TABLE OF CONTENTS
PREFACE. ............................................................................................................... 3
CHAPTER I. BIOLOGICAL SYSTEMS AND SECOND LAW OF
THERMODYNAMICS..........................ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED.
1.The Gibbs’ force............................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
2.Energy and heat transfer in inhomogeneous systems. .... Error! Bookmark not
defined.
3.Discussion. ....................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
CHAPTER II. SIGNAL PROPAGATION IN NERVE FIBER. ........... ERROR!
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1. Introduction. .................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
2. Electro-dynamical equations. .......................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
3. Heat transfer in nerve fiber. ............................ Error! Bookmark not defined.
4. A study of the equations. ................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.
4. Discussion. ...................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
CHAPTER III. CRYPTOGRAPHY THROUGH THE PHYSICIST EYES.
..................................................................ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED.
1. Basic information. .......................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
2. Certified cryptographic measures. ................. Error! Bookmark not defined.
3. Blocks of substitutions. .................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.
4. Some physical analogy. The phenomenon of return. ..... Error! Bookmark not
defined.
5. Some physical analogy. Ergodicity. ................ Error! Bookmark not defined.
6. Quality of substitutions. .................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.
7. Statistics of S-blocks. ...................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
8. Testing of S - blocks of hash functions by methods of nonlinear dynamics.
............................................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.
9. Conclusions. .................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
CHAPTER IV. THE PHYSICS OF COLOR FORMATION. .............. ERROR!
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1. Computer analysis of the optic disc nerve. ..... Error! Bookmark not defined.
2. Color temperature............................................ Error! Bookmark not defined.
3. Unambiguous definition of color temperature.Error! Bookmark not defined.
4. Calculation of color temperature..................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
5. Physics of the color model RGB. .................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
6. Discussion. ...................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
CHAPTER V. PHYSICAL MODEL OF LIVING ORGANISMS. ...... ERROR!
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1. Introduction. ................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
2. Propagation of signals in chains of bi-stable elements. Error! Bookmark not
defined.
3. Analysis of stationary case............................. Error! Bookmark not defined.
4. Analysis of the non-stationary solutions. ....... Error! Bookmark not defined.
5. Some evaluations. .......................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
6. The mechanism of information storage in open systems. ....Error! Bookmark
not defined.
7. Bifurcative character of information storage. Error! Bookmark not defined.
8. Conclusions. ................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
AFTERWORD. ......................................ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED.
PREFACE.
The role of physics in the development of other sciences can hardly be
overestimated. The history of the last days is rich in examples of successful
penetration of physical ideas and methods in other sciences. It seems that any
problems can be considered on the physical level, even those that traditionally
belong to the sphere of applicability of the other sciences - chemistry, biology,
mathematics, etc. This is due to the fact that physical concepts have a high degree
of generality, what allows formulating any application tasks with using them. In
addition, the physical approach to any problem is characterized with its
fundamentality, that allows considering them from first principles formulated in
the form of physical laws.
Special consideration should be given to the interaction of physics and
mathematics. Earlier everybody spoke that mathematics means truth in every
knowledge, more mathematics - more truth. In my opinion the situation has
changed today, and in this statement the word "mathematics" should be replaced
by "physics". Firstly, because physics itself is now much mathematized. Secondly,
because the physics, unlike mathematics concerned not only in giving the final
result as a formula, but in the interpretation of this result, what is already outside
the scope of mathematics. The physical approach has the advantage not only to the
applied sciences, as has been said, but also to the pure mathematics, what is
expressed in the possibility of a "spontaneous generation" of new ideas, which
leads to increasing the interaction of physics and mathematics [1].
The material of the book is based on the results obtained by the author for
several years in connection with the solution of applied problems, from first
principles as possible.
The first chapter is devoted to the development of the concept of the
thermodynamic force generated in systems characterized by heterogeneity of the
thermodynamic parameters, first of all, of entropy. For the first time the possibility
of introducing such a force was pointed out by J. W. Gibbs [2], so the term "Gibbs'
force" is used in the text. The areas of application of Gibbs' force are various from the proof of the impossibility of so-called Maxwell's demon, till description
of the metabolic processes in the cells of living organisms.
The second chapter is devoted to the propagation of signals in nerve fibers.
Despite the fact that the first work of A.L. Hodjkin and A.F. Haxley [3] on this
subject was published more than 70 years ago, complete physical solution of this
problem, taking into account, together with the forces of electrical origin other
forces responsible for the metabolic processes in the cell, was not obtained. The
presented results will help to fill this gap.
