
Farm to fork
Farm to fork
Lamb
32
Europe
Farm to fork
Lamb
39
Europe
Farm to fork
Lamb, fresh, cooked
Lamb, frozen, cooked
Lamb, frozen, cooked
Lamb sausage, fresh, cooked
Lamb stew, cooked
Lamb
Lamb
43
46
52
30
18
11
46
Sweden
Sweden
Overseas
Sweden
Sweden
New Zealand to UK
UK
Farm to fork
Farm to fork
Farm to fork
Farm to fork
Farm to fork
Farm to processing
Farm to farm gate
Carlsson-Kanyama et al, 2003
Carlsson-Kanyama et al, 2003
Carlsson-Kanyama et al, 2003
-Carlsson-Kanyama, 1998
Cederberg, 2003
Williams et al, 2006
Carlsson-Kanyama et al, 2003
Carlsson-Kanyama et al, 2003
Carlsson-Kanyama et al, 2003
Carlsson-Kanyama et al, 2003
Carlsson-Kanyama et al, 2003
Williams et al, 2006,
Carlsson-Kanyama and Faist, 2000
Williams et al, 2006,
Carlsson-Kanyama and Faist, 2000
Carlsson-Kanyama et al, 2003
Carlsson-Kanyama et al, 2003
Carlsson-Kanyama et al, 2003
Carlsson-Kanyama et al, 2003
Carlsson-Kanyama et al, 2003
Saunders and Barber, 2008
Saunders and Barber, 2008
Poultry
Chicken
Poultry
Chicken, standard
Chicken, free-range
Chicken, organic
Poultry
Poultry
Poultry
Poultry
Chicken, fresh, cooked
Chicken, frozen, cooked
Chicken, frozen, cooked
Chicken sausage, fresh, cooked
Chicken stew, cooked
22
20
25
26
40
30
46
30
2
35
39
41
20
13
Australia
Brazil
UK
UK
UK
France
France
Brazil
Brazil
Sweden
Sweden
Central Europe
Sweden
Sweden
Farm to distribution center gate
Farm to farm gate
Farm to farm gate
Farm to farm gate
Farm to farm gate
Farm to slaughterhouse gate
Farm to slaughterhouse gate
Farm to slaughterhouse gate
Farm to slaughterhouse gate
Farm to fork
Farm to fork
Farm to fork
Farm to fork
Farm to fork
Bengtsson and Seddon, 2012
Spies, 2003
Leinonen et al, 2012
Leinonen et al, 2012
Leinonen et al, 2012
Prudêncio da Silva et al, 2014
Prudêncio da Silva et al, 2014
Prudêncio da Silva et al, 2014
Prudêncio da Silva et al, 2014
Carlsson-Kanyama et al, 2003
Carlsson-Kanyama et al, 2003
Carlsson-Kanyama et al, 2003
Carlsson-Kanyama et al, 2003
Carlsson-Kanyama et al, 2003
18
Fish and Seafood
Cod
Cod
Salmon
Cod, fresh, cooked
Herring, fresh, cooked
Mackerel, fresh, cooked
Salmon, farmed, cooked
Sardines, fresh
Sardines, frozen
Trout
Sea bass
Turbot
Cod, frozen
Cod, frozen
Cod burger, frozen
Cod burger, frozen
Cod loins
Cod loins
Salmon
Salmon
Salmon
Salmon
Shrimp, without shells
Prawns
Prawns
Prawns
Shrmp
Shrimp
Shrimp
Lobster
Lobster
Lobster
Mussels
Mussels
Mussels
Tuna, canned
Clams, tinned
Sardines, canned
Mussels
60
83
58
105
22
37
84
13
17
78
55
291
58
39
27
27
112
68
26
48
31
33
220
18
30
26
35
42
35
40
135
207
19
21
19
44
19
52
8
Europe
Europe
Europe
Sweden
Sweden
Sweden
Sweden
Portugal
Portugal
France
Greece
France
Norway
Norway
Norway
Norway
Norway
Norway
Norway
UK
Canada
Chile
Sweden
Denmark
Denmark
Denmark
Denmark
Denmark
Denmark
Norway
Norway
Norway
Denmark
Denmark
Denmark
Overseas
Sweden
Portugal
Denmark
Farm to fork
Farm to fork
Farm to fork
Farm to fork
Farm to fork
Farm to fork
Farm to fork
Farm to processing gate
Farm to processing gate
Farm to farm gate
Farm to farm gate
Farm to farm gate
Farm to retail
Farm to retail
Farm to consumer
Farm to consumer
Farm to distribution center
Farm to distribution center
Farm to milling gate
Farm to milling gate
Farm to milling gate
Farm to milling gate
Farm to fork
Fishery to fishery gate
Fishery to fishery gate
Fishery to fishery gate
Fishery to fishery gate
Fishery to fishery gate
Fishery to fishery gate
Fishery to fishery gate
Fishery to fishery gate
Fishery to fishery gate
Fishery to consumer
Fishery to consumer
Fishery to consumer
Farm to fork
Farm to fork
Farm to processing gate
Fishery to consumer
Foster et al, 2006
Foster et al, 2006
Foster et al, 2006
Carlsson-Kanyama et al, 2003
Carlsson-Kanyama et al, 2003
Carlsson-Kanyama et al, 2003
Carlsson-Kanyama et al, 2003
Almeida et al, 2015
Almeida et al, 2015
Aubin et al, 2009
Aubin et al, 2009
Aubin et al, 2009
Svanes et al, 2011
Svanes et al, 2011
Svanes et al, 2011
Svanes et al, 2011
Svanes et al, 2011
Svanes et al, 2011
Pelletier et al, 2009
Pelletier et al, 2009
Pelletier et al, 2009
Pelletier et al, 2009
Carlsson-Kanyama et al, 2003
Thrane, 2004
Thrane, 2004
Thrane, 2004
Thrane, 2004
Thrane, 2004
Thrane, 2004
Thrane, 2004
Thrane, 2004
Thrane, 2004
Thrane, 2004 and Iribarren et al, 2010
Thrane, 2004 and Iribarren et al, 2010
Thrane, 2004 and Iribarren et al, 2010
Carlsson-Kanyama et al, 2003
Carlsson-Kanyama et al, 2003
Almeida et al, 2015
