Name: ______________________________________________________ Date: _________________________ Per: ________
Biology Spring Semester Final Exam Study Guide
CLASSIFICATION
1. Define taxonomy.
2. Who invented the binomial naming system used today and what language did use to name organisms with?
3. What are the 7 levels of classification from biggest to smallest? (Kingdom, phylum, class, etc…)
4. Which is the genus and which is the species? Homo sapiens.
If given pictures of organisms or characteristics of organisms, be able to place them in the
correct kingdom. Example: (A mushroom belongs in which kingdom?)
Kingdom
Prokaryote or
Eukaryote?
Multicellular or
Single-celled?
Heterotrophic
or Autotrophic?
Archaeabacteria
Eubacteria
Protista
Plantae
Fungi
Animalia
Eubacteria
5. What structures differentiate eukaryotic cells and prokaryotic cells?
6. Which ones do they both have?
Archaeabacteria
7. Turn to page 462 and dedcribe the following types of arachaea.
a. Methanogens:
b. Halophiles:
c. Thermoacidophiles:
Example
Organism
Name: ______________________________________________________ Date: _________________________ Per: ________
Protists
Turn to page 506 and draw the amoeba in
figure 25-4. Label the nucleus and
pseudopodia.
Draw and label the paramecium on page
507.
8. What are pseudopodia and what are they used for?
9. Yeast belongs to which kingdom?
10. Name two ways yeast are helpful to humans (use figure 26-3 on page 536).
Animals
11. What do vertebrates have that invertebrates don’t? (It’s in the name!)
12. What kinds of animals are in the following Phyla: Annelida, Platyhelminthes, Nemaroda, Arthropoda.
13. Define Biology!!!!!
EVOLUTION
14. How old is the earth estimated to be (282)?
15. What are some examples of fossils and how can their age be determined (302)?
16. What gases are thought to be a part of earth’s early atmosphere (284)?
17. Describe Miller and Urey’s experiment and know what they produced with it (285).
Name: ______________________________________________________ Date: _________________________ Per: ________
18. Define Natural Selection:
19. Who thought up evolution through natural science?
20. Name and describe evidence for evolution (302-307)
21. Fill out the chart below
Structure
Definition
Analogous
Homologous
Vestigial
22. Using the image to the right. Answer the following scenario: Bees prefer
pollinating purple flowers. Which genotype(s) will be more common in
future generations?
23. Based on your answer to #2 and using the image to the right, explain why
Natural Selection acts on phenotype and not genotype for organism
survival.
Gene Pool (Pg. 317-318)
Variation/Changing Environment
24. Define Variation:
25. What are some variations for fur color in dogs?
26. List the three main ways that variation in genotype arises.
a.
b.
c.
Gene Pool
27. What is the gene pool?
28. Define Allele Frequency:
Example
Name: ______________________________________________________ Date: _________________________ Per: ________
Lethal Alleles in the Gene Pool
Sickle Cell Anemia is a recessive blood disease in humans. Homozygous recessive individuals have sickle shaped
red blood cells (RBC) and suffer serious health issues. Heterozygous individuals have half normal RBCs and half
sickle RBCs; they are healthy and also resistant to the disease Malaria. Homozygous dominant individuals have all
normal RBCs but are susceptible to Malaria infection.
29. In terms of evolution, is it favorable/unfavorable to have sickle cell anemia?
30. Malaria infection is a serious risk in Africa, which genotype would survive best?
31. Even though sickle cell anemia is unfavorable to human survival, why does it remain in the human population
every generation? (Use the terms homozygous, heterozygous, allele, and gene pool in your answer)
Hardy Weinberg (Pg. 320 - 325)
32. Define Genetic Equilibrium:
33. What are the five conditions required to maintain genetic equilibrium?
34. Describe the three types of natural selection and draw a graph showing how each type changes the genetic
equilibrium.
a. Directional Selection:
b. Disruptive Selection:
c. Stabilizing Selection:
Genetic Drift (Textbook Page 322)
35. Define Genetic Drift:
Circle the correct answer:
36. The effect of genetic drift is greater as a population (increases / decreases) in size.
37. Genetic drift (increases / decreases) genetic variation in a population.
38. Genetic drift is due to a (natural / random) event.
Isolation & Speciation (Textbook Pages 327-330)
39. Describe the two types of isolation:
a. Geographic:
Name: ______________________________________________________ Date: _________________________ Per: ________
i. What is the special name for speciation due to geographic isolation:
b. Reproductive:
i. What is the special name for speciation due to reproductive isolation:
Fossil Evidence (Textbook Page 330)
Use the picture to the right to answer the following questions:
40. Which group had the highest biodiversity during the Cenozoic era?
41. Which group went through a short period punctuated equilibrium
speciation?