In the third chapter an attempt is presented to use physical approach for the
study of issues of cryptography - the science which is traditionally far from
physics. Despite this, the achievements in both areas in recent years, I mean the
study of the complex dynamics of low-dimensional systems, i.e. what is
traditionally called dynamic chaos, and the development of cryptosystems using
blocks of substitutions demonstrate an amazing similarity of problems. Physical
methods of solving problems of cryptography can be very fruitful, what is already
noted by experts [4, 5, 6].
The results which are presented in the fourth and fifth chapters were
obtained while working on the book. The fourth chapter is devoted to the color
formation1. Methods for determination of color temperature by comparing the
color of the radiation of object under investigation with the color of radiation of a
1
The interest in these issues is linked with long-term cooperation the author with recognized authority in the field of
ophthalmology - professor, doctor of sciences, Bakutkin V.V., under whose ideological leadership the program of
analysis of the optic nerve disc has been developed (Section IV.1).
blackbody are well known [7, 8]. From the analysis of the obtained results by
methods of thermodynamic and statistical physics it is concluded the existence of
some quasiparticles -
complexes of photons which are responsible for color
formation. Factually, by an analogy with thermodynamics the dynamics of color is
developed.
The fifth chapter is devoted to the physical description of the dynamics of
the so-called open systems, i.e. systems which exchange with the surroundings
mass, energy and entropy, whose study began in the works of I. Prigogine [9].
The character of transformation of negative entropy which is entered in the system
from outside into information is investigated. The model is suggested, based on the
works of R. Landauer [10, 11], which allows to mathematically describe the main
features of the evolution of biological objects - heredity and variability.
The book will be useful for specialists in specific areas in which
the
obtained results are presented as well as for physicists interested in applications.
In conclusion author expresses his gratitude to prof. Bakutkin V.V. (Inst. of
Rural Hygiene, Saratov), prof. Popov V.V. (Inst. of Radio Electronics of RAS,
Saratov branch), prof. Demidov V.A. (Sobinov Conservatory, Saratov),
Maslennikov M.E. (NTS System, Moscow), Sokolov A.V. (Odessa National
Polytechnic University) for interest in the work and useful remarks, and to all
others who contributed to the appearance of the book, especially graduate students
of specialty Applied Informatics branches RANEPA in Saratov and Balakovo.
Special thanks to my wife Olga and son Nicholas for the patience.
Saratov
August, 2015
References.
1.
Atiyah M.,On the work of Edward Witten, Proc. of the Intern. Congress
of Mathematicians, Kyoto, 1990, I (Tokyo, 1991), pp. 31-35.
2. Rumer Yu. B., Ryvkin M.S., Thermodynamics, Statistical Physics and
Kinetics. Moscow: Nauka, 1972.
3. Hodjkin A.L., Haxley A.F., The dual effect of membrane potential on
sodium conductance in the giant axon of Loligo. -J. Physiol., 1952, v.
116.
4. Mazurkov M.I., Sokolov A.V., Nonlinear transformations based on
complete classes of isomorphic and automorphic representations of field
GF(256). Radioelectronics and Comunication Systems, 2013, V. 56, №
11, p. 513-521.
5. Sokolov А.V.,
New Methods for the Synthesis of Non-linear
Transformations of Modern Ciphers, Lap Lambert Publishing, 2015.
6. Maslennikov M.E. Family of hashing algorithms MCSSHA. Report at the
international sci-pract. conference RusCrypto’2014, 25-28 March 2014,
Moscow reg., Solnechnogorsk dist.:http://crypto.systema.ru/mcssha.php
7. Wyszecki G, Stiles W., Color Science. Concepts and Methods,
Quantitative Data and Formulas, Willey, New York, 1967.
8. Domasev M.V., Gnatyuk S.P. ,Color, Color Management, Color
Calculations and Measurements. SPb: Piter, 2009 (Russian).
9. Prigogine I., From Being to Becoming. Time and Complexity in Physical
Sciences. San Francisco: W.H. Freeman & Co, (1980).
10.Landauer R., Irreversibility and Heat Generation in the Computing
Process. IBM Journ. Res. Develop., 5, 183, (1961).
11.Landauer R., Minimal Energy Requirements in Communication, Science,
272, 1914, (1996).