Thrane, 2004 and Iribarren et al, 2010
19
Mussels
Mussels
Cured fish
11
8
--
Denmark
Denmark
--
Fishery to consumer
Fishery to consumer
--
Thrane, 2004 and Iribarren et al, 2010
Thrane, 2004 and Iribarren et al, 2010
--
Eggs
Eggs
Eggs
Eggs
Eggs
Eggs, cooked
0.6
4
0.8
5
18
United States
United States
United States
United States
Sweden
Farm to processing facility gate
Farm to processing facility gate
Farm to processing facility gate
Farm to processing facility gate
Farm to fork
Pelletier et al, 2013
Pelletier et al, 2013
Pelletier et al, 2013
Pelletier et al, 2013
Carlsson-Kanyama et al, 2003
Nuts
Peanuts
Peanuts
Peanuts
Tree nuts (Almonds)
Tree nuts (Almonds)
Coconuts
2
2
2
7
5
--
Iran
Iran
Iran
United States
United States
--
Farm to farm gate
Farm to farm gate
Farm to farm gate
Nursing through hulling
Nursing through hulling
--
Nikkhah et al, 2015
Nikkhah et al, 2015
Nikkhah et al, 2015
Kendall, 2012
Kendall, 2012
--
Added sugar and sweeteners
Sugar
Sugar from sugarcane
Sugar from sugarcane
Sugar from sugarcane
Sugar from sugarcane
Honey
Honey
Candies
10
3
3
4
14
1
6
18
Sweden
Australia
Australia
Australia
Mauritius
Sweden
Overseas
Sweden
Farm to fork
Farm to processing gate
Farm to processing gate
Farm to processing gate
Farm to processing gate
Farm to fork
Farm to fork
Farm to fork
Carlsson-Kanyama et al, 2003
Renouf and Wegener, 2007
Renouf and Wegener, 2007
Renouf and Wegener, 2007
Ramjeawon, 2004
Carlsson-Kanyama et al, 2003
Carlsson-Kanyama et al, 2003
Carlsson-Kanyama et al, 2003
Added fats and oils
Butter
Butter
Butter
Butter
Butter
Butter
Margarine
Margarine
Margarine
42
30
32
28
32
40
18
22
26
UK
Germany
France
Multiple locations
Multiple locations
Sweden
UK
Germany
France
Farm to distribution center
Farm to distribution center
Farm to distribution center
Farm to fork
Farm to fork
Farm to fork
Farm to distribution center
Farm to distribution center
Farm to distribution center
Nilsson et al, 2010
Nilsson et al, 2010
Nilsson et al, 2010
Foster et al, 2006
Foster et al, 2006
Carlsson-Kanyama et al, 2003
Nilsson et al, 2010
Nilsson et al, 2010
Nilsson et al, 2010
20
Margarine, 80% fat
Lard and beef tallow
Shortening
Rape seed oil
Rape seed oil
Sunflower oil
Soya oil
Olive oil
Other added fats and oils
17
--15
5
20
14
24
--
Sweden
--Central Europe
UK
Overseas
Overseas
Southern Europe
--
Farm to fork
--Farm to fork
Farm to farm gate
Farm to fork
Farm to fork
Farm to fork
--
Carlsson-Kanyama et al, 2003
--Carlsson-Kanyama et al, 2003
Williams et al, 2006
Carlsson-Kanyama et al, 2003
Carlsson-Kanyama et al, 2003
Carlsson-Kanyama et al, 2003
--
21
Table 6. Meta-Analysis of Cumulative Water Intensity Values (Blue Water Footprint)
Food Product
Grain Products
Wheat (Durum wheat, Wheat nes and meslin)
Wheat or meslin flour
Wheat bread
Dry pasta
Wheat groats and meal
Wheat pellets
Wheat, starch
Wheat gluten, whether or not dried
Rice in the husk (paddy or rough)
Rice, husked (brown)
Rice, semi-milled or wholly milled, whether or not polished
or glazed
Rice, broken
Rice flour
Rice groats and meal
Rye
Rye flour
Maize (corn)
Maize (corn) nes
Maize (corn) flour
Maize (corn) groats and meal
Maize (corn), hulled, pearled, sliced or kibbled
Maize (corn) starch
Barley
Barley, rolled or flaked grains
Barley,hulled,pearled,sliced or kibbled
Oats
Oat groats and meal
Oats, rolled or flaked grains
Oats, hulled,pearled,sliced or kibbled
Fresh fruit
Oranges, fresh or dried
Mandarins(tang&sats)clementines&wilkgs &sim citrus
hybrids,fresh/drid
Lemons and limes, fresh or dried
Grapefruit, fresh or dried
Liter/kg
Location
Liter/kg
Location
LCA Boundary
Author
92
93
81
93
102
102
72
211
847
1100
United States
United States
United States
United States
United States
United States
United States
United States
United States
United States
342
347
301
347
382
382
269
785
341
443
Global
Global
Global
Global
Global
Global
Global
Global
Global
Global
Farm to retail
Farm to retail
Farm to retail
Farm to retail
Farm to retail
Farm to retail
Farm to retail
Farm to retail
Farm to retail
Farm to retail
Mekonnen and Hoekstra, 2010
Mekonnen and Hoekstra, 2010
Mekonnen and Hoekstra, 2010
Mekonnen and Hoekstra, 2010
Mekonnen and Hoekstra, 2010
Mekonnen and Hoekstra, 2010
Mekonnen and Hoekstra, 2010
Mekonnen and Hoekstra, 2010
Mekonnen and Hoekstra, 2010
Mekonnen and Hoekstra, 2010
1222
1264
1330
1129
262
327
63
63
65
56
562
87
221
307
307
595
844
804
815
United States
United States
United States