42. Which group is best example of gradualism speciation?
43. Rank the following four periods in terms of their overall biodiversity from
smallest to largest: Permian, Pennsylvanian, Tertiary & Triassic
ECOLOGY
44. Use figure 21-1 on page 418. Be able to identify a biome from a picture.
Biome
Temperature
Tundra
Taiga
Temperate Forest
Tropical Forest
Temperate Grassland
Desert
45. Define the following:
a. Ecosystems:
b. Community:
c.
Population:
d. Food web:
Vegetation
Name: ______________________________________________________ Date: _________________________ Per: ________
e. Producers:
f.
Consumers:
g. Decomposers:
46. What is an energy pyramid?
47. How much energy is LOST between each trophic level?
48. Fill in the chart below:
Symbiotic Relationship
Description
Example
Parasitism
Mutualism
Commensalism
Predation
Competition
49. Define mimicry and provide one example.
50. Using pages 363-365, Define…
a. Nicheb. What happens when niches overlap?
c. Habitat-
Use the diagram of an energy pyramid above to answer the following questions (pg. 369).
51. Please note that energy is lost at each level.
a The actual energy passed from 1 tropic level to the next equals about _________%.
b Name two reasons the amount of energy passed from one tropic level to the next is so low.
Name: ______________________________________________________ Date: _________________________ Per: ________
52. Organisms are classified as producers, consumers, detritivores, or decomposers (pg. 366-369).
a How does each obtain energy from the environment?
b
If only two roles could exist in an en ecosystem, which two would be the most important? Explain.
53. Draw a food chain in the box below labeled “A”. Then draw a food web in the box labeled “B” (pg. 368).
A
B
Use at least 3 organisms...
Use at least 6 organisms...
54. What are 3 types of dispersion patterns? Give an example of each.
55. The graph to the right illustrates the growth over several seasons of a population of snowshoe hares that were
introduced to a habitat also inhabited by wolves (pg. 385-389).
a Which organism is the predator? Which is the prey?
b
Before the population levels off, how would you describe the
birth rate versus the death rate?
c
Overall, is this an example of a logistic or exponential model of
growth?
d
What is exponential growth and how does “carrying capacity” limit
it?
e
What are some density dependent and independent factors that limit population growth?
f Explain why does the line increase then decrease (fluctuate), or cycle, in the graph.
Ecological Changes
56. Define Biodiversity:
Name: ______________________________________________________ Date: _________________________ Per: ________
57. What is the green-house effect and what causes it?
58. Explain how each change affects the biodiversity of an ecosystem (pg. 440-444):
a
Climate change (example - global warming, drought, etc.)
b
Habitat destruction
c
Succession (pg. 408-410)
Cycling (pg. 371-374)
59. What are the 3 biogeochemical cycles? Be familiar with the gases and processes of each cycle (what happens to
oxygen in the carbon/oxygen cycle?).
60. Label the three types of matter that cycle in an ecosystem, using the images below.
1.
2.
3.
61. What two cellular processes keep Carbon and Oxygen cycling between organisms and the atmosphere?
62. What is primary succession and secondary succession?
HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY
If given a picture of the human body, be able to recognize these systems: nervous, muscular, endocrine,
digestive, cardiovascular, urinary, skeletal, male and female reproductive, and respiratory.
If given pictures of the respiratory, digestive, nervous, urinary, or endocrine, be able to identify the specific
organs or parts of organs (i.e. know the parts of the brain).
63. Where is epithelial tissue located?
64. What are some examples of connective tissue?
Name: ______________________________________________________ Date: _________________________ Per: ________
65. What do arteries, veins, and capillaries do?
66. What are the 4 parts of the blood and what are their functions?
67. Define homeostasis (8)
68. What two systems work together to maintain homeostasis of gases (oxygen and CO2)?
69. Draw and label the lungs, trachea, bronchus, and alveoli on page 947.
70. Name three organs that remove waste (993-998)
71. How is communication through the endocrine system different from the way the nervous system
communicates?
72. Turn to page 1011 and use figure 49-6 to label the parts of the brain and list its function.
Part of Brain
Function
1.
2.
3. Brainstem
4.
5.
6.
Relay center for incoming and outgoing
messages