United States
United States
United States
United States
United States
United States
United States
United States
United States
United States
United States
United States
United States
United States
United States
United States
492
509
535
454
25
32
81
81
83
72
1018
111
79
110
110
181
257
245
248
Global
Global
Global
Global
Global
Global
Global
Global
Global
Global
Global
Global
Global
Global
Global
Global
Global
Global
Global
Farm to retail
Farm to retail
Farm to retail
Farm to retail
Farm to retail
Farm to retail
Farm to retail
Farm to retail
Farm to retail
Farm to retail
Farm to retail
Farm to retail
Farm to retail
Farm to retail
Farm to retail
Farm to retail
Farm to retail
Farm to retail
Farm to retail
Mekonnen and Hoekstra, 2010
Mekonnen and Hoekstra, 2010
Mekonnen and Hoekstra, 2010
Mekonnen and Hoekstra, 2010
Mekonnen and Hoekstra, 2010
Mekonnen and Hoekstra, 2010
Mekonnen and Hoekstra, 2010
Mekonnen and Hoekstra, 2010
Mekonnen and Hoekstra, 2010
Mekonnen and Hoekstra, 2010
Mekonnen and Hoekstra, 2010
Mekonnen and Hoekstra, 2010
Mekonnen and Hoekstra, 2010
Mekonnen and Hoekstra, 2010
Mekonnen and Hoekstra, 2010
Mekonnen and Hoekstra, 2010
Mekonnen and Hoekstra, 2010
Mekonnen and Hoekstra, 2010
Mekonnen and Hoekstra, 2010
57
United States
110
Global
Farm to retail
Mekonnen and Hoekstra, 2010
84
52
206
United States
United States
United States
118
152
367
Global
Global
Global
Farm to retail
Farm to retail
Farm to retail
Mekonnen and Hoekstra, 2010
Mekonnen and Hoekstra, 2010
Mekonnen and Hoekstra, 2010
22
Citrus fruits, fresh or dried, nes
Apples, fresh
Apricots, fresh
Avocados, fresh or dried
Bananas including plantains, fresh or dried
Blueberries
Other melons (inc.cantaloupes)
Cherries, fresh
Sour cherries
Cranberries, bilberries and other fruits of the genus
Vaccinium, fresh
Grapes, fresh
Other melons (inc.cantaloupes)
Kiwi fruit
Guavas, mangoes and mangosteens, fresh or dried
Papaws (papayas), fresh
Peaches, including nectarines, fresh
Pears and quinces, fresh
Pineapples, fresh or dried
Plums and sloes, fresh
Raspberries, blackberries, mulberries and loganberries, fresh
Raspberries,mulberries,etc uncook,steam/boil in water
sweetend/nt,froz
Strawberries, fresh
Strawberries,uncookd o steamd o boild in water,sweetend o
not,frozen
Watermelons
Processed fruit
Peel of citrus fruit/melons (watermelons) fresh,frz,drid/prov
presvd
Cherries provisionally preservd but unsuitable f immediate
consumption
Strawberries provis preservd but unsuitable f immediate
consumption
Peel of citrus fruit/melons (watermelons) fresh,frz,drid/prov
presvd
Strawberries,uncookd o steamd o boild in water,sweetend o
not,frozen
Raspberries,mulberries,etc uncook,steam/boil in water
sweetend/nt,froz
Bananas including plantains, fresh or dried
60
244
536
599
315
303
37
905
690
United States
United States
United States
United States
United States
United States
United States
United States
United States
62
133
502
237
97
334
29
531
213
Global
Global
Global
Global
Global
Global
Global
Global
Global
Farm to retail
Farm to retail
Farm to retail
Farm to retail
Farm to retail
Farm to retail
Farm to retail
Farm to retail
Farm to retail
Mekonnen and Hoekstra, 2010
Mekonnen and Hoekstra, 2010
Mekonnen and Hoekstra, 2010
Mekonnen and Hoekstra, 2010
Mekonnen and Hoekstra, 2010
Mekonnen and Hoekstra, 2010
Mekonnen and Hoekstra, 2010
Mekonnen and Hoekstra, 2010
Mekonnen and Hoekstra, 2010
114
210
37
487
873
63
325
188
5
492
227
United States
United States
United States
United States
United States
United States
United States
United States
United States
United States
United States
108
97
29
168
362
40
188
94
9
188
53
Global
Global
Global
Global
Global
Global
Global
Global
Global
Global
Global
Farm to retail
Farm to retail
Farm to retail
Farm to retail
Farm to retail
Farm to retail
Farm to retail
Farm to retail
Farm to retail
Farm to retail
Farm to retail
Mekonnen and Hoekstra, 2010
Mekonnen and Hoekstra, 2010
Mekonnen and Hoekstra, 2010
Mekonnen and Hoekstra, 2010
Mekonnen and Hoekstra, 2010
Mekonnen and Hoekstra, 2010
Mekonnen and Hoekstra, 2010
Mekonnen and Hoekstra, 2010
Mekonnen and Hoekstra, 2010
Mekonnen and Hoekstra, 2010
Mekonnen and Hoekstra, 2010
227
54
United States
United States
53
109
Global
Global
Farm to retail
Farm to retail
Mekonnen and Hoekstra, 2010
Mekonnen and Hoekstra, 2010
54
94
United States
United States
109
25
Global
Global
Farm to retail
Farm to retail
Mekonnen and Hoekstra, 2010
Mekonnen and Hoekstra, 2010
72
United States
74
Global
Farm to retail
Mekonnen and Hoekstra, 2010
905
United States
531
Global
Farm to retail
Mekonnen and Hoekstra, 2010
54
United States
109
Global
Farm to retail
Mekonnen and Hoekstra, 2010
72
United States
74
Global
Farm to retail
Mekonnen and Hoekstra, 2010
54
United States
109
Global
Farm to retail
Mekonnen and Hoekstra, 2010
227
315
United States
United States
53
97
Global
Global
Farm to retail
Farm to retail
Mekonnen and Hoekstra, 2010
Mekonnen and Hoekstra, 2010
23
Oranges, fresh or dried
Mandarins(tang&sats)clementines&wilkgs &sim citrus
hybrids,fresh/drid
Lemons and limes, fresh or dried
Grapefruit, fresh or dried
Citrus fruits, fresh or dried, nes
Peel of citrus fruit/melons (watermelons) fresh,frz,drid/prov
presvd
Apples, dried
Apricots, dried
Prunes, dried
Grapes, dried
Figs, fresh or dried
Guavas, mangoes and mangosteens, fresh or dried
Avocados, fresh or dried
Pineapples, fresh or dried
Dates, fresh or dried
Fruits, dried nes
Orange juice,unfermentd&not spiritd,whether/not
sugard/sweet,frozen
Orange juice nes,unfermentd&not spiritd,whether or not
sugard or sweet
Grapefruit juice,unfermentd&not spiritd,whether or not
sugard or sweet
Citrus fruit juice nes exc mx unferment unspiritd,wthr/nt
sug/sweet
Fruit&veg juice nes (exc mx) unferment
unspiritd,whether/not sug/sweet
Mixtures of juices unfermentd&not spiritd whether o not
sugard o sweet
Apple juice unfermented&not spiritd whether or not sugard
or sweetend
Grape juice (incl grape must) unferment&unspiritd,wthr/nt
sug/sweet
Pineapple juice,unfermented&not spiritd,whether or not
sugard or sweet
Fresh vegetables
Globe artichokes, fresh or chilled
Asparagus, fresh or chilled
Peppers of the genus Capsicum or of the genus
Pimenta,fresh or chilled
57
United States
110
Global
Farm to retail
Mekonnen and Hoekstra, 2010
84
52
57
60
United States
United States
United States
United States
118
152
85
62
Global
Global
Global
Global
Farm to retail
Farm to retail
Farm to retail
Farm to retail
Mekonnen and Hoekstra, 2010
Mekonnen and Hoekstra, 2010
Mekonnen and Hoekstra, 2010
Mekonnen and Hoekstra, 2010
72
2032
1849
1406
839
577
873
599
5
0
1184
United States
United States
United States
United States
United States
United States
United States
United States
United States
United States
United States
74
1111
1730
537
386
1544
362
237
9
1250
806
Global
Global
Global
Global
Global
Global
Global
Global
Global
Global
Global
Farm to retail
Farm to retail
Farm to retail
Farm to retail
Farm to retail
Farm to retail
Farm to retail
Farm to retail
Farm to retail
Farm to retail
Farm to retail
Mekonnen and Hoekstra, 2010
Mekonnen and Hoekstra, 2010
Mekonnen and Hoekstra, 2010
Mekonnen and Hoekstra, 2010
Mekonnen and Hoekstra, 2010
Mekonnen and Hoekstra, 2010
Mekonnen and Hoekstra, 2010
Mekonnen and Hoekstra, 2010
Mekonnen and Hoekstra, 2010
Mekonnen and Hoekstra, 2010
Mekonnen and Hoekstra, 2010
104
United States
199
Global
Farm to retail
Mekonnen and Hoekstra, 2010
104
United States
199
Global
Farm to retail
Mekonnen and Hoekstra, 2010
77
United States
114
Global
Farm to retail
Mekonnen and Hoekstra, 2010
77
United States
79
Global
Farm to retail
Mekonnen and Hoekstra, 2010
77
United States
79
Global
Farm to retail
Mekonnen and Hoekstra, 2010
77
United States
79
Global
Farm to retail
Mekonnen and Hoekstra, 2010
339
United States
185
Global
Farm to retail
Mekonnen and Hoekstra, 2010
280
United States
129
Global
Farm to retail
Mekonnen and Hoekstra, 2010
24
United States
45
Global
Farm to retail
Mekonnen and Hoekstra, 2010
474
1337
United States
United States
242
119
Global
Global
Farm to retail
Farm to retail
Mekonnen and Hoekstra, 2010
Mekonnen and Hoekstra, 2010
97
United States
42
Global
Farm to retail
Mekonnen and Hoekstra, 2010
24
Cauliflowers and headed broccoli, fresh or chilled
Brussels sprouts, fresh or chilled
Cabbages,kohlrabi,kale and sim edible brassicas nes,fresh or
chilled
Carrots and turnips, fresh or chilled
Cauliflowers and headed broccoli, fresh or chilled
Celery, other than celeriac, fresh or chilled
Collards
Maize, green
Cucumbers and gherkins, fresh or chilled
Aubergines(egg-plants), fresh or chilled
Escarole & endive
Garlic, fresh or chilled
Cabbages,kohlrabi,kale and sim edible brassicas nes,fresh or
chilled
Cabbage lettuce (head lettuce) fresh or chilled
Lettuce, fresh or chilled nes
Beans, shelled or unshelled, fresh or chilled
Mushrooms
Mushrooms
Mushrooms
Mustard greens
Okra
Onions and shallots, fresh or chilled
Potatoes, fresh or chilled nes
Pumpkins, squash and gourds
Salad beetroot,salsif,celeriac,radish&sim edibl
roots,fresh/chilld nes
String beans
Beans, green
Peas, shelled or unshelled, fresh or chilled
Spinach,N-Z spinach & orache spinach (garden
spinach),fresh or chilled
Pumpkins, squash and gourds
Sweet potatoes, fresh or dried, whether or not sliced or
pelleted
Tomatoes
Carrots and turnips, fresh or chilled
Processed vegetables
Tomato paste
82
82
United States
United States
21
21
Global
Global
Farm to retail
Farm to retail
Mekonnen and Hoekstra, 2010
Mekonnen and Hoekstra, 2010
119
20
82
20
-157
142
93
-186
United States
United States
United States
United States
-United States
United States
United States
-United States
26
28
21
28
-157
42
33
-81
Global
Global
Global
Global
-Global
Global
Global
-Global
Farm to retail
Farm to retail
Farm to retail
Farm to retail
-Farm to retail
Farm to retail
Farm to retail
-Farm to retail
Mekonnen and Hoekstra, 2010
Mekonnen and Hoekstra, 2010
Mekonnen and Hoekstra, 2010
Mekonnen and Hoekstra, 2010
-Mekonnen and Hoekstra, 2010
Mekonnen and Hoekstra, 2010
Mekonnen and Hoekstra, 2010
-Mekonnen and Hoekstra, 2010
119
42
42
134
199
275
210
-224
-89
30
United States
United States
United States
United States
Thailand
Thailand
Thailand
-United States
-United States
United States
26
28
28
54
199
275
210
-36
44
33
24
Global
Global
Global
Global
Thailand
Thailand
Thailand
-Global
Global
Global
Global
Farm to retail
Farm to retail
Farm to retail
Farm to retail
Farm to farm gate
Farm to farm gate
Farm to farm gate
-Farm to retail
Farm to retail
Farm to retail
Farm to retail
Mekonnen and Hoekstra, 2010
Mekonnen and Hoekstra, 2010
Mekonnen and Hoekstra, 2010
Mekonnen and Hoekstra, 2010
Ueawiwatsaku, S. et al, 2014
Ueawiwatsaku, S. et al, 2014
Ueawiwatsaku, S. et al, 2014
-Mekonnen and Hoekstra, 2010
Mekonnen and Hoekstra, 2010
Mekonnen and Hoekstra, 2010
Mekonnen and Hoekstra, 2010
-111
134
111
-United States
United States
United States
15
104
54
63
Global
Global
Global
Global
Farm to retail
Farm to retail
Farm to retail
Farm to retail
Mekonnen and Hoekstra, 2010
Mekonnen and Hoekstra, 2010
Mekonnen and Hoekstra, 2010
Mekonnen and Hoekstra, 2010
37
30
United States
United States
14
24
Global
Global
Farm to retail
Farm to retail
Mekonnen and Hoekstra, 2010
Mekonnen and Hoekstra, 2010
57
74
20
United States
United States
United States
5
63
28
Global
Global
Global
Farm to retail
Farm to retail
Farm to retail
Mekonnen and Hoekstra, 2010
Mekonnen and Hoekstra, 2010
Mekonnen and Hoekstra, 2010
297
United States
253
Global
Farm to retail
Mekonnen and Hoekstra, 2010
25
Tomato ketchup
Tomato puree
Peeled tomatoes
Cucumbers&gherkins provisionally presvd,but nt f
immediate consumption
Onions,provisionally preservd but nt suitable f immediate
consumption
Vegetables nes&mixtures provis presvd but nt f immediate
consumptn
Olives,provisionally preservd but nt suitable f immediate
consumption
Spinach, N-Z spinach and orache spinach (garden spinach),
frozen
Beans, frozen
Peas, frozen
Sweet corn, frozen
Vegetables, frozen nes
Mixtures of vegetables, frozen
Potatoes, frozen
Tomato, dried
Onions dried but not further prepared
Garlic powder
Vegetables and mixtures dried, but not further prepared nes
Tapioca of potatoes
Potato flour and meal
Potato flakes
Potato starch
Peas dried, shelled, whether or not skinned or split
Beans,small red (Adzuki) dried,shelled,whether or not
skinned or split
Kidney beans&white pea beans drid shelld,whether o not
skinnd o split
Beans dried, shelled, whether or not skinned or split, nes
Flour and meal of the dried leguminous vegetables of
heading No 07.13
Fluid milk
Milk not concentrated and unsweetened not exceeding 1%
fat
Milk not concentrated & unsweetened exceeding 1% not
exceeding 6% fat
77
248
93
United States
United States
United States
270
211
79
Global
Global
Global
Farm to retail
Farm to retail
Farm to retail
Mekonnen and Hoekstra, 2010
Mekonnen and Hoekstra, 2010
Mekonnen and Hoekstra, 2010
142
United States
42
Global
Farm to retail
Mekonnen and Hoekstra, 2010
74
United States
88
Global
Farm to retail
Mekonnen and Hoekstra, 2010
46
United States
33
Global
Farm to retail
Mekonnen and Hoekstra, 2010
545
United States
499
Global
Farm to retail
Mekonnen and Hoekstra, 2010
105
191
159
232
65
46
178
1487
74
715
130
444
444
323
467
48
United States
United States
United States
United States
United States
United States
United States
United States
United States
United States
United States
United States
United States
United States
United States
United States
39
76
89
157
47
33
66
1265
88
313
94
165
165
120
173
33
Global
Global
Global
Global
Global
Global
Global
Global
Global
Global
Global
Global
Global
Global
Global
Global
Farm to retail
Farm to retail
Farm to retail
Farm to retail
Farm to retail
Farm to retail
Farm to retail
Farm to retail
Farm to retail
Farm to retail
Farm to retail
Farm to retail
Farm to retail
Farm to retail
Farm to retail
Farm to retail
Mekonnen and Hoekstra, 2010
Mekonnen and Hoekstra, 2010
Mekonnen and Hoekstra, 2010
Mekonnen and Hoekstra, 2010
Mekonnen and Hoekstra, 2010
Mekonnen and Hoekstra, 2010
Mekonnen and Hoekstra, 2010
Mekonnen and Hoekstra, 2010
Mekonnen and Hoekstra, 2010
Mekonnen and Hoekstra, 2010
Mekonnen and Hoekstra, 2010
Mekonnen and Hoekstra, 2010
Mekonnen and Hoekstra, 2010
Mekonnen and Hoekstra, 2010
Mekonnen and Hoekstra, 2010
Mekonnen and Hoekstra, 2010
428
United States
125
Global
Farm to retail
Mekonnen and Hoekstra, 2010
428
428
United States
United States
125
125
Global
Global
Farm to retail
Farm to retail
Mekonnen and Hoekstra, 2010
Mekonnen and Hoekstra, 2010
594
United States
173
Global
Farm to retail
Mekonnen and Hoekstra, 2010
69
United States
86
Global
Farm to retail
Mekonnen and Hoekstra, 2010
71
United States
88
Global
Farm to retail
Mekonnen and Hoekstra, 2010
26
Milk and cream not concentrated and unsweetened
exceeding 6% fat
Milk and cream unsweetened, nes
Milk and cream nes sweetened
Other dairy products
Yogurt concentratd o not,sweetend o not,flavourd o contg
fruit o cocoa
Cheese, grated or powdered, of all kinds
Cheese processed, not grated or powdered
Cheese, blue-veined
Cheese nes
Cheese, fresh (including whey cheese) unfermented, and
curd
Ice cream
Other frozen dairy
Evaporated condensed milk
Milk powder not exceeding 1.5% fat
Milk and cream powder unsweetened exceeding 1.5% fat
Milk and cream powder sweetened exceeding 1.5% fat
Milk and cream not concentrated and unsweetened
exceeding 6% fat
Products consisting of natural milk constituents sweetened
or not nes
Milk and cream not concentrated and unsweetened
exceeding 6% fat
Milk and cream unsweetened, nes
Milk and cream nes sweetened
Buttermilk,curdled milk & cream,kephir & ferm or acid
milk & cream nes
Cheese nes
Meat
Bovine carcasses and half carcasses, fresh or chilled
Bovine cuts bone in, fresh or chilled
Bovine cuts boneless, fresh or chilled
Bovine carcasses and half carcasses, frozen
Bovine cuts bone in, frozen
Bovine cuts boneless, frozen
Bovine edible offal, fresh or chilled
Bovine tongues, edible offal, frozen
Bovine livers, edible offal, frozen
128
106
133
United States
United States
United States
159
132
164
Global
Global
Global
Farm to retail
Farm to retail
Farm to retail
Mekonnen and Hoekstra, 2010
Mekonnen and Hoekstra, 2010
Mekonnen and Hoekstra, 2010
80
355
355
355
355
United States
United States
United States
United States
United States
99
439
439
439
439
Global
Global
Global
Global
Global
Farm to retail
Farm to retail
Farm to retail
Farm to retail
Farm to retail
Mekonnen and Hoekstra, 2010
Mekonnen and Hoekstra, 2010
Mekonnen and Hoekstra, 2010
Mekonnen and Hoekstra, 2010
Mekonnen and Hoekstra, 2010
214
---319
319
329
United States
---United States
United States
United States
266
---398
398
408
Global
---Global
Global
Global
Farm to retail
---Farm to retail
Farm to retail
Farm to retail
Mekonnen and Hoekstra, 2010
---Mekonnen and Hoekstra, 2010
Mekonnen and Hoekstra, 2010
Mekonnen and Hoekstra, 2010
128
United States
159
Global
Farm to retail
Mekonnen and Hoekstra, 2010
80
United States
99
Global
Farm to retail
Mekonnen and Hoekstra, 2010
128
106
133
United States
United States
United States
159
132
164
Global
Global
Global
Farm to retail
Farm to retail
Farm to retail
Mekonnen and Hoekstra, 2010
Mekonnen and Hoekstra, 2010
Mekonnen and Hoekstra, 2010
108
355
United States
United States
134
439
Global
Global
Farm to retail
Farm to retail
Mekonnen and Hoekstra, 2010
Mekonnen and Hoekstra, 2010
371
371
525
371
371
525
381
904
266
United States
United States
United States
United States
United States
United States
United States
United States
United States
389
389
550
389
389
550
396
940
277
Global
Global
Global
Global
Global
Global
Global
Global
Global
Farm to retail
Farm to retail
Farm to retail
Farm to retail
Farm to retail
Farm to retail
Farm to retail
Farm to retail
Farm to retail
Mekonnen and Hoekstra, 2010
Mekonnen and Hoekstra, 2010
Mekonnen and Hoekstra, 2010
Mekonnen and Hoekstra, 2010
Mekonnen and Hoekstra, 2010
Mekonnen and Hoekstra, 2010
Mekonnen and Hoekstra, 2010
Mekonnen and Hoekstra, 2010
Mekonnen and Hoekstra, 2010
27
Bovine edible offal, frozen nes
Bovine meat cured
Bovine meat and meat offal nes,excluding livers, prepared
or preserved
Veal
Swine carcasses and half carcasses, fresh or chilled
Hams, shoulders and cuts thereof, of swine bone in, fresh or
chilled
Swine cuts, fresh or chilled, nes
Swine carcasses and half carcasses, frozen
Hams, shoulders and cuts thereof, of swine, bone in, frozen
Swine cuts, frozen nes
Swine edible offal, fresh or chilled
Swine livers, edible offal, frozen
Swine edible offal, frozen nes
Pig fat lean meat free&poultry fat
unrenderd,frsh,chilld,frozn or curd
Hams, shoulders and cuts thereof, of swine bone in, cured
Bellies, streaky and cuts thereof, swine cured
Swine meat cured, nes
Hams and cuts thereof of swine prepared or preserved
Shoulders and cut thereof of swine prepared or preserved
Swine meat&meat offal nes/exc livers/ incl
mixtures,prepard o preservd
Lamb carcasses and half carcasses, fresh or chilled
Sheep carcasses and half carcasses, fresh or chilled
Sheep cuts, bone in, fresh or chilled
Sheep cuts, boneless, fresh or chilled
Lamb carcasses and half carcasses, frozen
Sheep carcasses and half carcasses, frozen
Sheep cuts, bone in, frozen
Sheep cuts, boneless, frozen
Sheep, goats, asses, mules or hinnies edible offal, fresh or
chilled
Sheep, goats, asses, mules or hinnies edible offal, frozen
Poultry
Turkey meat and meat offal prepared or preserved,
excluding livers
Dom fowl,duck,goose&guinea fowl meat&meat offal
prep/presvd exc livers
432
817
United States
United States
449
856
Global
Global
Farm to retail
Farm to retail
Mekonnen and Hoekstra, 2010
Mekonnen and Hoekstra, 2010
635
-625
United States
-United States
660
-325
Global
-Global
Farm to retail
-Farm to retail
Mekonnen and Hoekstra, 2010
-Mekonnen and Hoekstra, 2010
825
870
625
825
870
168
92
168
United States
United States
United States
United States
United States
United States
United States
United States
435
459
325
435
459
93
51
93
Global
Global
Global
Global
Global
Global
Global
Global
Farm to retail
Farm to retail
Farm to retail
Farm to retail
Farm to retail
Farm to retail
Farm to retail
Farm to retail
Mekonnen and Hoekstra, 2010
Mekonnen and Hoekstra, 2010
Mekonnen and Hoekstra, 2010
Mekonnen and Hoekstra, 2010
Mekonnen and Hoekstra, 2010
Mekonnen and Hoekstra, 2010
Mekonnen and Hoekstra, 2010
Mekonnen and Hoekstra, 2010
294
847
893
900
943
842
United States
United States
United States
United States
United States
United States
313
449
474
472
500
444
Global
Global
Global
Global
Global
Global
Farm to retail
Farm to retail
Farm to retail
Farm to retail
Farm to retail
Farm to retail
Mekonnen and Hoekstra, 2010
Mekonnen and Hoekstra, 2010
Mekonnen and Hoekstra, 2010
Mekonnen and Hoekstra, 2010
Mekonnen and Hoekstra, 2010
Mekonnen and Hoekstra, 2010
183
145
230
240
312
145
230
240
312
United States
United States
United States
United States
United States
United States
United States
United States
United States
102
254
398
408
522
254
398
408
522
Global
Global
Global
Global
Global
Global
Global
Global
Global
Farm to retail
Farm to retail
Farm to retail
Farm to retail
Farm to retail
Farm to retail
Farm to retail
Farm to retail
Farm to retail
Mekonnen and Hoekstra, 2010
Mekonnen and Hoekstra, 2010
Mekonnen and Hoekstra, 2010
Mekonnen and Hoekstra, 2010
Mekonnen and Hoekstra, 2010
Mekonnen and Hoekstra, 2010
Mekonnen and Hoekstra, 2010
Mekonnen and Hoekstra, 2010
Mekonnen and Hoekstra, 2010
86
86
United States
United States
151
151
Global
Global
Farm to retail
Farm to retail
Mekonnen and Hoekstra, 2010
Mekonnen and Hoekstra, 2010
294
United States
313
Global
Farm to retail
Mekonnen and Hoekstra, 2010
294
United States
313
Global
Farm to retail
Mekonnen and Hoekstra, 2010
28
Fish and Seafood
Trout
Sea bass
Turbot
Fresh mussels
Canned mussels
Cured fish
-------
-------
0.1
49
0
2
14
--
France
Greece
France
Spain
Spain
--
Farm to farm gate
Farm to farm gate
Farm to farm gate
Farm to retail
Farm to retail
--
Aubin et al, 2009
Aubin et al, 2009
Aubin et al, 2009
Iribarren et al, 2010
Iribarren et al, 2010
--
Eggs
Eggs, bird, in shell, fresh, preserved or cooked
Egg yolks dried
Egg yolks nes
Eggs, bird, not in shell, dried
Eggs, bird, not in shell nes
183
387
188
286
209
United States
United States
United States
United States
United States
244
508
249
375
276
Global
Global
Global
Global
Global
Farm to retail
Farm to retail
Farm to retail
Farm to retail
Farm to retail
Mekonnen and Hoekstra, 2010
Mekonnen and Hoekstra, 2010
Mekonnen and Hoekstra, 2010
Mekonnen and Hoekstra, 2010
Mekonnen and Hoekstra, 2010
253
United States
150
Global
Farm to retail
Mekonnen and Hoekstra, 2010
362
2038
4075
1979
3733
2158
2542
5084
---
United States
United States
United States
United States
United States
United States
United States
United States
---
214
1908
3816
1299
2451
7602
1090
2180
2
1
Global
Global
Global
Global
Global
Global
Global
Global
Global
Global
Farm to retail
Farm to retail
Farm to retail
Farm to retail
Farm to retail
Farm to retail
Farm to retail
Farm to retail
Farm to retail
Farm to retail
Mekonnen and Hoekstra, 2010
Mekonnen and Hoekstra, 2010
Mekonnen and Hoekstra, 2010
Mekonnen and Hoekstra, 2010
Mekonnen and Hoekstra, 2010
Mekonnen and Hoekstra, 2010
Mekonnen and Hoekstra, 2010
Mekonnen and Hoekstra, 2010
Mekonnen and Hoekstra, 2010
Mekonnen and Hoekstra, 2010
25
199
United States
United States
57
455
Global
Global
Farm to retail
Farm to retail
Mekonnen and Hoekstra, 2010
Mekonnen and Hoekstra, 2010
213
213
38
248
63
64
213
United States
United States
United States
United States
United States
United States
United States
487
487
26
167
144
43
487
Global
Global
Global
Global
Global
Global
Global
Farm to retail
Farm to retail
Farm to retail
Farm to retail
Farm to retail
Farm to retail
Farm to retail
Mekonnen and Hoekstra, 2010
Mekonnen and Hoekstra, 2010
Mekonnen and Hoekstra, 2010
Mekonnen and Hoekstra, 2010
Mekonnen and Hoekstra, 2010
Mekonnen and Hoekstra, 2010
Mekonnen and Hoekstra, 2010
Nuts
Ground-nuts in shell not roasted or otherwise cooked
Ground-nuts shelld,whether or not broken,not roastd or
otherwise cookd
Almonds in shell fresh or dried
Almonds,fresh or dried,shelled or peeled
Walnuts in shell, fresh or dried
Walnuts, fresh or dried, shelled or peeled
Pistachios, fresh or dried, whether or not shelled or peeled
Hazelnuts or filberts in shell fresh or dried
Hazelnuts or filberts, fresh or dried, shelled or peeled
Coconuts
Coconut (husked)
Added sugar and sweeteners
Sugar cane, fresh or dried, whether or not ground
Raw sugar, cane
Refined sugar,in solid form,containg added flavourg or
colourg matter
Refined sugar, in solid form, nes
Sugar beet, fresh or dried, whether or not ground
Raw sugar, beet
Cane molasses
Molasses nes
Maple sugar and maple syrup
29
Glucose&glucose syrup nt cntg fruct/cntg in dry state <20%
by wt fruct
Glucose inc syrup cntg in dry state min 20% but <50% by
wt of fructose
Fructose, chemically pure
Fructose&fructose syrup nes,cntg in dry state >50% by
wght of fructose
Added fats and oils
Butter
Margarine
Lard and beef tallow
Shortening
Olive oil, virgin
Olive oil and its fractions refined but not chemically
modified
Oils&thr fract nes obt from olives,ref'd/not,not chem
mod,incl blends
Soya-bean oil and its fractions, refined but not chemically
modified
Ground-nut oil and its fractions refined but not chemically
modified
Sunflower-sed/safflower oil&their fractions refind but nt
chem modifid
Rape,colza o mustard oil&their fract,refind but not
chemically modifid
Other added fats and oils
213
United States
487
Global
Farm to retail
Mekonnen and Hoekstra, 2010
213
213
United States
United States
487
487
Global
Global
Farm to retail
Farm to retail
Mekonnen and Hoekstra, 2010
Mekonnen and Hoekstra, 2010
213
United States
487
Global
Farm to retail
Mekonnen and Hoekstra, 2010
373
---2607
United States
---United States
465
---2388
Global
---Global
Farm to retail
---Farm to retail
Mekonnen and Hoekstra, 2010
---Mekonnen and Hoekstra, 2010
2660
United States
2437
Global
Farm to retail
Mekonnen and Hoekstra, 2010
1160
United States
1062
Global
Farm to retail
Mekonnen and Hoekstra, 2010
180
United States
137
Global
Farm to retail
Mekonnen and Hoekstra, 2010
685
United States
405
Global
Farm to retail
Mekonnen and Hoekstra, 2010
230
United States
299
Global
Farm to retail
Mekonnen and Hoekstra, 2010
39
--
United States
--
438
--
Global
--
Farm to retail
--
Mekonnen and Hoekstra, 2010
--
30
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